| 299004951 | Mercantilism | The central idea was self-sufficiency of a nation through more exports than imports, harming the commercial interests of England's foreign competitors. These policies were intended to guarantee prosperity, and were expressed in England's Navigation Acts written in the 1650's through 1670's. | |
| 299004952 | Bacon's Rebellion | Led by Nathanial Bacon, this rebellion was a rebellion of angry farmers against Native Americans from 1675-1676. The rebellion took place in Virginia as a result of Governor Berkeley's kind policies toward the Native Americans. As a result, Berkeley complied with the Virginians and defined Indians who abandoned their villages without English permission as "enemies", and confiscated their land. | |
| 299004953 | Great Awakening | was a religious revival period that lasted in the New England Colonies from the 1720s-1740s. Protestant preachers such as George Wakefield and Jonathon Edwards proclaimed a massage of personal repentance and faith to avoid hell. While it did divide America's religious community between those who accepted and rejected the ideas, this event helped build connections between people living in different colonies. | |
| 299004954 | Stamp Act/Stamp Act Congress | this act was instituted throughout the colonies in 1765 to raise money for the support of British soldiers protecting the colonies. The Act however affected every colonist because it was an internal tax which demanded a tax on everything. In response to the outrage of the colonists and in attempts to stand up to the British, the ______________ met in New York to discuss plans for defense and eventually created the Declaration of Rights and Grievances which stated that the British could not tax the colonies without their permission. | |
| 299004955 | Customs Racketeering | from 1767-1768 occurred mostly at ports due to the stamp act taxes. Many colonists opposed the new taxes imposed on them, so it was cheaper for them to pay port officials off and smuggle goods rather than pay taxes and have them go to the parliament. It is important because it encouraged the British to create the American Board of Customs Commissioners and persuaded colonists to oppose parliament. | |
| 299004956 | Committees of correspondance | these were organized by colonists preceding the American Revolutionl. The committees acted as a network of communication for patriots and was led by Samuel Adams. | |
| 299004957 | Tea Act/Boston Tea Party | King George III imposed higher taxes on the importation of tea in 1773, which angered colonists. In response, colonists, led by Samuel Adams, dumped British tea into Boston Harbor. | |
| 299004958 | Seven Years War(French and Indian War) | The conflicts were between France, Britain, and various Native American Tribes over land in the Ohio region. Conflicts continued for a long time as it was also labeled the __________. Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain gained control of Canada. In these conflicts George Washington emerged as a possible military leader. The War ended with the Treaty or Paris. | |
| 299004959 | Thomas Paine, Common Sense | this man was an intelligent immigrant who wrote and published a book in January 1776. This book was the final straw that convinced Americans to fight for their independence (before they were still on the fence). In it, Paine explains that monarchy was an improper form of government that threatened liberty, and Americans were better off alone, without the British. | |
| 299004960 | Bunker Hill | battle that took place on jne 17th, 1775 on Breed's Hill during the Siege of Boston in the revolutionary war. British technically one this battle, but they paid a large price (800 wounded, 226 killed) for a victory that was relatively insignificant. | |
| 299004961 | Ticonderoga | a fort captured on May 10th 1775 by American forces. Though it did not have much significance, it was strategically important; cut off communication b/w northern and southern units in British army, and allowed continental army to stage invasion of quebec. | |
| 299004962 | Yorktown | battle that took place in Virginia in 1781. It was the deciding battle of the war, as the American and French won over the British. After this battle, America was acknowledged by the British as an independent nation. | |
| 299004963 | Trenton | battle that occurred on Dec 26, 1776, after George Washington led his troops over the Delaware River. Though conditions were cold and harsh Washington led the troops and captured most of their hessian adversaries in a short time. Battle boosted morale as well as confidence. | |
| 299004964 | Princeton | a battle in which George Washington's forces defeated the British forces in New Jersey. | |
| 299004965 | Articles of Confederation | a first draft at a national constitution for America. Laid out government in which each state determined its own primary system of government and there was a single-chamber national congress that was incharge of financial, foreign, and military affairs (no executive or judicial branch). Very decentralized, which eventually led to its replacement. | |
| 299004966 | Shays Rebellion | states were in debt so they began to tax based on property. This was more difficult for farmers in the west because they typically had more land. They borrowed $$$ so they could pay off their debts, but creditors foreclosed on them. Daniel shays asked for help form the legislators but was denied. He and some other farmers took up arms and rebelled against the legislature, ultimately leading to a change in the policy | |
| 299004967 | Federalists | were Americans including Alexander Hamilton and James Madison who supported centralized power and constitutional ratification. They viewed the Constitution as a document that gave all powers to the government if it were not specifically denied to them. They wrote the federalist papers to show how the Constitution prevents the abuse of power. It is important because it is one of the first political parties. | |
| 299004968 | The Anti-Federalists | including George Clinton and Patrick Henry were another political group that opposed the Constitution and centralized authority. They were afraid the Constitution would limit their freedoms. They were important because they were the beginning of one of the two views of American government. | |
| 299004969 | Ordinance of 1785 | one of the positive results of the Articles of Confederation. Established a uniform way of surveying newly acquired land in the west. Divided land into squares within squares (a township=6 mi sq, divided into 36 sections w/640 acres each, one of which reserved for a school). Was a lasting model for organization in new territories. | |
| 299004970 | Great (Connecticut) Compromise | combined concerns of representation to form a new national government in 1787 in the form of a bicameral legislature. It combined the ideas of the Virginia plan, in creating the House of Representatives, and the New Jersey Plan, which requested to have equal representation that would be found in the Senate. Apart from creating the government system of the United States | |
| 299004971 | Checks and balances | The delegates assembling the Constitution developed a method of checks and balances which were meant to limit the power of the new central government. The executive, legislative and judicial branches were established, along with a system of checks and balances to make sure that no one branch could dominate the rest. This separation of powers allowed Americans to get rid of their concerns that the new government would be similar to the controlling king they fought for their independence. | |
| 299004972 | Federalism | is the idea of balancing the relationship of the state and national government. The people that believed in federalism were called federalists who supported the Constitution. They believed that authority should be divided between state and nation. This ideal is important because it started the federalists. | |
| 299004973 | Separation of powers | in the new government was important to the people because they had just won their freedom. The president has to share some power and authority with the legislative branch known as the Congress. The Congress could make laws as a group and the President would have the final say. This is important because it prevents dictatorships from rising and keeps power equally distributed. | |
| 299004974 | Northwest Ordinance | one of the postive results of the Articles of Confederation. Established a 3-step process for creating and admitting new states into the Confederation (1. Appointment of territorial governor and judges 2. Temporary constitution approved once pop of males reached 5000 3. When total pop=16,000, ppl ratified state constitution). Also set standard of banning slavery and was a model for organization in new territories. | |
| 299004975 | Whiskey Rebellion | An uprising that occurred in 1794 and was the first major issue for the new republic. Many protested against the excise taxes placed on whiskey, saying that they were burdensome and caused many financial issues. The government set a precedent by ending this rebellion, though it led to increased fear of "mobocracy". | |
| 299004976 | Federalists | The title that the first political party, aka supporters of the constitution gave themselves. This was smart because it gave off the idea that there would be a balance between power on the national and the state level. They wanted there to be constant national debt, a national bank, and a good relationship with Britain | |
| 299004977 | Republicans | A new party in which Jefferson and Madison were some of the first members. Not wanting to sound too radical (like the word "democrats"), republicans were against pro-British policies and argued that Federalism had changed to support only the wealthy. They were anti-debt, supported farmers, and feared manufacturing. | |
| 299004978 | The Alien and Sedition Acts | came in 1798, a total of 4 laws. The first law called the Alien Enemies Act which was a law only to be used during war. It was the right to deport any suspected spies of foreign countries. The second was the Alien Friends Act that gave the right for the government to banish any suspected dangerous immigrants without proof. The third, the Naturalization Act, made new immigrants wait 14 years before becoming a citizen rather than the original 5 years. The last, the Sedition Act, made it illegal to talk negatively about the president through press and also loosely forbade people to openly oppose the United States government. These acts were important in keeping an orderly society during a time where there could have been war. | |
| 299004979 | The Virginia Resolution | was written by Madison and declared that the state still had the right to judge federal actions to be unconstitutional and to uphold the state's authority to protect their citizens' freedom. This authority was called interposition. They are important because they demonstrated instability in the potential for crisis and disunion among the states. | |
| 299004980 | The Kentucky Resolution | was written by Jefferson and was similar to the Virginia Resolution. The State legislatures still had the right to judge the constitutionality of the federal laws imposed on states. This is important because it also demonstrates instability in the potential for crisis and disunion among the states. | |
| 299004981 | Hamilton's Report on Public Credit, 1790 | In 1790, Hamilton issued a report outlining recommendations to improve the nation's credit and pay off its debt. The plan included assumption of state debt, an exise tax on whiskey, and funding at par. The primary goal was to build the United States' credit ranking, but the plan received much criticism. However, Hamilton received support from Virginians when the national capital was relocated to Virginia. | |
| 299004982 | Hamilton's Report on a National Bank | In 1790, Hamilton proposed a bank funded by private investors. Critics claimed that this plan would empower an elite group of people and that it was unconstitutional in that it gave Congress too much power. However, the proposal was passed by a thin margin. | |
| 299004983 | Hamilton's Report on Manufactures | Hamilton outlined a report that praised efficient factories with many workers. Hamilton firmly believed in industrializing to create jobs, improve technology, and promote emigration. In opposition, Jefferson believed in the landowning family farmers. | |
| 299004984 | XYZ Affair | this took place around 1798 when the U.S. wanted to end all French harassments of American shipping. As a compromise, French representatives tried to bribe the U.S. to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand. The U.S. turned down the bribe and halted all trade with the French. This led to the creation of the American Navy. | |
| 299004985 | Eli Whitney | In 1793, he invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated the cotton seeds from the fibers. This invention led to a revolution in the cotton industry, westward expansion and a need for more slaves to work the land in order to support the high cotton demands. | |
| 299004986 | The Compromise of 1850 | involved five different bills and was proposed by Henry Clay. The bills admitted California as a free state, creation of boundaries for New Mexico, Utah, and Texas, a more effective fugitive slave law, the acceptance of Texas' debt by the federal government, and that slaves were not band from the District of Columbia but could no longer have any slave trade. This bill passed because all sections of the nation opposed some parts of the bill but favored others. Therefore the bill squeezed through Congress with each party favoring parts of the bill. | |
| 299004987 | William Lloyd Garrison | this man lived from 1805-1879. He was the co-creator of the American Anti-Slavery Society and published a newspaper called The Liberator. His paper advocated for slaves to be emancipated and offered stubborn opinions which introduced new ideas and conflicts concerning slavery throughout society. He also publicly supported equal rights for women, free trade and for fair treatment for Native Americans. | |
| 299004988 | Battle of Tippecanoe | a battle that took place in the territory of Indiana in 1811. William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana territory, forced a militia into tribal leader Tecumseh's territory. The Battle resulted in over 300 casualties and the death of almost all Shawnee Indians. In addition, Harrison's troops found that Indians had British guns, creating more tension leading up to the war of 1812. | |
| 299004989 | Battle of Lake Erie | this was a naval battle fought in the War of 1812 off the coast of Ohio. During the Battle, the United States Navy was able to defeat and capture ships of the British Navy, establishing American power and control for the rest of the war. | |
| 299004990 | Treaty of Ghent | was signed in 1812 in Ghent, was a peace treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom. The treaty included no exchange of land and did not mention causes of the war. It left relations status quo antebellum, and did not significantly improve relations between the United States and the United Kingdom. | |
| 299004991 | Monroe Doctrine | After intervention form European countries, in 1823 the United States introduced this policy which prohibited foreign powers to influence new or existing colonies in the western hemisphere. The fears that created a need for this policy were established by the revolutionary enthusiasm following Napoleon's fall. This was also when evidence of North and South tension concerning slavery began to surface. | |
| 299004992 | Mexican-American War | armed coflict between the united states and mexico from 1846 to 1848 after the US annexed texas in 1845, which Mexico thought was still its territory in spite of the texas revolution in 1836. Results of this war included a Mexican cession of Texas, Alta California, and New Mexico in exchange for $18 mil, the US forgave Mexican debts, and Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its border. This war also brought to light major political issues regarding slavery and its role in US expansion, eventually causing the civil war. | |
| 299004993 | Missouri Compromise | In 1820, Senate was evenly divided in slave states and free states until Missouri asked to join as a slave state and created a deadlock in votes regarding its admittance. This concerned Senate members of the free states because it tipped the balance of power in favor of the slave states. As a result, John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment and northern Massachusetts became a new free state to even out the power again. In addition, another clause was added saying that all the land gained from the Louisiana Purchase above the thirty-six-thirty north latitude line would prohibit slavery. | |
| 299004994 | Whigs | political party during the era of Jacksonian democracy that opposed the democratic party. They supported supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored modernization (industrialization) and economic protectionism (tariffs). Chose their name to represent those people in Britain who opposed tyranny. Members included Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, and Henry Clay | |
| 299004995 | Democrats | political party that dominated during Second Party System (1832-1850). Members of democratic party include Andrew Jackson, Van Buren, and Polk. Their beliefs included states rights (though Jackson supported federal rights during the nullification crisis), anti-national bank, supporters of the "common man" and manifest destiny. | |
| 299004996 | The Second Great Awakening | was revivals started by Timothy Dwight in the 1790's and gathered many people for prayers and sermons. They had camp meetings where they believed that the second coming of Christ was soon so they needed to repent. They drew enormous crowds and the Methodists church gained the most members. This is important because it challenged traditional beliefs and practices in American churches. | |
| 299004997 | John Marshall | was the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme court from 1801 to 1835. He held a federalist (loose constructionist) perspective and helped instate judicial review. The powers of the Judicial branches were were better defined and strengthened by Marshall's decisions. Marshall's court's decisions advanced capitalism and he was involved in major cases such as Marbury v. Madison and Fletcher v. Peck. | |
| 299004998 | Vesey | African American slave who purchased his freedom and planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in US history. His plan was leaked, however, and he and the other plot leaders were arrested and executed. He came to be regarded as a hero for many seeking freedom and equality. | |
| 299004999 | Prosser | a literate slave who planned a large rebellion in Richmond in 1800. Information on his plan was also leaked and he was arrested along with 25 followers and all were hanged in punishment. In response, Virginia placed laws on free slaves and prohibited their education to avoid similar rebellions. | |
| 299005000 | Turner | one of few slaves to lead a rebellion that actually occurred, killing many whites. In response he was hanged and many other blacks were accused of conspiring with him. After this rebellion, stricter laws were placed on aftrican Americans, restricting their rights to education and assembly. | |
| 299005001 | Transportation Revolution | took place during the first half of the 1800s. Revolutionary inventions included new construction of roads, canals and the growth of railroads across the country. Robert Fulton also developed a modernized steamboat that improved river transportation. Overall, the transportation revolution encouraged westward expansion because it encouraged trade, making it cheaper, faster and more accessible to the public. | |
| 299005002 | Erie Canal | The idea was proposed in 1807 and the navigable water route running form the Atlantic Ocean, starting in New York, to the Great Lakes was opened in 1825. A system of locks made the Erie Canal the first transport system across the United States that did not require a portage. As a result of the Erie Canal, the population of New York increased and facilitated trade across the country. | |
| 299005003 | Spoils system | started by Jackson; meant placing supporters in position of power after one won the election. Jackson used this system to his advantage. It grew in popularity after his presidency, though many people felt it was corrupt. It was officially ended in the 1880s. | |
| 299005004 | Bank War | Name for Jackson's attempts to destroy the national bank. Jackson felt that the second bank of the united states was a monopoly (because it was a private institution with a board of directors) and sought to destroy it any way possible because of its excessive power over the nation's financial system. He vetoed its charter in 1832. | |
| 299005005 | Kitchen Cabinet | a term used by Andrew Jackson's opponents to describe the group of unofficial advisors he consulted in parallel to his actual cabinet after purged his cabinet @ end of Eaton Affair/break with VP Calhoun | |
| 299005006 | Henry Clay | was a major player in both the first and second party system in many ways. This Lawyer and Politician represented Kentucky in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. He served three terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and also he was appointed as the Secretary of State by John Quincy Adams. He largely favored was with Britain and was major role in leading the nation to the War of 1812.In addition he was a proponent for the "American System" but he opposed "Manifest Destiny" and the war with mexico | |
| 299005007 | American System | played a major role in America's economic plans during first half of 1800s. . This mercantilist policy was made up by three parts. First, tariff to promote American industrialization. Second, a national bank to promote commerce. Lastly, federal subsides for canals, road and other internal improvements for agriculture. | |
| 299005008 | "54' 40 or fight!" | this was the slogan of the Oregon border dispute, resulting form competing Am and Br claims to the land. Extensive debates showed a stubbornness and inability to compromise, which formed ideas such as manifest destiny. Neither countries wanted to fight in yet another war, and America's relationship with Mexico was looking shaky, so Polk agreed to compromise on using the 49th parallel as the border (remains the same today). | |
| 299005009 | Textile Mills | new form of factory that was sprouting up in the northeast. They greatly increased efficiency and quantity of output, but working conditions and wages were not very good. This was detrimental for the putting-out system, which could no longer survive the competition. This also caused a great social change, as young women began to work at these factories (thus supporting themselves for the first time, marrying older, joining the workforce). Primary example: Lowell Mill in Massachusetts | |
| 299005010 | Dred Scott v. Sanford | A renowned Supreme Court case that began in the 1830s and reached the supreme court in 1856. Dred Scott was a slave who had moved with his master to Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory—both of which were free states based on the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. He sued to obtain his freedom once his master died, but Taney's court declared him still a slave. See above. Election of 1860: the presidential election that occurred on the outbreak of the civil war. For the past several years the nation had been divided on the issue of slavery and its role in American expansion, and finally these issues came to light in the election. The democratic candidate was John C Breckenridge, the republican candidate (and winner) was Abe Lincoln. Lincoln's victory caused certain southern states to secede, igniting the civil war. | |
| 299005011 | The First Manassas (Bull Run) | was the first major land battle of the American Civil War. It was a battle that started in 1861 near a city called Manassas in Virginia. The North led by McDowell went in very confident and planned to take the Confederate capital in Richmond Virginia. Inexperience led to disaster for the north after the south received reinforcements. The Northerners were forced to retreat and both sides now knew that this war would be a lot longer and bloodier than expected. | |
| 299005012 | The Second Manassas (Bull Run) | was led by Pope in the north to once again invade Richmond. This was in 1862 and was even bloodier because of more troops and casualties on both sides. The South wins this battle again with the help of General Robert Lee and Stonewall Jackson. Pope retreats to Centreville. | |
| 299005013 | Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) | On September 17, 1962, Robert E. Lee's confederate army was met by McClellan's unionist army at Antietam (Sharpsburg). The North won the battle strategically, causing Lee to retreat south of the Potomac, rather than continuing his invasion. Although the battle was extremely bloody with 24,000 casualties, the Northern success prompted Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves under rebel control. | |
| 299005014 | Emancipation Proclamation | issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 freed slaves behind Confederate lines without compensating slave owners. As a result, 50,000 slaves were freed immediately, and even more were freed as the Union advanced south and eventually won the Civil War. | |
| 299005015 | Scalawags | was a name created by Southerners for Southerners who supported the federal government throughout the reconstruction period. Some of them supported the North from the beginning of the war, while others aided the Reconstruction to profit financially. Feelings of betrayal were so strong surrounding the Scalawags that they became a target of the Ku Klux Klan. | |
| 299005016 | Carpetbaggers | was a name created by Southerners to describe Northerners who came to the South to partake in Reconstruction governments. The name originated from the cloth bags that Northerners carries most of their possessions in as they journeyed to the South. The presence of these people frustrated some violent Southerners so much that in response, they created the Ku Klux Klan. | |
| 299005017 | black codes | replaced slave codes that regulated slavery after 1865. The codes were passed by Radical Republicans who had a desire to restrict freemen behavior. Some codes included racial segregation, outlawed interracial marriage, and ultimately showed bias against blacks. They restricted freedmen from leaving their plantations, left freedmen in between slavery and true freedom, and revealed white southern intentions. | |
| 299005018 | Andrew Johnson | was elected as Abraham Lincoln's Vice President in 1864. He later became the seventeenth president after Lincoln was assassinated. At first, he followed Lincoln's policies, but he gradually became more conservative and began to favor Confederate officials. His veto of the Civil Rights Act was overruled in Congress and decreased his political authority. After oppositions to the Radical Republicans and violation of the Tenure of Office Act, he was impeached by the House. However, he was not impeached because the Senate was one vote short of the two thirds that was required for his removal. | |
