| CourseNotes

Psychology Core Concepts Chapter 2: Biopsychology and the Foundations of Neuroscience Flashcards

Psychology Core Concepts, fifth edition, by Philip G. Zimbardo, Robert L. Johnson, and Ann L. Weber.
Chapter 2: Biopsychology and the Foundations of Neuroscience

Terms : Hide Images

79978974	Biopsychology	The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes	79978974
79978975	Neuroscience	A relatively new interdisciplinary field that focuses on the brain and its role in psychological processes	79978975
79978976	Evolution	the gradual process of biological change that occurs in a species as it adapts to its environment	79978976
79978977	Natural selection	The driving force behind evolution, by which the environment "selects" the fittest organisms	79978977
79978978	Genotype	An organism's genetic makeup	79978978
79978979	Phenotype	An organism's observable physical characteristics	79978979
79978980	DNA	A long, complex molecule that encodes genetic characteristics. DNA is an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid.	79978980
79978981	Gene	Segment of a chromosome that encodes the directions for the inherited physical and mental characteristics of an organism. Genes are the functional unites of a chromosome.	79978981
79978982	Chromosome	Tightly coiled threadlike structure along which the genes are organized, like beads on a necklace. Chromosomes consist primarily of DNA	79978982
79978983	Sex chromosomes	The X and Y chromosomes that determine our physical sex characteristics	79978983
79978984	Neuron	Cell specialized to receive and transmit information to other cells in the body - also called a nerve cell. Bundles of many neurons are called enrves	79978984
79978985	Sensory neuron	nerve cell that carries messages from sense receptors toward the central nervous system. Also called an afferent neuron.	79978985
79978986	Motor neuron	Nerve cell that carries messages away from the central nervous system toward the muscles and glands. Also called an efferent neuron.	79978986
79978987	Interneuron	A nerve cell that relays messages between nerve cells, especially in the brain and spinal cord	79978987
79978988	Dendrite	A branched fiber that extends outward from the main cel body and carries information into the neuron	79978988
79978989	Soma	The part of a cell (such as a neuron) containing the nucleus, which includes the chromosomes. Also called the cell body.	79978989
79978990	Axon	In a nerve cell, an extended fiber that conducts information from the soma to the terminal buttons. Information travels along the axon in the form of an electric charge, called the action potential.	79978990
79978991	Resting potential	The electrical charge of the axon in its inactive state, when the neuron is ready to "fire"	79978991
79978992	Action potential	The nerve impulse caused by a change in the electrical charge across the cell membrane of the axon. When the neuron "fires," this charge travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released by the terminal buttons	79978992
79978993	All-or-none principle	Refers to the fact that the action potential in the axon occurs either full-blown or not at all	79978993
79978994	Synapse	the microscopic gap that serves as a communications link between neurons. Synapses also occur between neurons and the muscles or glands they serve.	79978994
79978995	Terminal buttons	Tiny bulb-like structures at the end of the axon, which contain neurotransmitters that carry the neuron's message into the synapse	79978995
79978996	Synaptic transmission	The relaying of information across the synapse by means of chemical neurotransmitters	79978996
79978997	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse. Many neurotransmitters are also hormones	79978997
79978998	Plasticity	The nervous system's ability to adapt or change as the result of experience. Plasticity may also help the nervous system adapt to physical damage.	79978998
79978999	Glial cells	Cells that bind the neurons together. Glial cells also provide an insulating covering (the myelin sheath) of the axon for some neurons, which facilitates the electrical impulses	79978999
79979000	Nervous system	The entire network of neurons in the body, including the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and their subdivisions.	79979000
79979001	Central nervous system	The brain and the spinal cord	79979001
79979002	Reflex	A simple, unlearned response triggered by stimuli - such as the knee-jerk reflex set off by tapping the tendon just below your kneecap	79979002
79979003	Peripheral nervous system	All parts of the nervous system lying outside the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic and somatic nervous systems	79979003
79979004	Somatic nervous system	A division of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the central nervous system and also sense voluntary messages to the body's skeletal muscles	79979004
79979005	Autonomic nervous system	The portion of the peripheral nervous system that sends communications between the central nervous system and the internal organs, and glands	79979005
79979006	Sympathetic division	The part of the autonomic nervous system that sends messages to internal organs and glands that help us respond to stressful and emergency situations	79979006
79979007	Parasympathetic division	The part of the autonomic nervous system that monitors the routine operations of the internal organs and returns the body to calmer functioning after arousal by the sympathetic division	79979007
79979008	Endocrine system	The hormone system - the body's chemical messenger system, including the endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes	79979008
79979009	Hormone	A chemical messenger used by the endocrine system. Many hormones also serves as neurotransmitters	79979009
79979010	Pituitary gland	The "master gland" that produces hormones influencing the secretions of all other endocrine glands, as well as a hormone that influences growth. The pituitary is attached to the brain's hypothalamus, from which it takes its orders.	79979010
79979011	Agonist	Drug or other chemical that enhances or mimics the effects of neurotransmitters	79979011
79979012	Antagonist	Drug or other chemical that inhibits the effects of neurotransmitters	79979012
79979013	Neural pathway	Bundle of nerve cells that follow generally the same route and employ the same neurotransmitter	79979013
79979014	Electroencephalograph (or EEG)	A device for recording brain waves, typically by electrodes placed on the scalp. the record produced is known as an electroencephalogram.	79979014
79979015	CT scanning (or computerized tomography)	A computerized imaging technique that uses X rays passed through the brain at various angles and then combined into an image	79979015
79979016	PET scanning (or position emission tomography)	An imaging technique that relies on the detection of radioactive sugar consumed by active brain cells	79979016
79979017	MRI (or magnetic resonance imaging)	An imaging technique that relies on cells' responses in a high-intensity magnetic field	79979017
79979018	Brain stem	the most primitive of the brain's three major layers. It includes the medulla, pons, and the reticular formation	79979018
79979019	Medulla	A brain-stem structure that controls breathing and heart rate. the sensory and motor pathways connecting the brain to the body cross in the medulla	79979019
79979020	Pons	A brain-stem structure that regulates brain activity during sleep and dreaming. The name pons derives from the Latin word for "bridge"	79979020
79979021	Reticular formation	A pencil-shaped structure forming the core of the brain stem. The reticular formation arouses the cortex to keep the rbain alert and attentive to new stimulation.	79979021
79979022	Thalamus	The brain's central "relay station," situated just atop the brain stem. Nearly all the messages going into or out of the brain go through the thalamus.	79979022
79979023	Cerebellum	The "little brain" attached to the brain stem. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinated movements.	79979023
79979024	Limbic system	The middle layer of the brain, involved in emotion and memory. The limbic system includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and other structures.	79979024
79979025	Hippocampus	A component of the limbic system, involved in establishing long-term memories.	79979025
79979026	Amygdala	A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.	79979026
79979027	Hypothalamus	A limbic structure that serves as the brain's blood-testing laboratory, constantly monitoring the blood to determine the condition of the body.	79979027
79979028	Cerebral cortex	The tin gray-matter covering of the cerebral hemispheres, consisting of a 1/4-inch layer dense with cell bodies of neurons. The cerebral cortex carries on the major portion of our "higher" mental processing, including thinking and perceiving.	79979028
79979029	Frontal lobes	Cortical regions at the front of the brain that are especially involved in movement and in thinking	79979029
79979030	Motor cortex	A narrow vertical strip of cortex in the frontal lobes, lying just in front of the central fissure; controls voluntary movement	79979030
79979031	Parietal lobes	Cortical areas lying toward the back and top of the brain; involved in touch sensation and in perceiving spatial relationships (the relationships of objects in space).	79979031
79979032	Somatosensory cortex	A strip of parietal lobe lying just behind the central fissure. The somatosensory cortex is involved with sensations and touch	79979032
79979033	Occipital lobe	The cortical regions at the back of the brain, housing the visual cortex	79979033
79979034	Temporal lobes	Cortical lobes that process sounds, including speech. The temporal lobes are probably involved in storing long-term memories.	79979034
79979035	Association cortex	Cortical regions throughout the brain that combine information from various other parts of the brain	79979035
79979036	Cerebral dominance	The tendency of each brain hemisphere to exert control over different functions, such as language or perception of spatial relationships	79979036
79979037	Corpus callosum	The band of nerve cells that connects the two cerebral hemispheres	79979037

Powered by Quizlet.com

Raven - Ch. 14, DNA: The Genetic Material Flashcards

14.1 The Nature of the Genetic Material
14.2 DNA Structure
14.3 Basic Characteristics of DNA Replication
14.4 Prokaryotic Replication
14.5 Eukaryotic Replication
14.6 DNA Repair

Terms : Hide Images

327133224	Griffith finds that bacterial cells can be transformed.	Nonvirulent S. pneumoniae could take up an unknown substance from a virulent strain and become virulent.	1
327133225	Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty identify the transforming principle.	The transforming substance could be inactivated by DNA-digesting enzymes, but not by protein-digesting enzymes.	2
327133226	Hershey and Chase demonstrate that phage genetic material is DNA.	Radioactive labeling showed that the infectious agent of phage is its DNA, and not its protein.	3
327133227	DNA's components were known, but its three-dimensional structure was a mystery.	The nucleotide building blocks for DNA contain deoxyribose and the bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Phosphodiester bonds are formed between the 5' phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3' hydroxyl of another nucleotide (see figure 14.4).	4
327133228	Chargaff, Franklin, and Wilkins obtained some structural evidence.	Chargaff found equal amounts of adenine and thymine, and of cytosine and guanine, in DNA. The bases exist primarily in keto and enol forms that exhibit hydrogen bonding. X-ray diffraction studies by Franklin and Wilkins indicated that DNA had a helical structure.	5
327133229	The Watson-Crick model fits the available evidence.	DNA consists of two antiparallel polynucleotide strands wrapped about a common helical axis. These strands are held together by hydrogen bonds forming specific base pairs (A/T and G/C). The two strands are complementary; one strand can specify the other.	6
327133230	Meselson and Stahl demonstrate the semiconservative mechanism.	Semiconservative replication uses each strand of a DNA molecule to specify the synthesis of a new strand. Meselson and Stahl showed this by using a heavy isotope of nitrogen and separating the replication products. Replication produces two new molecules each composed of one new strand and one old strand.	7
327133231	DNA replication requires a template, nucleotides, and a polymerase enzyme.	All new DNA molecules are produced by DNA polymerase copying a template. All known polymerases synthesize new DNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. These enzymes also require a primer. The building blocks used in replication are deoxynucleotide triphosphates with high-energy bonds; they do not require any additional energy.	8
327133232	Prokaryotic replication starts at a single origin.	The E. coli origin has AT-rich sequences that are easily opened. The chromosome and its origin form a replicon.	9
327133233	E. coli has at least three different DNA polymerases.	Some DNA polymerases can also degrade DNA from one end, called exonuclease activity. Pol I, II, and III all have 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity that can remove mispaired bases. Pol I can remove bases in the 5'-to-3' direction, important to removing RNA primers.	10
327133234	Unwinding DNA requires energy and causes torsional strain.	DNA helicase uses energy from ATP to unwind DNA. The torsional strain introduced is removed by the enzyme DNA gyrase.	11
327133235	Replication is semidiscontinuous.	Replication is discontinuous on one strand. The continuous strand is called the leading strand, and the discontinuous strand is called the lagging strand.	12
327133236	Synthesis occurs at the replication fork.	The partial opening of a DNA strand forms two single-stranded regions called the replication fork. At the fork, synthesis on the leading strand requires a single primer, and the polymerase stays attached to the template because of the β subunit that acts as a sliding clamp. On the lagging strand, DNA primase adds primers periodically, and DNA Pol III synthesizes the Okazaki fragments. DNA Pol I removes primer segments, and DNA ligase joins the fragments.	13
327133237	The replisome contains all the necessary enzymes for replication.	The replisome consists of two copies of Pol III, DNA primase, DNA helicase, and a number of accessory proteins. It moves in one direction by creating a loop in the lagging strand, allowing the antiparallel template strands to be copied in the same direction.	14
327133238	Eukaryotic replication requires multiple origins.	The sheer size and organization of eukaryotic chromosomes requires multiple origins of replication to be able to replicate DNA in the time available in S phase.	15
327133239	The enzymology of eukaryotic replication is more complex.	The eukaryotic primase synthesizes a short stretch of RNA and then switches to making DNA. This primer is extended by the main replication polymerase, which is a complex of two enzymes. The sliding clamp subunit was originally identified as protein produced by proliferating cells and is called PCNA.	16
327133240	Archaeal replication proteins are similar to eukaryotic proteins.	The replication proteins of archaea, including the sliding clamp, clamp loader, and DNA polymerases, are more similar to those of eukaryotes than to prokaryotes.	17
327133241	Linear chromosomes have specialized ends.	The ends of linear chromosomes are called telomeres. They are made by telomerase, not by the replication complex. Telomerase contains an internal RNA that acts as a template to extend the DNA of the chromosome end. Adult cells lack telomerase activity, and telomere shortening correlates with senescence.	18
327133242	Cells are constantly exposed to DNA-damaging agents.	Errors from replication and damage induced by agents such as UV light and chemical mutagens can lead to mutations.	19
327133243	DNA repair restores damaged DNA.	Without repair mechanisms, cells would accumulate mutations until inviability occurred.	20
327133244	Repair can be either specific or nonspecific.	The enzyme photolyase uses energy from visible light to cleave thymine dimers caused by UV light. Excision repair is nonspecific. In prokaryotes, the uvr system can remove a damaged region of DNA.	21
329453875	Transformation	The transfer of virulence from one cell to another. Now known to be the transference of genetic material between cells.	22
329453876	Bacteriophages Phages	Viruses that infect bacteria. Very simple; comprised of little but coat proteins and DNA.	23
329453877	Proteins were initially thought to be the mode of passing on hereditary information	Due to there being more AAs than bases, meaning there could be more combinations, which was supposedly necessary to create the amount of genes we have.	24
329453878	How did the responsible for transformation in Griffith's experiment resemble DNA?	- Elemental composition very similar - Centrifuge indicated same density - Extraction of proteins and lipids did not reduce transforming activity - Protein- and RNA-digesting enzymes had no effect - DNA-digesting enzymes destroyed all transforming activity	25
332014057	How did Hershey and Chase establish that it was DNA and not proteins that were transferred?	They labeled phages with isotopes specific to DNA (³²P) or proteins (³⁵S) and it was found that in infected bacteria cultures there was not much coat isotope. Thus it must have been the DNA that was conserved.	26
332014058	Components of a nucleotide	- a ribose sugar - a phosphate group - a nitrogenous base	27
332014059	Phosphodiester Bond	A bond between two nucleic acid; called such because a phosphate is linked between two ribose sugars using ester bonds.	28
332014060	What group is bound at the 5' end? The 3' end?	In a nucleic acid, the phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon, and a hydroxyl group is added to the 3' carbon.	29
332014061	Chargaff's Rules	- The proportion of A always equals that of T, and the proportion of G is always equals that of C - There are always equal proportions of purines (A+G) and pyrimidines (C+T)	30
332014062	What Photo 51 revealed	- that DNA was helical - had a consistent diameter of 2 nm - had a complete helical turn ever 3.4 nm - had phosphates and sugars on the outsides, bases stacked on the inside	31
332014063	Tautomers	Different structural forms; when DNA is in solution, bases exist as different tautomers, which initially threw off Watson and Crick in regards to finding DNA's true structure.	32
332014064	Major Groove vs. Minor Groove	The different spacings in DNA due to its uneven twisting; there are larger gaps between phosphodiester backbones (major) and smaller ones (minor).	33
332014065	Which complementary base pair has three hydrogen bonds? Which has two?	G-C has three hydrogen bonds and is thus stronger than A-T, which only has 2.	34
332014066	Antiparallel Construction	dsDNA is put together so that the 3' and 5' ends of each strand are opposite as such; this has important implications in DNA replication.	35
332014067	Conservative Model	A replicative model in which both strands of the parental duplex would remain intact and new DNA copies would be all-new.	36
332014068	Semiconservative Model	A replicative model in which one strand of the parental duplex would remain intact in daughter strands while a new complementary strand was build alongside the parental strand.	37
332014069	Dispersive Model	A replicative model in which each strand of DNA consisted of a mix of old parental DNA and newly synthesized DNA.	38
332014070	The Meselson-Stahl Experiment	DNA was labeled with a heavy nitrogen isotope (¹⁵N), allowed to replicate twice, and was centrifuged after 1 round and then 2 rounds of replication - initially all DNA was heavy - after 1 round, there was one medium band present, ruling out a conservative model (which would've had a heavy and a light band) - after 2 rounds, there was a medium band and a lighter band, ruling out a dispersive model (which would've had one single med-light band)	39
332014071	Why does DNA replicate semiconservatively?	The other two methods are too inefficient; conservative replication would require the two new strands to be separated from their templates and then stuck together, while dispersive is too messy.	40
332014072	The three main things DNA replication requires	- a template - nucleotides - a polymerase enzyme (there's more to it, but these are the basics)	41
332014073	The terms used to describe steps in a biochemical process	Initiation Elongation Termination	42
332014074	DNA Polymerase	The enzyme responsible for assembling a new strand of DNA by matching existing bases with complementary nucleotides and then linking the nucleotides together. All DNA polymerases add new bases to the 3' end of an existing strand and synthesize in a 5'-to-3' direction. Thus, all DNA polymerases require primer to work.	43
332014075	Why do DNA polymerases require primer?	DNA polymerases require a primer to synthesize a new strand of DNA because they can only add to an existing strand; RNA polymerases can begin a new strand without an existing strand, and so usually synthesize the primers.	44
332014076	Prokaryotic replication starts at a single origin	- starts at a specific site called the origin [oriC] - ends at specific site called the terminus - oriC consists of repeated nucleotides that bind an initiator protein and a AT-rich area to unzip.	45
332014077	Prokaryotic replication proceeds bidirectionally	- DNA is in a circle - two replisomes unzip and synthesize new strands, resulting in an awkward pretzel - termination site reached; the pretzel unwinds and the result is two circular chromosomes - the DNA controlled by an origin is a replicon; the chromosome plus the origin forms a single replicon	46
332014078	DNA Polymerase I [Pol I]	- the first DNA polymerase isolated in E. coli - at first assumed to do the bulk of synthesis (wrong) - has 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity (can proofread) - has 5'-to-3' exonuclease activity - acts on the lagging strand to remove primers, replace them with DNA	47
332014079	DNA Polymerase II [Pol II]	- the second DNA polymerase found in E. coli - has 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity (can proofread) - not involved with replication; involved in DNA repair processes	48
332014080	DNA Polymerase III [Pol III]	- the third DNA polymerase found in E. coli - has 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity (can proofread) - the main synthesis enzyme	49
332014081	Endonucleases Exonucleases	Nucleases that either cut DNA internally (endo) or at the end (exo).	50
332014082	Helicases	A class of enzymes whose job it is to unwind DNA strands to prep them for replication; they use ATP as a power source.	51
332014083	Unwinding DNA	- requires helicase to separate strands - requires SSBs to keep strands separate - needs topoisomerases to release tension	52
332014084	SSBs	Single-strand-binding proteins; they coat single strands of DNA during replication to prevent them from coming back together.	53
332014085	Supercoiling	Coiling caused by the uncoiling of some other region of a coiled substance.	54
332014086	Topoisomerases	Enzymes that can alter the topological state of DNA. They act to relieve torsional strain caused by unwinding and to prevent supercoiling.	55
332014087	DNA Gyrase	The topoisomerase involved in DNA replication.	56
332014088	Leading Strand	The strand of DNA that is being replicated continuously, as one long strand.	57
332014089	Lagging Strand	The strand of DNA that is being replicated dis continuously, as many short fragments.	58
332014090	Okazaki Fragments	The DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand.	59
332014091	Replication Fork	The point where a dsDNA is split open. Synthesis occurs at the replication fork.	60
332014092	DNA Primase	- the enzyme that provides a starting point for Pol III to work off of - an RNA polymerase - produces 10-20 bp-long fragments	61
332014093	Processivity	The ability of a polymerase to remain attached to the template.	62
332014094	β Subunit	- a ring-like structure of two identical protein chains that come together to encircle DNA - what lets Pol III to have a high processivity - requires a multisubunit protein called the clamp loader to open and close it - found in both proks and euks	63
332014095	How synthesis on the lagging strand is done	- DNA Pol I removes primers using its 5'-to-3' exonuclease activity - then it replaces the missing bases with its 5'-to-3' polymerase activity, primed by the previous Okazaki fragment's free 3' ⁵-OH group - Pol I leaves, and ligase comes in to seal the "nick" between fragments	64
332014096	What occurs during termination?	- termination occurs at a specific site located roughly opposite of oriC - two daughter molecules intertwined like rings in a chain produced - unlinked by DNA gyrase	65
332014097	Replisome	- a macromolecular assemble; the "replication organelle" - has two main components: the primosome, and a complex of two DNA Pol III enzymes, one for each strand - primosome comprised of primase and helicase as well as accessory proteins - two Pol III complexes contain 2 synthetic core units, each with its own β subunit - entire replisome complex held together by proteins including clamp loader - replisome stationary; pushes DNA through itself	66
332014098	A replisome works on both strands simultaneously. How?	One Pol III complex is on the leading strand; the lagging-strand one makes the strand form a loop so that it's close enough to the replisome complex.	67
332014099	Origin sites on proks vs. euks	Prokaryotes only have one origin site. Eukaryotes have multiple. This is because euks have longer genomes that would be too much for a single origin site to suffice. Replication must occur at multiple sites to be efficient.	68
332014100	Archael replication characteristics	The archael replication process and proteins are more similar to those of eukaryotes than of prokaryotes.	69
332014101	Eukaryotes' main replication complex is comprised of what?	Two enzymes, DNA polymerase epsilon (pol ε) and DNA polymerase delta (pol δ).	70
332014102	Telomeres	- specialized structures found at the ends of euk chromosomes - protect the ends of chromosomes from nucleases, maintain integrity of linear chromosomes - compose of specific DNA sequences, but not made by replication complex	71
332014103	Telomerase	- the enzyme that creates the short, repeated DNA sequences found in telomeres - uses internal RNA as a template, not DNA itself	72
332014104	How do telomeres protect the genome?	If a linear chromosome were to be replicated, then as Pol I removed primers, a gap would be left at the 5' end of the strands where primer used to be. Pol I would be unable to fill this gap (no OH to go off of) and so the template would be shortened. Telomeres keep the end of the chromosome thick with repeated sequences to stave off chromosome shortening.	73
332014105	Telomerase, aging, and cancer	- a hallmark of aging is the erosion of telomeres due to the suppression of telomerase activity - cancers keep themselves young by keeping their telomeres long with lots of active telomerase	74
332014106	Mutagen	Any agent that can increase the number of mutations above background levels.	75
332014107	DNA repair can be specific or nonspecific	Specific: targets a single kind of lesion in DNA and repairs only that damage. Nonspecific: uses a single mechanism to repair multiple kinds of lesions in DNA.	76
332014108	Photorepair	- a specific repair mechanism - fixes damage caused by UV light (thymine dimers) - photolyase absorbs light in the visible range and uses the energy to cleave the dimer, restoring the thymines to their original state - does not occur in cells deprived of visible light - photolyase found in many organisms - proks, euks	77
332014109	Thymine Dimer	A covalent bond between two adjacent thymines, sp. in a dsDNA.	78
332014110	Excision Repair	- a nonspecific repair mechanism - a damaged section is removed and replaced by DNA synthesis - in euks, uses proteins coded by uvr A, B, C genes - follows 3 steps: recognition of damage, removal of damaged region, resynthesis using undamaged strand as template - accomplished w/ UvrABC complex + Pol I or Pol II	79
332015046	Other forms of nonspecific repair	- error-free - error-prone (last-ditch; "SOS response") - breaks in strands (uses enzymes involved in recombination in meiosis)	80

Powered by Quizlet.com

Apologia Biology Vocabulary - Module 14: Kingdom Plantae: Anatomy and Classification (2nd edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary from Module 14, from Apologia's High School Biology Course Exploring Creation With Biology, by Dr. Jay Wile and Marilyn F. Durnell (2nd edition). There is also a crossword puzzle with these vocabulary words at e-learninglinks.com.

Terms : Hide Images

61420455	Botany	The study of plants	1
61420456	Perennial plants	Plants that grow year after year	2
61420457	Annual plants	Plants that live for only one year	3
61420458	Biennial plants	Plants that live for two years	4
61420459	Vegetative organs	The parts of a plant (such as stems, roots, and leaves) that are not involved in reproduction	5
61420460	Reproductive plant organs	The parts of a plant (such as flowers, fruits, and seeds) involved in reproduction	6
61420461	Undifferentiated cells	Cells that have not specialized in any particular function	7
61420462	Xylem	Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves	8
61420463	Phloem	Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant	9
61420464	Leaf mosaic	The arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant	10
61420465	Leaf margin	The characteristics of the leaf edge	11
61420466	Deciduous plant	A plant that loses its leaves for winter	12
61420467	Girdling	The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk	13
61420468	Alternation of generations	A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form	14
61420469	Dominant generation	In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle	15
61420470	Pollen	A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants	16
61420471	Cotyledon	A "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed- it provides nutrients to the developing seedlings and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant	17

Powered by Quizlet.com

Apologia Biology Vocabulary - Module 6: The Cell (2nd edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary from Module 6, from Apologia's High School Biology Course Exploring Creation With Biology, by Dr. Jay Wile and Marilyn F. Durnell (2nd edition). There is also a crossword puzzle with these vocabulary words at e-learninglinks.com.

Terms : Hide Images

61423049	Absorption	The transport of dissolved substances into cells	0
61423050	Digestion	The breakdown of absorbed substances	1
61423051	Respiration	The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy	2
61423052	Excretion	The removal of soluble waste materials	3
61423053	Egestion	The removal of nonsoluble waste materials	4
61423054	Secretion	The release of biosynthesized substances	5
61423055	Homeostasis	Maintaining the status quo	6
61423056	Reproduction	Producing more cells	7
61423057	Cytology	The study of cells	8
61423058	Cell wall	A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells	9
61423059	Middle lamella	The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells	10
61423060	Plasma membrane	The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings	11
61423061	Cytoplasm	A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended	12
61423062	Ions	Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons	13
61423063	Cytoplasmic streaming	The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents	14
61423064	Mitochondria	The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy	15
61423065	Lysosome	The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids	16
61423066	Ribosomes	Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis	17
61423067	Endoplasmic reticulum	An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell	18
61423068	Rough ER	ER that is dotted with ribosomes	19
61423069	Smooth ER	ER that has no ribosomes	20
61423070	Golgi bodies	The organelles in which proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell	21
61423071	Leucoplasts	Organelles that store starches or oils	22
61423072	Chromoplasts	Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis	23
61423073	Central vacuole	A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes	24
61423074	Waste vacuoles	Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion	25
61423075	Phagocytosis	The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells	26
61423076	Phagocytic vacuole	A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs	27
61423077	Pinocytic vesicle	Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules	28
61423078	Secretion vesicle	Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released	29
61423079	Microtubules	Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure	30
61423080	Nuclear membrane	A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm	31
61423081	Chromatin	Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell	32
61423082	Cytoskeleton	A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	33
61423083	Microfilaments	Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton	34
61423084	Intermediate filaments	Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments	35
61423085	Phospholipid	A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group	36
61423086	Passive transport	Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion	37
61423087	Active transport	Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy	38
61423088	Isotonic solution	A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell that resides in the solution	39
61423089	Hypertonic solution	A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution	40
61423090	Plasmolysis	Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water	41
61423091	Cytolysis	The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure	42
61423092	Hypotonic solution	A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell which resides in the solution	43
61423093	Activation energy	Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going	44

Powered by Quizlet.com

Spanish words expressing time- Spanish is Fun Flashcards

spanish is fun
expressions about time vocabulary from chapter 24 with some additional

Terms : Hide Images

7138503	ayer	yesterday	7138503
7138504	ayer por la mañana	yesterday morning	7138504
7138505	ayer por la tarde	yesterday afternoon	7138505
7138506	anteayer	the day before yesterday	7138506
7138507	anoche	last night	7138507
7138508	después	afterwards	7138508
7138509	el año pasado	last year	7138509
7138510	el lunes por la noche	Monday night	7138510
7138511	el mes pasado	last month	7138511
7138512	el otro día	the other day	7138512
7138513	en ese momento	at that moment	7138513
7138514	entonces	then	7138514
7138515	esta mañana	this morning	7138515
7138516	esta tarde	this afternoon	7138516
7138517	hace dos años	two years ago	7138517
7138518	la semana pasada	last week	7138518
7138519	ahora	now	7138519
7138522	hace dos días	two days ago	7138522
7138523	todos los días ( cada día)	every day	7138523
7138524	todo el día	all day	7138524
7138525	tiempo	time (can also mean weather)	7138525
7138526	los tiempos pasados	the old days	7138526
7138628	por primera vez	for the first time	7138628
7145507	el próximo mes	next month	7145507
7145508	pronto	soon	7145508
7145509	este fin de semana	this weekend	7145509
7145510	pasado mañana	the day after	7145510
7145511	esta noche	tonight	7145511
11804744	frequentmente ( or con frequencia)	frequently	11804744
11804745	nunca	never	11804745
11804746	varias veces	several times	11804746
11804747	de vez en cuando	from time to time	11804747
11804748	tantas veces	many times	11804748
11804749	a veces	sometimes	11804749
11804750	todo el rato	all the time	11804750
11804751	a menudo	often	11804751
11804752	cada año (todos los años)	every year	11804752
11805512	la próxima semana (or la semana que viene)	next week	11805512
11805513	el próximo año (or el año que viene)	next year	11805513
11805514	mañana por la tarde	tomorrow afternoon	11805514
11805515	mañana por la mañana	tomorrow morning	11805515
11805516	más tarde	later	11805516

Powered by Quizlet.com

Creative Writing Terms Flashcards

Terms to assist in the creative writing process

Terms : Hide Images

737054085	Creative Writing	provides students with the opportunity to play with language, to express emotions, to articulate stories, or to develop a drama for others to enjoy	1
737054086	Descriptive	describing the structure of a language, serving to describe or inform or characterized by description, giving details about; illustrating; explaining	2
737054087	Sensory Details	words and phrases that create imagery by using the 5 senses, Use of sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and textures to convey meaning	3
737054088	Tactile	Pertaining to the sense of touch; in descriptive writing words are used to describe how something would feel.	4
737054089	Taste	sense involving the tongue where flavors can be detected; in writing words would be used to describe the taste of objects or elements.	5
737054090	Visual	relating to or using sight; in writing words that are used to describe how someone or something looks.	6
737054091	Auditory	Pertaining to the sense of hearing; in writing these are words that describe what something or someone sounds like.	7
737054092	Olfactory	pertaining to the sense of smell; in writing these are words that describe what something or someone may smell like; odors	8
737054093	Five Senses	sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell	9
737054094	Imagery	The use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, thing, place, or experience	10
737055353	Haiku	a major form of Japanese verse, written in 17 syllables divided into 3 lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables, and employing highly evocative allusions and comparisons, often on the subject of nature or one of the seasons. Can sometimes be found in 3-5-3	11

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History 60 Hot Topics Flashcards

The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)

Terms : Hide Images

1453151101	Puritan motive	- Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England	1
1453151102	Motive of settling Virginia	- paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England	2
1453151103	First Great Awakening	- led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards	3
1453151104	Deism	- 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs	4
1453151105	Albany Congress, 1754	- led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected	5
1453151106	Legal rights of women	-no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers	6
1453151107	Stamp Act, 1765	- tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax	7
1453151108	Slavery in pre-independence times	- unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy	8
1453151109	Indentured servants	- extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years	9
1453151110	Proclamation of 1763	- created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve"	10
1453151111	Articles of Confederation, 1777	- first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification)	11
1453151112	Bill of Rights	- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government - was wanted by the Antifederalists	12
1453151113	Hamilton's economic plans	- national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports	13
1453151114	Shays' Rebellion 1786-87	- farmers revolt - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts - showed that the Articles of Confed. weren't working, leading to its end	14
1453151115	XYZ affair, 1797-98	- France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan	15
1453151116	Marbury v. Madison, 1803	- Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck - said his appointment was unconstitutional - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review	16
1453151117	Louisiana Purchase, 1803	- Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port	17
1453151118	Hartford Convention, 1814	- group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future	18
1453151119	Eli Whitney	- invented cotton gin in 1793 - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle	19
1453151120	Henry Clay's "American System"	- high tariffs on imports (20%-25%) - provide federal funding for internal improvements - support and maintain Bank of the United States	20
1453151121	Monroe Doctrine, 1823	- done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy	21
1453151122	Andrew Jackson, 1829-37	- Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank	22
1453151123	Trail of Tears, 1838	- removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot)	23
1453151124	Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations, 1828	- South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it - Jackson passes Tariff of Abominations harshly limiting trade - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them	24
1453151125	Transcendentalists	- an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson	25
1453151126	Ralph Waldo Emerson	- transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence	26
1453151127	William Lloyd Garrison	- published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights	27
1453151128	Harriet Tubman	- escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape	28
1453151129	Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857	- Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court	29
1453151130	Popular Sovereignty	- measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s	30
1453151131	Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854	- legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise	31
1453151132	Douglas's Freeport Doctrine, 1858	- statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty	32
1453151133	Causes of Civil War	- maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery - war lasted from 1861-65	33
1453151134	Emancipation Proclamation, 1863	- decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free - not effective, simply symbolic - made North the moral side of the war	34
1453151135	Radical Reconstruction	- Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan	35
1453151136	Compromise of 1877	- 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction	36
1453151137	Knights of Labor	- first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886	37
1453151138	Dawes Act	- 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans	38
1453151139	Social Gospel	- Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions	39
1453151140	Populists	- political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry	40
1453151141	Yellow Press	- started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens	41
1453151142	"New Immigration"	- immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions	42
1453151143	Open Door Policy	- European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States	43
1453151144	DuBois & Booker T. Washington	- W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it	44
1453151145	Muckrakers	- term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more	45
1453151146	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	- U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy	46
1453151147	Wilson's 14 Points	- 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization	47
1453151148	Bonus Army	- 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945	48
1453151149	100 Day Congress, New Deal	- passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency	49
1453151150	Civilian Conservation Corps	- FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects	50
1453151151	Cuban Missile Crisis	- 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference	51
1453151152	Brown v. Board of Education	- ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement	52
1453151153	Sputnik	- 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school	53
1453151154	Sit-Ins	- form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point	54
1453151155	Civil Rights Act of 1964	- most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting	55
1453151156	Malcolm "X"	- leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism	56
1453151157	Gulf of Tonkin incident	- said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam	57
1453151158	Watergate, 1972-74	- scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned	58
1453151159	Tet Offensive, 1968	- Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks	59
1453151160	Camp David Accords, 1978	- meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high	60

Powered by Quizlet.com

01. Funeral Directing Flashcards

Funeral Procedures, Arrangement Conference, Pre-Need, Documentation, Direct the funeral, Post funeral follow-up, Religious funeral customs, Fraternal and Military groups, Shipping of remains, Cremation, Alternative disposition methods

Terms : Hide Images

594096832	Acknowledgment Cards	cards of recognition sent to friends for kindness shown to a deceased's family.	1
594096833	Acolyte	an altar attendant.	2
594096834	Adaptive Funeral Rite	a funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly involved; one which has been altered to suit the trends of the times.	3
594096835	Aftercare (PostFuneral FollowUp)	those appropriate and helpful acts of counseling that come after the funeral.	4
594096836	Allah	in the Islam faith, the name of God.	5
594096837	Altar	an elevated place or structure on which sacrifices are offered or at which religious rites are performed; in the Christian faith, a table on which the Eucharist or Holy Communion is offered.	6
594096838	Alternative Container	an unfinished wood box or other non-metal receptacle or enclosure, without ornamentation or a fixed interior lining, which is designed for the encasement of human remains and which is made of fiberboard, pressed-wood, composition materials (with or without an outside covering) or like materials.	7
594096839	Apostille	certification/legalization of a document for international use (under terms of the 1961 Hague Convention).	8
594096840	Archbishop	in the Roman Catholic faith, the head of an archdiocese.	9
594096841	Aron	Hebrew word meaning container; a casket made entirely of wood, containing no metal parts.	10
594096842	Arrangements Conference	the meeting between the funeral director and the client family during which the funeral arrangements are discussed.	11
594096843	Artificial Grass	an imitation of grass made in mat form and used at the cemetery to cover the earth around the grave.	12
594096844	At-Need Counseling	counseling with the family as they select the services and items of merchandise in completing arrangements for the funeral service of their choice when a death has occurred.	13
594096845	Bishop	leader of multiple churches in a particular denomination; in the Roman Catholic faith, the head of a diocese; in the LDS (Mormon) church, Bishop of the ward is leader of a single church.	14
594096846	Bonze	the name of the Buddhist priest.	15
594096847	Book of Dates	a term used in the Buddhist faith to describe a calendar that is used to determine an accurate time for casketing the body.	16
594096848	Brother	in the Roman Catholic faith, a man who is a member of a religious order without being ordained or while preparing for ordination.	17
594096849	Brotherhood	relating to a social organization.	18
594096850	Burial-Transit Permit (Disposition Permit)	a legal document, issued by a governmental agency, authorizing transportation and/or disposition of a dead human body.	19
594096851	Canopy (Cemetery Tent)	a portable shelter used to cover the grave area during the committal.	20
594096852	Cantor	a religious singer who assists the clergy; assists the Rabbi in the Jewish faith; assists the Priest in the Eastern Orthodox faith.	21
594096853	Cardinal	in the Roman Catholic faith, a dignity conferred upon Bishops making them Princes of the Church.	22
594096854	Cash Advance	cash advance items may include, but are not limited to: cemetery or crematory services, pallbearers, public transportation, clergy honorarium, flowers, musicians or singers, nurses, obituary notices, gratuities, and death certificates; sometimes called an accommodation or cash disbursement.	23
594096855	Casketbearer (Pallbearer)	one who actively bears or carries the casket during the funeral service and at the committal service.	24
594096856	Celebrant	the officiant who celebrates the Mass in the Roman Catholic Church.	25
594096857	Cemetery	an area of ground set aside and dedicated for the final disposition of dead human bodies.	26
594096858	Certified Copy of a Death Certificate	a legal copy of the original death certificate.	27
594096859	Chancel	the portion of the church surrounding the altar, usually enclosing the clergy; area behind the altar or communion rail.	28
594096860	Chapel	a building or designated area of a building in which services are conducted.	29
594096861	Chaplain	a person chosen to conduct religious exercises for the military, the chapel of an institution or a fraternal organization.	30
594096862	Chevrah Kadìsha	Hebrew phrase meaning "Holy Society," a group of men or women from the synagogue who care for the dead; they may be referred to by laymen as the "washers;" in the past, took care of all funeral arrangements and preparation for Jewish funerals.	31
594096863	Christian Burial Certificate (Christian Burial Permit, Priest Lines)	a letter or form from a priest stating the eligibility of the deceased for burial in a Roman Catholic Cemetery.	32
594096864	Columbarium	a structure, room, or space in a mausoleum or other building containing niches or recesses used to hold cremated remains.	33
594096865	Committal Service	that portion of the funeral that is conducted at the place of disposition of dead human bodies.	34
594096866	Common Carrier	any carrier required by law to convey passengers or freight without refusal if the approved fare or charge is paid (airline, train, etc.).	35
594096867	Contemporary Funeral Rite	funeral observances that reflect present day (modern) influences in lieu of (or in addition to or as part of) the traditional ceremonies.	36
594096868	Coroner	a public officer whose chief duty is to investigate questionable deaths. (Also see: Medical Examiner)	37
594096869	Cortege	historical reference for funeral procession.	38
594096870	Cot	a portable stretcher commonly employed in an ambulance or transfer vehicle for the moving of the sick, injured, or deceased.	39
594096871	Cremated Remains	the result of the reduction of a dead body to inorganic bone fragments by intense heat.	40
594096872	Cremation	the reduction of a dead human body to inorganic bone fragments by intense heat in a specifically designed retort.	41
594096873	Crematory (Crematorium)	a furnace or retort for cremating dead human bodies; a building that houses a retort.	42
594096874	Cross	a religious emblem consisting of two plain bars that intersect at right angles to each other.	43
594096875	Crucifer/Crossbearer	one who carries the crucifix/cross during an ecclesiastical procession.	44
594096876	Crucifix	a cross with a figure or image representing the body of Christ (Corpus) on it.	45
594096877	Crypt	a chamber in a mausoleum, generally used to contain the casketed remains of a deceased person.	46
594452097	Deacon	a subordinate officer in a Christian church.	47
594452098	Death Certificate	a legal document containing vital statistics, disposition, and final medical information pertaining to the deceased.	48
594452099	Death Notice	a classified notice publicizing the death of a person and giving those details of the funeral service that the survivors wish to have published.	49
594452100	Deceased	a dead human body.	50
594452101	Dentures	false teeth.	51
594452102	Department of Veterans Affairs or VA (previously known as VETERANS ADMINISTRATION)	a federal agency that administers Benefits provided by law for veterans of the armed forces.	52
594452103	Diocese	in the Roman Catholic faith, a geographical grouping of Parishes under the jurisdiction of a Bishop.	53
594452104	Direct Cremation	disposition of human remains by cremation, without formal viewing, visitation or ceremony with the body present.	54
594452105	Direct Disposition	any method of disposition of the human remains without formal viewing, visitation or ceremony with the body present.	55
594452106	Dismissal	leading to an organized departure or inviting to leave.	56
594452107	Divine Liturgy	liturgical celebration of the Eucharist in Eastern Orthodox churches.	57
594452108	Ecclesiastic	pertaining to the church or clergy.	58
594452109	Elegy	song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation for the dead.	59
594452110	Elder	in the Jehovah's Witness faith, the person who typically conducts the service.	60
594452111	El Malei Rachamin	in the Jewish faith, a memorial service; literally "God full of compassion;" usually the last prayer of the funeral service; sometimes referred to as the Malei.	61
594452112	Entombment	the placing of remains in a crypt in a mausoleum.	62
594452113	Epitaph	a commemorative inscription on a tomb or cemetery marker.	63
594452114	Escort	to accompany, as a leader of the procession or guardian of the group; military personnel assigned to accompany a body following an active duty death.	64
594452115	Eucharist	the consecrated elements of Holy Communion.	65
594452116	Eucharistic Minister	layperson sanctioned to administer holy communion and other assigned tasks.	66
594452117	Eulogy	an oration praising an individual, usually after death.	67
594452118	Event planning	process of planning and/or coordinating a ceremony or activity.	68
594452119	Final Commendation	in the Roman Catholic faith, the ending portion of the Funeral Mass.	69
594452120	Forwarding Remains	one of the categories required to be itemized on the GPL (if the funeral provider offers the service). This involves service of the funeral provider in the locale here death occurs and preparation for transfer to another funeral provider as selected by the family (consumer).	70
594452121	Funeral Rule	requires package pricing of this service with a description of the components included.	71
594452122	Fraternal	relating to a social organization.	72
594452123	Funeral Service	the rites held at the time of disposition of human remains, with the body present.	73
594452124	Funeral Arrangements	the term applied to the completing of the service and financial details of the funeral at the time of need.	74
594452125	Funeral Liturgy (Funeral Mass)	the name of the funeral service in the Roman Catholic Church.	75
594452126	Funeral Procession	the procession of vehicles from the place of the funeral to the place of disposition.	76
594452127	Funeral Rites	any funeral event performed in a solemn and prescribed manner.	77
594452128	Funeral service	the rites held at the time of disposition of human remains, with the body present.	78
594452129	Gatha	the first two and last two verses of a Buddhist hymn sung at the funeral service.	79
594452130	General Price List (GPL)	a printed list of goods and service for sale by funeral provider with retail prices. GPL is considered the keystone of the Funeral Rule.	80
594452131	Genuflect	the act of bending the knee as an indication of reverence or as an act of humility.	81
594452132	Gratuity (Tip)	gift or small sum of money tendered for a service provided.	82
594452133	Grave	an excavation in the earth as a place for interment.	83
594452134	Graveside service	a funeral service, religious or otherwise, conducted at the grave.	84
594452135	Grave Straps	webbing or similar material used for lowering the casket into the grave.	85
594452136	"Green"	ecologically friendly.	86
594452137	Guaranteed Contract	one where the funeral home guarantees that the services and merchandise will be provided at the time of need for an amount not exceeding the original amount of the contract plus any accruals, regardless of the cost of providing the services and merchandise at the time of the funeral.	87
594452138	Hesped	in the Jewish faith, a eulogy or true evaluation of the deceased's life that is a part of the funeral service.	88
594452139	Holy Water	water blessed by a priest.	89
594452140	Honorarium (Plural: Honoraria; Honorariums)	a nominal compensation or recognition for service performed.	90
594452141	Honorary Pallbearers (Honorary Casketbearers)	friends of the family or members of an organization or group who act as an escort or honor guard for the deceased. They do not Carry the casket.	91
594452142	Humanist funeral	a funeral rite that is in essence devoid of religious connotation.	92
594452143	Icon	in the Eastern Orthodox faith, a holy picture; usually mosaic or painted on wood.	93
594452144	Iconostasîs (Iconostas, Iconostation)	in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the partition that extends across the front of the church separating the sanctuary from the solea.	94
594452145	IHS	the three letters in the Greek word for Jesus.	95
594452146	Imam	in the Islamic faith, the leader of the local congregation.	96
594452147	Immediate Burial	disposition of human remains by formal viewing, visitation or ceremony with the body present, except for a graveside service.	97
594452148	Informant	one who supplies the vital statistical information concerning the deceased.	98
594452149	INRI	an abbreviation for the Latin term meaning "Jesus of Nazareth, King of Jews."	99
594452150	Inter (Inhume)	to bury in the ground.	100
594452151	Interment (Burial, Inhumement/lnhumation)	the act of placing the dead human body in the ground.	101
594452152	Inurnment	the act of placing cremains in an urn. (CANA definition) act of placing cremated remains in a niche or grave.	102
594452153	Irrevocable Contract	a contract for future funeral services which cannot be terminated or canceled prior to the death of the beneficiary.	103
594452154	Islam	the religion of Muslims (Moslems) that began at the time of Mohammed; Muslims believe that Islam stands for purity, peace, submission to God's (Allah's) will, and obedience to his laws.	104
594452155	Jinazah	in the Islamic faith, the funeral or funeral prayer.	105
594452156	Kaddish	in the Jewish faith, a prayer recited for the deceased by the direct mourners (parents, siblings, spouse, and children) for the first time at the conclusion of interment service. It is subsequently recited by children for parents at every service for eleven months. All other categories of mourners have the obligation to say the Kaddish for 30 days.	106
594452157	Kever	in the Jewish faith, the grave.	107
594452158	Kevurah	in the Jewish faith, the burial.	108
594452159	Kin	one's relatives; referring to blood relationship (legally the surviving spouse is not kin).	109
594452160	Kingdom Hall	the appropriate term for the worship facility for the Jehovah's Witnesses.	110
594452161	Koran (Quran)	a holy book of the Islamic faith, revealed to Mohammed by the angel Gabriel.	111
594452162	Kriah	Hebrew word meaning rending or tearing; a symbol of grief; a tear in the upper corner of the garment or a tear on a symbolic ribbon which is worn by the survivors.	112
594452163	Levaya	in the Jewish faith, the funeral procession.	113
594452164	Liturgical (Eucharist-Centered) Worship	a prescribed order or form of worship specific to a particular denomination which will have the Eucharist or Holy Communion as its central element.	114
594452165	Lot	a subdivision of a cemetery that consists of several grave or interment spaces.	115
594452166	Lowering Device	a mechanical device used to lower a casket into the ground.	116
594452167	Makura-gyo	traditionally, in the Buddhist faith, a bedside prayer which may now be performed by the bonze just before funeral arrangements are made.	117
594452168	Mass	the liturgical celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church.	118
594452169	Mass Card (Spiritual Bouquet)	a document indicating the offering of a Mass for a specific intention.	119
594452170	Mausoleum	a building containing crypts or vaults for entombment.	120
594452171	Medical Examiner	a forensically trained physician whose duty is to investigate questionable or unattended deaths (has replaced the coroner in some states).	121
594452172	Memorial Folder (Service Folder)	a pamphlet made available at the funeral service giving details about the deceased and the funeral arrangements.	122
594452173	Memorial Gathering	a scheduled assembly of family and friends following a death.	123
594452174	Memorial Park	a cemetery, or section of a cemetery, with only flush-to-the-ground markers.	124
594452175	Memorial Service	funeral rites with the body not present.	125
594452176	Menorah	in the Jewish faith, a candelabrum with a central stem bearing seven candles; it is the oldest symbol in Judaism.	126
594452177	Military escort	military personnel assigned to accompany a body following an active duty death.	127
594452178	Mogen David (Star of David)	in the Jewish faith, a hexagram formed by the combination of two triangles. May be called the Jewish Star. It symbolizes a new hope for the Jewish people.	128
594452179	Mohammed (Muhammad)	a prophet of the Islamic religion born 571 C.E.; considered by Muslims to be God's messenger, but not worshiped or considered to be divine.	129
594452180	Monsignor	an honorary title conferred upon a priest.	130
594452181	Mosque (Masjid)	the local church building; contains no icons, statues, symbols, pews, chairs, or musical instruments.	131
594452182	Muslim (Moslem)	the name given to a member of the Islamic faith.	132
594452183	Narthex (Lobby, Vestibule, Foyer)	the entry way into the funeral home or church.	133
594452184	National Cemetery	a cemetery created and maintained under an Act of Congress for burial of veterans of military service and their eligible family members.	134
594452185	Nave	the seating or auditorium section of a church.	135
594452186	Niche	a recess or space in a columbarium used for the permanent placing of cremated remains.	136
594452187	Nirvhana	the Buddhist idea of heavenly peace or Pure Land.	137
594452188	Non-Guaranteed Contract	one in which the funeral home only agrees that the amount prepaid plus any accruals will be credited to the balance due. However, the price of the funeral will be whatever the current price is for the services and merchandise at the time the death occurs.	138
594452189	Non-Liturgical (ScriptureCentered) Worship	a form or order of Worship which has the scripture as its central element; the actual form or order of the worship service is left to the discretion of each individual church and/or minister.	139
594452190	Obituary	a news item concerning the death of a person which usually contains a biographical sketch.	140
594452191	Obsequies	funeral rites or burial ceremonies.	141
594452192	Officiant	one who conducts a religious service or ceremony.	142
594452193	Outer Burial Container	any container which is designed for placement in the grave around the casket including, but not limited to, containers commonly known as burial vaults, grave boxes, and grave liners.	143
594452194	Pagoda	the Buddhist place of worship.	144
594452195	Pall	a symbolic cloth covering placed over the casket.	145
594452196	Pallbearer	one who actively bears or carries the casket during the funeral service and at the committal service.	146
594452197	Parastas (Great Panachida)	vigil service associated with Eastern Orthodox funerals.	147
594452198	Paschal Candle	in Roman Catholic faith, a candle placed near the casket during the Funeral Mass that signifies the everlasting light of Christ.	148
594452199	Pastor	one having spiritual care over a number of people.	149
594452200	Perpetual Care	an arrangement made by the cemetery whereby funds are set aside, the income from which is used to maintain the cemetery plot indefinitely.	150
594452201	Pope	the head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome.	151
594452202	Prayer Card	a card with the name of the decedent and a prayer or verse, which may or may not include the dates of birth and death.	152
594452203	Pre-funded Funeral Arrangements	those funeral arrangements made in advance of need that include provisions for funding or prepayment.	153
594452204	Preplanned Funeral Arrangements	those funeral arrangements made in advance of need that do not include provisions for funding or prepayment.	154
594452205	Prie Dieu (Prayer Rail, Kneeler)	a kneeling rail.	155
594452206	Priest	a title conferred by ordination.	156
594452207	Private Carrier	those who transport only in particular instances and only for those they chose to contract with (funeral home vehicles and livery).	157
594452208	Processìon/Processional	the movement, in an orderly fashion, at the beginning of a service.	158
594452209	Rabbi	a teacher or ordained leader in the Jewish faith.	159
594452210	Reader	in the Church of Christ, Scientist, one authorized to read the lessons and scripture.	160
594452211	Receiving Remains	one of the categories required to be itemized on the GPL (if the funeral provider offers the service). This involves services of the funeral provider after initial services have been provided by another at the locale of death. Funeral Rule requires package pricing of this service with a description of the components included.	161
594452212	Receiving Vault	a structure so designed for the temporary storage of bodies that are not to be immediately interred.	162
594452213	Recession/Recessional	the movement, in an orderly fashion, at the end of a service.	163
594452214	Register Book (Memorial Book)	a book signed by those attending a visitation/service.	164
594452215	Retort	the burning Chamber in a crematory.	165
594452216	Revocable Contract	a contract which may be terminated by the purchaser at any time prior to the death of the beneficiary with a refund of the moneys paid on the contract as prescribed by state law.	166
594452217	Rosary Beads	beads and a used as an aid in the recitation of prayers.	167
594452218	Rosary Prayers	prayer recited in order at a Rosary or Vigil Service.	168
594452219	Royal Doors	doors in the center of the Iconostasis leading directly to the altar. Only ordained clergy are to go through these doors; never cross on the solea in front of the Royal Doors.	169
594452220	Rubrics	in liturgical churches, stated directions in a prayer book or liturgical manual regarding the order of service as approved by the denomination.	170
594452221	Sacrament of the Sick	in the Roman Catholic faith, a sacrament given to those seriously ill or in danger of death to prepare their souls for eternity.	171
594452222	Sacred Heart	in the Roman Catholic faith, a religious picture of Jesus Christ showing his radiant heart.	172
594452223	Sanctuary	the part of the church about the altar, inside the chancel; (this term may also be used to describe the area of the church where people sit for the services).	173
594452224	Scapular	in the Roman Catholic faith, a piece of cloth or a medal having religious significance usually worn around the neck.	174
594452225	Section	the largest subdivision of a cemetery.	175
594452226	Service of Encasketing	in the Buddhist faith, a service performed as a part of casketing the body.	176
594452227	Sexton	one who is in charge of the cemetery; the caretaker of a church.	177
594452228	Shabbat	the Jewish Sabbath; Christi begins at Sundown Friday and ends at Sundown Saturday.	178
594452229	Shivah	in the Jewish faith, a seven-day mourning period.	179
594452230	Sholoshim	meaning 30 in the Jewish faith; the 30-day mourning period.	180
594452231	Shomer	in the Jewish faith, a watcher; one who sits with the body until burial.	181
594452232	Shroud	a cloth of garment in which a dead person is wrapped or dressed for burial.	182
594452233	Sign of the Cross	a symbolic sign of the Cross; made with the right hand.	183
594452234	Sister (Nun)	in the Roman Catholic faith, a woman who is a member of a religious order, especially one bound by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.	184
594452235	Social Security Administration	a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services which provides benefits for retirement, survivors/insurance, disability, health insurance, and death.	185
594452236	Solea	in the Eastern Orthodox church, the open area (sometimes raised) before the altar.	186
594452237	Survivor(s)	one who outlives another person or lives through an event.	187
594452238	Synagogue	a place of religious worship in the Jewish faith; may also be referred to as Temple.	188
594452239	Tachrichim	a hand-sewn white linen shroud in which the deceased members of the Jewish faith are dressed.	189
594452240	Taharah	in the Jewish faith, the ceremony of washing the deceased before the burial; serves as a ritual purification or cleansing of the body and should be performed by the Chevra Kaddisha.	190
594452241	Tallith	a prayer shawl worn by men during the Morning Prayer service in the Jewish faith.	191
594452242	Tehillim	in the Jewish faith, prayers said before the funeral by a group of friends and the shomer. These prayers come from the book of Psalms.	192
594452243	Temple Ordinances	ceremonial instructions of the Mormon Church, given only within a Temple to worthy members of the sect.	193
594452244	Third Party Contracts	contracts which involve the funeral director/funeral home because the family being served has contracted with someone else (a third party) for services or merchandise also available from the funeral home i.e. caskets, vaults, urns, preneed insurance, etc.	194
594452245	Tomb	a general term designating those places suitable for the reception of a dead human body.	195
594452246	Transepts	wings of the main part of the church which may serve as small chapels for baptism, weddings, and even small funeral services.	196
594452247	Transfer of Remains (Removal, First Call)	the moving of the dead human body from the place of death to the funeral home or other designated place.	197
594452248	Transfer Vehicle	the automobile generally used for transporting the uncasketed dead human body from the place of death to the mortuary.	198
594452249	Trisagion	in the Eastern Orthodox faith, three short services or blessings that are part of the funeral rite.	199
594452250	Trust Account	account established by one individual to be held for the benefit of another; creates a fiduciary responsibility (as a method of payment of funeral expenses). Money paid to a funeral home for future services is placed in an account with the funeral home as trustee for the benefit of another.	200
594452251	Vestments	ritual garments worn by the clergy.	201
594452252	Veteran	one who has served a prescribed period of time with the armed forces and who is no longer an active member of the armed forces.	202
594452253	Vigil Lights	in the Roman Catholic faith, a set of two candles that may be placed one at the head and one at the foot of the casket during the visitation period.	203
594452254	Visitation (Calling Hours, Visiting Hours)	time set aside for friends and relatives to pay respects to the deceased prior to the funeral service.	204
594452255	Vital Statistics	the collection, tabulation, and interpretation of data concerning birth, marriage, divorce, sickness, and death.	205
594452256	Wake	historically a watch kept over the deceased; an all-night vigil.	206
594452257	Wake Service (Vigil Service/Rosary Service)	in the Roman Catholic faith, a prayer or scripture service usually held at the funeral home the evening before the Funeral Mass.	207
594452258	Words of Appreciation	a brief expression of gratitude to the congregation for their presence at the Buddhist service.	208
594452259	Yahrzeit	in the Jewish faith, the anniversary of the death.	209
594452260	Yarmulke (Kippah, Yamaka)	in the Jewish faith, the skullcap worn by the men at temple services and funeral services.	210
594452261	Yizkor	in the Jewish faith, a memorial service recited four times a year.	211

1584686750	evolution	Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.	0
1584686751	biology	The scientific study of life.	1
1584686752	emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	2
1584686753	systems biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	3
1584686754	global climate change	Increase in temperature and change in weather patterns all around the planet, due mostly to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from the burning of fossil fuels. The increase in temperature, called global warming, is a major aspect of global climate change.	4
1584686755	eukaryotic cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
1584686756	prokaryotic cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
1584686757	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenin (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's protein.	7
1584686758	gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	8
1584686759	gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	9
1584686760	genome	The genetic material of a organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences	10
1584686761	genomics	The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species.	11
1584686762	bioinformatics	The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.	12
1584686763	negative feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	13
1584686764	positive feedback	A form of regulation in which and end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	14
1584686765	Bacteria	One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea.	15
1584686766	Archaea	One of the two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.	16
1584686767	Eukarya	The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.	17
1584686768	natural selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	18
1584686769	science	An approach to understanding the natural world.	19
1584686770	inquiry	The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.	20
1584686771	data	Recorded observations.	21
1584686772	inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.	22
1584686773	hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observation based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope in scope than a theory.	23
1584686774	deductive reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	24
1584686775	controlled experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	25
1584686776	theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	26
1584686777	model organism	A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab.	27
1584686778	technology	The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry of commerce but also including uses in basic research.	28
1584686779	matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.	29
1584686780	element	Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions.	30
1584686781	compound	A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.	31
1584686782	essential element	A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.	32
1584686783	trace element	An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.	33
1584686784	atom	The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.	34
1584686785	neutron	A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 x 10^-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom.	35
1584686786	proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10^-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom.	36
1584686787	electron	A subatomic particle with a single negative charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. e or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. atom	37
1584686788	atomic nucleus	An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.	38
1584686789	dalton	A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu.	39
1584686790	atomic number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.	40
1584686791	mass number	The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's neutrons.	41
1584686792	atomic mass	The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom.	42
1584686793	isotope	One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differeing in atomic mass.	43
1584686794	radioactive isotope	An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.	44
1584686795	energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	45
1584686796	potential energy	The energy that matter posses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure).	46
1584686797	electron shell	An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom.	47
1584686798	valence electron	An electron in the outermost electron shell.	48
1584686799	valence shell	The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.	49
1584686800	orbital	The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.	50
1584686801	chemical bond	An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons of the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.	51
1584686802	covalent bond	A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.	52
1584686803	molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	53
1584686804	single bond	A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.	54
1584686805	double bond	A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms.	55
1584686806	valence	The bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell.	56
1584686807	electronegativity	The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.	57
1584686808	nonpolar covalent bond	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.	58
1584686809	polar covalent bond	A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive	59
1584686810	ion	An atom of group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.	60
1584686811	cation	A positively charged ion.	61
1584686812	anion	A negatively charged ion.	62
1584686813	ionic bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.	63
1584686814	ionic compound	A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called salt.	64
1584686815	salt	A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound.	65
1584686816	hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule.	66
1584686817	van der Waals interactions	Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.	67
1584686818	chemical reaction	The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter.	68
1584686819	reactant	A starting material in a chemical reaction.	69
1584686820	product	A material resulting from a chemical reaction.	70
1584686821	chemical equilibrium	In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time.	71

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

Psychology Core Concepts Chapter 2: Biopsychology and the Foundations of Neuroscience Flashcards

AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

nsl Flashcards

Raven - Ch. 14, DNA: The Genetic Material Flashcards

Apologia Biology Vocabulary - Module 14: Kingdom Plantae: Anatomy and Classification (2nd edition) Flashcards

Apologia Biology Vocabulary - Module 6: The Cell (2nd edition) Flashcards

Spanish words expressing time- Spanish is Fun Flashcards

Creative Writing Terms Flashcards

AP US History 60 Hot Topics Flashcards

01. Funeral Directing Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org