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AP Gov Vocab Ch. 7, 8, 9, 10, &11

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209797099High-tech politicspolitics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology.
209797100mass mediatelevision, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication.
209797101media eventsevents purposely staged for the media that nonetheless look spontaneous. In keeping with politics as theater, they can be staged by individuals, groups, and government officials, especially presidents.
209797102press conferencemeetings of public officials with reporters
209797103investigative journalismthe use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, which at times puts reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders, can draw attention away from issues
209797104print medianewspapers, magazines, newsletters, and books
209797105broadcast mediatelevision and radio
209797106FCCRegulatory agency with wide discretionary powers established to oversee wired and wireless communication; reflected growing importance of radio in everyday lives of Americans during the Depression; continues to regulate television as well as radio
209797107right-of-reply ruleA regulation by the FCC permitting a person the right to respond if attacked on a broadcast other than in a regular news program.
209797108narrowcastingmedia programming on cable TV or the Internet that is focused on one topic and aimed at a particular audience. Examples include MTV, ESPN, and C-SPAN.
209797109newspaper chainsNewspapers published by massive media conglomerates that account for almost three-quarters of the nation's daily circulation. Often these chains control broadcast media as well.
209797110beatsspecific locations from which news frequently emanates, such as Congress or the White House. Most top reporters work a particular beat, thereby becoming specialists in what goes on at that location.
209797111trial balloonInformation leaked to the media to test public reaction to a possible policy
209797112sound biteA video clip used on nightly newscasts. The average length of such clips has decreased, making it harder for candidates to get their message across, usually 15 seconds or less
209797113biasa partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation, in media there is a slight liberal bias on social issues, but competition promotes fairness.
209797114talking headA shot of a person's face talking directly to the camera. Because this is visually unappealing, the major commercial networks rarely show a politician talking one-on-one for very long, so boring people often change the channel and don't recieve vital political info.
209797115policy agendathe issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given point in time
209797116policy entrepreneurspolitical activists who invest their political capital in an issue
209797117party competitionthe battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics.
209797118political partya group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy
209797119linkage institutionsthe channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.
209797120nominationthe official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Generally, success in the nomination game requires momentum, money, and media attention.
209797121rational choice theoryA popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.
209797122party imageThe voter's perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism
209797123party identificationa citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other
209797124ticket splittingvoting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior.
209797125party machinesA type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.
209797126patronage(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
209797127closed primarieselections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for that party's candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty
209797128blanket primarieselections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties. Voters can then select some Democrats and some Republicans if they like.
209797129national conventionthe meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.
209797130national committeedelegates who run party affairs between national conventions
209797131national chairpersonperson responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually hand-picked by the presidential nominee.
209797132coalitiona group of individuals with a common interest upon which every political party depends
209797133critical electionan electoral "earthquake" whereby new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. These are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era
209797134party realignmentthe displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period
209797135third partieselectoral contenders other than the two major parties. American third parties are not unusual, but they rarely win elections.
209797136responsible party modela view favored by some political scientists about how parties should work. According to the model, parties should offer clear choices to the voters, who can then use those choices as cues to their own preferences of candidates. Once in office, parties would carry out their campaign promises.
209797137open primarieselections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests.
211203819legitimacyA characterization of elections by political scientists meaning that they are almost universally accepted as a fair and free method of selecting political leaders.
211203820referendumA state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.
211203821initiative petitionA process permitted in some states whereby voters may put proposed changes in the state constitution to a vote if sufficient signatures are obtained on petitions calling for such a referendum.
211203822suffragethe right to vote
211203823political efficacyThe belief that one's political participation really matters - that one's vote can actually make a difference
211203824civic dutyThe belief that in order to support democratic government, a citizen should always vote.
211203825voter registrationA system adopted by the states that requires voters to register well in advance of Election Day. A few states permit Election day registration.
211203826Motor Voter ActPassed in 1993, this act went into effect for the 1996 election. It requires states to permit people to register to vote at the same time they apply for their driver's license.
211203827Mandate Theory of ElectionsThe idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics. Politicians like the theory better than political scientists do.
211203828policy votingelectoral choices that are made on the basis of the voters' policy preferences and on the basis of where the candidates stand on policy issues
211203829electoral collegegroup of persons chosen in each state and the district of columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the president and vice president
211203830retrospective votingA theory of voting in which voters essentially ask this simple question: "What have you done for me lately?"
211203831interest groupan organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy
211203832pluralist theoryA theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies.
211203833hyperpluralist theoryA theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. Hyperpluralism is an extreme, exaggerated, or perverted form of pluralism
211203834elite theoryA theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.
211203835subgovernmentsA network of groups within the American political system that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas. Also known as iron triangles, they are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy, and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling policy.
211203836iron tiranglealso called subgovernment. Iron triangles are formed by the close working relationship among various interest groups, congressional committees, and executive agencies that enforce federal regulations. Working together, these groups can collectively exert a powerful influence over legislation and law enforcement
211203837potential groupAll the people who might be interest group members because they share some common interest. A potential group is almost always larger than an actual group.
211203838actual groupthe part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join
211203839collective goodsomething of value (money, a tax write-off, prestige, clean air, and so on) that cannot be withheld from a group member
211203840free rider problemthe problem faced by interest groups when citizens can reap the benefits of interest group action without actually joining, participating in, or contributing money to such groups.
211203841Olson's Law of Large GroupsAdvanced by Mancur Olson, a principle stating that "the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good."
211203842selective benefitsGoods (such as information publications, travel discounts, and group insurance rates) that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues.
211203843single issue groupa group that has a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics
211203844lobbyingdirect contact made by an interest group representative in order to persuade government officials to support the policies their interest group favors
211203845electioneeringDirect group involvement in the electoral process. Groups can help fund campaigns, provide testimony, and get members to work for candidates, and some form political action committees (PAC)
211203846Amicus Curiaeliterally, "friend of the court"; individuals or groups who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist the Supreme Court in reaching a decision by presenting additional briefs
211203847class action lawsuitslawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated
211203848union shopA provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of employment
211203849right to work lawsa state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs; they were specifically permitted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
211203850public interest lobbiesAccording to Jeffery Berry, organizations that seek "a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership of activities of the organization.
211760538New Deal coalitioncoalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.
211760539Party dealignmentthe gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification.
211760540Nominationthe official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Generally, success in the nomination game requires momentum, money, and media attention.
211760541Campaign Strategythe master game plan candidates lay out to guide their electoral campaign
211760542national party conventionA national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.
211760543caucusA meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.
211760544presidential primarieselections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate (or delegates pledged to him or her). Most delegates to the national party conventions are chosen this way.
211760545McGovern Fraser Commissiona commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation
211760546super delegatesNational party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot the democratic national party convention
211760547frontloadingthe recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention
211760548national primaryA proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries, which would replace these electoral methods with a nationwide primary held early in the election year.
211760549regional primariesA proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries to replace these electoral methods with a series of primaries held in each geographic region.
211760550party platformA political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs.
211760551direct mailA high-tech method of raising money for a political cause or candidate. It involves sending information and requests for money to people whose names appear on lists of those who have supported similar views or candidates in the past.
211760552Federal Election Campaign Actlaw passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission (FEC), provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions.
211760553Federal Election Commissiona six-member bipartisan agency that enforces and administers campaign finance laws
211760554Presidential Election Campaign FundMoney from the $3 federal income tax check-off goes into this fund, which is then distributed to qualified candidates to subsidize their presidential campaigns.
211760555Matching fundsContributions of up to $250 matched from the presidential Election Campaign Fund to candidates for the presidential nomination who qualify and agree to meet various conditions, such as limiting their overall spending.
211760556soft moneyfunds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, such as get-out-the-vote drives, but not on behalf of a specific candidate, unlimited
211760557political action committeesFunding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a political action committee (PAC) and register it with the Federal Election Commission, which will meticulously monitor the PAC's expenditures.
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American Pageant 5-8

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185683951Upward social mobilityThe ability to move up in the social ladder. This was more possible in America than in Great Britain because there was so much unclaimed land.
185683952Social pyramidsocial structure in shape of pyramid, layers representing different social statuses.
185683953AristocracyThis social class consisted of planters, merchant princes, officials, clergymen, and lawyers
185683954Lesser professional menThis was the second highest social class, including occupations such as doctors.
185683955Triangular tradeIn this trade route, a ship would depart (1) New England with rum and go to the (2) west coast of Africa and trade the rum for African slaves. Then, it would go to (3) the West Indies and exchange the slaves for molasses (for rum), which it'd sell to New England once it returned there.
185683956Bilateral tradereplaced with triangular trade; this type of trading involved the surplus commodities of one community being exchanged for those of another; restricted the range if trading partners to those with mutually desirable surplus production, and for those with few desirable commodities, thus, inefficient
185683957PortoA port wine from Portugal
185683958MadeiraAn amber-colored dessert wine from Spain
185683959CorkAn especially buoyant type of wood that was purchased from Portugal for building ships in New England
185683960Navigation ActsLaws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. However, up to 1775, colonists circumvented these laws through smuggling
185683961Molasses ActA British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling.
185683962Great AwakeningReligious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
185683963Jonathan EdwardsPerhaps the deepest theological mind ever nurtured in America, he started the Great Awakening with his new, lively method of preaching
185683964"Established Churches"Churches that received tax money, more specifically, the Congregational Church and Anglican (Episcopalian) Church
185683965"New Lights"These preachers were more agitative and confrontational, striking at the hearts of listeners
185683966"Old Lights"Also known as the "dead dogs", these preachers maintained a certain dignity to their preaching
185683967George WhitefieldOne of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.
185683968Poor Richard's Almanackby Benjamin Franklin (1732-1758) it contained many sayings called from the thinkers of the ages, emphazised such homespun virtues as thrift, industry, morality and common sense. Was well known in Europe and was more widely read in America than anything except the Bible.
185683969John Peter ZengerJournalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.
185683970Scots-IrishA group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.
185683971Paxton BoysThey were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
185683972Regulator MovementA movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.
185683973Charles PealeThe colonial painter (1741-1827) best known for his portraits of George Washington who also ran a museum for stuffed birds and practiced dentistry.
185683974Phillis WheatleyFirst African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published.
185683975John S. CopleyThe colonial painter (1738-1815) who went to England for training and was regarded as a loyalist.
185683976Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeura Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America
185683977BaptistsNonestablished religious group that benefited from the Great Awakening
185683978Catawba NationA group of the remains of several different Indian tribes that joined together in the Southern Piedmont region. Forced migration made the Indians join in this group.
185683979Naval storesProducts of pine forest used in wooden shipbuilding and maintenance
185683980Rack-rentingThe system practiced by landlords to squeeze as many tenants as possible onto a property in order to gain the most profit
185998459New FranceReference to the area of Canada, established mainly with private fur-trading companies
185998460Ohio Rivera river that is formed in western Pennsylvania and flows westward to become a tributary of the Mississippi River, aka "River to the West"
185998461Appalachian MountainsThis natural land form was the border between English and French New World Territories. To the East were the English colonies and to the West were the French
185998462Ft. DuquesneThe main French fort in the Ohio Valley, this place would later be renamed to Pittsburgh in honor of William Pitt
185998463Edward Braddocka British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.
185998464British Regularsmembers of Great Britain's standing army
185998465Colonial MilitiamenEnglish colony volunteer infantry
185998466"Buckskins"The derogatory nickname given to the Colonial Militiamen by the British regulars
185998467William Pitta British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a battle against French forces in Fr. Duquesne.
185998468James WolfeEnglish general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War
185998469Treaty of Paris 1763This ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.
185998470Proclamation of 1763A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
185998471PontiacIndian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763
185998472Martha CustisA widow, she was the wife of George Washington. Through her he would inherit a wealthy plantation
185998473HuguenotsFrench Protestants
185998474Samuel de ChamplainCartographer, explorer, governor of New France. The major role he played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France."
185998475Robert de La SalleFrenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
185998476Antoine Cadillacfounded Detroit "the city of Straits" in 1701 to stop the English settlers from moving into the Ohio valley
185998477Albany Congress1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies.
185998478French and Indian Warthis struggle between the British and the French in the colonies of the North America was part of a worldwide war known as the Seven Years' War
185998479IroquoisA term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.
185998480CajunA descendant of French pioneers, chiefly in Louisiana, who in 1755 chose to leave Acadia rather than live under the British Crown.
185998481AcadiansFrench residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana.
185998482Edict of Nantes1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
185998483War of Spanish Successiona conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.
187005052Stamp actan act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
187005053"No taxation without representation"America's excuse that it was unfair to pay taxes because America did not have a representative in Parliament
187005054Nonimportation agreementAs a response to the Stamp Act, a congress would meet in 1765 to agree upon boycotting English goods
187005055Virtual RepresentationBritish governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members
187005056Boston Massacre (aka Boston Brawl)On March 5th 1770, this event would occur when a group of drunk unruly colonials surrounded a redcoat patrol (about 60 colonials to 10 redcoats). Harassment of the troops would result in shots being fired, injuring and/or killing 11 people.
187005057Crispus AttucksA black man killed during the Boston Massacre, considered the first black casualty of the American Revolution
187005058John AdamsA Boston lawyer, who would be the defense attorney to the soldiers of the Boston Massacre. As a result, he'd earn a reputation as the defendant of what's fair.
187005059Samuel AdamsThe cousin of John Adams, Samuel was an effective propagandist, and would set up the Committees of correspondence
187005060Committees of CorrespondenceOrganization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
187005061"Royal Veto"when legislation passed by the colonial assemblies conflicted with British regulations. It was then declared void by the Privy Council. It was resented by the colonists but was only used 469 times out of 8563 laws.
187005062Boston Tea Partydemonstration (December 16, 1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor
187005063Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers.
187005064Quebec ActExtended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.
187005065Declaratory ActAct passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.
187005066First Continental CongressSeptember 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts
187005067The AssociationEffective organization created by the First Continental Congress to provide a total, unified boycott of all British goods
187005068MinutemenVolunteer soldiers who were ready to fight in a moments notice, established after the First Continenta Congress
187005069Paul RevereAmerican silversmith remembered for his midnight ride to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming. In addition he drew the misinterpreted engraving of the Boston Massacre
187005070William DawesAmerican patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)
187005071Lord NorthPrime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.
187005072George GrenvilleBritish Prime Minister Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament
187005073Charles TownshendA man who could deliver brilliant speeches in Parliament even while drunk. He rashly promised to pluck feathers from the colonial goose with a minimum of squawking. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. He seized a dubious distinction between internal and external taxes and made this tax an indirect customs duty payable at American ports. But colonials didn't want taxes.
187005074Marquis de LafayetteFrench soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.
187005075King George IIIKing of England, stubborn, stupid, levied taxes even though he knew colonist would hate it, poor ruler, passed Quartering Act, hated colonists, wanted to show who's in charge
187005076Baron von Steubenvolunteer, general in Prussia,offered help to Patriots after Washington won the battles at Trenton & Princeton, arrived at Valley Forge in the spring of 1778
187005077Board of Tradecommissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials, and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England
187005078Sons of LibertyA radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies.
187005079Sugar Acthalved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court
187005080Townshend ActsA tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea
187005081Quartering ActMarch 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.
187005082HessiansGerman soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.
187005083Admiralty CourtsBritish courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.
187005084LoyalistsAmerican colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
187005085Stamp Act Congressmeeting of representatives of nine of the thirteen colonies held in New York City in 1765, during which representatives drafted a document to send to the king listing how their rights had been violated
187092145Second Continental CongressThis organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence
187092146Battle of Bunker HillFirst major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and the British prevailed. However, the British suffered more deaths.
187092147Moral VictoryAt the Battle of Bunkerhill the colonists lost tactically but earned this when the battle proved they could fight well
187092148Olive Branch PetitionA petition created by congress in July 1775, asking England to stop waging war because the colonies wanted to remain part of England
187092149Thomas PaineRevolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
187092150Richard Henry LeeIn June of 1776, he'd make a motion in congress that the 13 colonies should be independent
187092151John HancockPresident of the Continental Congress, he'd be the first to sign the Declaration of Independence
187092152Liberty TreeSymbol for the gallows on which enemies of the people deserved to be hanged. Anti-British rallies were often held at these
187092153New Jersey CampaignWashington's campaign as an attempt to boost troop morale.
187092154TrentonThis surprise attack happened on December 26th, 1776, when Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware river at night and surprised Hessian troops
187092155General BurgoyneBritish general appointed by King George III to crush the rebel forces; 1777, subordinate of Howe, lead invading force down Hudson from Canada to Alabany; was present at the Battle of Saratoga and Battle of Yorktown
187092156Summer SoldierTerm coined for soldiers who only had good morale when the conditions were good
187092157Sunshine PatriotTerm coined for patriots who were only vigorous when times were good for the revolution
187092158The CrisisA pamphlet written by Thomas Paine during the darkest days of the Revolution for the Patriots that spurred them to keep fighting. "The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot..."
187092159Common Sensea pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
187092160SaratogaA battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent. Burgoyne would surrender to General Gates
187092161RochambeauThe leader of the French infantry in the Revolutionary War
187092162De GrasseAdmiral of the French Navy, who would bring in about 500 French ships
187092163Battle of Monmouth1778-in New Jersey. American troops led by Marquis de Lafayette and Charles Lee and British troops led by Henry Clinton and Charles Cornwallis. American troops won this battle, and as a result the British would withdraw from Philadelphia into New York
187092164Battle of YorktownLast major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.
187092165Benedict ArnoldSuccessful American general during the Revolution who turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause.
187092166George WashingtonThe first General of the Continental Army, though he was not a military genius, and would lose more battles than he'd win
187092167William Howeduring the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer.
187092168Nathanael GreeneAmerican general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army, used geography of land
187092169Charles CornwallisA British general, he lost to Nathaniel Green in one campaign. He was humiliated by his defeat in the colonies. He finally lost at the Battle of Yorktown, commonly known as the end of the war, in 1781.
187092170Barry St. LegerHe was a British officer in the American Revolutionary War. He led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley in the summer of 1777. Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany, St. Leger was halted by American militia in Fort Stanwix. His forces were nearly destroyed while repelling an American relief unit at Oriskany, and the approach of additional American troops forced St. Leger to retreat to Canada.
187092171George Rogers ClarkLeader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America
187092172Horatio GatesBurgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17,1777 at the battle of Saratoga.
187092173John Paul JonesThe commander of one of America's ships; daring, hard-fighting young Scotsman; helped to destroy British merchant ships in 1777; brought war into the water of the British seas.
187092174Thomas JeffersonHe was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.
187092175Patrick Henrya leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies "Give me liberty or give me death"
187092176John JayUnited States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)
187092177Treaty of Paris of 17831783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to England
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Chapter 2: The Planting of English America, 1500-1733

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86177155After Decades of Religious turmoil, protestantism finally gained permanent dominance in England after the succession to the throne of...Queen Elizabeth I
86177156English soldiers developed a contemptuous attitude toward "natives" partly through their colonizing expierences in...Ireland
86177157Englands Victory over the Spanish Armada gave it...Dominance of the Atlantic Ocean and a vibrant sense of nationalism
86177158At the time of the first colonization efforts, England...was undergoing rapid economic and social transformation
86177159Many Puritan settlers of America wereuprooted sheep farmers from eastern and western England
86177160England's first colony at Jamestownwas saved from failure by John Smith's leadership skills and by John Rolfe's introduction of tobacco
86177161Representative government was first introduced to America in the colony ofvirginia
86177162one important difference between the founding of the virginia and maryland colonies was that...virginia was founded mainly as an economic venture, while maryland was intended partly to secure religious freedom for persecuted Roman Catholics
86177163The Act of Toleration in 1649, Marlyland provided religious freedom for allProtestants and Catholics
86177164The primary reason that no new colonies were founded between 1634 and 1670 wasthe civil war in England
86177165The early conflicts between English settlers and the Indians near Jamestown laid the basis forforced seperation of the Indians into the separate territories of the "reservation system"
86177166The Indian peoples who most successfully adapted to the European incursion werethe interior Appalacjoam tribes who used their advantages of time, space and numbers to create a middle ground of economic and cultural interaction
86177167After the defeat of the coastal Tuscarora and Yamasee Indians by North Carolinians in 1711-1715the Creeks, Cherokees, and Iroqouis remained in the Applachian Moutains as a barrier against the whites
86177168Most of the early white settlers in North Carolinawere religious dissenters and poor whites feeling from aristocratic Virginia
86177169The high-minded philanthropists who founded Georgia colony were especially interested in the causes ofprison reform, and avoiding slavery
86192058IrelandNation where English Protestant rulers employed brutal tactics against the local Catholic population
86192059RoanokeIsland colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disspeared in the 1580's
86192060joint-stockForerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial venures
86192061ArmadaNaval invaders defeated by English "sea dogs" in 1588
86192062[first and second] Angelo-Powhatan warName of two wars, fought in 1614 and 1644, between the English in Jamestown and the nearby Indian Leader
86192063Slave Codeharsh system of laws governing Afrian labor, first developed in Barbados and later officially adopted by South Carloina 1696
86192064Royal CharterRoyal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citiznes
86192065indentured servantsPenniless people obligated to engage in unpaid labor a fixed number of years in exchange for a passage to the new world or other benifits
86192066IroquoisPowerful indian confederation that dominated New York and the easter Great Lakes area; comprised of several peoples
86192067Squatterspoor famers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil
86192068Royalterm for a colony under direct rule of the English king or Queen
86192069TobaccoThe primary staple crop of early virginia, maryland, and north carolina
86192070South Carolinathe only southern state with a slave majority
86192071Ricethe primary plantation crop of south carolina
86192072Savannaha melting-pot town in early colonial georgia
86192073PowhatanIndian leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of Virginia
86192074Marylandfounded as a heaven for Roman Catholics
86192075GeorgiaFounded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists
86192076Jamaica and BarbadosBritish West Indian sugar colonies where large scale platations and slavery took place
86192077Lord De La WarrHarsh military governor of virginia who employed "irish tactics" against the indians
86192078North Carolinacolony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit"
86192079Elizabeth Ithe unmarried ruler who established English protestantism and fought the catholic spanish
86192080Lord Baltimorethe catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers
86192081Roanokethe failed "lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh
86192082JamestownRiverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony
86192083VirginiaColony that established the House of Burgesses ion 1619
86192084Smith and RolfeVirginia leader saved by Pocahantas and the prominent settler who married her
86192085Raleigh and GilbertElizabethan courtiers who failed in thier attempts to found New World colonies
86192086James OglethorpePhilanthropic soldier-statesman who founded the Georgia colony
86192087South CarolinaColony that turned to diesease resistant African salves for labor in its extensive rice plantations.
86192088Lord De La Warr' s use of brutal "Irish tactics" in VirginiaLed to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually eterminated virginias indian population
86192089The English Victory over the Spanish ArmadaEnabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes
86192090John Smiths stern leadership in virginiafoced gold-hungry colonists to work and saved them from total starvation
86192091The English government's persecution of Roman CatholicsLed Lord Baltimore to establish the Maryland colony
86192092The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter-run virginiaLed to the founding of the independent-minded North Carolina
86192093The English law of primogenitureLed to many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization
86192094THe English settlers' near desturction of small indian tribescontributed to the formation of powerful inidian coalitions like Iroquois and the Algonquins
86192095Georgia unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vunerability to spanish attackskept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time
86192096the slave codes of England;s Barbados colonyBecame the legal basis for slavery in North America
86192097The enclosing of English Patures and croplandforced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere
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Ch. 17 Industrial Revolution

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244908886ENCLOSURE MOVEMENTa law which was passed by English Parliament, allowing land-owners to create large closed-in fields for farming
244908887CROP ROTATIONThe practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
244908888INDUSTRIALIZATIONThe process of making goods using machinery
244908889FACTORS OF PRODUCTIONLAND, LABOR, CAPITAL: resources necessary to produce goods and services
244908890FACTORYBuildings used to house large and expensive machinery, a place where production takes place
244908891ENTREPRENEURA person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
244908892MIDDLE CLASSA class made up of skilled workers, professionals, and merchants
244908893STOCKa share or rights of ownership within a corporation
244908894CORPORATIONA business or company owned by stockholders who share profits but are not responsible for debt
244908895ASSEMBLY LINEImproved by Henry Ford; In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. MAKES PRODUCING GOODS FASTER AND CHEAPER
244908896MONOPOLIESCorporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service and no competition
244908897BOURGEOISIEMarx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production which he called "the Haves"
244908898PROLETARIATMarx's term for the exploited workers whom he called "the Have Nots"
244908899COTTAGE INDUSTRY/DOMESTIC SYSTEMManufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.
244908900URBANIZATIONthe increase in the size and number of cities
244908901SLUMSneighborhoods where the poor, working-class lived, often located near where they worked
244908902TENEMENTSfive or six story, wooden apartment buildings where workers lived, most were in poor condition
244908903INVENTIONSan act or instance of creating or producing by exercise of the imagination
244908904RAW MATERIALmaterial before being processed or manufactured into a final form
244908905MARKET ECONOMYa capitalistic economic system
244908906CAPITALwealth, measured in money or property
244908907LABOR UNIONgroups of workers who would form to protest against working conditions
244908908SOCIAL DARWINISMa belief that states some people are superior to other people, based on Darwinism, BUT NOT WHAT DARWIN BELIEVED
244908909REALISMthe idea of seeing the world as it is, was seen in literature, art, and politics
244908910STRIKESa work stoppage used to make owners give in to demands of the workers
244908911DIVISION OF LABORa production process in which a worker or group of workers is assigned a specialized task in order to increase efficiency
244908912SOCIALISMKarl Marx believed that there should be common ownership of all natural resources and produced and sold goods
244908913TEXTILEthe industry of making cloth
244908914URBANliving in a city
245439904ECONOMICShow people produce, buy and sell goods and services
245439905GOODSitems produced to sell
245439906SERVICESservices provided for a price
245478493MASS PRODUCTIONthe production or manufacture of goods in large quantities, especially by machinery.
248408729NATURAL RESOURCESthe natural wealth of a country, consisting of land, forests, mineral deposits, water
248408730INTERCHANGEABLE PARTSInterchangeable parts are parts that are, for practical purposes, identical. Created to speed up production of goods made.
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Islam

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51923814Stereotypea generalized belief about a group of people
51923815Minarettower used to call Muslims to prayer
51923816Muezzinperson who calls Muslims for religious services
51923817Qiblaliterally means the direction of prayer, facing toward Mecca. In mosque architecture, the qibla wall indicates the orientation of prayer.
51923818Shahadahdeclaration of faith
51923819Qur'anthe holy book of Islam
51923820Muhammadthe Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
51923821Meccathe holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace
51923822MedinaCity in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)
51923823ka'abaA religious temple in Mecca that became sacred to Muslims
51923824jihadthe obligation of Muslims to struggle or exert themselves "in the way of God ; doesn't necessarily refer to an armed struggle
51923825GabrielAccording to Muslims, was an angel who told Muhammed he was a messenger of Allah.
51923826AllahMuslim name for the one and only God
51923827Ramadan(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan
51923828EidAn Islamic festival that ends the period of fasting during the month of Ramadan
51923829Wuduritual cleansing of oneself before prayer by Muslims
51923830ZakahCharity performed by Muslims
51923831Hajja pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
51923832HalaalFoods that are permissible for Muslims to eat
51923833Osama bin LadenArab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957)
51923834Saddam HusseinFormer dictator of Iraq
51923835Hamid KarzaiPresident of Afghanistan
51923836Talibana group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996
51923837Sunnia follower of the majority branch of Islam, which feels that successors to Muhammad are to be chosen by the Muslim community
51923838Shiitea member of one of the two major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders
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Causes of the American Revolution

EO 2, Part A

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215812769Boston Tea PartyA raid on three British ships in Boston Harbor in which Boston colonists, disguised as Mohawk Indians, threw several hundred chests of tea into the harbor as a protest against the British Tea Act.
215812770Coercive ActsAlso known as the Intolerable Acts. Several British laws designed to punish colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party.
215812771French and Indian WarThis struggle between the British and the French in the colonies of North America was part of a worldwide war known as the Seven Years' War.
215812772Proclamation of 1763A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, in order to avoid conflict with the Native Americans.
215812773Stamp ActA tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies.
215812774Writs of AssistancePart of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo for smuggled goods without giving a reason.
215812775Sons of LibertyPatriot group that organized protests and petitions against the British and its policies. Led by leaders such as Sam Adams, John Hancock and Paul Revere.
215812776Boston MassacreBritish soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.
215812777Lexington and ConcordThe first battle of the Revolution in which British soldiers went after the stored weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.
215812778BoycottThe refusal to buy or sell certain products or services.
215812779RepealTo cancel a law.
215812780Olive Branch PetitionAn offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll.
215812781Committees of CorrespondenceOrganization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies.
215812782MilitiaAn army of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency.
215812783MinutemanA member of the Massachusetts colony militia who could quickly be ready to fight the British.
215812784Quartering ActRequired colonists to provide food and shelter to British troops stationed in the colonies.
215812785Boston Port BillClosed down Boston Harbor until the damage from the tea party was paid for in full.
215812786Administration of Justice ActPart of the Intolerable Act where royal officials of Massachusetts were tried in Britain or other colonies - not in Massachusetts.
215812787Quebec ActAct that was meant to organize the colonies, but instead just cut off western land claims of Massachusetts - meant to punish the colonists.
215812788Massachusetts Government ActAct in which Massachusetts became a Royal Colony and appointed General Gage the new governor.
215904110ParliamentThe lawmaking body of British government
215904111Continental CongressThe legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution.
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Chapter 5 - The American Revolution

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133481518governmentthe laws and people that rule a country
133481519French and Indian warwar between Great Britian and France
133481520Stamp Actplaced taxes on items like newspapers and pamphlets
133481521Patriotscolonists who were against British rule
133481522Loyalistscolonists who remained loyal to Britain
133481523militiaa volunteer group of soldiers
133481524American Revolutionwar fought by the 13 colonies to gain their freedom from Great Britain
133481525Continental Congressa meeting of colonial leaders to talk about how they should deal with Great Britain
133481526Declaration of Independencea document written by Thomas Jefferson explaining why the 13 colonies should be free of British rule
133481527George Washingtonfirst President of the United States who fought in the French and Indian War and led the Continental Army during the American Revolution
133481528William JohnsonBritish leader who convinced the Iroquois not to take sides in the French and Indian War
133481529Ethan Allenleader of the Green Mountain Boys who captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in the American Revolution
133481530John Jaywrote many important papers during the Continental Congress
133481531Thomas Jeffersonwrote the Declaration of Independence
133481532Fort Niagarafort built by the French at the mouth of the Niagara River
133481533Fort Ticonderogafort located between Lake George and Lake Champlain
133481534surrenderto give up
133481535retreatto turn back
133481536Battle of Saratogabattle won by the Americans - it helped convince France that the Americans could win the Revolutionary War
133481537Battle of Yorktownfinal battle of the Revolutionary War
133481538Sarah Jaywife of patriot John Jay
133481539Sybil Ludingtondaughter of a colonel in the New York milita - she warned militia members that the British had arrived in Danbury
133481540John BurgoyneBritish general who was defeated at the Battle of Saratoga
133481541Joseph BrantMohawk leader who sided with the British at the Battle of Oriskany
133481542Horatio GatesAmerican general who defeated the British at the Battle of Saratoga
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Chapter 10 Grade-Makers.

Chapter 10 (:

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91451003John AdamsA Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.
91451004Thomas Jefferson3rd President of the United States-- chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)
91451005Alexander Hamilton1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. , United States statesman and leader of the Federalists.
91451006Henry KnoxIn 1775 George Washington ordered him, the nation's first secretary of war, to bring the British artillery back to the siege of Boston that was captured at Fort Ticonderoga.
91451007John JayUnited States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)
91451008Citizen GenetFrench diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)
91451009Anthony WayneA General, nicknamed "Mad Anthony". Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Left British made arms on the fields of battle. After that the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding their claims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.
91451010TalleyrandFrench statesman (1754-1838). , the French foreign minister, whom which three American diplomats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z diplomats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.
91451011Matthew LyonThis man, __________, was one of the famous arrestees of the Alien and Sedition Acts. His crime was spitting at a Federalist's face and criticizing Adam's policies
91451012Funding at Par(GW)This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless do to inflation.
91451013Strict ConstitutionJefferson and his states' right disciples believed the Constitution should be interpreted "literally" or "strictly". The reason why was to protect individual rights. Jefferson did not want the Bank of the United States,Hamilton thought it would not only be proper, but also necessary. Jefferson thought it was up to the states and Hamilton thought it was up to Congress. The Bank was created by Congress in 1791. Having a strong central government made people fear that theeir rights would be taken away from them.
91451014Assumptionthe act of taking possession of or power over something ("his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba"; "the Nazi assumption of power in 1934"; "he acquired all the company's assets for ten million dollars and the assumption of the company).
91451015Implied Powerspowers not specifically mentioned in the constitution.
91451016Tariffa government tax on imports or exports (Ex. "they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries").
91451017Agrarianrelating to rural matters (Ex. "an agrarian (or agricultural) society"; "farming communities").
91451018Excise Taxa tax that is measured by the amount of business done (not on property or income from real estate).
91451019Compact TheoryThe idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.
91451020Nullificationthe states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress.
91451021Cabinetpersons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers.
91451022Bank of the United Stateseither of the two National Banks, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816.
91451023Bill of Rightsa statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)
91451024French Revolutionthe revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
91451025Jay's TreatyWas made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley
91451026Convention of 1800Treaty signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napolean was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Lousiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.
91451027Neutrality ProclamationWashington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.
91451028Whiskey RebellionIn 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
91451029Ninth AmendmentThe enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
91451030Federalistssupporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution.
91451031Tenth AmendmentThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
91451032Pinckney Treaty1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans
91451033Alien and Sedation acts3 measures. alien acts raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from five years to 14 years and allowed the President to deport or jail any alien that was considered undesirable. The 4th measure, the sedation act sets ffines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation ofthe government or expressing false scandal and malicious statement against the governemnr
91451034Battle of Fallen Timbersbattle between American and native American forces in 1794 over Ohio Territory that led to the defeat of the Native Americans
91451035Farewell AddressReferred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.
91451036Virgina and Kentucky ResolutionsThe _______ introduced the theory of interposition. They argued that if the federal government did something unconstitutional, the state could interpose and stop the illegal action. ________ advanced the theory of nullification. According to this, if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states could nullify it
91451037Jeffersonian Republicansone of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states' rights.
91451038Judiciary act of 1789In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
91451039Treaty of Greenville1175, American Indians signed a treaty, this open the NW territory to settlers and gave the Am Indians some land and goods=$20,000
91451040XYZ AffairAn insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.
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A People and a Nation Chapter 2 IDs

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284145370The Black RobesJesuit missionaries of the Society of Jesus social - converted natives to Catholicism
284145371sugarcash crop Dutch brought this to the Caribbean islands economic - added new revenue for the Dutch
284145372English population boomdue to more nutritious food social and economic - widened the gap between the rich and poor
284145373joint-stock companiescompanies that founded the start up of colonies but didn't make any money economic - added new colonies and kind of wasted money
284145374headright systempolicy where people who paid their way to America could get 50 acres of land
284145375the "seasoning process"bout with disease (probably malaria) that usually occurred during the first Chesapeake summer of a settler economic - reduced population by 30-40%
284145376The Mayflower Compactcovenant among the passengers of the Mayflower to reduce distrust and establish a system political - removed distrust and established a temporary government for the settlers
284145377John Winthropfirst governor of MBC envisioned a communist-esque colony social and economic - created a want for a more communal system of sharing
284145378Anne Marbury Hutchinsonskilled medical practitioner that greatly admired John Cotten stressed the covenant of grace thought men and woman were completely equal social - shook up the original Puritan values
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Gene Pool and Genetic Diversity

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354597947all of the organisms of the same species found within a specific geographic regionDefine Population:
354597948a population of all the organisms potentially capable of reproducing/breedingDefine Species:
354597949a member of a speciesIs an individual organism a species or a member of a species?
354597950number; sizeThe chromosomes of reproducing organisms in a species are identical in __ and __.
354597951morphological species conceptWhat is it called when scientists compare structural characteristics to identify species because it is not always possible to breed organisms to see if they get fertile offspring?
354597952structuralMorphological traits: the __ descriptions ex. Blue Jays have 2 wings, feathers, 3 toes forward, 1 toe back, wrist bones - are they the same?
354597953cells; body partsPhysiological Traits: how __ and __ work during metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc.
354597954behaviors; stimuliBehavioral Traits: the __ of organisms; they respond the same way to basic __.
354597955morphs; polymorphismTraits usually come in 2 or more distinct forms called __. If there is a lot of variation, it is called __. (Humans are this because there is a lot of variation in eye color, hair color, skin color, etc.
354597956gene poolAll the genes in a population are known as the __.
354597957genetic resourcesGene Pool: A pool of __ shared by all members of a population and their offspring and then their offspring, etc.
354597958neutral; harmful; beneficialGene mutation: produces new alleles which can be __, __, or __.
354597959combinationsCrossing over: results in new __ of alleles in chromosomes.
354597960maternal; paternalIndependent Assortment: puts mixes of __ and __ chromosomes in gametes.
354597961alleles ; sperm; eggFertilization: combines __ from 2 parents. -millions of __ with different allele combinations but only 1 will fertilize the __ (usually).
354597962number; inversion/deletionChromosomal Mutations: may include an alteration in the __ of chromosomes inherited such as down syndrome. -may also have __/__ where a segment of the chromosome is missing.
354597963differencesGenetic Diversity: a term used to describe genetic __ among members of a population
354597964manyHigh genetic diversity indicates that there are __ different alleles for each characteristic.
354597965fewLow genetic diversity indicates that there are __ alleles for each characteristic.
354597966population; genetic changeAllele Frequencies: the abundance of each kind of allele in a __; you can track the rate of __ over generations by observing allele frequencies.
354597967yesIs it possible fore 2 populations of the same species to have all the same alleles but with different frequencies?
354597968value; valuableWhat really determines the frequency of an allele in a population is the __ that the allele has to the organism possessing it. Example: Dark skin alleles are __ to the people in Africa because of the bright sun in the tropical environment.
354597969colonizing individualsFounder Effect: the situation in which a genetically distinct local population is established by a few __.
354597970larger; less genetic makeupIf a few individuals leave a population, they can't possibly carry all the alleles available to them in the __ gene pool. They have __ in the gene pool from where the colonists immigrated from.
354597971irregular rise and fall; smallerGenetic Bottleneck: occurs when there is an __ and __ in the environment. The survivors have a __ population and experience genetic drift.
354597972random evolutionary changes; eliminatedGenetic Drift: the production of __ in small breeding populations...one allele may be __ from the population regardless of the allele being harmful or helpful.
354597973colonized separatelyBarriers to Movement: animals and plants that live in lakes tend to be divided into small, separate populations by barriers of land. When these barriers exist, there will likely be differences in allele frequencies from lake to lake because each lake was __.
354597974changingMutations: Mutations introduce new genetic info into a population by __ alleles that are already present.
354597975combinationsSexual Reproduction: Sex does not produce new alleles, but it gives new __ of alleles.
354597976populationMigration: The migration of individuals from one genetically distinct __ to another.
354597977subtracts; addsMigration: If one organism leaves a population, it __ its genetic info from the population and __ it to the new population it joins.
354597978reduceDoes inbreeding reduce or increase genetic diversity?
354597979less; genetic driftThe size of a population: the smaller the population, the __ genetic diversity. Smaller populations are more influenced to __.
354597980frequencyEvolution is a change of the __ of genetically determined characteristics within a population over time.
354597981small; alleleMicroevolution: change in __ scale changes in __ frequencies bought by mutations, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.
354597982large; speciesMacroevolution: Change in __ scale evolutionary changes over time spans; there has been so much genetic drift over long periods of time that new kinds of __ are produced.
354606107When organisms of different species do not interchange genetic info.What is the biological species concept?
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