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Mati?re : Toute chose ayant une masse et occupant de l?espace.
Atome: plus petite quantit? d?un ?l?ment ?lectriquement neutre qui poss?de
encore les propri?t?s chimiques caract?ristiques de l??l?ment. Atome est
form? d?un noyau entour? d??lectrons.
La masse d?un atome est environ ?gale ? la somme de la masse des nucl?ons.
Unit? de masse atomique : u ou uma = 1/12 de la masse atomique du
12
C.
El?ment : constituants de base de la mati?re. Leurs diverses combinaisons
constituent ensemble de la mati?re sur terre.
Biologie Chapitre 6?: le noyau et le cycle cellulaire
L?origine ?volutive du noyau de la cellule?:
L?invagination de la membrane plasmique de la mol?cule d?ADN fixe a conduit ? la cr?ation d?une enveloppe autour de l?ADN.
L?enveloppe contient de nombreux canaux de communication (pores nucl?aires)
La lumi?re du RE est en communication directe avec l?espace entre le noyau interne et la membrane externe.
Deux organelles dans la cellule animale contiennent de l?ADN?:
Biologie UNI?: chapitre 2 : Macromol?cules
La composition d?une cellule animale?70% d?eau et 30% de substances chimiques?:
18% de prot?ines
5% de lipides
2% de polysaccharides
1,3% d?acides nucl?iques
4 % de ions et petits m?tabolites
Biologie UNI?: chapitre 4
M?tabolisme
Energie, catalyse et biosynth?se?:
Cellule = usine millions de r?actions par seconde
Les cellules ont besoin d?atomes et d??nergie de l?environnement et elles doivent ?galement contr?ler pr?cis?ment le m?tabolisme.
Des processus cataboliques et anaboliques forment ensemble le m?tabolisme d?une cellule
Les protons se d?placent rapidement le long d?une cha?ne de mol?cules d?eau li?es par des liaisons hydrog?nes.
Le transfert d??lectrons est associ? ? la transmission d?atomes d?hydrog?ne?:
Biologie?: UNI?: Les Mutations
Les mutations chez les organismes mod?les?:
On conna?t des milliers de mutants chez les moucherons Drosophila melanogaster et chez les n?matodes Caenorhabditis elegans organismes mod?les en biologie g?n?tique.
All?les?et sportifs d??lite:
-actinin 3?: Contraction musculaire
Angiotensin converting enzyme?: r?gulation de la pression sanguine
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor?: Facteur de transcription et r?cepteur nucl?aire.
Creatin-Kinase?: Production d?ATP
Biologie?: Principe d?h?r?dit?
Quelques dates?:
1866?: Gregor Mendel?: exp?rience?: hybridation (pois)
Couleur des fleurs
Couleur des graines
Forme des graines
1900?: red?couverte des r?gles de Mendel
1910?: Thomas Morgan?: drosophile concept des chromosomes
1953?: structure de l?ADN
1970?: technologie de l?ADN recombinant
Monohybridisme?:
On ne regarde qu?une seule caract?ristique ex?: que la couleur des fleurs.
Les all?les?sont les diff?rentes versions d?un g?ne.
Brinkley Chapter 11 Guiding Questions
1. What was "the most important economic development in the South of the mid-nineteenth century"? What caused this, and what was its economic impact?
2. What elements were necessary for extensive industrial development? Did the South possess these? If not, why not?
3. What groups made up the planter aristocracy?
4. How was the role played by affluent southern white women like those of their northern counterparts? How was it different?
Brinkley Chapter 10 Guiding Questions
1. What were the reasons for and the effect of the rapid increase in population between 1820 and 1840?
2. Where did this increased population settle? What population shifts took place between 1820 and 1840?
3. Why was the rise of New York City so phenomenal?
4. What major immigrant groups came to the United States during this period? What impact did they have on the character and distribution of the population in the North?
Brinkley Chapter 9 Guiding Questions
1. What were the general characteristics of ?Jacksonian Democracy,? its philosophy, and its practice?
2. What role did the western states play in the growing democratization of American politics? 3. What groups were excluded from this widening of political opportunity? Why?
4. How did the spoils system fit into Jackson's "democratic" plans?
5. What was the effect of this growth of democracy? How did it change, or not change, the American political system? What is its significance?
Brinkley Chapter 8 Guiding Questions
1. How did America's wartime experience underline the need for another national bank?
2. How did Congress propose to promote manufacturing in the United States?
3. How was transportation improved during this period? What serious gaps remained in the nation's transportation system?
4. What were the reasons for the so-called Great Migration?
5. What were the characteristics of life among white settlers in the Old Northwest?
6. How did life in the Old Southwest differ from that in other sections of the country?
Brinkley Chapter 7 Guiding Questions
1. What effect did Republican ideology have on education in the United States?
2. How did the American Revolution affect traditional forms of religious practice? What challenges to religious traditionalism arose during this period?
3. What caused the Second Great Awakening?
4. What was the "message" and what was the impact of the Second Great Awakening?
5. What was the industrial revolution? Where and why did it begin?
Brinkley Chapter 6 Guiding Questions
1. Who were the advocates of centralization, and what was seen as the most serious problem of the Articles of Confederation?
2. What were the characteristics of the men who met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia? Whose presence was essential to the meeting's success? Why?
3. What were the two major points of view that divided the convention? What plans did each side propose to carry its view?
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