Sshs AP American history Flashcards
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Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery Controversy Flashcards
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| 256682334 | Oligarchy | -A government by the few, usually a privileged aristocracy. -The pre-Civil War South resembled this form of government. -The planter aristocracy heavily influenced the government since it was they who had most of the wealth and political and social power. | |
| 256682335 | Denmark Vesey | (1767-1822) A free black who led an ill fated rebellion in Charleston in 1822. -He and more than thirty of his followers were betrayed by informers and publicly hanged. | |
| 256682336 | Nat Turner | (1800-1831) A visionary black preacher who led an uprising in 1831 that slaughtered sixty Virginians, mostly women and children. -Repercussions were swift and bloody. -He was executed after the rebellion failed. | |
| 256682337 | American Colonization Society | (est. 1817) Reflected he focus of early abolitionists on transporting free blacks back to Africa. -It established a West African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves in Liberia. | |
| 256682338 | Republic of Liberia | -West African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s. -Its capital was named Monrovia for President Monroe. | |
| 256682339 | Theodore Dwight Weld | (1803-1895) Simple and straight thinking abolitionist who had been greatly influenced by the spirit of the Second Great Awakening. -Expelled from Lane Theological Seminary in 1834 for organizing an eighteen day debate on slavery -Proceeded to travel to the Old Northwest where he publicly denounced slavery. -Wrote the influential abolitionist pamphlet "American Slavery as It Is" in 1839. | |
| 256682340 | William Lloyd Garrison | (1805-1879) Most conspicuous and most vilified of the abolitionists, he was a nonresistant pacifist and a poor organizer influenced by the Second Great Awakening. -He favored northern secession from the South and antagonized both sections with his intemperate language. -Published the first issue of his militantly anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator. -In doing so he triggered a thirty year war of words and in a sense fired one of the opening barrages of the Civil War. -He and his followers founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. | |
| 256682341 | The Liberator | (1831-1865) Anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves. -Helped to gain him a following and led to a literary battle over slavery that foreshadowed the opening battles of the Civil War. | |
| 256682342 | American Anti-Slavery Society | (1833-1870) Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and his followers, which advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery. -Some of its prominent members include the Bostonian Wendell Phillips and the former slave Frederick Douglass. -By 1838 the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters. | |
| 256682343 | David Walker | (1785-1830) Black abolitionist who was famous for his unflinching demands that slavery abolished in America. -Published his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, which advocated a bloody end to white supremacy. | |
| 256682344 | Sojourner Truth | (1797-1883) A freed black woman in New York who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights. -Also known as "Isabella," she could hold an audience spellbound with her deep, resonant voice and the religious passion with which she condemned the sin of slavery. | |
| 256682345 | Martin Delaney | (1812-1885) One of the few black leaders to take the notion of mass recolonization of Africa seriously. -Visited West Africa's Niger Valley in 1859 while seeking a suitable site for relocation. | |
| 256682346 | Frederick Douglass | (1817?-1895) Born a slave in Maryland, he escaped to the North and became the most prominent of the black abolitionists. -Gifted as an orator, writer, and editor he continued to battle for the civil rights of his people after emancipation. -Served as a US minister to Haiti. -Well known for his famous autobiography which effectively told of his experiences growing up as a slave. -He and his followers looked to politics, especially in the backing of political parties, in order to abolish slavery. | |
| 256682347 | Gag-Resolution | -Bill that prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. -Proposed by southerners in the House of Representatives in an effort to suppress the constant petitions that arrived in Congress daily from antislavery reformers. -Driven through the House in 1836 by pro-slavery Southerners, it passed every year for eight years. -It was eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams who saw it as a grave violation of the right of petition. | |
| 256682348 | Free-soilers | -People who did not support the outright abolishing of slavery but who did not want it extended into any of the new Western territories -More moderate position that became popular in the North. |
APUSH IDs Units 1-5 Flashcards
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America's History Ch 3 Flashcards
AHS APUSH
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| 81399317 | Society of Friends | also known as Quakers, founded by Margaret Fell and George, name came from shaking at the name of the Lord, rejected predestination and original sin, believed that all could achieve salvation, women held positions in the church | |
| 81399318 | Restoration Colonies | colonies founded in the late 17th century during the time when power was returned to the English monarch following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell | |
| 81399319 | William Penn | an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance. | |
| 81399320 | Mercantilism | an economic theory that believes that the colonies should benefit the mother country; creating a favorable balance of trade | |
| 81399321 | The Carolinas | land between Virginia and Spanish Florida granted to 8 nobles for helping Charles II regain the throne in 1663. In 1729 two colonies were formed from the original proprietorship. One was populated by people from England and Barbados and had an economy based on rice, the other was filled with small tobacco farms with few plantations, few slaves and very democratic views | |
| 81399322 | Navigation Acts | Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade | |
| 81399323 | Dominion of New England | 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros | |
| 81399324 | Glorious Revolution of 1688 | The bloodless revolution of the 1680's in England that dethroned Catholic King James and put Protestant William III and his wife Mary on the throne. | |
| 81399325 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | |
| 81399326 | War of Spanish Succession | Led by England who fought to prevent the union of France and Spain, resulted in the Spanish and French signing the Treaty of Utrecht. British received French territory in present day Canada and a 30 year contract to supply slaves to Spanish America. | |
| 81399327 | Sugar revolution | Refers to the soaring demand for a sweetener that resulted in high profits for producers, large scale plantation production in Brazil and the West Indies, and increased slave trade that resulted in about millions of Africans being brought to the new world. | |
| 81399328 | Adam Smith | Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics | |
| 81399329 | South Atlantic System | A trade system that brought wealth to Europe, and economic, political human tragedies to Africa and Natives. Had three major components: fertile land from Indians, enslaved labor from Africa, and capital and ships from Europeans. | |
| 81399330 | Middle Passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | |
| 81399331 | Stono Rebellion | a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws | |
| 81399332 | Salutary Neglect | Policy of Britain during the colonial period when the British allowed American colonists to rule themselves as long as the rule also benefited Britain. | |
| 81399333 | Georgia | the buffer colony, the charity colony, founded by James Oglethorpe | |
| 81399334 | Molasses Act of 1733 | Taxation on molasses that was too high to pay and it encouraged smuggling. | |
| 81399335 | Currency Act of 1751 | prevented New England colonies from establishing new land banks and prohibited the use of colonial paper money to pay debts in England. |
apush terms packets Flashcards
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culture & psychology 5,6,7 Flashcards
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| 474328342 | Spearman | believed we have one general intelligence (g) and granted that people often have special abilities that stand out; developed factor analysis- a procedure that identifies clusters of related items | |
| 474328343 | Guiford | ... | |
| 474328344 | Factors that affect intelligence | -emotion, motivation,personality traits (according to individuals such as Piget) | |
| 474328345 | Cattell | divided intelligence into fluid intelligence crystallized intelligence | |
| 474328346 | fluid intelligence | non verbal, culture free | |
| 474328347 | crystallized intelligence | acquired skills and knowledge (book learning) | |
| 474328348 | verbal intelligence | crystallized , intelligence in the use and comprehension of language | |
| 474328349 | performance intelligence | intelligence measure by non-verabals (solving puzzles, completing pictures etc) Fluid | |
| 474328350 | Wechsler | created the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 11 subtests broken into verbal and performance areas with separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed; DEVISED NORMAL BELL CURVE FOR INTELLIGENCE | |
| 474328351 | information processing models | Views human beings as processors of information. (Provided more dynamic approach to psychology than behaviorism) -speed of processing is measured | |
| 474328352 | gardner | devised theory of multiple intelligences: -spatial -logical/mathmatical -linguistic -musical -body kinesthetic -interpersonal: reading other people -intrapersonal: emotional intelligence | |
| 474328353 | Sternberg Triatic theory | 1. Creative - how well can you formulate new ideas........connect the dots 2. analytical - how well you think about things 3. practical - how well you adapt to enviornment *first to take street smarts into account when evaluating intelligence | |
| 474328354 | Jensen | published book that said intelligence differences can be seen in the races | |
| 474328355 | monozygotic twins | Twins who are genetically identical | |
| 474328356 | dizygotic twins | Fraternal twins produced from separate fertilized eggs. Like all siblings, DZ twins share an average of 50 percent of their genes. | |
| 474328357 | Adoption Studies | Compared the degree of similarity to adopted kids IQ to adopted parents and siblings (nurture) to the degree of similarity of the adopted kids score and their biological families scores (Nature) -found that at least 40% of intelligence can be attributed to heredity | |
| 474328358 | Using twin studies to explain a group difference (agricultural example) | Have a barrel of random seeds and you plant them in soil and they will grow to varying heights-genetics explain this difference. Take another and plant in clay and plants grow to varying heights-genetics can explain this. Genetics can not explain the difference between the plants in clay vs plants in soil. | |
| 474328359 | Twin studies controversy | -When these are used to explain IQ differences in racial groups -Lower SES children score lower on IQ tests -The debate is whether the scores are based on genetics, environmental or the tests are biased | |
| 474328360 | Claude Steele | developed a theory that if you highlight a stereotype before someone takes a test, their performance affirms the stereotype Example: highlight the gender of a woman before math test might then bring to mind the stereotype that woman aren't good at math and then her score will suffer | |
| 474328361 | Twin studies Patterns | As the level of genetic similarity decreases, the level of similarity decreases - this suggests genetics play a role in intelligence If IQ was solely genetic Monozygotic twins would have a 1.0 score | |
| 474328362 | Grades and IQ | Only moderately correlated other factors: motivations teacher expectations parent attitudes | |
| 474328363 | Occupational status | Can open doors but drops off as a predictor of success and income | |
| 474328364 | Group differences | -no gender differences -greater variability in male scores, men have more individuals in the high and low ends of the bell curve (the extremes) | |
| 474328365 | Stanford Binet and Wechler | Measure IQ and current level of cognitive function | |
| 474328366 | analytic perception | Context independent perceptual processes that focuses on a salient object independently from the context in which it is embedded | |
| 474328367 | attention | the process of focusing our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli, | |
| 474328368 | blind spot | the point where the optic nerve enters the retina through a layer of receptor cells on its way to the back of the brain, creating a lack of sensory receptors in the eye at that location | |
| 474328369 | carpentered world theory | a theory of perception that suggests that people (at least most Americans) are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape, and thus unconsciously expect things to have square corners | |
| 474328370 | collective intelligence | shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and competition of many individuals and results in group decision-making and production | |
| 474328371 | counterfactual thinking | imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't | |
| 474328372 | dialectical thinking | The tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs. | |
| 474328373 | IQ tests bias | -not biased in the psychometric sense -biased in how intelligence is defined and do result in adverse impact for minority groups when fewer minorities are selected for admission | |
| 474328374 | within group norming | The practice of administering the same test to every test taker but scoring the test differently according to groups. Example: a woman who gets a score of 65 percentile then you score above 65% of the women that took the test *80s legislation banned this practice | |
| 474328375 | Banding | a method of interpreting test scores such that scores of different magnitude in a numeric range or band (e.g., 90-95) are regarded as being equivalent | |
| 474328376 | gender stereotyping | ... |
Module 3 - Culture and Psychology (KK) Flashcards
Learning objectives
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| 183829948 | Culture | Shared rules that govern our behaviour; filter in which we see and understand reality | |
| 183829949 | cultural psychologists | psychologists that study the way in which people are affected by their culture | |
| 183829950 | cross cultural psychologists | Psychologist that compares similarities and differences in behaviour across cultures | |
| 183829951 | Emic | Culture specific perspective of research that focuses on a specific cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group. | |
| 183829952 | Etic | perspective of research that involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures. Under this perspective, the aim is to see whether a particular theory fits across different cultures | |
| 183829953 | Cross cultural comparison studies | Study that compares two or more different cultures in relation to a particular psychological variable. For example, locus of control might be a variable under examination | |
| 183829954 | Cross cultural validation | Research method that examines of a psychological variable in one culture can be applied to another | |
| 183829955 | Unpacking studies | Research method that attempts to explain why cultural differences occur, looking at the range of variables that might account for divergence on a particular aspect. | |
| 183829956 | 5 challenges for psychologists studying culture | 1. Problems of research methods: interpretation of data from different cultures 2. Problem of equivelant samples: need to divide culture into a number of different aspects 3. Problem of interpreting results: May generalize and stereotype 4. Researcher bias: theories and judgements may be influenced by ones own cultural background 5. Sensitive issues: culture is a difficult construct to define | |
| 184096518 | Individualist culture | cultural perspective which places individual, independence and autonomy over the group. | |
| 184096519 | Collectivist culture | culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than group membership | |
| 184096520 | Six values that underpin the guidelines for ethical conduct in aboriginal and Torres Strait islander health research | Reciprocity, Respect, Equality, Responsibility, Survival and Protection, Spirit and integrity | |
| 184096521 | Reciprocity | Respect and values of the culture | |
| 184096522 | Respect | Respect the different beliefs, customs, ideals | |
| 184096523 | Equality | treat as equals | |
| 184096524 | Responsibility | work with people and communities involved and research does not harm the participants or cultural beliefs | |
| 184096525 | Survival and Protection | reinforce social and cultural bond between indigenous and their communities | |
| 184096526 | Spirit and integrity | research respects and unites the values and integrity of indigenous people and communities with their cultural heritage | |
| 184096527 | What are the different dimensions of culture? | Time, emotion, interpersonal space, and context | |
| 184096528 | Monochronic cultures | Time is divided into linear segments and closely regulated, people are expected to be punctual and activities are scheduled to occur at specific and regular intervals. | |
| 184096529 | Polychronic Cultures | cultures in which time is organized horizontally; people tend to do several things at once and value relationships over schedules | |
| 184096530 | Polychronic Cultures | Time is more fluid and less closely regulates, people are not expected to be as punctual and precise and pay less attention to observing strict deadlines or schedules | |
| 184096531 | Cultural display rules | Cultures differ in relation to rules on the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social circumstances. EG. People from southern European cultures such as Greece or Italy tend to be much more expressive and emotional than those from English backgrounds. | |
| 184096532 | Conversational distance | Refers to how close people tend to each other when they are talking, and is related to the idea of intimate space depending on cultural beliefs | |
| 184096533 | High-context cultures | Cultures that pay close attention to nonverbal signs like body language and conversational difference to decode the real meaning behind words or actions. People in theses cultures emphasise interpersonal relationships and rely on intuition and interpretation that pure logic. Much of Middle east, Asia, Africa and South America can be considered High Context | |
| 184096534 | Low-context Cultures | Cutures that pay close attention to what people actually say or do and interpret that literally, without as much regard to the accompanying circumstances | |
| 184096535 | Tight Cultures | A culture that expects their members to closely adhere to cultural norms and expectations, and deviation from group norms is not tolerated | |
| 184096536 | Loose cultures | A culture where loose cultural norms are either unclear or deviance from norm is tolerated. (Western). | |
| 184096537 | Multiculturalism | Cross cultural relations where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those minority cultures is significant. | |
| 184096538 | Pluralism | Cross cultural relations where there is general acceptance not just of the existence of many different cultural and ethnic groups but also of their right to retain their cultural heritage and coexist. | |
| 184096539 | What are the 4 phases of cultural shock? | honeymoon phase, disenchantment phase, beginning resolution phase, effective functioning stage | |
| 184096540 | The honeymoon phase | initial euphoria and excitement | |
| 184096541 | disenchantment phase | disillusionment and even hostility towards the new culture as values and habits conflict with local attitudes and beliefs. | |
| 184096542 | beginning resolution phase | recovery as confidence and understanding of the new culture grows. | |
| 184096543 | effective functioning stage | adjustment as the individual learns how to fit into the new cultural environment. | |
| 184096544 | Acculturation | changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture. This can be considered a process of integration where people adopt and adapt aspects on the new culture they enter, while still retaining many elements of their cultural heritage | |
| 184096545 | Assimilation | Involves the absorption into the dominant culture and abandonment of their traditional culture | |
| 184096546 | Fusion | combining two cultures to form a new culture | |
| 184096547 | Alternation | involves bicultural competence | |
| 184096548 | Multiculturalism | Maintaining distinct cultural identities within a single multicultural social structure | |
| 184096549 | Ethnic Identity | a sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes and feelings associated with that membership. Ashared sense of peoplehood | |
| 184096550 | Personal Identity | your sense of yourself as a unique individual | |
| 184096551 | Personal Identity | reflects what we feel is unique about us, and the combination of our own particular values , traits, abilities likes, aspirations and life history. | |
| 184096552 | Social Identity | the perception that we are part of a larger social group and share with other group members salient attributes such as values, meanings and goals | |
| 184096553 | How and why do we use stereotypes? | To make life easier, we use stereotypes as a type of mental categorisation, so we can more efficiently process information. We use stereotypes as a guide to provide a general context about that person | |
| 184096554 | Xenophobia | fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers. Based on a broad stereotype about any cultures difference to your own | |
| 184096555 | Cultural Stereotypes | generalised views that we hold about particular groups of people- the belief that all members of a particular cultural group share common traits or behaviours. (i.e. all Americans are loud; all muslims are terrorists) | |
| 184096556 | Ethnocentrism | the tendency for a persons own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world. | |
| 184096557 | Prejudice | having an unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group of people. Negatively pre-judging | |
| 184096558 | Racial prejudice | where people develop negative stereotypes about members of another racial group or a cultural practice. (i.e Aboriginals) | |
| 184096559 | Racism | the pervasive and systematic assumption of the inferiority of certain groups and the different and unfair treatment of those groups on the basis of that assumed inferiority Belief that one racial group is superior to another | |
| 184096560 | Discrimination | the behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes. And example would be a bank refusing to lend money to a person simply on the basis of their ethnic or cultural background | |
| 184096561 | macro level - ways to reduce prejudice & racism | Federal and state governments should lead the way in the form of legislation, policy and funding aimed at reducing the incidence of racism | |
| 184096562 | The institutional level - ways to reduce prejudice & racism | Institutions, professions and community groups should review their own policies and practices on racism and conduct anti-racism training programs that promote intercultural understanding. | |
| 184096563 | Psychology - ways to reduce prejudice & racism | The discipline and profession of psychology should formally rebut any assertion that reinforces attribution biases or any statement that asserts racial superiority or inferiority on any psychological attribute. | |
| 184096564 | Individual - ways to reduce prejudice & racism | Individuals can contribute by becoming active members of groups that encourage tolerance and committing a certain amount of time to these issues | |
| 184096565 | contact hypothesis | the more contact there is between people from different groups, the more they will break down any barriers or prejudices | |
| 184096566 | discursive psychology | ways to combat racism by understanding the power of conversation | |
| 184096567 | Indigenous people | original inhabitants of a land or country | |
| 184096568 | Indigenous Psychology | psychology that promotes psychologies that are not imposed, that are influenced by the cultural context in which people live, that are developed from within the culture, and that result in locally relevant psychological knowledge. | |
| 184096569 | Aboriginality | a person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent, who identifies as such and is accepted as such by the community in which they live | |
| 184096570 | Traditional aboriginal communities | spiritual identity was closely associated with the land and the environment, geography also influenced belief systems and religious practices | |
| 184096571 | How is education is influenced by culture? | • different cultures develop different education systems to meet their needs. • important that education systems create inclusive learning environments for students, especially in multicultural countries • ensure that teachers are both aware of and sensitive to the histories, cultures, languages and learning styles of students with different cultural backgrounds | |
| 184096572 | Describe some of the efforts by psychologists to improve cross-cultural relationships. | Psychologists need to recognise that culture does influence the way we think and behave and be aware of their own cultural background, heritage and biases. Cultural competence refers to a psychologist's effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture, both in terms of understanding and being understood. This requires psychologists to become familiar with the personal history and cultural experience of people they work with, and to appreciate and respect cultural diversity | |
| 184167422 | homogenous | Culture is a difficult construct to identify because it is not | |
| 184167423 | an emic perspective | The approach to cross-cultural psychology that that takes a particular theory and applies it to an INDIVIDUAL culture is termed | |
| 184167424 | fluidly and loosely related | Cultures differ in their time perspective and orientation. In polychronic cultures, time is divided | |
| 184167425 | low-context cultures | Cultures in which close attention is paid to what people are actually SAYING or DOING, and where this is literally interpreted are | |
| 184167426 | honeymoon phase | Ping is a newly arrived student from Malaysia. She has spent the first few weeks exploring the campus, looking around the city, and settling into campus life. Ping is in which phase of culture shock | |
| 184167427 | acculturation | The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture is referred to as | |
| 184167428 | acculturation | This can be considered a process of integration, where people adopt and adapt aspects of the new culture they enter, while still retaining many elements of their own cultural heritage. | |
| 184167429 | ethnic identity | Within multicultural populations such as those in Australia and New Zealand, many groups defines themselves not only by nationality but also by | |
| 184167430 | gender | An integral part of our personal identity is our: | |
| 184167431 | ethnocentrism | The tendency for a person's own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world is known as | |
| 184167432 | What is ethnocentrism? | Ethnocentrism can be defined as the tendency for a person's own cultural values, standards, attitudes, and behaviours as the measure by which they judge the way other people think and behave. | |
| 184167433 | discrimination | The behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes is | |
| 184167434 | old-fashioned prejudice | OPENLY EXPRESSED and practiced discrimination against people of particular cultures is known as | |
| 184167435 | Define old-fashioned prejudice | Old-fashioned" prejudice is expressed overly and blatantly while modern prejudice is much more subtle | |
| 184167436 | cooperative tasks | The approach to reducing racism and prejudice that involves getting people together from different cultural backgrounds to work COOPERATIVELY is known as | |
| 184167437 | cooperative tasks | This approach has been successful in settings such as schools and universities and was demonstrated in Aronson's "jigsaw" classroom activity | |
| 184167438 | 250 | When the British arrived in Australia, the number of separate languages was estimated at | |
| 184167439 | biologically inferior | According to social DARWINIAN theory, the Aboriginal people were viewed as | |
| 184167440 | biologically inferior | Under this view, there was a struggle for survival in which only the "fittest" culture would survive - so the extinction of the Aboriginal people was thought not only inevitable, but even beneficial. | |
| 184167441 | assimilation | Which practice did the government endorse to replace protection and segregation: | |
| 184167442 | kinship affiliation | The traditional foundation of community life in the Torres Straight Islands was (THINK KIN & TIES) | |
| 184167443 | kinship affiliation | Elders were leaders of the KINSHIP groups who regulated many aspects of daily life such as observance of rituals and enforcement of traditional law. (THINK KIN & TIES) | |
| 184167444 | island custom | When using the term "Ailan Kaston", people from the Tiwi ISLANDS are referring to: | |
| 184167445 | island custom | The term is used to describe the unique cultures of the ISLANDERS particularly the lack of division between spiritual and secular life | |
| 184167446 | to ignite the breath | The term HAKA literally means (THINK aaaaaaaaaahhhh) | |
| 184167447 | tribal geneology and family structures; traditional lands; traditional lands | A sense of identify for Maori people came from their links to | |
| 184167448 | discursive psychology | Communication practices are at the heart of which relatively new approach in PSYCHOLOGY | |
| 184167449 | Aboriginality | An Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person is a person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent, who identifies as such and is accepted as such by the community in which they live. | |
| 184167450 | acculturation | The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture. It can also mean competence in a second culture without complete acceptance | |
| 184167451 | alternation | Acculturation that involves BICULTURAL competence (THINK ALTERNATING BETWEEN THE 2) | |
| 184167452 | assimilation | (In cultural psychology) acculturation that involves ABSORPTION into the dominant culture and abandonment of the traditional culture | |
| 184167453 | chronemics | The use of time in communication | |
| 184167454 | collectivist cultures | CULTURES that emphasise the GROUP over individuals | |
| 184167455 | contact hypothesis | The hypothesis that the more CONTACT there is between people from different groups, the more they will break down any barriers or prejudices. | |
| 184167456 | conversational distance | How CLOSE people stand to each other when they are TALKING | |
| 184167457 | cross-cultural comparison studies | Research that involves COMPARING TWO or MORE different CULTURES in relation to a particular psychological variable | |
| 184167458 | cross-cultural psychologists | Psychologists who compare the similarities and differences in behaviour across different societies or cultures | |
| 184167459 | cross-cultural validation studies | Research that examines whether a psychological variable in one culture can be applied and have meaning in another culture | |
| 184167460 | cultural competence | A person's effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture, both in terms of UNDERSTANDING and being understood | |
| 184167461 | cultural display rules | The theory that CULTURE differ in relation to rules on the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social circumstances | |
| 184167462 | cultural psychologists | Psychologists who study the ways in which people are affected by the culture they live in | |
| 184167463 | cultural stereotypes | GENERALISED views that we hold about particular groups of people — the belief that all members of a particular CULTURAL group share common traits or behaviours | |
| 184167464 | culture | The shared rules that govern the behaviour of a group of people and enable the members of that group to co-exist and survive | |
| 184167465 | culture shock | The feeling of disorientation and ANXIETY that occurs as people from one culture ENCOUNTER and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture | |
| 184167466 | discrimination | The behavioural component of prejudiced attitudes | |
| 184167467 | discursive psychology | An approach to psychology that treats spoken and WRITTEN text as contributing to the construction of people's reality, not just a reflection of underlying cognition (THINK CURSIVE WRITTING) | |
| 184167468 | emic perspective | A research approach that involves focusing on a SPECIFIC cultural GROUP and examining particular psychological aspects of that group | |
| 184167469 | enculturation | The process of ABSORBING and INTERNALISING the rules of the culture we live in | |
| 184167470 | ethnic identity | The characteristic whereby members of an ETHNIC group IDENTIFY 'us' in relation to 'them' using aspects of shared culture, language or religion | |
| 184167471 | ethnicity | The characteristic of shared geographic, language, cultural and religious ORIGINS | |
| 184167472 | ethnocentrism | The tendency for a person's own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world | |
| 184167473 | etic perspective | A research approach that involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures (THINK MANY) | |
| 184167474 | fusion | Acculturation that involves COMBINING two cultures to form a new culture | |
| 184167475 | haptics | The use of touch to accompany communication. | |
| 184167476 | high-context cultures | Cultures that pay close attention to NON-VERBAL signs like body language and conversational difference to decode the real meaning behind words or actions | |
| 184167477 | indigenous people | The ORIGINAL inhabitants of a land or country. | |
| 184167478 | indigenous psychology | Promotes psychologies that are not imposed; that are influenced by the cultural contexts in which people live; that are developed from within the culture; and that result in locally relevant psychological knowledge (THINK NATIVE TO HABITIAT) | |
| 184167479 | individualism-collectivism continuum | A dimension of culture measured by the extent to which cultures favour INDIVIDUAL goals compared with COMMUNAL goals. | |
| 184167480 | individualist cultures | Cultures that emphasise the primacy of the INDIVIDUAL over the group | |
| 184167481 | kinesics | The use of gestures, movements and facial expressions | |
| 184167482 | loose cultures | Cultures in which norms are unclear or deviance from norms is tolerated | |
| 184167483 | low-context cultures | Cultures that pay close attention to what people actually say or do and interpret that literally, without as much regard to the accompanying circumstances | |
| 184167484 | matched samples | Samples in which individuals from one culture reflect the SAME characteristics of individuals from another culture | |
| 184167485 | monochronic cultures | Cultures in which time is divided into linear segments and closely regulated | |
| 184167486 | multiculturalism | A situation where MULTIPLE CULTURES exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those minority cultures is significant | |
| 184167487 | oculesics | The use of eye movements and eye contact (THINK OCULAR) | |
| 184167488 | Pakeha | Non-Maori. | |
| 184167489 | personal identity | A sense of who we are as individuals | |
| 184167490 | pluralism | A situation where there is general acceptance not just of the existence of MANY different cultural and ethnic groups but also of their right to retain their cultural heritage and coexist (THINK PLURAL) | |
| 184167491 | polychronic cultures | Cultures in which time is much more fluid and less closely regulated | |
| 184167492 | prejudice | Judging people based on negative stereotypes (THINK PRE-JUDGE) | |
| 184167493 | proxemics | The use of space between people while communicating (THINK PROXIMITY/DISTANCE) | |
| 184167494 | racial prejudice | NEGATIVE stereotypes about members of another RACIAL group or a cultural practice | |
| 184167495 | racism | The pervasive and systematic assumption of the inferiority of certain groups and the different and unfair treatment of those groups on the basis of that assumed inferiority | |
| 184167496 | Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | A hypothesis that suggests that speakers of different languages actually think differently, and do so because of the differences in their languages | |
| 184167497 | social constructionism | The postmodern theory that there are no universal truths because people are continually constructing knowledge based on their own individual and cultural experiences | |
| 184167498 | social identity | Our sense of belonging to a larger group | |
| 184167499 | tight cultures | Cultures in which group members are expected to CLOSELY adhere to cultural norms and expectations | |
| 184167500 | unpackaging studies | Studies that try to explain why cultural differences occur, looking at the range of variables that might account for divergence in a particular aspect. | |
| 184167501 | xenophobia | The use of vocal cues such as pitch, volume and tempo | |
| 184167502 | sex | The BIOLOGICAL attributes that differentiate males from females | |
| 184167503 | gender | The PSYCHOLOGICAL meaning of being male or female; the roles and behaviours that cultures deem appropriate for men and women |
Psychology (6) Culture and Gender Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4804763 | Sex | the biological and physiological differences between men and women, the most obvious being the anatomical differences in their reproductive systems | |
| 4804764 | Sex roles | The behaviors and patterns of activities man and women may engage in that are directly related to their biological differences and the process of reproduction. | |
| 4805230 | Gender | The behaviors or patterns of activities a society or culture deems appropriate for men and women. These behavioral patterns may or may not be related to sex and sex roles, although they often are. | |
| 4805231 | Gender roles | the degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture. | |
| 4805232 | Gender stereotypes | the psychological or behavioral characteristics typically associated with men and women. | |
| 4805233 | How does culture influence gender? | 1. infants are born with a sex but without gender 2. they develop a gender based on socialization. 3. Gender is socialy constructed | |
| 4805234 | American Cultrue Gender | we generally have two genders, men and women | |
| 4805235 | Native American tribes gender | believed to have a third gender, called the Berdache | |
| 4805236 | Berdache | people w/two spirits (mean and women) | |
| 4805372 | Berdache marriages | 1. same sex marriages are possible 2. berdache cant marry each other, same gender 3. do not view sexual relations between berdache and their mates as homosexual | |
| 4806008 | berdache misconceptions | 1. hermaphrodites 2. sexual orientation 3. male berdache are men who dont want role of warrior | |
| 4806009 | economics and gender construction | We must consider 1. how the economy is affected by reasources 2. who has control over the reasources and power in the society 3. what kind of work people do and how they structure it 4. is there pressure to have many children or just a few | |
| 4806446 | gender identity | the degree to which a person has awareness of or recognition that he or she has adopted a particular gender role. | |
| 4806447 | sexual identity | the degree of awaremness and recognition by an individual of his or her sex and sex role | |
| 4806448 | gender and gender roles in different cultures | 1. content of what is considered women's work and mens work differs amoung cultures 2. who expresses there emotions are also different 3. differences in premarital and extramarital affairs | |
| 4806449 | William and Best studies on gender stereotypes | findings 1. characteristics associated with men rated as stronger and more active 2. people from some countries rated male characteristics as more favorable than female characteristics. 2. othrs rated female characteristics as more favorable. 3. strenth and actitivty where universal and favorablity was not. | |
| 4807551 | Hofstedes study | High masc- moralistic attitudes about sex encouraging passive roles of wmen, traditional focus on god Low masc- matter of fact about sex, emphasize religion less, focus more on humans than god Point- cultures differ in the degree to which they encourage gender differences and cncourage minimizing those differences. Hight masc-encourage difference Low masc-minimize differences. | |
| 4807801 | psychological gender differences across cultures | 1. Perceptual, spatial, cognitive 2. conformity and obedience 3. aggressiveness | |
| 4807802 | spatial differences | myth 1: men are better than women at spatial resoning and math, women are better at verbal comprehension | |
| 4808057 | Sexual Jealousy | the more important marriage thought to be the more jealousy people show | |
| 4956740 | androgyny | a gender identity that involves endorsement of both male and female characteristics | |
| 4956741 | gender-role ideology | judgments about what gender roles in a particulat culture ought to be | |
| 4956742 | machismo | a concept related to mexican American gender role differentiation that is characterzed by many traditional expectations of the male gender role, such as bein unemotional, strong, authoritative, aggressive, and masculine. | |
| 5302279 | Sexual Jealousy | 1. the more important marrige thought to be the more jealousy people show 2. marriage important for survival and well being 3. social power, men with more social power express more jealousy | |
| 5302280 | Buunk and Hupka | 1. Women more jealous than men about kissing 2. men more jealous than women about having sexual fantasies about someone else 3. Both men and women jealous about flirting with someone else. |
US HISTORY - Kampf unit one test Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 473900053 | Bias | a prejudiced view (either for or against); a preference | |
| 473900054 | Artifact | an object made by someone in the past | |
| 473900055 | Historical Interpretation | the process of assigning meaning to historical events | |
| 473900056 | Secondary Source | information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event | |
| 473900057 | Primary Source | firsthand information about people or events | |
| 473900058 | Point of View | a mental position from which things are viewed | |
| 473900059 | Chronology | a record of events in the order of their occurrence | |
| 473900060 | Chronicle | record in chronological order | |
| 473900061 | Nomadic | person who travels from place to place | |
| 473900062 | Monotheism | the belief in one god | |
| 473900063 | Colony | a geographical area politically controlled by a distant country | |
| 473900064 | Indentured Servant | A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486) | |
| 473900065 | Puritans | a member of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of the roman catholic ritual and traditions in the church of england | |
| 473900066 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | |
| 473900067 | private property | property owned by individuals or companies, not by the government or the people as a whole | |
| 473900068 | communal property | possessions shared by a group | |
| 473900069 | nuclear family | household made up of a mother, father, and children | |
| 473900070 | extended family | closely related people of several generations | |
| 473900071 | Jamestown | colonists built ford james to protest their settlement (jamestown named after their king) | |
| 473900072 | mestizo | mixed spanish and native american population | |
| 473900073 | conquistador | lured by lands filled with gold and silver, they conquered much of america | |
| 473900074 | encomienda | forced native american workers to labor in a "system" | |
| 473900075 | joint-stock enterprise | english colonies were originally funded by stock companies allowed several investors to pool their wealth in support of a colony that would yield a product | |
| 473900076 | Navigation Acts | they tightened control over the colonial trade | |
| 473900077 | mercantilism | european nations competed for wealth and power through a new economic system | |
| 473900078 | triangular trade | trading process across the atlantic ocean | |
| 473900079 | middle passage | a voyage that brought african slaves to the west indies, they had treated them cruelly and since it was packed full, it often lead to major diseases being spread | |
| 473900080 | enlightenment | an age in which philosophers valued reason and scientific methods | |
| 473900081 | proclamation of 1763 | british king's law forbidding english colonists to settle west of the appalachian mountains | |
| 473900082 | French and Indian war | Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. | |
| 473900083 | great awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. | |
| 473900084 | senate | the upper house of the United States Congress | |
| 473900085 | house of representatives | must be 25, 7 years of citizenship, 2 year term, 435 members, speaker of the house, no limit on terms | |
| 473900086 | supreme court | the highest federal court in the United States | |
| 473900087 | judicial branch | The branch of government that interprets laws | |
| 473900088 | treaty | a written agreement between two states or sovereigns | |
| 473900089 | legislative branch | the branch of government that makes the laws. | |
| 473900090 | amendment | A change to the constitution | |
| 473900091 | bill | a statute in draft before it becomes law | |
| 473900092 | 3/5th's compromise | said that slaves would be worth 3/5 of a person; applied when accounting for taxes and population total | |
| 473900093 | census | official count of the population | |
| 473900094 | boycott | refuse to sponsor/buy | |
| 473900095 | treason | Betrayal of one's country | |
| 473900096 | stamp act | in 1765 a law in which parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the british colonies in north america | |
| 473900097 | redcoats | British soldiers during the American Revolution. | |
| 473900098 | loyalists | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. | |
| 473900099 | first continental congress | September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts | |
| 473900100 | articles of confederation | a document adopted by the second continental congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781 that outlined the form of government of the new united states | |
| 473900101 | patriots | a colonist who supported American independence from Britain | |
| 473900102 | veto | a vote that blocks a decision | |
| 473900103 | proportional representation | representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote | |
| 473900104 | export tariff | congress only had power to regulate foregin aid and interstate trade but not tax and slave & commerce forbid congress to tax the exports of goods | |
| 473900105 | import tariff | A tax levied on a particular foreign product entering a country | |
| 473900106 | boston massacre | a clash between british soldiers and boston colonists in which five colonists were killed 1770 | |
| 473900107 | boston tea party | the dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea into boston harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the tea act | |
| 473900108 | second continental congress | colonists got a continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence | |
| 473900109 | deceleration of independence | the document written by thomas jefferson in 1776 in which delegates of the continental congress declared the colonies' independence from britian | |
| 473900110 | treaty of paris 1783 | treaty ending the revolutionary war, confirming the independence of the USA and setting the boundaries of the new nation | |
| 473900111 | northwest ordinance | a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states of the union | |
| 473900112 | federalists | a supporter of the constitution and of a strong national government | |
| 473900113 | anti federalists | people who opposed the constitution | |
| 473900114 | checks and balances | the system where each branch of government exercises some control over the others | |
| 473900115 | strict/loose construction | Madison and Jefferson stressed strict construction-constitution should be interpreted narrowly and the federal government restricted to powers expressly delegated to it. Hamilton stressed loose construction- the constitution contained implied as well as enumerated powers and permitted congress to make all laws necessary and proper. Said the government needed flexibility to meet its responsibilities | |
| 473900116 | bill of rights | the first 10 amendements to the US constitution, added in 1791 and consisting of a formal list of citizens' rights and freedoms | |
| 473900117 | tyrant | any person who exercises power in a cruel way | |
| 473900118 | egalitarianism | the belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights | |
| 473900119 | federalism | political system in which a national government and constituent units such as state governments share power | |
| 473900120 | ratification | the official approval of the constitution or an amendement by the states | |
| 473900121 | connecticut compromise | agreement during the constitutional convention that congress should be composed of a senate, in which states would be represented equally, and a house, in which representation would be based on a state's population | |
| 473900122 | quartering | Housing and Feeding British Soldiers | |
| 473900123 | "taxation w/o representation" | colonists wanted physical representation among British Parliament | |
| 473900124 | Martin Luther | he wrote the 95 thesis and critiqued the roman catholic church(indulgences) led to protestant | |
| 473900125 | Benjamin Franklin | American patriot, writer, printer, and inventor. During the Revolutionary War he persuaded the French to help the colonists. | |
| 473900126 | Jonathan Edwards | A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell. | |
| 473900127 | William Penn | Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718) | |
| 473900128 | John Winthrop | Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill" | |
| 473900129 | King George III | King of England during the American Revolution. | |
| 473900130 | George Washington | Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). | |
| 473900131 | Abigal Adams | wife of John Adams at the 2nd Contintal Congress; tried to influence her husband John, to include women's rights in the Declaration | |
| 473900132 | Thomas Jefferson | wrote the declaration of independence anti federalist | |
| 473900133 | Alexander Hamilton | United States statesman and leader of the Federalists | |
| 473900134 | John Adams | America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." |
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