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Orbital hybridisation

hybrization

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Worksheet ? Hybridization One model to explain bonding in molecules is called the valence bond theory. It is based on the concept of hybridized molecular orbitals. Atomic orbitals (s,p,d) are mathematically mixed to form molecular orbitals with defined shapes and energy levels. In organic chemistry, we need only look at the hybridization of the one 2s and three 2p orbitals containing the valence electrons of C,O and N. When four equivalent molecular orbitals are needed, all four atomic orbitals are mixed to give sp3 hybridization. When three equivalent molecular orbitals are needed, three of the atomic orbitals are mixed to give sp2 hybridization. In this case, one unhybridized p atomic orbital remains, with its shape and energy level

Organic Chemistry Lecture 2

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Chapter 2 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules Chapter 2 * Wave Properties of Electrons Standing wave vibrates in fixed location. Wave function, ?, is a mathematical description of size, shape, and orientation. Amplitude may be positive or negative. Node: Amplitude is zero. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 * Wave Interactions Linear combination of atomic orbitals: between different atoms is bond formation. on the same atom is hybridization. Conservation of orbitals Waves that are in phase add together. Amplitude increases. Waves that are out of phase cancel out. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 * Sigma Bonding Electron density lies between the nuclei. A bond may be formed by s?s, p?p, s?p, or hybridized orbital overlaps.

Biology Chemical Bonds PPT

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Biol 210 General Biology 1 Lecture 2 Review Chemical Bonds Atomic Structure Nucleus Protons, mass = 1, charge = +1 Neutrons, mass = 1, charge = 0 Electrons Mass = negligible Charge = -1 # e? = # protons Outer shell (most energenic) e??s form chemical bonds Isotopes Some isotopes are stable, such as 1H2 Other isotopes are unstable, such as 1H3. When tritium decays, it gives off ? particle. Because the mass of an element includes the average isotope abundance, the mass and the atomic weight differ slightly Helium, He, atomic number 4, mass 4.003 Important Elements C HOPKINS CaFe Mg C = carbon H = hydrogen O = oxygen P = phosphorous K = potassium I = iodine N = nitrogen S = sulfur Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Na = sodium Cl = chloride

Chapter 2

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher goes over this chapter, or assigns it for you do review on your own, the questions that follow should help you focus on the most important points. Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds 1. Define and give an example of the following terms: matter element compound 2. What four elements make up 96% of all living matter?
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