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Chapter 12
?2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 12
*
Introduction
Spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the structure of a compound.
Most techniques are nondestructive (it destroys little or no sample).
Absorption spectroscopy measures the amount of light absorbed by the sample as a function of wavelength.
Chapter 12
Chapter 12
?2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 12
*
Introduction
Spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the structure of a compound.
Most techniques are nondestructive (it destroys little or no sample).
Absorption spectroscopy measures the amount of light absorbed by the sample as a function of wavelength.
Chapter 12
Chapter 8
? 2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Reactions of Alkenes
Chapter 8
*
Bonding in Alkenes
Electrons in pi bond are loosely held.
The double bond acts as a nucleophile attacking electrophilic species.
Carbocations are intermediates in the reactions.
These reactions are called electrophilic additions.
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
*
Electrophilic Addition
Step 1: Pi electrons attack the electrophile.
Step 2: Nucleophile attacks the carbocation.
Chapter 8
? 2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Reactions of Alkenes
Chapter 8
*
Bonding in Alkenes
Electrons in pi bond are loosely held.
The double bond acts as a nucleophile attacking electrophilic species.
Carbocations are intermediates in the reactions.
These reactions are called electrophilic additions.
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
*
Electrophilic Addition
Step 1: Pi electrons attack the electrophile.
Step 2: Nucleophile attacks the carbocation.
Chapter 11
Reactions of Alcohols
?2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Chapter 11
*
Types of Alcohol Reactions
Dehydration to alkene
Oxidation to aldehyde, ketone
Substitution to form alkyl halide
Reduction to alkane
Esterification
Tosylation
Williamson synthesis of ether
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
*
Summary Table
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Reactions of Alcohols
?2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Chapter 11
*
Types of Alcohol Reactions
Dehydration to alkene
Oxidation to aldehyde, ketone
Substitution to form alkyl halide
Reduction to alkane
Esterification
Tosylation
Williamson synthesis of ether
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
*
Summary Table
Chapter 11
Chapter 10
?2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols
Chapter 10
*
Structure of Water and Methanol
Oxygen is sp3 hybridized and tetrahedral.
The H?O?H angle in water is 104.5?.
The C?O?H angle in methyl alcohol is 108.9?.
Chapter 10
Chapter 9
? 2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Alkynes
Chapter 9
*
Introduction
Alkynes contain a triple bond.
General formula is CnH2n-2.
Two elements of unsaturation for each triple bond.
Some reactions resemble the reactions of alkenes, like addition and oxidation.
Some reactions are specific to alkynes.
Chapter 9
Chapter 8
? 2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Reactions of Alkenes
Chapter 8
*
Bonding in Alkenes
Electrons in pi bond are loosely held.
The double bond acts as a nucleophile attacking electrophilic species.
Carbocations are intermediates in the reactions.
These reactions are called electrophilic additions.
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
*
Electrophilic Addition
Step 1: Pi electrons attack the electrophile.
Step 2: Nucleophile attacks the carbocation.
Chapter 7
?2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes
Chapter 7
*
Introduction
Alkenes are hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds.
Alkenes are also called olefins, meaning ?oil-forming gas?.
The functional group of alkenes is the carbon-carbon double bond, which is reactive.
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
*
Sigma Bonds of Ethylene
Chapter 7
Chapter 6
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination
?2010, Prentice Hall
Chapter 6
*
Classes of Halides
Alkyl halides: Halogen, X, is directly bonded to sp3 carbon.
Vinyl halides: X is bonded to sp2 carbon of alkene.
Aryl halides: X is bonded to sp2 carbon on benzene ring.
C
C
H
H
H
C
l
vinyl halide
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
B
r
alkyl halide
I
aryl halide
Chapter 2
? 2010, Prentice Hall
Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr.
Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules
Chapter 2
*
Wave Properties
of Electrons
Standing wave vibrates in fixed location.
Wave function, ?, is a mathematical description of size, shape, and orientation.
Amplitude may be positive or negative.
Node: Amplitude is zero.
Chapter 2
Pages
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