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Electronegativity

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 2

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ELEMENT ATOMIC # ATOMIC WEIGHT VALENCE ELECTRONS COVALENT BONDS H hydrogen 1 1 C carbon 6 12 N nitrogen 7 14 O oxygen 8 16 P phosphorus 15 31 S sulfur 16 32 1 4 5 6 5 6 1 4 3 2 3 2 SPONCH Facts CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life ?Devil?s Gardens? Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology Biology is a multidisciplinary science Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry One example is the use of formic acid by ants to maintain ?devil?s gardens,? stands of Duroia trees Sodium Chlorine sodium chloride- a compound Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Biochemistry powerpoint

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Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Basic Terms Element = cannot be broken down to other substances Examples: Na, O, C, Cl Compound = combination of 2 or more different elements Examples: NaCl, CO2, CH4 Requirements for Life 92 natural elements? 25 are essential to life Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Trace elements are needed, too, though Iodine?lack of = goiter!! Atomic Structure Atom = smallest possible amount of an electron that retains the element?s properties Subatomic particles: Protons = + charge Electrons = - charge Neutrons = neutral charge Atomic Structure Atomic Number: # of protons (also equals # of electrons?) Mass Number: # of protons + # of neutrons Examples Isotopes

Bonding General concepts

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Bonding ? General Concepts Electronegativity: The ability of anatom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself. Ionic Bonds Electrons are transferred Electronegativity differences are generally greater than 1.7 The formation of ionic bonds is always exothermic! Determination of Ionic Character Compounds are ionic if they conduct electricity in their molten state Electronegativity difference is not the final determination of ionic character Coulomb?s Law ?The energy of interaction between a pair of ions is proportional to the product of their charges, divided by the distance between their centers? There will be a negative sign on the Energy once calculated?it indicates an attractive force so that the ion pair has lower energy than the separated ions.

Ionic/Covalent Bonds

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Ionic bond is between a metal and non-metal and has the electronegativity difference of 1.7 or higher. Also Ionic bonds take electrons from other elements. Convalent is usually between a non-metal and non-metal and shares electrons.
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