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AP Literature Literary Terms Flashcards

2130011231	abstract/concrete	classifications of imagery	0
2130011232	adage	a familiar proverb or saying	1
2130011233	allegory	a literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions	2
2130011234	alliteration	the repetition of initial sounds in successive or neighboring words	3
2130011235	allusion	a reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize	4
2130011236	ambiguity	purposeful multiple meanings, as in pun and double entendre	5
2130011237	anachronism	an event, object, custom, person, or thing that is out of its natural order in time	6
2130011238	analogy	a comparison of two different things which are similar in some way	7
2130011239	anaphora	the repetition of words of phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences	8
2130011240	anecdote	a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event	9
2130011241	antagonist	person or force working against the protagonist	10
2130011242	antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers	11
2130011243	anthropomorphism	an animal that takes on human characteristics (walking, talking, etc)	12
2130011244	antihero	a central character or protagonist that lacks traditional qualities or virtues	13
2130011245	antithesis	a statement in which two opposing or contrasting ideas are balanced	14
2130011246	aposiopesis	stopping abruptly and leaving a statement unfinished (usually ends with a dash)	15
2130011247	apostrophe	a device used wherein a character addresses a dead, absent, or imaginary person, thing or personified abstraction	16
2130011248	archetype	a detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to be considered universal	17
2130011249	argument	a statement of the meaning or main point of a literary work	18
2130011250	aside	in drama, a convention by which actors speak briefly to the audience, supposedly without being heard by the other actors on stage	19
2130011251	assonance	repetition of a vowel sound	20
2130011252	asyndeton	a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions	21
2130011253	atmosphere	effect of physical environment; the pervasive mood or tone	22
2130011254	ballad	a form of narrative poetry that presents a single dramatic episode. song-like and often have refrains	23
2130011255	ballad stanza	a patterned stanza in a ballad	24
2130011256	bathos	insincere or overly sentimental quality or writing/speech intended to evoke pity	25
2130011257	bildungsroman	german term meaning "development novel"; the protagonist may or may not be young, but will go through a maturation process from innocence to a point of realization	26
2130011258	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	27
2130011259	cacophony	sonic device, the use of harsh and displeasing sounds. opposite of euphony	28
2130011260	cadence	in a general sense, the beat or rhythm of poetry	29
2130011261	canon	the collective works of a particular author, or a collective core of representative works in a genre	30
2130011262	canto	like a chapter in a novel, a division in along epic or narrative poem	31
2130011263	caricature	the exaggeration of specific features of appearance or personality	32
2130011264	carp diem	latin for "seize the day". this is used to emphasize the brevity of life and the finality of death	33
2130011265	catharsis	an outpouring of emotions, a "cleansing". aristotle said tragedy provided the audience with the opportunity to purge the emotions of pity and fear	34
2130011266	caesura	a pause in a line of poetry resulting from a pause in the natural rhythm of the language and not necessarily indicated by punctuation	35
2130011267	central idea	core of a writer's assertion	36
2130011268	character	a fictional entity in a literary work	37
2130011269	dynamic character	one that has a significant change in the story	38
2130011270	round character	a well-developed character	39
2130011271	static character	one that stays the same throughout the story	40
2130011272	flat character	a character that is not fully developed	41
2130011273	characterization	the method by which an author creates the appearance and personality of imaginary persons and reveals their character. considerations for the development of character are direct description, the character's actions, and external events or other characters that affect the character's "inner-self"	42
2130011274	chiasmus	a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("susan walked in, and out rushed mary")	43
2130011275	cliche	an expression that has been overly used to the extent that its freshness has worn off	44
2130011276	climax	the point of highest interest in a literary work	45
2130011277	colloquialism	informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing	46
2130011278	comedy	literary genre in which the situation begins badly, progresses well and the hero triumphs	47
2130011279	comic relief	a way to lighten a narrative. adding humor to the story	48
2130011280	conceit	a "startling" extended metaphor, comparing two vastly different things	49
2130011281	confidant(e)	the protagonist's intimate.	50
2130011282	conflict	the struggle between opposing forces. can be an internal struggle within a character, or external struggle brought on by something outside the character	51
2130011283	connotation	the implied or associative meaning of a word	52
2130011284	consonance	repetition of a constant sound in any position	53
2130011285	convention	the accepted form or style	54
2130011286	couplet	two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme and are well written in the same meter, or patter on stressed and unstressed syllables	55
2130011287	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	56
2130011288	denouement	resolution, outcome replicating thought	57
2130011289	deus ex machina	the "god machine". a contrived ending to a story or drama	58
2130011290	dialogue	conversation between two or more people	59
2130011291	diction	the word choices made by a writer	60
2130011292	didactic	having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing	61
2130011293	dissonance	harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds	62
2130011294	doppleganger	mysterious double	63
2130011295	dramatic perspective	teller presents just the facts	64
2130011296	elegy	a formal poem presenting a meditation on death or another solemn theme. a dirge is a similar term that is a funeral song of lamentation	65
2130011297	ellipsis	the omission of a word of phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context. also punctuation indicating omission ("...")	66
2130011298	enjabment	running over of a sentence from one line or stanza to another	67
2130011299	epic	a long narrative poem written in elevated style which presents the adventures of characters of high position and episodes that are important to the history of a race or nation	68
2130011300	epigram	a saying or statement on the title page of a work, or sued as a heading for a chapter or other section of work	69
2130011301	epilogue	the concluding section added to a novel, play, or long poem	70
2130011302	epiphany	a moment of sudden revelation or insight	71
2130011303	epitaph	an inscription on a tombstone or burial place	72
2130011304	epithet	a term used to point out a characteristic of a person. homeric epithets are often compound adjectives ("swift-footed archilles") that become an almost formulaic part of a name. epithets can be abusive or offensive but are not so by definition.	73
2130011305	eulogy	a formal speech praising a person who has died	74
2130011306	euphemism	an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	75
2130011307	euphony	soft, pleasing sounds. opposite of cacophony	76
2130011308	exclamatory sentence	a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark	77
2130011309	existentialism	a philosophy that focuses on the individual human being's experience of, recognition of, and triumph over the meaningless of existence.	78
2130011310	expletive	an interjection to lend emphasis; sometimes, a profanity	79
2130011311	fable	a brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters	80
2130011312	fantasy	a story that concerns an unreal world or contains unreal characters; can be merely whimsical, or it may present a serious point	81
2130011313	farce	crude, often obscene literary genre	82
2130011314	fiction	writing that is the product of the author's imagination, an invention rather than actual history or fact	83
2130011315	figurative language	language employing one or more figures of speech	84
2130011316	flashback	the insertion of an earlier event into the normal chronological order of a narrative	85
2130011317	foil	character's illuminator through contrast	86
2130011318	foot	the basic unit of rhythmic measurement in a line of poetry	87
2130011319	foreshadowing	the presentation of a material in such a way that the reader is prepared for what is to come later in the work	88
2130011320	free verse	poetry with no regular rhyme or rhythm	89
2130011321	genre	a major category or type or literature	90
2130011322	gothic	literature which calls to mind gloom, mystery, and fear	91
2130011323	gothic novel	a type of novel characterized by mystery, horror and the supernatural, often with haunted castles, secret passage ways, ghosts, etc.	92
2130011324	heroic couplet	two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter that are a complete thought	93
2130011325	homily	a sermon, or a moralistic lecture	94
2130011326	hubris	excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy	95
2130011327	hyporbole	intentional exaggeration to create effect	96
2130011328	idiom	an expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect	97
2130011329	idyllic	an adjective to describe a description of a picturesque country life, an idealized story of happy innocence. also referred to as pastoral	98
2130011330	image	a sensory detail	99
2130011331	imagery	the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses	100
2130011332	in medias res	latin meaning "in the middle of things"	101
2130011333	inference	a conclusion that one draws (infers) based on premises or evidence	102
2130011334	interior monologue	the presentation to the reader of the flow of a character's inner emotional experience	103
2130011335	stream of consciousness	a particular type of interior monologue, is an attempt to represent the inner workings of a character's mind, to re-create the continuous, chaotic flow of half-formed and discontinuous thoughts, memories, sense impressions, random associations, images, feelings, and reflections that constitute a character's consciousness	104
2130011336	irony	the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, congruity between what is expected and what actually occurs	105
2130011337	verbal irony	what is said and what is meant	106
2130011338	situational irony	what is expected to happen and what actually happens; at times, the direct opposite of what is expected to happen	107
2130011339	dramatic irony	what people know and what others do not; what the audience knows and what the characters do not	108
2130011340	cosmic irony	the "greater forces" are indifferent to or ineffective in the human condition	109
2130011341	jargon	the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession	110
2130011342	juxtaposition	placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast	111
2130011343	legend	a narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements	112
2130011344	limited narrator	a narrator who presents the story as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts information to what is seen, heard, thought, or felt by that one character	113
2130011345	litotes	a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite (describing a particularly horrific scene by saying, "it was not a pretty picture")	114
2130011346	lyric poetry	characterized by emotion, subjectively, and imagination; song-like	115
2130011347	malapropism	the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar	116
2130011348	melodrama	excessive appeal to the emotions	117
2130011349	metaphor	a direct comparison of two different things. an extended metaphor is a metaphor that continues throughout the work and may be the controlling or central idea in the work.	118
2130011350	meter	the patterned repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables	119
2130011351	metonymy	substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it ("the pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war]")	120
2130011352	mood	the emotion atmosphere of a work	121
2130011353	motif	a standard theme, element, or dramatic situation that recurs in various works	122
2130011354	motivation	a character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act	123
2130011355	myth	a traditional story presenting supernatural characters and episodes that help explain natural events	124
2130011356	narrative	a story or narrated account	125
2130011357	narrative poetry	verse that tells a story	126
2130011358	narrator	the one who tells the story (first-person, third-person, limited, or omniscient)	127
2130011359	nemesis	a character's arch-rival	128
2130011360	non sequitur	an inference that does not follow logically from the premises (literally, "does not follow")	129
2130011361	novel	a lengthy fictional narrative in prose dealing with characters, incidents, and settings that imitate those found in real life.	130
2130011362	ode	a lyric poem with a dignified tone in praise of someone, something, or an important occasion	131
2130011363	omniscient narrator	a narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters	132
2130011364	onomatopoeia	a word formed with the imitation of natural sounds	133
2130011365	oxymoron	an expression in which two words that contradict each other are joined	134
2130011366	parable	a simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson	135
2130011367	paradox	an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth	136
2130011368	parallelism	the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms	137
2130011369	paraphrase	a restatement of a text in a different form of in different words, often for the purpose of clarity	138
2130011370	parody	a humorous imitation of a serious work	139
2130011371	parenthetical	a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain	140
2130011372	pastoral	latin for "shepherd". originally, a poem that had to do with shepherds and rural living. it has evolved to include rural settings, and descriptions of the simple, charming rural life	141
2130011373	pathos	the quality in a work that prompts the reader to feel pity	142
2130011374	pedantic	characterized by an excessive display of learning or scholarship	143
2130011375	personification	endowing non-human objects or creatures with human qualities or characteristics	144
2130011376	picaresque novel	life story of a rascal, a rogue, a "picaro". a picaresque novel follows the episodic adventures of the "picaro"	145
2130011377	poetry	the creative experience in verse. literature in its most intense, most imaginative, and most rhythmic forms	146
2130011378	plot	the action of a narrative or drama	147
2130011379	point of view	the vantage point from which a story is told	148
2130011380	polysyndeton	the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural	149
2130011381	prologue	the introductory part of a literary work	150
2130011382	prose	all forms of writing similar to everyday speech. the language of essays, novels, and short stories. lacks the rhythmic pattern of poetry.	151
2130011383	protagonist	character around which the action is centered	152
2130011384	pun	a play on words, often achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings	153
2130011385	realism	accuracy in the portrayal of life or reality. also known as verisimilitude	154
2130011386	refrain	repetition of line or phrase at regular intervals (like chorus)	155
2130011387	rhetoric	the art of presenting ideas in a clear, effective, and persuasive manner	156
2130011388	rhetorical question	a question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	157
2130011389	rhetorical devices	literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of expression	158
2130011390	rhyme	the repetition of sounds	159
2130011391	end rhyme	repetition of the same sound at the end of the lines	160
2130011392	initial rhyme	repetition of the same sound at the beginning of the lines	161
2130011393	internal rhyme	rhyme that occurs within lines	162
2130011394	off rhyme/slant rhyme	inexact but close rhyme	163
2130011395	slight rhyme	words that look like they should rhyme but don't	164
2130011396	rhythm	naturally occurring patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables	165
2130011397	romantic	a term describing a character or literary work that reflects the characteristics of Romanticism, the literary movement beginning in the 18h century that stressed emotion, imagination, and individualism	166
2130011398	rhyme scheme	end rhyme expressed alphabetically	167
2130011399	sarcasm	harsh, cutting language or time intended to ridicule	168
2130011400	satire	the use of humor to emphasize human weakness or imperfections in social institutions. horatian satire: mildly corrective; juvenalian satire: harsh and bitter.	169
2130011401	scansion	the analysis of the meter of a poem	170
2130011402	scene	a real or fictional episode; a division of an act in a play	171
2130011403	setting	the time, place, and environment in which action takes place	172
2130011404	short story	brief fictional narrative in prose	173
2130011405	simile	a comparison of two things using "like", "as", or other specifically comparative words	174
2130011406	situation	the circumstance at a given moment in a story or poem	175
2130011407	soliloquy	when a character on stage expresses his or her inner thoughts without addressing anyone else on stage	176
2130011408	sonnet	a fourteen line poem. the two most recognized are english (shakespearean, elizabethan) and italian (petrarchan)	177
2130011409	the english sonnet	3 quatrains and an ending couplet. the rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg. first two quatrains set the theme or situation, answered or furthered by the third quatrain, and summarized or finalized by the ending couplet.	178
2130011410	the italian sonnet	divided into an octave/octet (8 lines) and a sested (6 lines). the rhyme scheme differs, but a common pattern is abba, abba, cde, cde. the octave is more uniform in rhyme scheme than the sestet. the octave will present the theme, problem, or situation which is then answered or resolved in the sestet	179
2130011411	stanzas	the section or division of a poem	180
2130011412	structure	the arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work	181
2130011413	style	the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work	182
2130011414	syllepsis	a construction in which one word is used in two different senses ("after he threw the ball, he threw a fit")	183
2130011415	syllogism	a three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on a major premise and a minor premise ("all men are mortal; socrates is a man; therefore, socrates is mortal")	184
2130011416	symbol	an object that is used to represent something else	185
2130011417	synecdoche	using one part of an object to represent the entire object (for example, referring to a car as just "wheels")	186
2130011418	synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	187
2130011419	syntax	the manner in which words are arranged into sentences	188
2130011420	theme	a central idea of a work	189
2130011421	thesis	the primary position taken by a writer or speaker	190
2130011422	tone	the attitude of a writer, usually implied, toward the subject or audience	191
2130011423	topic	the subject treated in a paragraph or work	192
2130011424	tragedy	a work in which the protagonist, a person of high degree, is engaged in a significant struggle and which ends in his ruin or destruction	193
2130011425	tragic hero	the central character in a tragedy who experiences a tragic downfall. the tragic hero has a tragic flaw which is the error, misstep, frailty, or flaw that causes the downfall of the tragic hero. also referred to as hamartia.	194
2130011426	trilogy	a work in three parts, each of which is a complete work in itself	195
2130011427	trite	overused and hackneyed	196
2130011428	tropes	the generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor	197
2130011429	turning point	the point in a work in which a very significant change occurs	198
2130011430	understatement	the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	199
2130011431	vernacular	the everyday speech of a particular country or region, often involving nonstandard usage	200
2130011432	zeugma	the use of a word to modify two or more words ("he closed the door and his heart on his lost love")	201
2130011433	zeitgeist	german for "the spirit of the age". the moral, emotional, or intellectual characteristics of a particular age.	202

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AP Spanish Literature Integrating Themes Flashcards

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2179530826	Las sociedades en contacto	La asimilación y la marginación	0
2179530827	Las sociedades en contacto	Las divisiones socioeconómicas	1
2179530828	Las sociedades en contacto	El nacionalismo y el regionalismo	2
2179530829	Las sociedades en contacto	La diversidad	3
2179530830	Las sociedades en contacto	El imperialismo	4
2179530831	La construcción del género	El machismo	5
2179530832	La construcción del género	El sistema patriarcal	6
2179530833	La construcción del género	La tradición y la ruptura	7
2179530834	La construcción del género	Las relaciones sociales	8
2179530835	La construcción del género	La sexualidad	9
2179530836	El tiempo y el espacio	El carpe diem y el memento mori	10
2179530837	El tiempo y el espacio	La naturaleza y el ambiente	11
2179530838	El tiempo y el espacio	El tiempo lineal y el tiempo circular	12
2179530839	El tiempo y el espacio	El individuo en su entorno	13
2179530840	El tiempo y el espacio	La relación entre el tiempo y el espacio	14
2179530841	El tiempo y el espacio	La trayectoria y la transformación	15
2179530842	Las relaciones interpersonales	La amistad y la hostalidad	16
2179530843	Las relaciones interpersonales	La comunicación o falta de comunicación	17
2179530844	Las relaciones interpersonales	Las relaciones de poder	18
2179530845	Las relaciones interpersonales	El amor y el desprecio	19
2179530846	Las relaciones interpersonales	El individuo y la comunidad	20
2179530847	Las relaciones interpersonales	Las relaciones familiares	21
2179530848	La dualidad del ser	La construcción de la realidad	22
2179530849	La dualidad del ser	La imagen pública y la imagen privada	23
2179530850	La dualidad del ser	El ser y la creación literaria	24
2179530851	La dualidad del ser	La espiritualidad y la religión	25
2179530852	La dualidad del ser	La introspección	26
2179530853	La creación literaria	La intertextualidad	27
2179530854	La creación literaria	El proceso creativo	28
2179530855	La creación literaria	La literatura autoconsciente	29
2179530856	La creación literaria	El texto y sus contextos	30
2179530857	Theme 1: Las sociedades en contacto	¿De qué manera las perspectivas de una cultura afectan la representación de eventos históricos? ¿Cómo los miembros de una minoría cultural se resisten (o se asimilan) a las costumbres y las perspectivas de la mayoría dominante? ¿Cómo se representan en obras literarias de distintos períodos y diversas culturas las relaciones entre grupos socioculturales (clases sociales, grupos étnicos, etc.)?	31
2179530858	Theme 2: La construcción del genero	¿Cómo revela la literatura los cambios en la percepción de los géneros masculino y femenino? ¿De qué manera han servido los factores socioculturales como instrumentos de cambios (o no) en la representación de los géneros? ¿Cómo ha cambiado la representación de lo femenino (voces femeninas, personajes femeninos) a lo largo de la historia de la literatura?	32
2179530859	Theme 3: El tiempo y el espacio	¿Cómo presentan las literaturas de distintas culturas los conceptos del tiempo y el espacio? ¿De qué manera los autores se valen del tiempo y el espacio para construir una variedad de estados de ánimos o sentimientos (p. ej. la desorientación, la nostalgia, el remordimeinto)? ¿Cómo se relacionan la presentación del espacio y el manejo del tiempo en una obra literaria?	33
2179530860	Theme 4: Las relaciones interpersonales	¿De qué manera se transforma el/la protagonista a consecuencia de sus relaciones con otros personajes? ¿De qué manera los individuos contribuyen o perjudican al bienestar de la familia o la comunidad? ¿Cómo influye el contexto sociocultural en el desarrollo de las relaciones interpersonales?	34
2179530861	Theme 5: La dualidad del ser	¿Qué preguntas plantea la literatura acerca de la realidad y la fantasía? ¿Cómo influye el contexto sociocultural o histórico en la expresión de la identidad? ¿Cuál es el significado de la vida (para un personaje, para un autor) y cómo se relaciona esto con las creencias o ideas en cuanto a la muerte?	35
2179530862	Theme 6: La creación literaria	¿Qué factores motivan a los escritores a crear sus obras literarias? ¿De qué manera la intertextualidad contribuye al significado de una obra literaria? ¿Cómo influye en la experiencia de los lectores la presencia de la literatura misma como tema de una obra literaria?	36

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AP Writing About Literature Flashcards

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3647543347	What are the 2 reasons to write about literature?	1. to give additional practice in writing clearly and persuasively, and 2. to deepen your understanding of literary works by leading you to read and think about works more searchingly than you already do	0
3647550734	explication	a detailed elucidation of a work, sometimes line by line or word by word, which is interested not only in what that work means but in how it means what it means	1
3647556355	analysis	a "breaking up" or separation of something into its constituent parts	2
3647562947	What are the four kinds of papers you may write?	1. papers that focus on a single literary work, 2. papers of comparison and contrast, 3. papers on a number of works by a single author, and 4. papers on a number of works having some feature other than authorship in common	3
3652296473	How do you become a more successful writer?	To become a successful writer, one's paper must be written to enlighten others besides oneself.	4
3652299539	What are two considerations when deciding who you are writing for?	When deciding who to write about, one must consider that the audience will govern both the content and the expression of your paper.	5
3652302298	Who should your audience be for class writing?	When writing for a class, unless otherwise stated, one should write for other members of one's class.	6
3652305696	What should you do if you are given a specific essay assignment?	If you are to write a specific paper about a selection, read the selection carefully, formulate your answer, and support it with sufficient evidence.	7
3652308086	What do you gain when comparing two literary works?	You gain the perspective of comparing two works whose similarities highlight the differences and the ability to fully understand both pieces in a literary and general sense.	8
3652312661	What two approaches can you take when dealing with multiple works by the same author?	First, the main interest should be the literature itself, and second, you must be aware of any events that occurred in that person's life that may affect the literature.	9
3652315267	What other way can you write about literary works with different authors?	You can also write about literary works by different authors by comparing themes or different styles of writing.	10
3652317557	What is your goal in writing about Literature?	Your goal when writing about literature is to convince readers that you understand the piece of literature and that they should feel as you do about it.	11
3652319910	What do you have to do as a reader before you can prove your point?	Before you prove your point, you must establish a basic knowledge of your piece of literature and you must be sure you can argue about whatever point you are to make. You must clearly and directly decide on the point you are to make.	12
3652323108	What is the danger of applying your personal experience to writing about literature?	The danger of applying personal experiences is that since your readers haven't experienced your experiences, they will have no way to connect to them and your attempt to persuade them on a certain aspect will not be successful.	13
3652325676	How do you use method of analysis to prove your point?	By using method of analysis, you are able to provide persuasive proof of all your major points so that the reader can more identify with what you are writing about. Essentially, it will make your readers trust your judgement.	14
3652328607	Summarize the eight steps involved in writing a paper about literature.	1. Read the literary work and take notes on what you could write about once you get the prompt. Read the assigned material more than once. 2. Take some time to let the material sink into your mind. Give yourself time to think about what you've read and eventually consider how you'll tackle the problem. 3. Make a rough outline, the go forth writing a first draft of the paper with the outline as a guide. 4. Revise your paper, which may require a rewriting of the paper or of certain aspects of the paper. 5. Continue revising, and make sure all your stances are firm and forthright and now weak and wishy-washy. 6. Revise your paper for effectiveness of expression. 7. Type your final copy and make sure to follow all of your instructors editorial policies. 8. Reread your final copy to check for any errors or small grammar mistakes - this is the most crucial of all the steps.	15

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AP Literature and Composition Exam Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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75920107	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	0
75920108	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
75920109	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
75920110	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
75920111	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	4
75920803	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	5
75920804	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point	6
75920848	Apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: rarely on an AP exam, but important when there. ALWAYS Pathos	7
75920849	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	8
75920850	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect	9
75920898	Literary Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense	10
75920899	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	11
75920900	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal	12
75920901	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. FOR AP EXAMS you should be able to describe the autho'rs diction and understand how it complements his/her purpose (along with imagery, syntax, literary devices, etc)	13
75920902	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	14
75920903	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	15
75920920	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	16
75920921	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	17
75920923	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synechdoche, understatement	18
75920924	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies,autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy,comedy, melodrama, farce, etc.	19
75920925	Generic Conventions	the features shown by texts that allow them to be put into a specific genre.	20
75920926	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	21
75920927	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement.	22
75920928	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	23
75920929	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	24
75920930	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")	25
75920931	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: (1) verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational irony - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic irony - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.	26
75920932	Loose Sentence	a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases.	27
75920933	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	28
75920934	Metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	29
75920935	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	30
75920943	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	31
75920944	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	32
75920945	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of oxymoron.	33
75920946	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")	34
75921526	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	35
75921527	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	36
75921528	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	37
75921529	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	38
75921530	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	39
75921531	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term point of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.	40
75921532	Predicate Adjective	An adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb.	41
75921533	Predicate Nominative	a noun or pronoun which follows the verb and describes or renames the subject.	42
75921534	Prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	43
75921535	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	44
75921536	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	45
75921537	Rhetorical Modes	describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. Four of the most common rhetorical modes and their purpose are exposition, argumentation, description and narration.	46
75921652	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.	47
75921653	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).	48
75921654	Semantics	the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text.	49
75921756	Style	the way a writer writes and it is the technique which an individual author uses in his writing.	50
75921757	Subject Complement	a word or phrase which follows a linking verb (e.g., to be, to become, to appear, to feel, to look, to smell, to taste) and describes or identifies the subject. A subject complement is either an adjective, a noun, or a pronoun	51
75921758	Subordinate Clause	also called a dependent clause—will begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb. This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead make a reader want additional information to finish the thought.	52
75921759	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men"). Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	53
75921760	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols (1) natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	54
75921761	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	55
75921762	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	56
75921766	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.	57
75921769	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.	58
75921828	Transition	the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another.	59
75921829	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."	60
75921830	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speedof understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	61
26938800	Anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. Example: "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender." Churchill.	62
875251599	Simile	a comparison between two different things using "like" or "as" Ex: Her teeth were as white as fresh snow.	63
69111816	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	64
684545268	Flashback	a device that enables a writer to refer to past thoughts,events, or episodes	65

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AP Literature Unit 18 Vocabulary Flashcards

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2301384410	adventure novel	novel in which exciting events and fast paced actions are more important than character development, theme, or symbolism (Ex. Dumas's The Three Musketeers)	0
2301400584	American Dream	optimistic desire for self-improvement, freedom, self-sufficiency, and self determination; "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" ideal; motif of hard work, ingenuity, and honesty as means of rising economically and socially (Ex. Horatio Alger novels)	1
2301540282	defamiliarization	presenting audiences with common things in an unfamiliar way in order to enhance perception of the familiar (Ex. poetry of Wordsworth, where subjects are viewed with a child's wonder and amazement)	2
2301586447	diacope	repetition with only one or two words between each repeated phrase; meant to show strong emotion. (Ex. "My heart is fixed, O God, my heart is fixed.")	3
2301609088	Hemingway Code	a hyper-masculine moral code used to make sense of the world; a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful (Ex. Any Hemingway protagonist)	4
2306737128	Victorian Period	period of British literature from 1840-1900; excellent novelists, essayists, poets, and philosophers but few dramatists; attitudes of social progress, conservative morals, hard work, gentlemanly honor and feminine virtue but also hypocrisy and smugness (Ex. Jane Austen)	5
2306775297	naturalism	literary movement that depicts life without emotion, idealism, and literary convention; post-Darwinian philosophy; human beings exist entirely within nature and do not have souls or live beyond the biological realm; we are higher animals determined by heredity and environment alone (Ex. Stephen Crane)	6
2306819920	Machiavellian	refers to sneaky, ruthless, and deceitful behavior, especially in regard to civil rulers obsessed with power who pretend to be honorable and trustworthy in order to achieve evil ends; term originates in essay "The Prince" written by Niccoló Machiavelli (Ex. Caesar, Antony)	7
2306864908	palinode	poem, song, or section of a work in which the poet renounces or retracts his words from an earlier work; usually meant to apologize or counterbalance earlier material (Ex. Chaucer at the end of Canterbury Tales)	8
2306897843	Faustian bargain	temptation motif from German folklore in which an individual sells his soul to the devil in exchange for knowledge, wealth, or power (Ex. Marlowe's Doctor Faustus)	9

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AP Literature Flashcards

Drama

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2112205426	Alliteration	use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse Ex. Alice's aunt ate apples and acorns around August.	0
2112205427	Allusion	A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art Ex. "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's." This refers to the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a lie. It is from The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi.	1
2112205428	Aside	A speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage. Ex. The flighty purpose never is o'ertook.	2
2112205429	Blank Verse	Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter Ex. Something there is that doesn't love a wall. That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it, And spills the upper boulders in the sun (Robert Frost)	3
2112205430	Cacophony	harsh, jarring noise Ex. "I detest war because cause of war is always trivial."	4
2112205431	Catharsis	An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety Ex. "...a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing" (Shakespeare)	5
2112205432	Cliche	An expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off Ex. In the nick of time	6
2112205433	Couplet	A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. Ex. "Look in thy glass, and tell the face thou viewest Now is the time that face should form another; Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest, Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother, For where is she so fair whose unear'd womb ....... But if thou live, remember'd not to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee." (Shakespeare)	7
2112205434	Euphony	pleasant, harmonious sound Ex. Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch -eves run; To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core; To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, And still more, later flowers for the bees (Shakespeare)	8
2112205435	Foil	A character who is in most ways opposite to the main character (protagonist) or one who is nearly the same as the protagonist. The purpose of the foil character is to emphasize the traits of the main character by contrast only Ex. "Man is not truly one, but truly two."	9
2112205436	Foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader. Ex. "Life were better ended by their hate, Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love"	10
2112205437	Hubris	Excessive pride or self-confidence Ex. "Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav'n."	11
2112205438	Hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor Ex. My grandmother is as old as the hills.	12
2112205439	Iambic Pentameter	A metrical pattern in poetry which consists of five iambic feet per line. (an iamb, or iambic foot, consists of one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.) Ex. But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks?	13
2112205440	In Medias Res	Action on the stage begins "in the middle" Ex. The Odyssey, The Divine Comedy, The Gambler, Raging Bull, God of War and Defending Jacob.	14
2112205441	Meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry Ex. Come live \| with me \| and be \| my love	15
2112205442	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it Ex. The suits were at meeting. (The suits stand for business people.)	16
2112205443	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. Ex. Liquid gas	17
2112205444	Paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. Ex. You can save money by spending it.	18
2112205445	Pathos	Appeal to emotion Ex. A soft instrumental symphony may arouse people emotionally.	19
2112205446	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes Ex. The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.	20
2112205447	Soliloquy	A dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener. Ex. "Yet art thou still but Faustus and a man"	21
2112205448	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa Ex. The word "glasses" refers to spectacles.	22
2112205449	Tragic Flaw	A weakness or limitation of character, resulting in the fall of the tragic hero. Ex. OEDIPUS: Aye, and on thee in all humility I lay this charge: let her who lies within Receive such burial as thou shalt ordain.... But for myself, O never let my Thebes,... The burden of my presence while I live.... God speed thee! and as meed for bringing them May Providence deal with thee kindlier Than it has dealt with me... His will was set forth fully—to destroy The parricide, the scoundrel; and I am he... But I am the gods' abhorrence.	23
2112205450	Understatement	A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration. Ex. "I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain."	24
2112205451	Motif	A recurring element, such as an image, theme, or type of incident. Ex. "Frailty, thy name is woman"	25

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AP Literature Vocab Flashcards

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3061020913	Gynarchy	N. Government by Women	0
3061020914	Ambience	N. Atmosphere; Mood; Feeling	1
3061020915	Sententious	ADJ. Pompously Moralizing	2
3061020916	Vindicate	V. Clear From Blame	3
3061020917	Wry	ADJ. Cleverly Humorous	4
3061020918	Lachrymose	ADJ. Tearful; Mournful	5
3061020919	Denouement	N. Final Resolution	6
3061020920	Traduce	V. to cause humiliation by malicious comments	7
3061020921	Dispassionate	ADJ. not affected by strong feelings	8
3061020922	Apostrophe	N. Speaking to someone who is not there	9
3061020923	Allegory	N. Extended Metaphor	10
3061020924	Picaresque	ADJ. of or relating to rogues or rascals	11
3061020925	Truculent	ADJ. Scathingly Harsh	12
3061020926	Efficacious	ADJ. Effectiveness	13
3061020927	Motif	N. Reoccurring Theme	14
3061020928	Pristine	ADJ. Unspoiled	15
3061020929	Ribald	ADJ. Coarsely Humorous	16
3061020930	Expunge	V. to remove, delete, or erase	17
3061020931	Insouciant	ADJ. Carefree	18
3061020932	Caesura	N. a break or line in poetry; divides a four beat line in half.	19
3061020933	Epistolary	ADJ. in the style or form of letters	20
3061020934	Courtesan	N. Mistress of a wealthy man	21
3061020935	Panegyric	N. formal or elaborate praise; a tribute	22
3061020936	Temerity	N. Rashness; Prudence	23
3061020937	In media res	N. Technique of starting a story in the middle and then using flashback to tell what happens earlier.	24
3061020938	Pastoral	N. Portraying countryside	25
3061020939	Petulance	N. Impatience, Irritability	26
3061020940	Sycophant	N. Flatterer, Toady	27
3061020941	Pragmatic	ADj. Practical	28
3061020942	Frame Story	N. an introductory narrative in which one or more of the characters proceeds to tell a story.	29
3061020943	Placate	V. To Pacify	30
3061020944	Simian	Adj. Apelike	31
3061020945	Incipient	ADJ. Beginning to exist or appear	32
3061020946	Phantasmagoria	N. Shifting of imagery	33
3061020947	Conceit	N. Far-Fetched extended metaphor	34
3061020948	Obdurate	Adj. Stubborn	35
3061020949	Abet	V. To encourage or assist	36
3061020950	Tableau	N. Picturesque presentation	37
3061020951	Parsimony	N. Stinginess	38
3061020952	Naivete	N. Irony which employs innocence and simplicity	39

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AP Literature Vocab 15 Flashcards

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4758422046	Pastoral	a literary work that has to do with shepherds and rustic settings.	0
4758422047	Pathos	Greek term for deep emotion, passion, or suffering. When applied to literature, its meaning is usually narrowed to refer to tragic emotions, describing the language and situations which deeply move the audience or reader by arousing sadness, sympathy, or pity. Appeal to emotions	1
4758422048	Ethos	Appeal to ethics	2
4758422049	Logos	Appeal to logic	3
4758422050	Personification	figure of speech in which inanimate objects are given qualities of speech and/or movement.	4
4758422051	Playwright	a person who writes a play	5
4758422052	Plot	the structure of a story or the sequence in which the author arranges events. The structure of a five-act play often includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action, and the resolution. The plot may have a protagonist who is opposed by antagonist, creating conflict. A plot may include flashback, or it may include a subplot, which is a mirror image of the main plot.	6
4758422053	Third Person Point of View	Story told from 3rd person point of view uses he and/or she to tell the story	7
4758422054	Polysyndeton	The repetition of a number of conjunctions in close succession, as in, "We have men and arms and planes and tanks."	8
4758422055	Prose	all for of written expression not having a regular rhythmical pattern	9

4388547319	Allegory	Short story that teaches a lesson	0
4388547320	Apostrophe	Used in poetry when the speaker is addressing someone or something	1
4388547321	Ballad	Long story poem	2
4388547322	Denouement	Falling action	3
4388547323	Elegy	Mournful poem	4
4388547324	Epithet	Descriptive phrase that describes a character	5
4388547325	Vignette	Short, short, short story	6
4388547326	Paradox	Contradictory statement	7

4756196250	Anachronism	an event, object, custom, person or thing that is out of order of time or misplaced in time. Example " A clock strikes Julius Caesar"	0
4756200767	Anadiplosis	the repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. Example " Aboard my ship, excellent performance is standard. Standard performance is sub-standard."	1
4756206587	Antimetabole/Chiasmus	the repetition of words, in clauses, in reverse grammatical order. Example " Mankind must put an end to war - or war will put an end to mankind."	2
4756213377	Antithesis	establishing a contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them. Example " That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. "	3
4756223476	Apologia	a defense or justification for some doctrine, piece of writing, cause, or action: also an apology.	4
4756226394	Aposiopesis	stopping abruptly and leaving a statement unfinished. Example " Such a kid..." He repeats it. " young innocents..."	5
4756229788	Apostrophe	a figure of speech in which an absent or dead person, an abstract quality, or something inanimate or nonhuman is addressed directly. Its most common purpose in prose is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back. Example " O dark, musty platoon huts, with the iron bedsteads, the checkered bedding, the lockers and the stools! Even you can become the object of desire..."	6
4756246570	Assonance	the repetition of similar vowel sounds in neighboring words. Example " Old King Cole was marry old soul. "	7
4756248206	Asyndeton	the use of short and choppy sentences in direct contrast with long drawn out sentences to reinforce tone. ( Also involve listing without using conjunctions) Example " We will make ourselves comfortable and sleep, and eat as much as we can stuff into our bellies, and drink and smoke so that hours are not wasted. Life is short."	8
4756254439	Caesura	a pause in a line or verse, break in a sentence or clause. Sometimes indicated with a slash(/) in the the middle of a poetic line. Or sometimes just an extra space.	9
4756258521	Circumlocution	a roundabout or evasive speech or writing, in which many words are used but a few would have served. Example: when politicians avoid a question by changing the subject.	10
4756263559	Conceit	a far-fetched metaphor presenting surprising parallels between two dissimilar things. When the image dominates and shapes the entire work, it is called controlling image.	11
4756267372	Consonance	the repetition of identical or similar consonants whose vowel sounds are different. Example " A flock of sick, black-checkered ducks" the repetition of "ck" sound."	12
4756272812	Denouement	loose ends tied up in a story after the climax, closure, conclusion.	13
4756276442	Dialectics	formal debates usually over the nature of truth.	14
4756279398	Dichotomy	split or break between two opposing things.	15
4756286122	Dirge	funeral song of lamentation; short lyric of mourning.	16
4756287003	Elegy	a mournful, melancholy poem, especially a funeral song or lament for the dead, sometimes contains general reflections on death, often with a rural or pastoral setting.	17
4756295741	Enjambment	in poetry, the running over of a sentence from one verse or stanza into the next without stopping. When the sentence of meaning does stop at the end of the line it is called// END STOPPED LINE	18
4756308956	Epigram	witty aphorism. Example " she knows the cost of everything, but the value of nothing."	19
4756308957	Epigraph	the use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at a theme.	20
4756308958	Epistolary	a novel written in form of correspondence between two characters. Any novel that takes the form of a series of letters- either written by one character or several characters. The form allows an author to dispense with an omniscient point of view, but still switch between the viewpoints of several characters during the narrative.	21
4756316220	Epitaph	any brief inscription in prose or verse on a tombstone; a short formal poem of commemoration often a credo written by the person who wishes it to be on his tombstone.	22
4756320666	Euphemism	the use of an indirect, mild or vague word or expression for one thought to be coarse, offensive, or blunt. Example " Passed away for died."	23
4756323089	Euphony	pleasing soothe of sounds and words spoken. Example " The very winds whispered in soothing accents... "	24
4756324651	Evocative	a calling forth of memories and sensations; the suggestion or production through artistry and imagination of a sense of reality.	25
4756326902	Exposition	beginning of a story that sets forth facts, ideas, and/or characters, in a detailed explanation.	26
4756329216	Farce	a boisterous comedy involving ludicrous action and dialogue.	27
4756330958	Foil	a person or thing that, by contrast, makes another seem better or more prominent.	28
4756337147	Incongruity	the deliberate joining of opposites or of elements that are not appropriate to each other, paradox, dichotomy. Example John and Lenina in Huxley's Brave New World.	29
4756340235	In Media Res	" in the middle of things " a story begins in middle and flashbacks are used to fill in character, plot details.	30
4756342406	Juxtaposition	the intentional placement of a word, phrase, sentences of paragraph to contrast with another nearby.	31
4756345506	Litotes	an affirmation made indirectly by stating the opposite, usually with an effect of understatement. Example " I'd not be averse to a drink, not bad at all, you know, Einstein is not a bad mathematician. "	32
4756354944	Magic(al) Realism	a genre developed in Latin America which juxtaposes the everyday with the marvelous or magical.	33
4756356984	Metonymy	the technique of substituting a word for an object closely associated with it. Gives an abstract idea a concrete identity. Example " Pay tribute to the crown." " The White House has decided. " ( Met Life)	34
4756363593	Mode of Discourse	argument (persuasion), narration, description, and exposition.	35
4756368546	Motif	a recurring feature (name, image, or phrase) in a piece of literature.	36
4756370301	Novelette/Novella	short story; short prose narrative, often satirical.	37
4756372312	Omniscient Point of view	knowing all things, usually the third person.	38
4756374068	Oxymoron	a figure of speech in which two contradicting words or phrases are combined to produce a rhetorical effect by means of a concise paradox	39
4756377408	Paradox	a statement apparently self-contradictory or absurd but really containing a possible truth; an opinion contrary to generally accepted ideas. Example " Art is a form of lying in order to tell the truth."	40
4756383496	Pedantry	a display of learning for its own sake.	41
4756384655	Periodic Structure	a sentence in which the main clause ( and main idea) closes the sentence. Example " The proper place in the sentence for the word or group of words that the writer desires to make most prominent is usually the end."	42
4756393511	Picaresque Novel	a novel with principal character who is a low born rogue who lives with his/her wits and who gets into one predicament after another. The genre has also heavily influenced episodic humorous novels. Example Don Quixote	43
4756399926	Poignant	eliciting sorrow or sentiment.	44
4756402592	Polysyndeton	stringing together several successive phrases with conjunctions or pronouns. Example " We have not power, nor influence , nor money, nor authority, but a willingness to persevere, and the hope that we shall conquer soon."	45
4756449070	Requiem	any chant, dirge, hymn, or musical service for the dead.	46
4756452395	Scansion	the analysis of verse in terms of meter.	47
4756453750	Soliloquy	an extended speech, usually in a drama, delivered by a character alone on stage.	48
4756459968	English sonnet	rhyme scheme ABAB ABAB EFEF GG	49
4756460772	Italian sonnet	rhyme scheme ABBA ABBA CDE CDE	50
4756463955	Stream of Consciousness	the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character's thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images, as the character experiences them.	51
4756468934	Syllogism	a form of logical reasoning with two premises and a conclusion. Example " Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All black dogs are mammals. Conclusion: Therefore, all black dogs are warm-blooded."	52
4756475972	Synesthesia	the description of one kind of sensation coupled with another. Example: how a color sounds, or how a smell looks "He is wearing loud shirt." " The scent of the rose rang like a bell through the garden. I caressed the darkness with cool fingers."	53
4756488698	Tongue in Cheek	a type of humor in which the speaker feigns seriousness. Example "dry" or "dead pan".	54
4756491595	Vernacular	literature written in the everyday speech of a particular time period or culture.	55
4756494263	Zeitgeist	the spirit, preferences, fashions, and trends that characterize the intangible essence of a specific historical period or era. Example The "Roaring 20's " in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.	56

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