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AP Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards

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113092254Genes are located onChromosomes
113092255Diploid CellsChromosomes and genes are both present in pairs in diploid cells. Homologoud chromosomes separate and alleles segregate during the process of meiosis.
113092256Chromosomal Theory of inheritanceMendelian genes have specific positions on chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
113095398Wild typethe most common phenotype for a character.
113095399Thomas Hunt Morganexperiment with the flies, had a white one which he initialized as w. + = allele for wild type
113102264flys chromosomesfemale XX male XY
113102265Morgan's breading resutlsAll f1 was red eye, f2 had 3:1 ratio. White eye showed up only in males.Eye color was linked to sex
113102266Fly chromosomes and his experimentwhite eye exclusively on x chromosomes. Male has only one x chromosome so there is no dominant to offset it. Female could only have white eye if both x's were it. This was impossible since the male had it.
113108627Chromosome gene ratio:Way more genes then chromosomes, each chromosome has hundreds to thousands of genes.
113108628Linked GenesGenes located on the same chromosome that tend to e inherited together in genetic crosses.
113128025Morgan's second experimentcolor and wing size are partially linked to genetics.
113128026Genetic Recombinationthe production of offspring with combination of traits differing from those fond in either parents.
113128027meiosis and fertilizationgenerate genetic variation among offspring of sexually reproducing organisms.
113147826Parental Typesmatch one of the parents phenotypes.
113147827Recombinant Typesdifferent combination of phenotype then parent
11314782850% of offspring are recombinant50% frequency of recombination
113147829genes that are located on two different chromosomes50% frequency of recombination
113147830Linked genesless then 50% frequency of recombination
113175602Crossing overoccurs doing prophase of meiosis 1
113199762Genetic Mapan ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosomes.
113199763Range and crossing overfarther apart two genes are higher likelihood of crossing over.therefore, higher recombinant frequency.
113199764Linkage Mapgenetic map based on recombination frequencies.
113199765Map Unitsone map unit = 1% recobination frequency.
113199766Some genes are so far apartcrossover between them is certain.
113199767Cytogenetic mapslocate genes with respect to the chromosomal features.
113346560X OR Y BIGGER?X
113346561MALES SPERM1/2 X 1/2 Y
113375256SEX CHROMOSOMESHAVE MANY GENES UNRELATED TO SEX (ESPECIALLY X)
113375257SEX LINKED GENEGENE LOCATED ON SEX CHROMOSOME
113424599BARR BODYinactive x female condenses into it. inside the nuclear enveope.
113424600Females consist of a mosiac of two types of cellsthose with active x derived from the father and those with active X derived from the mother.
113484069NondisjuctionMitotic spindle distributes chromosomes, error occurs.
113484070Nondisjuction in meiosis 1members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meosis 1
113484071Nondisjuction in meiosis 2sister chromatids fail to seperate
113484072if nondisjunction occurs in mitosiscondition is passed to a large number of cells. very bad
113542938Aneupolid Gametescaused by nondisjection in meiosis.
113542939Anuepolid ZygoteAneupolid gamete combinds with a normal haploid gamete during fertilization. Very bad.
113647202Nondisjunction of sex chromosomesnot as bad.
113647203XXY in male..bad
113647204Worst type of chromosome changesDeletion and translocation.
113653002Genomic Imprintingvariation in phenotype depending on whetheran allele is inherited from male or female parent.
113653003Genomic imprinting occursduring the formation of gametes. e
113653004Two exceptions to mendelgenes located in nucleor or near nucleus
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AP Biology: Chapter 15 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 15.

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258875692chromosome theory of inheritancegenes have specific loci along chromosomes, and these chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment
258875693wild typethe phenotype for a character most commonly observed in populations
258875694sex-linked genea gene located on either sex chromosome
258875695Duchenne muscular dystrophya sex-linked disorder characterized by a progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination
258875696hemophiliaa sex-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting
258875697Barr bodythe inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object, lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope
258875698linked genesgenes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses
258875699genetic recombinationthe production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent
258875700parental typesoffspring which inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes
258875701recombinant typesoffspring which with a phenotype different from each parent
258875702crossing overthe reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis
258875703genetic mapan ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
258875704linkage mapa genetic map based on recombination frequencies
258875705map unitsone is equal to a 1% recombination frequency
258875706cytogenetic mapslocate genes with respect to chromosomal features
258875707nondisjunctionthe members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II
258875708aneuploidychromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number
258875709monosomica cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of two
258875710trisomica diploid cell with three copies of a particular chromosome instead of two
258875711polyploidythe chromosomal alteration in which the organism has more than two complete chromosome sets in all somatic cells
258875712deletionoccurs when a chromosomal fragment is lost
258875713duplicationoccurs when the deleted fragment becomes attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid
258875714inversionoccurs when a chromosomal fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation
258875715translocationoccurs when the fragment joins a non-homologous chromosome, rearranging along the chromosome
258875716Down syndromean aneuploid condition resulting from an extra chromosome 21, so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes
258875717genomic imprintingvariation in phenotype depending on whether an allele is inherited from the male or female parent
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AP US History ch 11 (SE) Flashcards

Kennedy/Cohen/Bailey; The American Pageant: key tems, people and chronology

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217054714Revolution of 1800Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system
217054715PatronageIn politics it's the granting of favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
217054716Judiciary Act of 1801One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.
217054717Midnight JudgesThe 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
217054718Marbury v. MadisonThe 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789)
217054719Tripolitan WarAlso called the Barbary Wars, this was a series of naval engagements launched against Pasha of Trioli by President Jefferson in an effort to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. The war was inconclusive, afterwards, the U.S. paid a tribute to the Barbary states to protect their ships from pirate attacks.
217054720Louisiana Purchaseterritory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million Ex. extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada
217054721Corps of DiscoveryOfficial name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members
217054722Orders in CouncilBritain in 1806 blockade the ports of France and its allies, thereby preventing neutral nations from trading with these nations
217054723ImpressmentBritish practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
217054724Chesapeake affair1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology
217054725Embargo ActSigned by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 the Act forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.
217054726Non-Intercourse Act1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
217054727Macon's Bill No. 21810 opened free trade with the world and if Britain or France, repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the nonrepealing country. Napoleon tricked the US by implying France would repeal French degrees if Britain lifted its Orders in Council. Britain refused, so President Madison was forced to reestablish the embargo against Britain alone, ending neutrality and possibly the final step to war
217054728War HawksSoutherners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand
217054729Battle of Tippecanoe1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.
217054730Thomas Jefferson3rd President of the United States Ex. chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)
217054731Sally Hemingsa slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, who, according to some, was the mother of some of Thomas Jefferson's children
217054732Albert GallatinHe was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and Gallatin believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors.
217054733John MarshallUnited States jurist Ex. as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law (1755-1835)
217054734Samuel ChaseFederalist supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate.
217054735Napolean Bonaparte1769-1821. French military and political leader. General during French Revolution (he overthrew the directory; proclaimed himself emporer and created a French empire in Europe), Ruler of France as First Consul of French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine
217054736Robert R. LivingstonAs US Minister to France along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area, signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million.
217054737Toussaint L'Ouverturean important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
217054738Meriwether LewisUnited States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809)
217054739William ClarkUnited States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River. Ex. Clark was responsible for making maps of the area (1770-1838)
217054740Aaron BurrUnited States politician who served as Vice President under Jefferson Ex. he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836)
217054741James Madison4th President of the United States Ex. member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836)
217054742Tecumseha famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)
217054743Tenskwatawathe Prophet; inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe
2170547441791Toussaint L'Ouverture launches Haitian Revolution
2170547451800Jefferson defeats Adams for presidency
2170547461801Judiciary Act of 1801
2170547471801-1805Navel war with Tripoli
2170547481802Revised naturalization law Judiciary Act of 1801 repealed
2170547491803Marbury v. Madison Louisiana Purchase
2170547501804Haiti emerges as first independent black republic. Jefferson elected president Impeachment of Justice Chase
2170547511804-1806Lewis and Clark expedition
2170547521805Peace Treaty with Tripoli signed Battle of Trafalgar Battle of Austerlitz
2170547531805-1807Pike's explorations
2170547541806Burr treason trial
2170547551807Chesapeake affair Embargo Act
2170547561808Madison is elected president
2170547571809Non-Intercourse Act replaces Embargo Act
2170547581810Macon's Bill No. 2 Napolean announces (falsely) repeal of blckade degrees Madison reestabishes nonimportation against Britain
2170547591811Battle of Tippecanoe
2170547601812United States declares war on Britain
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Chapter 15 Campbell Vocab Flashcards

Anderson AP Bio

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494724422aneuploidyA chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
494724423Barr bodyA dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.
494724424Chromosome Theory of InheritanceA basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
494724425Crossing OverThe reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
494724426Cytogenetic MapA chart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope.
494724427DendriteOne of usually numerous, short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.
494724428Down SyndromeA human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.
494724429Duchenne muscular dystrophyA human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
494724430duplicationAn aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.
494724431genetic mapAn ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
494724432genetic recombinationGeneral term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
494724433genomic imprintingA phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.
494724434hemophiliaA human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
494724435inversionAn aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.
494724436linkage mapA genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
494724437linked genesGenes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together.
494724438map unitA unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
494724439monosomicReferring to a cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
494724440nondisjunctionAn error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
494724441parental typeAn offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.
494724442polyploidyA chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.
494724443sex-linked geneA gene Located on A sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome), resulting in A distinctive pattern of inheritance.
494724444translocationAn aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.
494724445trisomicReferring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
494724446wild typeAn individual with the phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the phenotype itself.
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AP Biology Chapter 15 Vocabulary Flashcards

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298874649Chromosome theory of inheritancea theory that says Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment
298874650Wild typethe normal phenotype for a character (the phenotype most common in natural populations)
298874651Linked genesgenes that are located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses
298874652Genetic recombinationthe production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from those found in either parent
298874653Parental typesoffspring that are expected to inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes
298874654Recombinantsoffspring with two nonparental phenotypes that have new combinations of seed shape or color (for example)
298874655Crossing overoccurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are paired during prophase of meiosis I, and is when one maternal and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoined to each other
298874656Genetic mapan ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
298874657Linkage mapa genetic map based on recombination frequencies
298874658Map unitsthe distance between genes (one of these is equal to a 1% recombination frequency)
298874659Cytogenetic mapsmaps that locate genes with respect to chromosomal features, such as stained bands, that can be seen in the microscope
298874660Sex-linked genea gene located on either sex chromosome (although in humans the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome)
298874661Duchenne muscular dystrophya human sex-linked disorder that affects about one out of every 3,500 males born in the US
298874662Hemophiliaa sex-linked recessive disorder defined by absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting
298874663Barr bodya compact object that the inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into -lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope
298874664Nondisjunctionan occasional mishap in which the member of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II
298874665Aneuploidya condition when if either of the aberrant gametes unites with a normal one at fertilization, the offspring will have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome
298874666Trisomican aneuploid cell is said to be this for a certain chromosome if that chromosome is present in triplicate in the fertilized egg
298874667Monosomican aneuploid cell is said to be this for a specific chromosome if that chromosome is missing
298874668Polyploidythe general term for chromosomal alteration when some organisms have more than two complete chromosome sets
298874669Deletionoccurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost -the affected chromosome is then missing certain genes
298880194Duplicationa case (if meiosis is in progress) when a "deleted" fragment may become attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid
298880195Inversionproduced when a chromosomal fragment may also reattach to the original chromosome but in reverse orientation
298880196Translocationa rearrangement when a fourth possible result of chromosomal breakage is for the fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome
298880197Down syndromean aneuploid condition that affects about one out of every 700 children born in the US -is usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 (three chromosome 21's)
298880198Genomic imprintinga variation in phenotype depending on whether an allele is inherited from the male or female parent
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Obama vs. Romney Foreign Policy Debate Commentary
By: itsritabaljian
Oct 23, 2012
Life
Comments

The on-going liquidation of what’s left of America’s economy has been the primary focus of 2012’s presidential election, however, the final Romney-Obama debate held at Lynn University in Florida was centered around what is an abiding issue in American politics--foreign policy. To most, discussions regarding the failing economy are of utmost importance but one must not overlook the importance of safety and national security, which have regularly been the bone of contention to the American public.

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APUS Chapter 5-7 Flashcards Flashcards

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450449644Germansgroup of people that came to America to escape religious persecutions, economic problems, and war; made up 6% of american population
450449645Scots-Irishmade up 7% of American population; left Pennsylvania and moved to the western frontier of the missle and southern colonies
450449646Molasses Actattempt by British authorities to stop colonial trade with the French West Indies
450449647Agricultureleading industry of this time
450449648Christian Ministrymost honored profession
450449649Physicianswere very poorly trained
450449650Lawyersknown as troublemakers
450449651Scots-Irishled the armed march of the Paxton Boys and the regulator movement in North Carolina; made beer
450449652Anglican Churchchurch of England members; tax supported. Became official faith in GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, and part of NY
450449653Congregational Churchgrew out of the Puritan Church; was established in New England colonies except Rhode Island
450449654The Great Awakeningemotional religious revival of the 1730's and 1740's after a period of religious decline
450449655Johnathan Edwardspastor in Massachusetts; instigated the Great Awakening; "sinners in the hand of an angry God"
450449656George WhitfieldBritish evangelist who spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies
450449657Collegesinstitutions that were founded as a result of the Great Awakening
450449658Benjamin Franklin"first civilized American"; author, scientist, created the printer
450449659John Peter Zengercolonial printer who's case helped begin freedom of press
450449660Paxton BoysThey were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians.
450449661Regulator Movementgroup of frontier's men that protested the colonial government
450449662French and Indian WarWas a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763.
450449663William PittEnglish statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)
450449664George WashingtonVirginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.
450449665James Wolfethe British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire.
450449666New FranceName of French colony in Canada
450449667Coureurs de BoisFrench colonists who lived and worked in the woods; fur trapper
450449668King William's WarOne of the four wars fought between France, Spain, England and France's indian allies for control of North America.
450449669Queen Anne's WarThe second of the four wars known generally as the French and Indian Wars, it arose out of issues left unresolved by King Williams' War (1689-1697)
450449670War of Jenkin's Warconflicts between Spanish and English. France joined Spain and they got beat by English... again
450449671Ohio River ValleyThe point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation.
450449672General BraddockCommanded forces sent by Great Britain to support American colonists; defeated and killed by French and Indian troops
450449673Buckskina soft yellowish suede leather originally from deerskin but now usually from sheepskin
450449674Republica political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
450449675Paul RevereAmerican silversmith who became a hero after his famous ride to warn of the British advance on Lexington and Concord. "THE RITISH ARE COMING, THE BRITISH ARE COMING!!"
450449676Quartering Actan act that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists
450449677George GrenvilleBritish prime minister who enforce navigation laws and sugar act was passed
450449678Stamp ActA tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies
450449679No Taxation without Representationclaimed taxes were unjust, insisted only they or their elected reps had the right to pass taxes, parliament had no right ot tax them since they didnt elect reps, and they were willing to pay taxes only if their colonial legislatures passed them.
450449680Stamp Act Congressgroup of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent
450449681Sons and Daughters of LibertySecret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors
450449682Virtual RepresentationBritish's response to no taxation without representation
450449683Townsend Actswhen taxes were placed on paper, paint, white lead and tea
450449684Boston MassacreThe first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans
450449685King George 3the king of england who taxed the colonies and refused the olive branch petition
450449686Samuel AdamsFounder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
450449687Abigail AdamsWife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.
450449688Boston Tea Partyprotest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor
450449689Intolerable ActsA series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British
450449690First Continental CongressDelagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence
450449691Second Continental CongressIt met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.
450449692Comitees of CorrespondenceGot in touch with other with other towns and colonies. Its members shared ideas and info about the new British laws and ways to challenge them.
450449693Lexington and Concordthe first battle of the American Revolution; British were well trained and had proffesional troops
450449694Lafeyetteleader of french, saved american revolution
450449695John AdamsSecretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly his work.
450449696Charles Townsend"Champagne Charly" created the Townsend Acts
450449697RedcoatsBritish soldiers during the American Revolution.
450449698Whigsparty that favored a national bank, protective tariffs and eventually the abolition of slavery
450449699Toriesa person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist
450449700Adam SmithScottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade
450449701Navigation Lawslaws that restricted American trade with other countries; (would be shipped to the British before it was shipped back to them)
450449702John HancockPatriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.
450449703Ben FranklinA delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies.
450449704Sugar Actlaw passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
450449705Nonimportation Agreementspromising not to buy or import British goods
450449706Crispus Attucksafrican american killed by british soldiers in the boston massacre
450449707Quebec Actlaw that set up a government for canada and protected the rights of french catholics
450449708Boston Port Actclosed the Port of Boston until damages had been paid for the Boston Tea Party
450449709MinutemenMember of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds.
450449710HessiansGerman hired Brithish mercinaries
450449711Lord NorthBritish Prime Minister during revolution. He had passed the Coercive Acts and supported the king greatly to the extent that Britain was ruled only by the king.
453977110Thomas Jeffersonoffered the Decleration of Independence
453977111Patrick Henrysaid "give me liberty or give me death" ?
453977112Thomas Paynesaid "These are the times that try men's souls." (Common Sense)
4539771139how many wars there were since 1688
4539771141688-1783years of the first 4 wars
453977115the Britishwho won King William's and Queen Anne's War?
453977116French Arcadiawhat the British were rewarded after the first two wars
453977117War of Austrian Successionalso known as King George's War
453977118George Grenvilleenforced navigation laws (and Sugar/Stamp Act)
453977119Sugar Actwas passed to raise revenue for Britain's military
453977120French and Indian Warcaused the rise of mercantilism
45397712116average age of people during this time
453977122Albany Congresscommon defense against the British, first sign of unity
453977123Pontiacottowa chief that rebelled against the british
453977124First Continental Congresshad 55 delgates; all but GA attended
453977125Quebec Actdone after the Boston Tea Party; set a press for jury trials
453977126Republicgovernment ruled by the people
453977127the Associationboycott of British goods
453977128the KingSugar Act raised money for...?
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US Constitution & Government Flashcards

The Development of the US Constitution & How Our Government Works

Created by Mr. Lickteig
Fort Riley Middle School

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490522291unconstitutionalwhat the Supreme Court rules if something is against the Constitution
490522292unanimousin complete agreement
490522293George Masonfather of the "Bill of Rights"
490522294economicshow a nation decide who gets what RESOURCES; $$
490522295CapitalismFree Market economy; winner-takes-all; used in USA
490522296statesThe Articles of Confederation gave power to the ________
490522297national / federalThe Articles of Confederation created a weak ____________
490522298Virginia Planidea that said a state's representatives should be based on its population
490522299New Jersey Planidea that thought each state should have an equal number of representatives
490522300bicameraltwo houses
490522301Great Compromisethe agreement to combine two plans and create a bicameral legislative branch
490522302House of Representativesthis side of the legislative branch has representative's based on a state's population
490522303Senatethis side of the legislative branch has an equal number of representatives from each state
4905223042number of Senators from each state
490522305Congressthe word used to describe BOTH the House of Representatives and the Senate
4905223063/5 Compromisehow the Constitutional Convention decided to handle slavery, made each slave worth part of the state's population
490522307Federaliststhese people wanted a strong central government and were in favor of the Constitution
490522308Antifederalistswere worried that the Constitution did not have a Bill of Rights or gave too much power to the national government
490522309Federalists Paperscollection of writings about why states should ratify the Constitution
490522310impeachthe Legislative branch can "check" on the Executive Branch by _________ the president
490522311PresidentHead of the Executive Branch
4905223129Number of Supreme Court Justices
4905223132 yearshow long a representative serves
4905223144 yearshow long a president serves
4905223156 yearshow long a senator serves
49052231635 years oldhow old you have to be to be president
49052231725 years oldhow old you have to be to be a representative
490522318unconstitutionalif the Supreme Court reviews a law and finds it isn't in the Constitution, the law is declared _______________
490522319judicial reviewthe process that the Supreme Court uses to judge on laws and cases
490522320Executivethe branch that ENFORCES the laws
490522321Judicialthe branch that INTERPRETS the laws
490522322Legislativethe branch that MAKES laws
4905223231stamendment that protects freedom of speech, religion, press, and petition
4905223242ndamendment that protects right to bear arms
4905223254thamendment that prohibits unresonable searches
4905223268thamendment that protects against cruel and unusual punishment
49052232710thamendment that grants power to the states if it is not in the US Constitution
490522328Bill of Rightsthe first 10 amendements
4905223291stthe article of the Constitution that addresses the legislative branch
4905223302ndthe article of the Constitution that addresses the executive branch
4905223313rdthe article of the Constitution that addresses the judicial branch
4905223324ththe article of the Constitution that addresses the rights of states and how states can join the union
4905223335ththe article of the Constitution that addresses how to amend the Constitution
490522334James Madisonconsidered the father of the Constitution
490522335vetoif the president rejects a bill, it is called a _______
490522336committeethe first place a bill goes on it's way to becoming a law
490522337anarchyNO government, no control, total freedom
490522338republicgovernment where people vote for REPRESENTATIVES who make decisions for them; also vote for President (Head Executive)
490522339parliamentarygovernment where people vote for representatives; the POLITICAL PARTY in control picks their PRIME MINISTER (Head Executive)
490522340monarchygovernment ruled by 1 FAMILY (king, queen, emperor, chief, etc)
490522341theocracygovernment ruled by 1 RELIGION
490522342totalitariangovernment ruled by 1 specific PARTY; total control of country
490522343dictatorshipgovernment ruled by 1 PERSON
490522344democracygovernment where EVERYONE has a say in issues
490522345oligarchygovernment where a SMALL GROUP of ELITES make decisions
490522346totalitariangovernment where only ONE person or group makes the decisions
490522347authoritywho makes the decisions
490522348Socialismeconomic system where government controls parts of the economy and private enterprise runs other parts
490522349Communismtype of economy where the GOVERNMENT runs everything
490522350governmenthow societies and nations decide who will rule
490522351libeluntruthful WRITTEN comments that harm a person's reputation
490522352slanderuntruthful ORAL comments that harm a person's reputation
490522353fallacyargument that does not make logical sense, but appears to be right
490522354ad hominemfallacy - attacking the person and not the issue
490522355appeal to emotionsfallacy - using words to invoke feelings to get attention away from the issue
490522356bandwagonfallacy - creates the impression that everyone is doing it and so should you
490522357false causefallacy - assumes a cause and effect relationship that is not true
490522358hasty generalizationfallacy - draws a conclusion about a population based on a small sample
490522359red herringfallacy - presents an irrelevant topic to divert attention away from original issue
490522360scare tacticfallacy - creates fear as evidence to support a claim
490522361testimonialfallacy - use of celebrity to endorse a product or idea
490522362glittering generarlityfallacy - using words or phrases that sound wonderful but can not be proven true
490522363electoral collegethe process the US uses to elect president
490522364538total number of electoral votes available during a Presidential Election
490522365270the "magic number" needed to win a Presidential Election
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498416607General George WashingtonHe was appointed by the Second Continental Congress as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1775. His ability to learn under duress and refusal to accept defeat kept an American army in the field. At the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 with French troop and naval support, he was able to entrap the British troops and force surrender. At the end of the war in 1783, he was the most famous man in America.
498416608General Nathaneal GreeneAmerican General in the South; a Quaker; Never won a battle, but inflicted heavy losses to the British with minimal loss to his own men.
498416609ContinentalsPaper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the Revolution; Supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless.
498416610Continental CongressThe legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution.
498416611Abigail AdamsWife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.
498416612Mercy Otis WarrenThis prominent elite Boston woman was a printer and writer who supported the Revolutionary cause. She published work supporting the Revolution and supporting the Bills of Rights.
498416613ToriesAnother name for Loyalists.
498416614PatriotsAmerican colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War.
498416615Benedict ArnoldAmerican General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.
498416616General Henry ClintonHe replaced General William Howe as Commander-in-Chief of British forces in the American Revolution. He shifted the focus of the war to the southern colonies, hoping to capitalize on strong Tory support.
498416617Sir William HoweBritish commander whose mistakes cost Britain the war; Abandoned his battle plan, allowing Washington to regroup; Didn't attack Valley Forge; Some believed he sympathized with colonists and didn't want to win the war.
498416618Admiral Richard HoweWilliam Howe's brother; aided in capture of New York.
498416619Benjamin FranklinAmerican public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.
498416620John AdamsA Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.
498416621General Charles Cornwallis1783 - 1805: British military and political leader. Member of Parliament, opposed the tax measures that led to the American Revolution. Led British forces during the American Revolution. The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in 1781.
498416622TrentonOn Christmas night 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the Delaware River to attack the drunken Hessians who were sleeping. The Americans killed 30 of the enemy and took 918 captives and 6 Hessian cannons.
498416623General John BurgoyneBritish general in the American Revolution; Captured Fort Ticonderoga, but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777.
498416624Fort TiconderogaFort on Lake Champlain in northeastern New York; Site of major battles in the American Revolution; Captured by Americans in 1775.
498416625General Horatio GatesCommander of the American army who led the defeat of Burgoyne at Fort Ticonderoga; Led the American troops in the Battle of Saratoga (1777) and the Battle of Camden (1780).
498416626Valley ForgePlace where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778.
498416627Lord RockinghamReplaced Greenville as Prime Minister; Opposed Stamp Act and proposed repeal; Believed colonists were inferior to British; Britain was able to tax Americans.
498416628General William PittLed the British offense against France in the colonies; One of few that treated the colonies as allies instead of possessions; Invaluable, crucial in success of Britain dominating North America.
498416629Lord NorthPrime Minister of England (1770 to 1782); Repealed Townshend Acts; Generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong; Hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.
498416630HessiansGerman mercenaries hired by the British for squashing rebellion of the colonies; Showed colonists that the British had only military action in mind as a solution to the current problems.
498416631Battle of Long Island1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured.
498416632Father Junipero SerraFranciscan friar who established 21 missions along the coast of California.
498416633John Paul JonesAmerican naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792); "I have not yet begun to fight."; His ship was sinking, but was able to defeat the British.
498416634Bonhomme RichardJohn Paul Jones' ship that defeated to Serapis, named after Ben Franklin's POOR RICHARD ALMANAC.
498416635Iroquois ConfederationGroup of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca.
498416636Joseph BrantMohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.
498416637Battle of Camden1780 battle during the American Revolution in which the British forces, led by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis, soundly defeated the Continental armed forces led by General Horatio Gates.
498416638Battle of CowpensAn overwhelming victory by American Revolutionary forces (1781) under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War.
498416639Battle of YorktownLast major battle of the Revolutionary War; Cornwallis and his troops trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by French fleet; Sandwiched between the French navy and the American army; Surrendered October 19, 1781.
498416640Articles of ConfederationThis document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.
498416641RatificationMaking something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it.
498416642Western ClaimsBy the 1780s, seven of the thirteen original states had enunciated claims to areas in the West. These so-called "landed" states had a great potential advantage over the six "landless" states. It was assumed that the future sale of western lands would enrich the landed states and possibly allow them to operate without any form of taxation. The landless states feared that they would lose residents and dwindle into insignificance.
498416643Robert MorrisAmerican merchant; Signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution; Played an important role in personally financing the American side in the Revolutionary War from 1781 to 1784; Known as the 'Financier of the Revolution'.
498416644Treaty of Paris 1783This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.
498416645Land Ordinance of 1785Major success of the Articles of Confederation; Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.
498416646Northwest Ordinance of 1787Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania); Established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.
498416647State ConstitutionsDuring American Revolution, most states had their own constitution to spell out the rights of citizens and set limits on the government's power.
498416648Gouverneur MorrisUnited States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution.
498416649George MasonOpposed the Constitution because it didn't protect individual rights; Opposition led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights.
498416650PrimogenitureRight of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son.
498416651Phyllis WheatleyA former slave born in Senegal; First African-American woman to publish writings; First published African-American poet; Purchased by the Wheatley family in Boston who taught her to read, write and encouraged poetry.
498416652Paper CurrencyCurrency issued by a government or central bank; Consists of printed paper that can circulate as a substitute for specie.
498416653Shays' Rebellion(1786-1787) This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; Uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay taxes.
498416654Checks and BalancesA system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power.
498416655Legislature SupremacySystem of government in which legislative branch has ultimate power.
498416656VetoThe right of a branch of government to reject a proposed law that has been passed by another branch in an effort to delay or prevent its enactment.
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