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Praxis 2 Social Studies (0081) Government / Civics / Political Science Flashcards

423473851	Marbury vs. Madison	Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional
423473852	McCulloch vs. Maryland	The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.
423473853	Brown vs. Board of Education	Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
423473854	Miranda vs. Arizona	Required officers to inform persons of their constitutional rights when conducting an interrogation, The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police.
423473855	Judicial Branch	The branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice, the division of the federal government that is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states
423473856	Executive Branch	The division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws.
423473857	Legislative Branch	The branch of the United States government that has the power to create the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of represenitives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.
423473858	Bicameralism	A legislative body where power is shared by two separate chambers so that neither can act without the agreement of the other.
423473859	Judicial Activism	An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)
423473860	Judicial Restraint	Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social & political questions, operation strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution
423473861	Appeals Process	The process for seeking protection from the court for violations of constitutional protections.
423473862	Electoral College	The group of persons chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President
423473863	Unitary System	A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government
423473864	Federal System	A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments
423473865	Parliamentary System	A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president, a system of government in which both executive and legislative functions reside in an elected assembly. The head of the government must be a current member of the legislature.
423473866	Mixed System	An economic system that includes both private ownership of property and government control (or regulation) of some services and industries
423473867	Democracy	The political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives
423473868	Autocracy	A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual
423473869	Theocracy	A political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
423473870	Proportional Representation	An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.
423473871	Plurality system	An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections
423473872	Multilateralism	A foreign policy that encourages the involvement of several nation-states in coordinated action, usually in relation to a common adversary, with terms and conditions usually specified in a multicountry treaty, such as NATO
423473873	Liberalism	A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
423473874	Conservatism	A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes, a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive governments, and personal opportunity.
423473875	Socialism	A political theory advocating state ownership of industry. A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
423473876	Nationalism	Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it, the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals, the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination.
423473877	Communist Manifesto	This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.
423473878	Proletarian	A member of the working class (not necessarily employed)
423473879	Bourgeoisie	The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.
423473880	Fascism	A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism), a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition.
423473881	Capitalism	An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
423473882	Libertarianism	An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on minimal government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life.
423473883	John Locke	Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers.
423473884	Two Treatises of Government	Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.
423473885	Thomas Hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society.
423473886	Leviathan	Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.
423473887	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790),he wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism.
423473888	Wealth of Nations	This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.
423473889	V.I. Lenin	Led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia (wrote What Is to Be Done?)
423473890	What Is to Be Done	Lenin's pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution.
423473891	Legitimacy	Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders' acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society's generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.
423473892	Interest Groups	Are aggregates of individuals based on a limited range of shared concerns. They promote their policy agenda, in large part by providing legislators and policy makers with specialized information in issues.
423473893	Third Party Candidate	Sometimes force one or both of the two dominant parties to shift their political platforms.
423473894	The President	Formal responsibilities include acting as chief executive and commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as the ability to make treaties. In addition, has the power to grant pardons for offenses against the United States.
423473895	Congress	Has the power to ratify treaties and delcare war, and the powere to make laws.
423473896	Filibuster	A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.
423473897	Legislative Oversight	Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings, the power of Congress to oversee how laws are carried out.
423473898	Federal Block Grants	Are given to state governments w/regulations that they be used for specific purposes, Block grants give the states more discretion in that they provide federal funds for general areas of use but allow the states to implement the specifics of the programs.
423473899	Federal Categorial Grants	Grants that earmark the funds for specific uses and oten require that the states meet a number of other requirements to receive and used these funds.
423473900	Isolationism	Is a policy of national isolation from world affairs by generally abstaining from alliances and other types of international political relations.
423473901	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically, a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries.
423473902	Internationalism	The doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences.
423473903	Interventionism	A strand of American foreign policy that was visible by the end of the 19th century; it included "gunboat diplomacy" and other forms of military involvement by the United States in various parts of the world.
423473904	Direct Democracy	A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.
423473905	Niccolo Machiavelli	Was an Italian philosopher/writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. Wrote,The Prince, which examines the acquisition, perpetuation, and use of political power in the western world. He justified rule by force.
423473906	Realism	Also known as political realism, is a school of international relations that prioritizes national interest and security over ideology, moral concerns and social reconstructions. This term is often synonymous with power politics.
423473907	Idealism	Is the philosophical theory which maintains that the ultimate nature of reality is based on the mind or ideas.
423473908	Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)	A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender, if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same
423473909	Impeachment	The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.
423473910	Investiture	A ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office.
423473911	Recall Referendum	Is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. It is a political device while impeachment is a legal process.
423473912	Vote of no Confidence	A process in a parliamentary system where a majority of parliament members vote to remove the Prime Minister from office.
423473913	The Connecticut Compromise	Legislative branch would have two parts: 1. a House of Representatives with state representation based on population and 2. a Senate, with two members from each state.
423473914	Federal Courts	Deal with problems between states; they also handle cases that deal with the Constitution and the laws made by Congress, they lack enforcement powers.
423473915	Speaker of the House	An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.
423473916	Senate Majority Leader	First-ranking party position, held by a distinguished senior member of the majority party in the Senate. The Senate majority leader schedules floor actions on bills, and helps guide the majority party's legislative program through the Senate.
423473917	Political Party Leadership	In each house, they decide the committee assignments of members of Congress.
423473918	United States Senator	Elected to the Legisilative Branch of the U.S. government for a term on 6 years to represent a state; 2 per state, 100 total.
423473919	House Representative	Serves a 2 year term
423473920	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
423473921	Miranda Rule	The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)
423473922	Exclusionary Rule	A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct, improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.
423473923	Clear and Present Danger Test	Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.
423473924	Thirteenth Amendment	The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, abolished slavery everywhere in the United States.
423473925	Fourteenth Amendment	A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.
423473926	Nineteenth Amendment	The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, granted women the right to vote in 1920.
423473927	U.S. Bipartism Campaign Reform Act of 2002	It banned "soft money" contributions to National Political Parties, regulates the financing of political campaigns.
423473928	Korematsu vs. United States	1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japaneese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.
423473929	Bush vs. Gore	The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation statdards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win election.
423473930	United States vs. Nixon	The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of exceutive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. It limited the President's executive privilege.
423473931	The Federalist Papers	Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists
423473932	On Liberty	John Stuart Mill, essay, plead for the pratical and moral value inherent in safe guarding individual differences and popular opinion.
423473933	Common Sense	A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.
423473934	Democracy in America	Written by Alexis de Tocqueville, French man who observed democracy in govt and society, book that discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.
423473935	Conservative	A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.
423473936	Liberal	A person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties, a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets.
423473937	Libertarian	One who favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties, strong support for civil and political liberties but reject government regulation of the economy.
423473938	Populist	A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation)
423473939	First Amendment	Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
423473940	Second Amendment	A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
423473941	Third Amendment	The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner
423473942	Fourth Amendment	Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Gov agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.
423473943	Fifth Amendment	The constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without the due process of law.

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American Pagaent; Chapter 9 Flashcards

Mr. Dawley; Summer Assignment

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439551859	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create., she stated, "Women will not hold ourselves bound to any Laws in which we have no voice.", a member of the Daughters of Liberty
439551860	Daniel Shays	Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"
439551861	Alexander Hamilton	1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
439551862	James Madison	The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.
439551863	Primogeniture	seniority by birth; state of being the first-born child; right of the eldest child (to inherit the entire property of one or both parents)
439551864	Federation	the act of constituting a political unity out of a number of separate states or colonies or provinces so that each member retains the management of its internal affairs
439551865	Checks and Balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
439551866	Sovereignty	ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
439551867	Mobocracy	Lawless control of public affairs by the mob or populace.
439551868	Consent of the Governed	the idea that government derives its authority by the sanction of the people
439551869	Republicanism	a form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws
439551870	States' Rights	According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution.
439551871	Popular Sovereignty	The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government
439551872	Confederation	a political system in which a weak central government has limited authority, and the states have ultimate power.
439551873	Anarchy	a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)
439551874	Society of the Cincinnati	A society established by former officers of the Revolutionary war as a sort of aristocracy in which traditionalism and social status was important. Thomas Jefferson and other civilians thought that this movement threatened the newly formed republic and feared it could turn into an aristocracy so they worked to disband it. This was showed that nothing would stand in the way of a democratic government. This was crucial as this is the point when most revolutions fail, but the determination from Jefferson ceased this early threat.
439551875	Great Compromise	the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).
439551876	Articles of Confederation	this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage
439551877	Electoral College	group of persons chosen in each state and the district of columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the president and vice president
439551878	Land ordinance of 1785	A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.
439551879	Three-Fifths Comprimise	Agreement at the Constitutional Convention that 3/5ths of slaves in any state be counted in its population.
439551880	Northwest Ordinance	Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states
439551881	Anti-Federalists	They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party.
439551882	Shays' Rebellion	this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes
439551883	Federalists	supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution
439551884	Large-State Plan	The plan proposed by Virginia at the constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population
439551885	Constitution of the United States	Written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states, The foundation of our country's national government; was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787; the Constitution establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual.
439551886	The Federalist	Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788.

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Chapter 16 Flashcards

Pelicular Institution- the system of a highly regulated institution of slavery limited tot eh south- it flagrantly violated the principle of individual freedom that served as the basis of the declaration of Independence- slavery became a powerful engine of economic development for Southern cotton and New England Industry
Mulattoes- people of mixed racial ancestry- in the free black population a huge portion were mulattoes, they occupied a status between that of blacks and that of whites. Some built substantial fortunes and even became slaveholders
Gabriel Prosser- a slave on a plantation near Richmond who in 1800 hatched a plot involving 1,000 others to seize key points in the city and start a general slaughter of whites- he was betrayed before the plan got underway and 25 conspirators were executed and 10 were deported
Denmark Vesey- 1822- he created a plan of free blacks to assault the white population, seize ships in the harbor, and burn Charleston and head for Santo Domingo- he was betrayed before it could happen. 25 supposed slave rebels were executed, 24 were deported and Charleston responded by curtailing the rights of free blacks who at that time outnumbered whites
Nat Turner- 1831- the only slave rebellion that got beyond the planning stage, occurred in Southampton County, Virginia, Turner, a black overseer, was also a self- anointed religious exhorter who professed a divine mission in leading a slave rebellion. A small number of slaves killed the adults and children in Turner's master's household and set off down the road, repeating the process at other farmhouses, where other slaves joined in, the Virginia militia killed large numbers of slaves indiscriminately in the process of putting down the rebels
American Colonization Society- organized in 1816 to encourage the colonization of free blacks to Africa, West African nation of Liberia was founded in 1822 to serve as a homeland for them.

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56761349	Wilmot Proviso	Proposal to prohibit slaver in any land acquired in the Mexican War, but southern senators led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina defeated the measure in 1846 and 1847, it brought the slavery issue back into the spot light
56761350	Calhoun Resolutions	In making the proslavery response to the Wilmot Proviso, Senator John C. Calhoun argued that barring slavery in Mexican acquisitions would violate the 5th Amendment tot eh Constitution by depriving slaveholding settlers of their property- it became an established Southern dogma
56761351	Popular Sovereignty	allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide the slavery issue for themselves- supported by Stephen Douglass a prominent democrat
56761352	Lewis Cass	won the presidential nomination at the Democratic convention but the party refused to endorse his popular sovereignty plan
56761353	Free Soil Coalition	made up of rebellious northern Democrats, anti slavery Whigs, and members of the Liberty Party, it centered in New York for the Democrats, and MA for Conscience Whigs, they nominated Martin van Buren for president and endorse the Wilmot Proviso, it helped split votes but received very little for Van Buren
56761354	Conscience Whigs	rejected the slave holding nominee of their party- Zachary Taylor, they centered in MA, part of the Free Soil Coalition, supported anti-slavery
56761355	Forty-Niners	speculators who went to northern California following the discovery of gold in 1849, the first several years of large scale migration was 1849, it included people of every social class and state including slaves, it helped populate California really quickly
56761356	Compromise of 1850	Complex compromise mediated by Senator Henry Clay that headed off southern secession over California statehood, to appease the South it included the Fugitive Slave Act and delayed determination of slave status of New Mexico and Utah territories, it had five parts: 1) California as a free slave which was a northern victory, 2) Texas-New Mexico Act set the boundary and made New Mexico Territory which left the slavery issue for a later date, 3) Utah became a territory, 4) Fugitive Slave Act which was a southern victory, 5) the Slave trade was abolished in DC which was a north victory
56761357	March 7th Speech	a speech given by Webster, a supreme gesture of conciliation during the compromise of 1850, given to the Senate, spoke about the preservation of the Union, brought a storm upon his head from both sides
56761358	Seward's "Higher Law"	Whig senator from NY gave an anti-slavery reply to Webster's speech on March 11th, he said that there was a higher law than the constitution that demanded the abolition of slaver
56761359	Millard Fillmore	became the 13th president when Taylor died. He was largely self-educated, he had made his own way in the profession of a law and the rough-and-tumble world of NY politics, he was ready to make peace and used extreme caution, he support the Compromise of 1850 and helped it pass
56761360	Stephen A. Douglass	a Democratic Senator from Illinois who debated Abraham Lincoln during his run for Senator in the Lincoln-Douglass Debates. He was an avid supporter of the Compromise of 1850, supported popular sovereignty, he rescued Clay's faltering compromise, he divided the compromise into 5 parts to he could mobilize a majority for each issue separately
56761361	Fugitive Slave Act	1850- gave the federal government authority in cases involving runaway slaves, part of the Compromise of 1850; so much more punitive and prejudiced in favor of slave holders than the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act, caused "Uncle Tom's Cabin" to be written, it was included in the compromise to appease the South over the admission of California as a free state, it pushed many neutral parties to the anti-slavery side
56761362	Uncle Tom's Cabin	written by Harriet Breecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive Slave Act, this anti-slavery appeal included a combination of unlike saints and sinners, stereotypes, and melodramatic escapades and was a smashing commercial success. Many used this to say that they hadn't known about the issue to now but now that they did they would join the anti-slavery side
56761363	Franklin Pierce	a democrat presidential candidate in the 1852 election. His platform fledged to abide by the Compromise of 1850, he rallied both Southern right's advocates and Van Burenite (Coalition) Democrats, he was trying to please everyone and as a result pleased no one- a Northern man with southern principles
56761364	Ostend Manifesto	Memorandum written in 1854 from Ostend, Belgium, by the US ministers to England, France and Spain recommending the purchase or seizure of Cuba to increase the US's slaveholding territory, claimed it was because Spain was too weak to protect it, it wasn't going to hold any weight but then newspapers got a hold of it and it convinced northerners of the slave-o-cracy
56761365	Matthew Perry	entrusted with a special Japanese expedition by President Fillmore, in 1853 he arrived in Tokyo, negotiations led to the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) in which Japan agreed to allowed a US consulate, promised to treat castaways cordially, and permitted US ships to enter certain ports for supplies and repairs, it opened up Japan's relations with the US
56761366	Gadsden Purchase	1853- 30,000 square miles in present-day Arizona and NM bought by Congress from Mexico primarily for the Southern Pacific Railroad's transcontinental route, favored by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis
56761367	Anthony Burns	a fugitive slave, who escaped several captured attempts in Boston before being marched to a ship and returned to the South in June 1854, the last southern slave to be returned from Boston, Northerners blamed Pierce for Fugitive Slave Act and for Burn's recapture
56761368	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854- a Law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen Douglass to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves, fury over the resulting nullification of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 led to violence in Kansas over slaver and the formation of the Republican party, he was motivated by his desire to use the land for a transcontinental railroad in the north and needed to get the land from the Indians
56761369	Republican Party	organized in 1854 by anti-slavery Whigs, Democrats and Free soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; they nominated John C. Fremont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860
56761370	Border Ruffians	thousands of people who crossed over from Missouri to Kansas to illegally sweep the polls for pro-slavery forces and wanted to get rid of anti-slavery forces, they caused the governor to denounce the election but do nothing for fear of being killed, the legislature adopted a drastic slave code- led to tangled governments of Kansas
56761371	Lawrence	May 1856 a pro-slavery mob entered the free state town of Lawrence, Kansas and destroyed newspaper presses, set fire to the free-state governor's home, stole property and demolished the free state hotel, it arouse the fanatic Free Soiler John Brown
56761372	John Brown	Kansas settler and free state supporter who led the Pottawatomie Massacre in retaliation for the sacking of Lawrence. Then he went on to raid the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia with about 20 men. Upon capture Brown was tried and convicted of treason and conspiracy to incite insurrection and was hanged
56761373	Pottawatomie Massacre	murder of 5 pro-slavery settlers in eastern Kansas, led by John Brown in May 1856, it set off guerilla war in the Kansas Territory that lasted through the fall
56761374	Sumner Brooks Incident	Sumner was an MA senator and unyielding foe of slavery. He was physically attacked by Senator Brooks of SC in retaliation for a two-day speech made denouncing the proslavery Missourians who had crossed into Kansas and Brook's pro-slavery uncle who supported the Missourians- showed the split of the government
56761375	Bleeding Kansas	May 1856- Conflict between pro and anti slavery supporters during the settlement of the Kansas territory after the Kansas Nebraska Act.
56761376	James Buchanan	the 15th president, he first served as a congressman and senator from PA, he was the Democratic candidate in 1856, supported Pierce's policies
56761377	Dred Scott Case	born a slave in VA, Scott filed suit in Missouri to claim his freedom. The case made its way all the way to the US Supreme Court, where it was ruled that Scott lacked legal standing because he lacked citizenship and that he remained a slave, it made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because it said taking a settler's property was wrong, it was ruled by Chief Justice Roger by Taney
56761378	Alabama Platform	the southern Whig's position when the party spilt, they believe that you can't ban slavery in new states and territories
56761379	Lecompton Convention	pro slavery constitutional convention in Kansas in 1858 even with an antislavery legislature. It drew up a controversial constitution drawn up in 1857 by proslavery Kansas delegates seeking statehood, it was rejected in 1858 by an overwhelming antislavery electorate, it passed Kansas would be a slave state but even if it didn't pass it claimed that slaves could stay
56761380	Panic of 1857	Economic depression lasting about 2 years and brought on by falling grain prices and weak financial systems, the south was largely unaffected due to the international demand for cotton
56761381	Abraham Lincoln	the 16th president, including during the Civil War, he was an Illinois Republican who ran against Douglass for a seat in the senate and lost, he beat Douglass and others for the presidency, the first presidential candidate to win with support from only 1 region, caused southerners to secede
56761382	Lincoln-Douglass Debates	a series of senatorial campaign debates in 1858 focusing on the issue of slavery in the territories, it was held in Illinois between Republican Lincoln who made a national reputation for himself, and democrat Senator Douglass who held his seat
56761383	Freeport Doctrine	during the 2nd debate in the Lincoln-Douglass debates at Freeport, Abraham asked Douglass how he could reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott ruling that citizens had the right to carry slaves into any territory, Douglass's answer was that whatever the Supreme Court might say, slavery could not exist anywhere unless it is supported by the locals, slavery may be allowed but we won't help it
56761384	Harper's Ferry	the site of abolitionist John Brown's failed raid on the federal arsenal, October 1859, he intended to arm the slaves but 10 of his compatriots were killed, and Brown became a martyr to his cause after his capture and execution- the South saw this as the Start of the War
56761385	Election of 1860	the Democrats are divided and therefore the Republicans win, the Democrats have Douglass in the North and Breckinridge in the South while Lincoln had the Republicans, John Bell held the Constitutional Union Party, Lincoln barely had a majority and is only voted for by Northerners, Southerners don't believe this represents the people so SC secedes claiming that Lincoln isn't their president
56761386	Crittenden Compromise	a series of amendment and resolution proposed by Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky, that allowed for slavery in the territories south of 36 30 and guaranteed to maintain slavery where it existed, failed to win the support of either house of Congress

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Praxis II Social Studies 0089 - US History Flashcards

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202850770	King George III	-King of England during the American Rev. War -Ruled 1760-1820 - Won 7 Year War, plan to establish British control of the former French fur trade in the west (W of colonies to Miss. River) by excluding settlement there by the Americans (reversed 1740's policy of promoting Am. settlement there), tax Americans to finance a British army which was charged with keeping Americans out of the west and paying for war
202850771	Proclamation of 1763	-Proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of Appalachian Mountains, and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. -Part of Treaty of Paris that ended war -Result of Pontiac's Rebellion to reduce friction between Native American and settlers, protect fur trade, and keep western land speculation under the control of the crown
202850772	1756-1763	The Seven Years War - French and Indian War (N.A. portion) -War between British and French over North America
202861352	Stamp Act	March 22, 1765 - British legislation, Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures, which required all legal or official documents used in the colonies (wills, deeds, newspapers) must be written on stamped British paper. Caused riots, most of the the paper was burned by angry mobs. B/c of opposition & decline in British imports caused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766, but simultaneously issued Declaratory Act to secure dependency
230625338	1607	Jamestown, the first permanent English colony on North America, is founded.
230625339	1776	On July 4 of this year, fifty-six representatives from the thirteen colonies unanimously approved the Declaration of Independence.
230625340	1803	Louisiana Purchase; Marbury Vs. Madison
230625341	1861-1865	The American Civil War was fought during these years. It began with the firing on Fort Sumter and ended with the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House almost four years later.
230625342	1914-1918	The years of World War I which were triggered by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and ended with the Treaty of Versailles. US entered in 1917
230625343	1929	Great Depression begins, stock market crash
230625344	1941-1945	WWII
230789539	Tropical Climate in US	South Florida and Hawaii. Hot humid weather year round.
230789540	Mediterranean Climate in US	California. Mild wet winters and dry hot summers. Can grow crops year round.
230789541	Marine Climate in US	Pacific NW. Southern Alaska to Northern California. Coastal mountains. Moist and rainy climate.
230789542	Highland Climate in US	Cascades, Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains. Cool temps year round, snow remains (East of Marine climate on map)
230789543	Steppe Climate in US	East of the Rockies, dry grasslands. Bushes and short grasses w/little rainfall, extremes, blizzards and high temps.
230789544	Desert Climate in US	SE of Sierra Nevada in SW US, little rain, farmers use irrigation
230789545	Tundra and Subarctic Climate in US	Alaska. Cold. Tundra = rolling plain w/o trees. Lower layers of tundra are permafrost.
230789546	Humid Continental and Humid Subtropical in US	1/2 US. Continental - KY & up, 1/2 Kansas over. Mild summers and cold winters. Subtropical - SE US. Warm and humid.
230789547	Clara Barton	Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field, Union Nurse.
230789548	Harriet Beecher Stowe	Abolitionist, Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery. Enraged Southerners against North
230789549	Harriet Tubman	American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.
230789550	Jefferson Davis	an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865. Richmond, VA was the capital of of the Confederacy
230789551	Ulysses S. Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). Union general in the American Civil War. Accepted Robert E Lee's surrender April 9, 1865. Easily won 1868 election against Horatio Seymour, Radical Reconstruction Republican
231384749	Eli Whitney	1793, invented the cotton gin - separated the cotton from the seed. High British and N US demand during industrial revolution. Improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves. 1798 invented machine for making guns, interchangable parts, division of labor, mass production - spurred industrial revolution
231384750	Cyrus McCormick	Virginian, 1831 inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America, increased production.
231384751	Robert Fulton	1807, built first steamboat called "Clermont" - based on ideas of John Fitch. Replaced sails, sped up water travel. Became a viable means of transporting goods. Linked western waterways with Southern/Eastern Coast and helped unite the nation.
231384752	Manifest Destiny	Coined in the 1840s by the Jacksonian Democrats, was the belief that the United States was "destined" to spread from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. Used to promote the annexation of most of the Western United States (Oregon Territory, Texas Annexation, and the Mexican Cessation). Always regarded as a general notion rather than a specific policy.
239149959	WWII - Postwar period	1939-1963
239149960	Baby Boom	Postwar Period - A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
239397780	The Sonoran Desert	SE of Mojave Desert, straddles US Mexico border, covers large parts of AZ, Baja, CA. Subregions include Colorado and Yuma Desert
239397781	The Great Basin Desert	Only cold desert in the country, most precipitation is snow. Covers 3/4 of Nevada, W&S Utah
239397782	The Mojave Desert	The hottest desert in the US, SE California, S Nevada, SW Utah. Las Vegas is in this desert and also Death Valley
239397783	Chihuahan Desert	SE most, and largest desert in US, Most in Chihuahua MX, but reach up into western Arizona, southern New Mexico, and Texas. Called rain shadow desert b/c Sierra Madre blocks moisture
239397784	Desert	Area that receives less than 10 inches of rain per year
239397785	Mississippi River	Largest river SYSTEM in the U.S., from Minnesota in the North, to the Gulf of Mexico/LA in the South
239397786	Missouri River	the longest river in the United States, arises in Montana and flows southeastward to become a tributary of the Mississippi at Saint Louis
239397787	Rio Grande	a North American river, boundary between the United States and Mexico; flows into Gulf of Mexico, 4th longest river in US
239397788	Yukon River	It begins in the southwestern edge of the Yukon Territory of Canada, and then flows northwest across the border into Alaska. This massive river continues southwest across central Alaska, ending at the Bering Sea
239397789	St Lawrence River	Runs east from Lake Ontario into the Altlantic Ocean
239397790	Arkansas River	a river that rises in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and flows southeast through Kansas and Oklahoma and through Arkansas to become a tributary of the Mississippi River
239397791	Colorado River	What river begins in the Rocky Mountains and flows into the gulf of California
239397792	The 5 Great Lakes	West to East - Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Contain approx 84% of N.A.'s surface fresh water
239397793	Number of Physical Regions in the US	8. 1. Hawaiian Islands (grew out of volcanoes, some still active, white and black sand beaches) 2. Pacific Coast (rugged mountains) 3. Intermountain Region (E of Pac.Coast, large plateau, deserts, great basin) 4. Rocky Mountains (high elevation, N Alaska to mid NM, wall) 5. Interior Plains (open land, great plains and central lowlands) 6. Canadian Shield (lots of buried minerals, lacks soil for farming, E Minn., W WI), 7. Appalachian Mts. (Maine down to AL), 8. Coastal Plains (east coast lowlands, fertile soil, gulf and atlantic plains
239416939	Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation	National government had no authority over its individual citizens, little control over state governments, Confederation Congress could make laws but no measures to carry out laws, no place for states to resolve differences, each state only had one vote in Congress no matter what size it was, held power for war and peace but no ability to collect taxes/get money, called by George Washington "a shadow without substance"
239416940	Major ideas in Declaration of Independence	-Written by Thomas Jefferson, ideals influenced by John Locke -Rights of Citizens - all men created equal, unalienable rights life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, government should be based on consent of governed -Freedom, reduce absolute unlimited power right to rise up against this suffering
246666527	George Washington	Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States 1789-1797. Led Second Continental Congress.
246666528	Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists	Federalists wanted strong central government and weaker state, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights - support constitution Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, complained constitution failed to protect basic liberties, for small farmers etc., shorter terms
246666529	The Federalist Papers	Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists, approx. 85 articles
246666530	Why Bill of Rights was added	Anti-Federalists - to get their support, to protect individual rights
246666531	Representation/Importation of slaves in the Constitution	Great Compromise = two houses, House of Representatives by population. South wanted to count slaves as population, but not for paying taxes to national govt. Also North agreed congress couldn't outlaw slave trade for 20 years (until 1808) Article 1 - Section 2 - 3/5 compromise, native americans not counted at all Article 1-Section 9 - migration or importation of ppl shall not be restricted until 1808, but a tax may be levered up to $10 Article 4-Section 2 - slaves cannot become free by escaping
246666532	Louisiana Purchase	1803 by President Thomas Jefferson, 3rd president (1801-1809), bought from Napoleon for $15 million, doubled size of US Land was from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains, originally just wanted New Orleans and FL, but Napoleon needed the money for the war with Britain
246716844	Lewis and Clark Expedition	1804-1806, 1st federally funded scientific project to explore new land purchased in 1803. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.
246716845	Jacksonian Democracy	Elected 1829-1837 (7th president) Spoils system= openly defended pick your friends to work beside you with gov't jobs. Veto National Bank = all fed money was in there, had complete control over credit and how much money state banks recieved - represented power of wealthy. Vetoed bank renewal bill, moved to "pet banks", went out of business in 1836 when charter ran out
246716846	Nullification Crisis	Jackson and VP at time, John Calhoun b/c of tariff on imports passed before election in 1829. Calhoun favored states rights/sovereignty, South Carolina disliked, wanted abolished b/c use a lot of imports Tax lowered in 1832, but still disliked, Calhoun became senator for SC, SC passed Nullification Act declaring the tariff "null, void, and no law," 1833 resolved by compromise act Henry Clay, lowered tariffs even more
246716847	Sherman's march to the sea	(1864-1865) Union General William Tecmseh Sherman's march from Chattanooga-Atlanta-Savannah. An early instance of "Total war", puposely targeting infrastucture and civialian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort. Burned all in his path
246716848	Civil War	1861-1865, began at capture of Fort Sumter, ended with Lee's surrender at Appomattox, President of Union - Lincoln, President of Confederates, Robert E Lee
246716849	Capture of Fort Sumter	-1 of 2 federal gvt. forts in the South, Charleston SC. -Ran short of supplies, Confederates surrounded to prevent fed reinforcement from reaching fort. Lincoln was president for only 4 weeks then, sent supplies but not soldiers -Confederates viewed it as war, bombarded on April 12 - Fort Sumter surrendered after 34 hours...beginning of Civil War. Lincoln began mobilizing North.
248223065	Townshend Acts	laws passed in 1767 by British Parliament that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. This was to raise money since they Stamp Act was repealed in March 1766. The money would be used to pay British colonial officials.
248223066	Tax on Tea	1773, British East India Company had financial troubles, governments solution = Tea Act. -Gave EIC exclusive rights to sell tea directly to the Americans without paying British import tax. - cut out business for colonial sea captains/merchants - colonials protested...led to Boston Tea Party
248379516	Battles of Lexington and Concord	The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston. Paul Revere and William Dawes rode to warn.
248379517	Treaty of Paris	Continental Congress delegates traveled to Paris, agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country Took two years to compromise, signed on September 3, 1783 Added land from Appalachian to Mississippi, Canada to Florida - FL returned to Spain
248379518	Thomas Paine	Patriot and writer whose pamphlet Common Sense, published in January 1776, convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain.
248379519	Early presidential challenge - creating a stable economy	-Debt from Revolutionary War, Hamilton's plan said federal government pays debt of nation and states, South hated b/c they had already paid off debts and their tax money would go towards it Compromise = state capital built in "south" - DC -National Bank - Hamilton, passed in 1791 -Tariffs and excise taxes,
248379520	Early presidential challenge - maintaining national security	-British still lived in NW Territory/W of Appalachians, provoking Indians, Battle of Fallen Timbers near Toledo = Treaty of Greenville where natives surrendered present-day Ohio land. -Jay Treaty w/Britain -Spain controlling the Mississippi -Pirates in Mediterranean - US payed tribute -Neutrality during French Revolution - France asked US to abide by Treaty of Alliance of 1778 to help each other, but didn't
248379521	Early presidential challenge - establishing a court system	Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 - stated Supreme Court should have 1 chief justice and 5 associates (now 8), plus 3 lower circuit courts and 13 district courts. Gave power to SC to rule on decisions of state courts whether or not unconstitutional
248379522	Early presidential challenge - Defining authority of the central government	-Whiskey Rebellion - Washington sent in militia -Treaties and reactions to national security issues, etc.
248379523	Growth of political parties	Hamiltons group = Federalists Jeffersons group = Democratic-Republicans -groups disagreed too sharply for compromise
248379524	Growth of Sectionalism	North, South, West, different interest since early 1800's. Geography-North/South power in gvt., ultimately slavery! growth of US and more states Economics-protective tariffs, slavery wanted in Missouri (Missouri Compromise), History contributed -The north had rapid growth to cities, manufacturing, and the factory system. The south's economy remained centered on slavery and cotton. The Era of Good Feelings ended, nationalism or sectionalism would triumph. -1824 Election based on sectionalism
248379525	Regions tried to resolve sectional differences by...	-Tried to play down any discussion of slavery, Compromise of 1850
248379526	Missouri Compromise	Compromise worked out by Henry Clay in 1820: slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana territory north of 36o30'; Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state, Maine would enter the Union as a free state.
248379527	Compromise of 1850	Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
248379528	Robert E. Lee	American soldier, he refused Lincoln's offer to head the Union army and agreed to lead Confederate forces. He successfully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union's commander General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. -Disagreed with slavery and secession, couldn't "raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home."
248379529	GI Bill	1944, Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterens as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterens to buy homes and start businesses.
248379530	The American Dream	the idea (often associated with the Protestant work ethic) held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity.
248379531	Cuban Missile Crisis	an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.
248379532	Red Scare	period in US when there was a suspicion of communism and fear of widespread infultration of communists in the US gvnt -1st, 1919-1920, 2nd, 1947-1957
248379533	McCarthyism	In 1950, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy began a sensational campaign against communists in government that led to more than four years of charges and countercharges, ending when the Senate censured him in 1954. -McCarthyism became the contemporary name for the red scare of the 1950's.
248379534	The Muckrakers	a group of journalists nicknamed this by Teddy Roosevelt. progressive era journalists who make the public aware of the social problems within the American society. -emerged after 1900 - WWI
248379535	The Pendleton Act	The Pendleton Act of 1883 made campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examination. It was basically made to stop political corruption. The civil-service reform forced politicians to gain support and funds from big-business leaders.
248379536	Andrew Carnegie	Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist, education and public libraries
248379537	John D. Rockefeller	an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history
248379538	J.P. Morgan	Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US government securities on large scale, banker -assumed control of Wall Street in 1907 Panic
248522033	Mound Builders	Name from elaborate mounds for burial and religious sites -1. The Adena (s. Ohio/w. WV) approx 700b.c.e to 200 a.d, mainly hunter/gatherers -2. The Hopewell - WV-MI, height from approx 100b.c.e.-500, farmers, more advanced and organized, traders (possibly climate caused decline?) -3. The Mississippian Culture - yr. 700-1500, most advanced, aka Temple Mound Builders, traders, largest settlement was Cahokia
248522034	Inuits	Northern Canada, lived near sea, Artic region. They used all the limited resources of their environment to survive. They hunted seal, whale, walrus and caribou and used ice & snow to make igloos.
248522035	Plains Indians	W of Mississippi to Rockies -Sioux, Pawnee, Crow, Cheyenne, Comanche. -Lived in villages along rivers, farmed, during summer they hunted buffalo herds, tepees -Life changed dramatically by horses/European approx 1600's....went from farming to mostly hunters, following the herds
248522036	Iroquois	In NE woodlands, 5 nations among them were constantly at war - Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca...Mohawk leaders Hiawatha suggested banding together... = Iroquois League -called first true representative form of government in NA
248522037	Northwest Indians	No need to farm b/c food was so abundant, totem poles, built wood houses, wealthiest families made decisions, held potlatches - host family gave gifts to members of community
248522038	Southwest Indians	-Either farmers or hunters/gatherers. lived in pueblos like the cliff dwellers -Largest was Pueblos, Hopi and Zuni -skilled farmers-beans, corn, squash, tobacco, built irrigation canals, Apache and Navajo came to region around 1500...Navajo eventually farmed, but Apache never did
248522039	Southeast Indians	most densely populated, Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, Natchez, fished, hunted, women farmed -Women had high standing in cultures, could be members of war councils and warriors
248522040	How Constitution came into being	Philadelphia May 1787, became known as Constitutional Convention, but aim was at first to revise articles of confederation -12/13 states represented, RI didn't participate, 55 men attended (aka founding fathers) -James Madison was first to arrive with plans and research-new framework -Virginia Plan - three branches and two house legislatures, both based on population, New Jersey Plan - same but single body congress, one vote no matter what -THE GREAT COMPROMISE-both plans -3/5 COMPROMISE - 3/5 of slaves would count in population for House of Reps
248522041	Judicial Review	the power of the Supreme Court to review government acts and possibly declare them unconstitutional, right never given by Constitution, but chief justice John Marshall believed that is what founding fathers meant. -1803 called act of congress unconstitutional - Marbury v. Madison -established a precedent for future courts to follow
248522042	First government under Articles of Confederation	Few people felt part of one nation at that time, states unwilling to give power over to national govt., -John Dickinson was main author -unstable nation, weak central government, no authority over citizens, no way to raise funds, could make laws but not carry out, from 2,000 to 100,000 settlers in the West during this period, but Congress couldn't help w/removing British, purchase Native land -Major achievements include Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance -Failing economy, worthless money, trade among states problems, Shay's rebellion
248522043	Intolerable Acts	aka Coercive Acts, passed by Parliament in March 1774, ex: closed Boston port until tea payments made, British accused of crimes tried in England, British troops must be quartered in any town/private homes, etc. made them want to fight back, including Washington
248522044	Grenville Acts	1764-65 these acts included the stamp, sugar, and currency acts. they were designed to control trade and raise revenue. there was great oppositoin to these acts in the colonies, and the enforcement of these acts began a chain of events that eventually led to the Revolutionary war.
248522045	Olive Branch Petition	On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.
248522046	Benjamin Franklin	During the Revolutionary War, Benjamin Franklin served as an ambassador to France. Franklin was the oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention and his advice proved crucial in the drafting of the Constitution. Franklin has often been held up as the paradigm of Enlightenment throughout in Colonial America because of his contributions to the fields of science and philosophy
248522047	Thomas Jefferson	3rd President of the United States, chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)
248522048	John Adams	America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."
248522049	Mercantilism and Economic Policy of British prior to American Revolution	economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and security of the state. -only trade with Britain, only produce raw materials, etc. caused friction
248522050	Progressive Era through the New Deal	1900-1939
248522051	The League of Nations	Wilson wrote it. Located in Geneva, Switzerland, it was established in order to make sure war didn't break out again. The United States Senate did not approve Wilson's plan to join because they thought the terms were too harsh on Germany. -Collective Security, weak and failed, didn't include the US and other major players, no power, no army, couldn't act quickly
248522052	Prohibition	the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional Amendment 18 -Supported by Women's Christian Temperence, Anti-Saloon League
248522053	The Red Scare of 1919-1920	After the communists took over russia, the americas became kind of paranoid about communism, especially after the arrival and expoising of an american communist party. liberals were often scrutinized, to ensure the weren't communist.
248522054	Women's Suffrage	1920, National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war
248522055	Number of Amendments	27 Amendments, first 10 are the Bill of Rights
248522056	The Harlem Renaissance	-Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, A time during the 1920s when an extraordinarily talented group of African-American writers, artists, photographers and musicians lived, wrote, displayed, performed and published their work in Harlem, New York. Many of them had migrated from the Deep South. The artists and their work bore many similarities to Bourbon Street and the French Quarter in New Orleans.
248522057	Zora Neale Hurston	Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men., also Their Eyes Were Watching God
248522058	Langston Hughes	A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"
248522059	Immigration Act	This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.
248522060	National Origins Act	1924, Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely.
248522061	Major US Mountain Ranges	Appalachian- PA-GA Allegheny- NY-PA Boston Mts-W-E, Arkansas Rocky Mts - Canada to MX, many mountains Sierra Nevada - California Coastal Ranges - Washington
248522062	Major US Lakes	Superior (MI,MN,WI), Huron (MI), Michigan (IL,IN,MI,WI), Erie (PA, OH, MI, NY), Ontario (NY), Great Salt Lake (Utah), Lake of the Woods (MN), Iliamna (AK), Lake Oahe (ND), Okeechobee (FL), etc.
248522063	Consequences of Early contacts between Natives and Europeans	-Disease wiped out many Natives, Europeans learned how to grow crops such as tobacco, natives learned new weapons, horses -Exchange of ideas/goods became known early on as Columbian Exchange
248522064	Hernan Cortes - Spanish	-1519-conquered Aztecs/Montezuma, looking for cities of gold
248522065	Lief Eriksson-Norse	-Year 1009, Northern EU from present day Sweden,Denmark,Norway -Vinland - modern day Newfoundland in Canada -reason - lush new lands
248522066	Marcho Polo - Italian	trading journey to East Asia-China/Cathay, sparked the Renaissance
248522067	Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco de Gama, Pedro Alvares Cabral - Portugal	Dias - 1487-1488 - around Southern tip of Africa da Gama - 1497-1499 - around Africa to India -search for source of African gold, a way to Asia/India around Africa Cabral - 1500 - to Brazil
248522068	Columbus, Vespucci, Ponce de Leon, Ferdinand Magellan, Francisco Coronado, Hernando de Soto - Spain	Columbus - 1492, 1504-Carribean, westward route to Asia de Leon - 1508, 1513 -St Augustine Magellan -1519-22 around tip of South America, first to sail around the world de Balboa - through Isthmus of Panama Coronado - SW US De Soto - search of seven cities of gold, FL - SC
248522069	John Cabot, Henry Hudson - England	Cabot - in search of Asia - landed in Newfoundland
248522070	Henry Hudson - Netherlands	-NE around EU to reach Asia via Arctic, decided to turn around and go the other way, New Amsterdam/New York city,
248522071	Verrazano, Jaques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, Jaques Marquette/Louis Joliet, Robert de La Salle - France	-Verrazono - NW passage to Asia 1524, between NC and Nova Scotia, first to sail into NYC harbor -Cartier - tried again 10yrs later, claimed Canada -Champlain - founded Quebec, fur trades LaSalle - how far Mississippi flowed, Louisiana
248522072	Reasons for Colonization of US	-economic/fur trading, religious disagreement in England/Separatists/Pilgrims, investment, GA-poor and debt in England
248542752	The Fugitive Slave Act	Was enacted in 1850. It increased the power of slave owners to recapture slaves. The Federal government backed rights to slave owners. It led to the Fugitive Slave Law -Part of Missouri Compromise to keep peace
248542753	Dred Scott Case	1857, Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south
248542754	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
248542755	The Underground Railroad	Began approx. 1817, A network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escape to freedom by setting up hiding places and routes to the North. Harriet Tubman is a key person to its success.
248542756	Frederick Douglass	African American escaped from slavery in 1838, spoke out against injustices, North Star journal, 3 autobiographies
248542757	William Lloyd Garrison	Abolitionist, unpopular in North and South, fiery declarations against slavery - "No union with slaveholders", supported peaceful separation of states -Published "The Liberator"
248542758	John Brown	abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) -October 1859, thought of himself as avenging angel doing God's will, small army of 18 followers, occupied a federal armory, seized rifle factory, took hostages -raid became major theme in election campaigns of 1860
248542759	The Monroe Doctrine	-President James Monroe, 1823, was the first and most famous American foreign policy, claiming that the United States would consider any foreign (European) challenge to the sovereignty of the American nation an unfriendly act, and that in return the U.S. would not involve itself in international concerns of European powers. The doctrine was an important expression of the growing nationalism in the U.S. in the 1820's, and it established the idea of the U.S. as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.
248542760	War of 1812	(JM), 1812-1815, Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake) (1812 - 1815), Embargo Act
248985158	Waltham & Lowell	This plan was "Lowell Mill Girls" used for female textile workers in Lowell, Massachusetts. -Significant feature = young women from neighboring farms were hired to work in the textile mills to earn money until they married
248985159	Textile Industry	-inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and water frame in England around the time of the American Revolution made it one of the first mechanized industries
248986412	Consequence of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854	It reopened the issue of slavery in the area closed to slavery north of the 36 30 line of the Missouri Compromise
248986413	WEB DuBois The Souls of Black Folk (1903)	-Contained a criticism of Booker T Washington's approach to expanding the opportunities of African Americans
249165535	Expressed and Implied Powers	Which of the following powers can the National Government legally exercise?
249165536	Reserved Powers	powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states
249165537	Concurrent Powers	powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments
249165538	The establishment clause	prohibits the government from either establishing a state religion or promoting one religion over the other -Part of 1st ammendment
249165539	The free exercise clause	a famous clause in the constitution: the people of the country have the right to freely exercise any religion that they choose to; there is no national religion
249165540	When president vetoes a bill...	The bill is returned to Congress, and both houses must pass the bill by 2/3 majority for it to become a law
249165541	Conference Committees	meet to reconcile differences in Senate and House versions of bills...governors have no say in making a bill become a law, and the supreme court only rules on bills that have been passed into law
249165542	How the constitution is amended	-two methods are possible per the Constitution, but only one has ever been used -Both houses of Congress propose and approve the amendment by a 2/3 vote, then the states ratify the amendment by approval of 3/4 of the states -the other way is that 2/3 of the states can call a convention for the purpose of amending the constitution, then must be ratified by 3/4 of the states legislatures
249165543	The Full Faith and Credit Clause	Article IV, Section 1 - Provision requires that courts in all states uphold contracts and public acts established in other states.
249165544	Home Rule	the power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs
249165545	President of US Senate	vice president of the US; votes in case of a tie -Article I, Section 3, Paragraph 4 of Constitution
249165546	Interest groups in US political system	They utilize lobbyists to provide policymakers with information on bills and issues, seek to influence the wording and passage of legislation that directly impacts their interests

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Chapter 7 Behavioral Sciences Flashcards

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419871482	Theory	Describes and/or explains the relationship between two or more observations.
419871483	Deductive theory	Proceeds from general ideas, knowledge, or understanding of the social world from which specific hypotheses are logically deduced and tested.
419871484	Inductive theory	Proceeds from concrete observations from which general conclusions are inferred through a process of reasoning.
419871485	Interpretive sociology	Studies the processes whereby human beings attach meaning to their lives.
419871486	Conflict paradigm / theory	Views society as being characterized by conflict and inequality.
419871487	Structural Functionalism	A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
419871488	Verstehen	Understanding as a means of characterizing and interpreting or explaining.
419871489	Independent variable	One that influences another variable.
419871490	Dependent variable	One being influenced by another variable.
419871491	Representative sampline	One that accurately reflects the population form which it is drawn
419871492	Random sample	One where every member of the population has the same chance of being chosen for study (as in throwing names of everyone in a hat).
419871493	Systematic sample	Type of sample in which the "nth" unit in a list is selected for inclusion in the sample (for example the 5th person listed in a phone book).
419871494	Stratified sampling	Uses the differences that already exist in a population, such as between males and females, as the basis for selecting sample.
419871495	Unobtrusive observation	Observing from a distance, not being involved in the group or activity being studied.
419871496	Participant Observation	Observant who is a member of the group or a participant in the activity he/she is studying.
419871497	Secondary Analysis	Analysis of existing sources of information.
419871498	Content Analysis	The techniques employed to describe the contents of the materials (percentages, average, rate...).
419871499	Primary Socialization	Refers to the initial socialization that a child receives through which he or she becomes a member of society.
419871500	Secondary socialization	Refers to the subsequent experience of socialization into new sectors of society by an already socialized person.
419871501	Resocialization	Refers to the process of discarding behavioral practices and adopting new ones as part of a transition in life.
419885550	Social Structure	The way in which people's relationships in society are arranged to form a network.
419885551	Ascribed Status	Automatically and involuntarily conferred on individuals without any effort or choice made on their part.
419885552	Achieved Status	One that is assumed largely through ones own doing or efforts.
419885553	Master Status	Is the status with which a person is most identified.
419885554	Status Set	Consist of all the statuses that a person occupies.
419885555	Role	Refers to what a person does by virtue of occupying a particular status or position.
419885556	Role Strain	Referes to the situation where different and conflicting expectations exist with regard to a particular status.
419885557	Role Conflict	Occurs when a person occupies multiple statuses that contradict one another.
419885558	Group	Assembly of people or things.
419885559	Association	Type of relationship formed on the basis of an accommodation of interest or on the basis or an agreement.
419885560	Command relationship	Formed on the basis of a subjective feeling of the parties "that they belong together" whether the feeling is personal or is linked with tradition.
419885561	Peer Group	"An association of self-selected equals" formed around common interests, sensibilities, preferences, and beliefs.
419885562	Aggregate	Consists of a number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.
419885563	Social Category	Consistes of a number of people with certain characteristics in common.
419885564	Social Group	Consists of a collection of people interacting with one another in an orderly fashion.
419893028	Primary Group	The interaction is direct, the common bonds are close and intimate, and the relationships among members are warm, intimate, and personal.
419893029	Secondary Group	Interaction is anonymous, the bonds are impersonal, the duration of time of the group is short, and the relationships involve few emotional ties.
419893030	Gemeinschaft	Referring to those small communities characterized by tradition and united by the belief in common ancestry or by geographic proximity in relationships largely of the primary group sort.
419893031	Gesellschaft	Refers to contractual relationships of a voluntary mature of limited duration and quality, based on rational self-interest, and formed for the explicit purpose of achieving a particular goal.
419893032	Dyad	Two people in which either members departure destroys the group.
419893033	Triad	of three, the addition of a third person sometimes serving as a mediator or nonpartisan party.
419893034	Interaction process analysis	A technique of observing and immediately classifying in predetermined ways the ongoing activity in a small group.
419893035	Sociometry	Technique focused on establishing the direction of the interaction in small groups.
419893036	Reference Groups	social groups that provide the standards in terms of which we evaluate ourselves.
419893037	Group conformity	Referes to individuals compliance with group goals, in spite of the fact that group goals may be in conflict with individual goals.
419893038	Groupthink	A related phenomenon, occurs when group members begin to think similarly and conform to one another views.
419893039	Authoritarian leader	Leader that gives orders.
419893040	Democratic leader	Leader who seeks a consensus on the course of action to be taken.
419893041	Laissez-faire	Leader who mainly let the group be-doing little if anything to provide direction or organization.
419893042	Organization	Represents a specific type of social relationship or arrangement between persons that is either closed to outsiders or that limits their admission.
419893043	Formal organization	Represents a type of group or structural pattern within which behavior is carried out in a society.
419893044	Stigma	The mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from other members of society who regard themselves as normal.
419894705	Social stratification	Represents the structured inequality characterized by groups of people with differential access to the rewards of society because of their relative position in the social hierarchy.
419894706	Social hierarchy	Ranked statuses in which people function.
419894707	Social mobility	Refers to the ability of a given individual or group to move through a social strata.
419894708	Ethnicity	Refers to a population known and identified on the basis of their common language, national heritage, and/or biological inheritance.

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chapter 11 vocab APUSH Flashcards

chapter 11 apush

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212206917	Thomas Jefferson	3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism. Sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory.
212206918	James Monroe	5th president, Begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings. A political leader of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; a leader of the Democratic-Republican party. He issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, supporting the independence of Spain's colonies in America. The Missouri Compromise was reached in his presidency.
212206919	William Clark	Led the Corps of Discovery with Meriwether Lewis in 1804-1806; explored Louisiana Territory and traveled to the Pacific Ocean. Drew maps, constructed forts and lead men. Soldier and explorer.
212206920	Albert Gallatin	U.S. statesman: Secretary of the Treasury 1801-13 Jefferson's and a financial genius helped to cut the national debt nearly in half
212206921	Robert Livingston	American lawyer, politician, and diplomat from New York. Known as "The Chancellor." He administered the presidential oath of office to George Washington.
212206922	Zebulon Pike	Explored upper Mississippi River, Arkansas River, parts of present-day Colorado and New Mexico. Viewed Mtn peaks above Colorado Plains. Mountain today called Pikes Peak.
212206923	John Marshall	A public official of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He served as chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. His interpretations of the Constitution in cases such as Marbury versus Madison served to strengthen the power of the Court and the power of the federal government generally.
212206924	Napoleon Bonaparte	A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.
212206925	Aaron Burr	A political leader who served as vice president of the United States in the first term of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1805). After he killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel, his career declined. He was later involved in a bizarre conspiracy to sever the western states and territories from the Union. He was tried for treason but was acquitted.
212206926	William Marbury	Named a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia; sued Madison when he learned that his commission was being shelved by Madison (Secretary of State).
212206927	James Madison	4th President; Secretary of State; lead nation through War of 1812. Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution.
212206928	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He took arms against American settlers moving into the Middle West, and supported the British in the War of 1812, in which he was killed.
212206929	the Prophet	A shawnee indian leader whose brother was Tecumseh. Religious visionary who called for a return to Indian traditions and founded the community of Prophetstown on Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana.
212206930	Toussaint L'Ouverture	Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion. Was a former slave and an important leader of the haïtian revolution. The first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
212206931	Samuel Chase	a strong supporter of the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. A lawyer by proffesion, in 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials. The senate, however, in a decision that indicated reluctance to remove judges for purely political reasons, did not convict him, and he remained on the court until his death.
212206932	Meriwether Lewis	U.S. explorer: leader of the Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-06.
212206933	Henry Clay	A Whig political leader of the early nineteenth century known for his efforts to keep the United States one nation despite sharp controversy among Americans over slavery. Herepresented Kentucky, first in the House of Representatives and then in the Senate. He was known as the "Great Pacificator" because of his prominent role in producing the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.
212206934	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
212206935	patronage	granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
212206936	judicial review	the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional
212206937	impeachment	Formal accusation by the lower house of a legislature against a public official, the first step in removal from office.
212206938	impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
212206939	economic coercion	Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.
212206940	Macon's bill no. 2	opened trade with britain and france, said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other, didn't work
212206941	war hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
212206942	Judiciary Act of 1789	Organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice, along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office. This created the judiciary branch of the US Government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.
212206943	Battle of Austerlitz	battle between Austria, Russia, and France; the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II.
212206944	Judiciary Act of 1801	Law that the Federalist Congress passed to increase the number of federal courts and judicial positions; President John Adams rushed to fill these positions with Federalists before his term ended.
212206945	Orders in council	closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping, unless the vessels 1st stopped at a British port
212206946	revolution of 1800	Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."
212206947	midnight judges	a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms
212206948	Chesapeake incident	1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.
212206949	Marbury vs. Madison	Supreme Court decision declaring part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thereby establishing an important precedent in favor of judicial review.
212206950	Embargo Act	Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.
212206951	Louisiana Purchase Treaty	1803, the U.S. spends $15 million to buy a large amount of land from the west of the Mississippi from France; doubled the size of the United States
212206952	Non-intercourse Act	Law passed by Congress in 1809 reopening trade with all nations except France and Britain and authorizing the president to reopen trade with them if they lifted restrictions on American shipping.
212206953	mosquito fleet	It is the term used to describe the United States Navy's fleet of small gunboats, leading up to and during the War of 1812.

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Praxis 2 Social Studies (0081) Native American People Flashcards

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66487635	Inuit	A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)
66487636	Anasazi	A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings
66487637	Kwakiutl	Native American people that formerly inhabited the northwestern coastal region of North America
66487638	Cherokee	Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.
66487639	Seminoles	A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.
66487640	Iroquois	A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK. Were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose use of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population that made war against other Algonquian peoples
66487641	Iroquois Confederation	The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution. The nations who joined the League were the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Mohawk. Once they ceased most of their infighting, the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century northeastern North America.
66497112	Mound Builders	Tribes of North America who built extensive mounds of dirt, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. They created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places
66497362	Plain Indians	Nomadic and warlike, depended on buffalo and horse, hunted, fierce warriors, large tribes made up of smaller independent bands, rule by chief and elders, gender roles, communicated with other tribes through sign language
66497779	Native American	North America's first immigrant, who probably moved into the region from Asia thousands of years ago
66500213	The Five Civilized Tribes	Were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. Lived in the Southeastern United States before their relocation to other parts of the country, especially the future state of Oklahoma.
66500214	Trail of Tears	Refers to the forced relocation between 1836 to 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, and North Carolina to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 Cherokees
66500215	American Dawes Commission	Its purpose was to convince the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to cede tribal title of Indian lands, and adopt the policy of dividing tribal lands into individual allotments. During this process, the Indian nations were stripped of their communally held national lands, which was divided into single lots and allotted to individual members of the nation.
66503514	Hiawatha	Indian from the Iroquois tribe who was one of two men who persuaded five nations to unite and work together as a group.
66504125	Sachem	A chief of a North American tribe or confederation (especially an Algonquian chief)

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Why Didn’t “Live While We’re Young” become the New YOLO?

By: fueledbyballet

Oct 30, 2012

Life

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Remember in middle school, when you watched all of those movies about high school and just thought “wow, I’m going to go to high school and be so cool.”But then you got to high school and nobody was waiting for you outside of the church, you never had Saturday detention with five stereotypical kids, and you never took down John Tucker or the Plastics. So you aren’t as cool as the kids in the movies, and honestly, it kind of sucks. Trust me, I’m in the same boat as you.

Praxis 2 Social Studies New Deal Flashcards

These go over FDR's New Deal which will help on the middle school (0089) essays.

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123343042	3 R's	Relief, Recovery, Reform: Give relief to unemployed and those about to lose homes & farms; Recovery efforts to agriculture, business and the country & reform to help avoid the 13,000,000 unemployed Americans and the closing of all banks again.
123343043	TVA	Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)- Relief, Recovery, Reform- An attempt at regional planning. Included provisions for environment and recreational design; architectural, educational, and health projects; and controversial public power projects; continues today to meet the Tennessee Valley's energy and flood-control needs.
123343044	SSA	Social Security Act: Relief passed in 1935 to provide Americans with retirement benefits. Mandated unemployment and disability insurance. Workers and employers pay into this fund.
123343045	Emergency Banking Act	A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.
123343046	Economy Act	Proposed to balance federal budget through cutting government employee salaries and reducing veteran pensions by up to 15% to assure the public the federal government was indeed concerned of their plight in the Depression.
123343047	Beer-Wine Revenue Act	Legalized light alcohol no more than 3.5% concentration by weight, and put a $5 tax on each barrel. Many "drys" were upset; all alcohol was later legalized.
123343048	Civilian Conservation Corp	CCC 1933, hired single men between the ages of 18 and 25 for restoration of national parks and the building of parks
123343049	Fair Labor Standards	Set minimum wage and maximum basic hours of 40 per week and for workers engaged in interstate commerce, outlawed the use of child labor.
123343050	National Labor Relations Act	A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.
123343051	WPA	Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII
123343052	NRA	National Recovery Administration: established and adminstered a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices
123343053	Agriculture Adjustment Act	payments to farmers who agreed not to grow wheat, corn, tobacco, and other crops so farm prices went up and farmers better off
123343054	Federal Emergency Relief Act	The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers , law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today
123346478	FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000
123346479	CWA	Civil Works Adminstration: emergency work relief program, put more than four million people to work during the winter of 1933-34
123346480	HOLC	(Home Owners' Loan Corporation) Relief and Recovery. Helped home-owners and mortgage companies. government payed companies for the home-owners so they could keep their homes and pay off w/ lower interest and longer time.
123346481	Farm Credit Administration	provided low-interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent forclosures on the property of indebted farmers
123346482	FERA	Federal Emergency Relief Administration: combined cash relief to needy families with work relief
123346483	PWA	Public Works Administration. Part of Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.
123346484	FHA	Federal Housing Administration: expanded private home ownership among moderate-income families through federal guarantees of private mortgages, the reduction of down payments (from 30 to 10 percent), and the extension of payment form 20 to 30 years

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Praxis 2 Social Studies (0081) Significant Dates Flashcards

Significant Dates in World History ( Praxis 0081 )

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423482474	220 and 476	Fall of Han dynasty and fall of the western Roman Empire
423482475	622	Flight of Muhammad to Medina (considered the beginning of Islam)
423482476	1096-1099	The First Crusade
423482477	1200-1300	Mongol Domination of Asia
423482478	1453	The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans
423482479	1492	Columbus lands in the Americas
423482480	1750-1780	Height of the Atlantic slave trade
423482481	1789	The French Revolution
423482482	1870's	Scramble for Africa begins
423482483	1914-1918	World War I.
423482484	1939-1945	World War II.
423482485	1947	Independence of India and Pakistan
423482486	1957	Sputnik launched
423482487	1989	Fall of the Berlin Wall

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