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Covalent bond

Chapter 9: Covalent Bonding: Orbitals

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Chapter 2 Test Bank AP Bio

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions

Campbell Biology Chapter 2

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? 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Presentations byNicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Chapter 2The Chemical Context of Life 1 A Chemical Connection to Biology Biology is the study of life Organisms and their environments are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry One example is the use of formic acid by ants to protect themselves against predators and microbial parasites ? 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Concept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds Organisms are composed of matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass ? 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

hybrization

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Worksheet ? Hybridization One model to explain bonding in molecules is called the valence bond theory. It is based on the concept of hybridized molecular orbitals. Atomic orbitals (s,p,d) are mathematically mixed to form molecular orbitals with defined shapes and energy levels. In organic chemistry, we need only look at the hybridization of the one 2s and three 2p orbitals containing the valence electrons of C,O and N. When four equivalent molecular orbitals are needed, all four atomic orbitals are mixed to give sp3 hybridization. When three equivalent molecular orbitals are needed, three of the atomic orbitals are mixed to give sp2 hybridization. In this case, one unhybridized p atomic orbital remains, with its shape and energy level

lab polar or nonpolar using boiling points

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AP CHEM LAB: CHEMICAL BONDING ? POLAR OR NONPOLAR THEORY: ?Two atoms held together by the mutual attraction of each nucleus to valence shell electrons are said to be chemically bonded. The chemical bond can be represented by the overlap of the electron probability density map of an atomic orbital from each atom to form a molecular orbital capable of containing two electrons. Or said in English, a covalent bond can form. These electrons are shared between the respective atoms. However, the degree of sharing is not necessarily equal. The electronegativity of each atom can be used to approximate its attraction for the electrons and therefore the probability of finding the electrons closer to that nuclei.

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 2

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ELEMENT ATOMIC # ATOMIC WEIGHT VALENCE ELECTRONS COVALENT BONDS H hydrogen 1 1 C carbon 6 12 N nitrogen 7 14 O oxygen 8 16 P phosphorus 15 31 S sulfur 16 32 1 4 5 6 5 6 1 4 3 2 3 2 SPONCH Facts CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life ?Devil?s Gardens? Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology Biology is a multidisciplinary science Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry One example is the use of formic acid by ants to maintain ?devil?s gardens,? stands of Duroia trees Sodium Chlorine sodium chloride- a compound Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Honors Chem Notes - Bohr Models Dot Diagrams - powerpoint pdf

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I. Valence Electron ?Are the electrons in the HIGHEST energy level. II. The Octet Rule ?Most atoms tend to be more stable when their outer shell contains eight electrons. ?Atoms with fewer than 8 electrons are more reactive. Na VI. The Electron Dot Diagram ?Is a dot representing the number of electrons in the outer shell. What about Chlorine? Cl Na Cl 1 Electron in the outer shell 7 Electrons in the outer shell Let?s think??? What is the pattern? Assignment ?Complete worksheet on Electron Dot Diagrams!! ?This will be due next class!!

Bonding Structure

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Chemical? ?Bonding? ?and? ?Structure 1.1? ?chemical? ?bonding:? ?the? ?attraction? ?between? ?particles Atoms Ions Molecules Smallest? ?unit? ?of? ?elements? ?that cannot? ?be? ?broken? ?down? ?into anything? ?simpler Atoms? ?that? ?are? ?covalently? ?bonded and? ?carry? ?an? ?overall? ?electrical charge Groups? ?of? ?atoms? ?that? ?are covalently? ?bonded Calcium? ?atom,? ?carbon? ?atom Calcium? ?ion,? ?oxide? ?ion Carbon? ?dioxide? ?molecule 1.2? ?Metallic? ?bond 1.2.1? ?Bonding? ?and? ?Structure - Metallic? ?bond? ?is? ?the? ??electrostatic? ?force? ?of? ?attraction?? ?between? ??positive? ?metal? ?ions?? ?and? ?the? ??sea? ?of delocalised? ?electrons - Giant? ?metallic? ?lattice? ?structure - Non-directional

Ap Bio chap2_3 ppt

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The Chemistry of Life Why are we studying chemistry? Chemistry is the foundation of Biology Proton Neutron Electron Hydrogen 1 proton 1 electron Oxygen 8 protons 8 neutrons 8 electrons + 0 ? Everything is made of matter Matter is made of atoms The World of Elements C Different kinds of atoms = elements H O N P S Na K Mg Ca Life requires ~25 chemical elements About 25 elements are essential for life Four elements make up 96% of living matter: ? carbon (C) ? hydrogen (H) ? oxygen (O) ? nitrogen (N) Four elements make up most of remaining 4%: ? phosphorus (P) ? calcium (Ca) ? sulfur (S) ? potassium (K) Effect of electrons electrons determine chemical behavior of atom depends on number of electrons in atom?s outermost shell valence shell Bonding properties

Biochemistry powerpoint

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Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Basic Terms Element = cannot be broken down to other substances Examples: Na, O, C, Cl Compound = combination of 2 or more different elements Examples: NaCl, CO2, CH4 Requirements for Life 92 natural elements? 25 are essential to life Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Trace elements are needed, too, though Iodine?lack of = goiter!! Atomic Structure Atom = smallest possible amount of an electron that retains the element?s properties Subatomic particles: Protons = + charge Electrons = - charge Neutrons = neutral charge Atomic Structure Atomic Number: # of protons (also equals # of electrons?) Mass Number: # of protons + # of neutrons Examples Isotopes

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