AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Introduction to Psychology - Chapter 1

Terms : Hide Images
431476131psychologythe scientific study of behavior and mental processes
431476132behaviorany action that people can observe or measure
431476133cognitive activitiesprivate, unmeasurable mental processes such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories
431476134psychological constructstheoretical entities, or concepts, that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly
431476135theorya statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do
431476136psychiatrista medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication
431476137psychologistA scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals
431476138clinical psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders
431476139counseling psychologya branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
431476140school psychologyfield of specialization concerned with evaluating students' interests and abilities and resolving learning and emotional problems in school settings
431476141educational psychologythe study of how psychological processes affect and an enhance teaching and learning; examines curriculum design, teacher training, achievement testing, student motivation, classroom diversity, and other aspects of the educational process.
431476142developmental psychologya branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
431476143personality psychologyConcerned with individual differences and the characteristics and traits that make each person unique
431476144social psychologythe branch of psychology that studies the effects of social variables and cognitions on individual behavior and social interactions
431476145experimental psychologythe branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues
431476146basic researchResearch that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake
431476147environmental psychologyThe field of psychology that studies the ways in which people and the environment influence each other.
431476148comparative psychologybranch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species
431476149consumer psychologybranch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace
431476150industrial psychologythe application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
431476151organizational psychologya subfield of industrial/organizational psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
431476152human factors psychologya branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
431476153community psychologybranch of psychology that focuses on addressing psychological and social needs on a community wide basis
431476154forensic psychologyapplication of psychological principles and methods in a legal environment, especially in court actions
431476155health psychologyThe subfield within psychology that is concerned with the psychological factors that contribute to health, illness, and recovery.
431476156rehabilitation psychologysubfield which assists individuals or their family members with learning how to cope with a disability
431476157cross-cultural psychologybranch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes
431476158introspectiona method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings
431476159associationismthe theory that our understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with similar sensory experiences and perceptions.
431476160structuralisman early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
431476161functionalisma school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
431476162psychoanalysisFreud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
431476163psychodynamic thinkingthe theory that most of what exists in an individual's mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes
431476164behaviorisman approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior
431476165Gestalt psychologyschool of psychology that studies how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns
431476166biological perspectivethe psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior
431476167evolutionary perspectivefocuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes
431476168cognitive perspectivethe point of view that emphasizes the role of thought processes in determining behavior
431476169humanistic perspectiveSchool of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual's freedom to choose, and capacity for personal growth.
431476170psychoanalytic perspectivethe perspective that emphasizes the influence of unconscious forces in behavior
431476171learning perspectivethe psychological point of view that emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior
431476172social-learning theorythe theory that suggests that people can change their environments or create new ones
431476173sociocultural perspectiveA psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior
431476174biopsychosocial perspectivea perspective on psychopathology that emphasizes the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to mental illness.
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Bio Chapter 6 Metabolism

Terms : Hide Images
254073126Thermodynamicsbranch of chemistry concerned with energy changes
254073127Kinetic energyenergy of motion
254073128Potential energystored energy based on location, position or charge
254073129Free energyenergy available to do work
254073130Endergonic reactionsany reaction that requires an input or is energy storing
254073131Exergonic reactionsany reaction that proceeds spontaneously and releases energy
254073132Activation energyenergy required to initiate a reaction
254073133Catalystmolecule or compound that lowers activation energy
254073134ATPenergy currency of living organisms
254073135Substratethe molecules that will undergo the reaction
254073136Active siteplace where enzyme binds, critical location
254073137Induced fitthe concept that during the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex there is a slight change in enzyme shape to catalyze the reaction
254073138Multienzyme complexesseveral enzymes catalyzing reactions are associated without covalent bonded assemblies
254073139RibozymesRNA molecules that are capable of lowering activation energy
254073140Competitive inhibitordecreased rate of reaction based on molecule "attaching" at the active site
254073141Noncompetitive inhibitordecreased rate o reaction based on molecule "attaching" away from the active site
254073142Allosteric enzymesenzymes with two different "shapes", one that increases the rate of reaction and one that decreases rate
254073143Anabolismchemical reactions that expend energy to build molecules
254073144Catabolismchemical reactions that release energy breaking down molecules
254073145Feedback inhibitionregulation of a biochemical pathway by an end-product of that pathway
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Terms : Hide Images
94065189Metabolic PathwaysA series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds
94065190Catabolic PathwaysA metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
94065191Anabolic PathwaysA metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds
94065192Kinetic EnergyThe energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter
94065193Thermal EnergyThe totall amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form
94065194Potential EnergyThe energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement
94065195Chemical EnergyEnergy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy
94065196First Law of ThermodynamicsThe principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
94065197EntropyA quantitative measure of disorder of randomness, symbolized by 'S'
94065198Second Law of ThermodynamicsThe principle wheerby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases
94065199Exergonic ReactionA spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy
94065200Endergonic ReactionA nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings
94065201Energy CouplingIn cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
94065202ATPA cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista tat function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron trasport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion.
94065203PhosphorylatedReferring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group
94065204CatalystA chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reraction
94065205EnzymeA protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
94065206Activation EnergyThe amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start
94065207SubstrateThe reactant on which an enzyme works
94065208Enzyme-Substrate ComplexA temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s)
94065209Active SiteThe specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds
94065210Induced FitThe change inshape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate
94065211CofactorAny nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper funcitoning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis
94065212CoenzymeAn organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins funciton as ... in important metabolic reactions
94065213Competitive InhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics
94065214Noncompetitive InhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate
94065215Allosteric RegulationThe binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site
94065216CooperativityAn interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein whereby a conformational change in one subunitt is transmitted to all the others
94065217Feedback InhibitionA method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an ingibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
94067716MetabolismThe emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the orderly environmentof the cell
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Terms : Hide Images
37803936macromoleculesgiant molecules formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction; polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are considered these
37803937polymera long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a train of cars; carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins are examples of these
37803938monomersrepeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer; smaller molecules; some also have functions on their own
37803939condensation reactionwhen two monomers connect to each other by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through a loss of a molecule
37803940dehydration reactionwhen two monomers connect to each other by a reaction in which a hydroxyl group covalently bonds to a hydrogen atom, which causes the loss of a water molecule in the process
37803941enzymesspecialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells; considered proteins
37803942hydrolysisa process that occurs when the bonds between two monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules, with a hydrogen from the water attaching to one monomer and a hydroxyl group attaching to the adjacent monomer
37803943carbohydratesa sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)
37803944monosaccharidesmolecules with a general formula of some multiple of the unit CH2O; these are major nutrients as carbon skeletons serve as raw material for synthesis of other organic molecules
37803945disaccharidemolecule that consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
37803946glycosidic linkagea covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction; the most common type of this in nature is a "1-4"
37803947polysaccharidesmacromolecules; polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages; serve as storage material, hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells; building material for structures that protect a cell or an organism; architecture and function are determined by sugar monomers and by positions of glycosidic linkages
37803948starcha polymer of glucose monomers; synthesizing this allows for the storage of glucose, and thus, stored energy; this molecule is helical in shapeq
37803949glycogena polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin (a complex starch that is a branched polymer with 1-6 linkages at branch points) but more extensively branched; animals store this
37803950cellulosea polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells; most abundant organic compound on Earth; polymer of glucose
37803951chitinan important structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons; pure forms of this are leathery and flexible, but they harden when encased within calcium carbonate
37803952lipidone of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water; they are not composed of true polymers, so they are generally not large enough to be considered macromolecules; they are hydrophobic because they contain few polar bonds and many hydrocarbon regions; they vary in form and function
37803953fata large molecule constructed by two smaller molecules, glycerol and a fatty acid, through dehydration reaction; major function is energy storage
37803954glycerolan alcohol with three carbons, each having a hydroxyl group
37803955fatty acida molecule with a long carbon skeleton (usually 16 or 18 in length) and a carboxyl group at the end of the molecule (hence the acid); these are hydrophobic
37803956triacylglycerola fat that consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; linkages that bond hydroxyl to carboxyl are called ester linkages
37803957saturated fatty acida fatty acid that has no double-bonded carbon atoms so that as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton
37803958unsaturated fatty acida fatty acid that has one or more double-bonded carbon atoms formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton; there will be a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever a -cis double-bond occurs (causes bending)
37803959saturated fata fat made from saturated fatty acid; animal fats are solid at room temperature because they lack double-bonds, thus flexibility enables molecules to pack together tightly
37803960unsaturated fata fat made from unsaturated fatty acids; they are liquid at room temperature (oils) because kinks in -cis bonding prevent molecules from packing together to solidify
37803961trans fatthe fat that results when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted to saturated fats to prevent the separation of lipids (margarine and peanut butter are examples); this process produces saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
37803962phospholipidscells need these in order to exist because they make up cell membranes; has 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of traditional 3 (triacylglycerol); always assemble into a double-layer aggregate because of hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
37803963steroidslipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
37803964cholesterola common component of animal cell membranes, and a foundation from which other steroids are synthesized; crucial molecule in animals, but can be dangerous when in high amounts
37803965catalystschemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction; can be seen as workhorses that keep cells running by carrying out processes of life
37803966polypeptidespolymers of all amino acids
37803967proteinsmacromolecules that are constructed from one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure; all made from same 20 amino acids; most structurally sophisticated molecule known
37803968amino acidsorganic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups
37803969peptide bonda covalent bond that results when two amino acids join through dehydration reaction
37803970enzymaticthe type of protein that selectively accelerates chemical reactions; example: digestive enzymes release polymers in food
37803971structuralthe type of protein that supports an organism; example: insects and spiders use silk fibers for cocoons and webs, collagen and elastin provide fibrous framework in animal connective tissues; keratin is protein of hair, horns, feathers, etc.
37803972storagethe type of protein that stores amino acids; example: ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for developing embryos
37803973transportthe type of protein that transports other substances; example: hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body
37803974hormonalthe type of protein that coordinates an organism's activities; example: insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the blood of vertebrates
37803975receptorthe type of protein that helps a cell respond to chemical stimuli; example: receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect chemical signals released by other nerve cells
37803976contractile and motorthe type of protein that controls movement; example: actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of muscles; other proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella
37803977defensivethe type of protein that protects against disease; example: antibodies combat bacteria and viruses
38719356globularthe shape of proteins that are roughly spherical
38719357fibrousthe shape of proteins that are long and fiber-like
38719358primary structurethe unique structure of amino acids; example: a polypeptide composed of 127 amino acids has 20^127 different ways it can be organized
38719359secondary structurethe collection of coils and folds that result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone (not the amino acid sides)
38719360alpha helixa secondary structure that is a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
38719361beta pleated sheeta secondary structure in which two or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of two parallel polypeptide backbones; it makes up the core of globular proteins
38719362tertiary structurethe overall shape of a polypeptide that results from interactions between side chains of various amino acids
38719363hydrophobic interactionan interaction that contributes to tertiary structure; as a polypeptide folds into functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, away from water
38719364disulfide bridgeslinks that form where two cysteine monomers are brought together by folding of protein; covalent bonds reinforce structure
38719365quaternary structurethe overall protein structure that results from the gathering of polypeptide subunits; some proteins consist of 2 or more polypeptide chains combined into one macromolecule
38719366sickle-cell diseasean inherited blood disorder that is caused by a substitution of one amino acid (valine) for the normal amino acid (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
38719367denaturationthe unraveling and loss of a protein's native shape due to alterations of its environment, such as pH, salt concentration, and temperature; this causes a protein to become biologically inactive
38719368chaperoninsprotein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins; they do not specify the final structure of a protein, instead they keep the new polypeptide separated from "bad influences" in the cytoplasmic environment while it folds
38719369x-ray crystallographythe method used to determine 3-D structures of proteins; developed in 1959
38719370genea discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)
38719371nucleic acida polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities; two types are DNA and RNA
38719372deoxyribonucleic acida double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine; it is capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins
38719373ribonucleic acida type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses
38719374messenger RNAa nucleic acid that directs the production of polypeptides; this is found in the cells' ribosomes
38719375nucleotidethe monomer of nucleic acids that has three parts: 1) a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, U); 2) a give-carbon sugar (a pentose); 3) a phosphate group
38719376pyrimidinesthe family of smaller nitrogenous bases in which its members have six-membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms; members include cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
38719377purinesthe family of larger nitrogenous bases in which its members have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring; members are adenine (A) and guanine (G)
38719378ribosethe sugar connected to RNA; has one more oxygen atom than the other sugar associated with nucleicacids
38719379deoxyribosethe sugar connected to DNA; has one less oxygen atom than the other sugar associated with nucleic acids
38719380double helixthe shape that cellular DNA molecules take as a result of spiraling around an imaginary axis; this was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 at Cambridge University
38719381antiparallelthe pattern that describes the formation of DNA; the two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite 5' >> 3' directions from each other, somewhat like a divided highway
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geo #1 Basic Concepts

Terms : Hide Images
274536350Spatial- of or pertaining to space on or near Earth's surface. Often a synonym for geographical and used as an adjective to describe specific geographic concepts or processes.
274536351Absolute Location- the exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates or a grid system designed for locational purposes, e.g., latitude and longitude.
274536352Relative Location- the position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities; implies spatial relationships and usually suggests the relative advantages or disadvantages of a location with respect to all competing locations.
274536353Site- the physical character of a place; the absolute location of a place or activity described by local relief, landform, and other physical characteristics.
274536354Situation- the relative location of a place or activity in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the larger regional or spatial system of which it is a part; the location of a place relative to other places.
274536355Place Name (Toponym)- the name given to a portion of Earth's surface.
274536356Direction (absolute, relative)...
274536357Distance (absolute, relative)...
274536358Size...
274536359Scale (implied degree of generalization)- the size of an area student, from local to global.
274536360Physical attributes- natural landscape
274536361Cultural attribute- cultural landscape
274536362Built landscape- the part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape.
274536363Sequent occupance- successive habitation of same area over time; builds layer after layer in the region.
274536364Environmental determinism- a nineteenth and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences; physical environment caused human activities.
274536365Possibilism- the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action form many alternatives.
274536366Spatial interaction- the movement and flows involving human activity.
274536367Accessibility- the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations.
274536368Connectivity- the directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network; all of the tangible and intangible means of connection and communication between places.
274536369Network- the areal pattern of sets of places and the routes (links) connecting them along which movement can take place.
274536370Distance decay- the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
274536371Friction of distance- a measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction; the greater the distance, the greater the "friction" and the less the interaction or exchange, or the greater the cost of achieving the exchange.
274536372Time-spaced compression- an influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea, observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases.
274536373Diffusion- the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.
274536374Hearth- the region from which innovative ideas originate.
274536375Relocation- the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
274536376Expansion- the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
274536377Hierarchical- the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places; spread of culture from one important / large area to another important / large area.
274536378Contagious- the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend though out a population; person to person spread of culture.
274536379Stimulus- the spread of a n underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
274536380Distribution- the arrangement of something across Earth's surface.
274536381Density Arithmetic- the total number of people divided by the total land area.
274536382Physiological- the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
274536383Dispersed / Scattered- a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
274536384Clustered / agglomerated- a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.
274536385Pattern (linear, centralized, random)...
274536386Region (formal/uniform, functional / nodal, perceptual / vernacular)- an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
274536387Formal Region- an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
274536388Functional Region (Nodal)- an area organized around a node or focal point.
274536389Perceptual / Vernacular- an area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity.
274536390Map- a two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.
274536391Map Scale-distance on a map relative to the distance on Earth.
274536392Distortion- area, distance, direction, shape
274536393Projection- the system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
274536394Grid (North and South Poles, latitude, parallel, Equator, longitude, meridian, prime meridian, International Date Line)...
274536395Latitude- the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the Equator.
274536396Longitude- the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the Prime Meridian.
274536397Equator- an imaginary east-west line that encircles the globe halfway between the North and South Poles.
274536398Meridian- line of longitude
274536399Prime Meridian- an imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, serving by agreement as the 0º line of longitude.
274536400International Date Line- an arc that fro the most part follows 180º longitude, although it deviates in several place to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross it heading east, the clock moves back 24 hours, and when you cross it going west the calendar moves ahead one day.
274536401Map Types (thematic, statistical, cartogram, dot, choropleth, isoline, graduated circle)...
274536402Thematic- a map that demonstrates a particular feature or a single variable. Four types: dot, isoline, choropleth, and proportional symbol.
274536403Dot- a thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable.
274536404Chloropleth- a thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones.
274536405Isoline- a thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.
274536406Cartogram- a map that has been simplified to present a single idea ina diagrammatic way: the base is not normally true to scale.
274536407Proportional Symbol- a thematic map in which the size of a symbol varies in proportion to the frequency or intensity of the mapped variable.
274536408Mental Map- (cognitive map) the map like image of the world, country, region, city, or neighborhood a person carries in mind.
274536409Time zone- a geographic region within which the same standard time is used.
274536410Geographic Information System (GIS)- a computer hardware and software system that handles geographically referenced data; it uses and produces maps and has the ability to perform many types of spatial analysis.
274536411Global Positioning System (GPS)- a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
274536412Remote sensing- the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
274536413Model- a simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships: e.g., Demographic Transition, Gravity Model, etc.
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Touart- American Pageant (Chapter 7) The Road to Revolution

Terms : Hide Images
405608068republicanismWhat is the political theory of representative government based on the principle of popular sovereignty and a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue?
249252095radical WhigsWho were British political commentators who feared the threat to liberty of the arbitrary use of power by the monarch?
249252096mercantilismWhat was the economic system that stated a nation's strength came from its economic wellbeing and thus manipulated colonies to achieve these goals?
405608069Navigation LawsWhat were the series of laws passed, beginning in 1650, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.?
249252097Sugar Act (1764)What was the first law passed for raising tax revenue for Britain in the colonies?
249252104Quartering Act (1765)What was the legislation that required the colonists to feed and shelter British troops but was summarily ignored?
405608070Stamp ActWhat was the law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, and even playing cards?
249252102George GrenvilleWho was the British minister who raised a storm of protest by passing the Stamp Act?
249252105admiralty courtsWhat were the hated British courts in which juries were not allowed and defendants were assumed guilty until proven innocent?
249252107virtual representationWhat was the British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members?
249253497Stamp Act CongressWhat was a gathering of nine American colonies in 1765 to protest unfair taxation by the British?
249252109nonimportation agreementsWhat was the effective form of organized colonial resistance against the Stamp Act, which made homespun clothing fashionable?
249253498Sons and Daughters of LibertyWhat were the name of the patriotic groups during the 1760s who enforced opposition to the British government's taxation policies?
405608071Declaratory ActParliament passed this act in 1766 when it repealed the Stamp Act. It stated that the colonies were entirely subordinate to Parliament's authority, and that Parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."
249253495Charles TownshendWho was the British minister whose clever attempt to impose import taxes in 1767 nearly succeeded, but eventually brewed trouble for Britain?
249252098Townshend ActsWhat was the collective name of the legislation passed in 1767 that imposed duties on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea?
249253499Boston MassacreWhat event occured in 1770 under the leadership of Captain Thomas Preston when a group of American protesters were killed in New England?
249252099Crispus AttucksWho was the runaway mulatto who led the colonists against the British during the Boston Massacre and was killed?
249252100committees of correspondenceWhat was organized by Samuel Adams in Massachusetts as a response to an increased presence of British officials to spread the spirit of resistance through letters?
249253496Lord NorthWho was the British Prime Minister who rescinded the taxes on lead, paper, and other goods but allowed a duty to remain on tea ultimately leading to the Boston Tea Party?
249252111Boston Tea PartyWhat was the event organized by disguised "Indians" in 1773 to sabotage British support of a British East India Company monopoly?
249252101Intolerable (Coercive) ActsWhat was the name the colonists gave to legislation passed by Parliament to chastise Boston for the Boston Tea Party?
249253500Quebec ActWhat was the name of the law passed by Britain in 1774 that allowed French people under British rule to practice Catholicism and altered the boundaries of French inhabited Canada?
405608072First Continental Congress (1774)Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.
249252113the AssociationWhat was the effective organization created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 to provide a total boycott of all British goods?
249252108John HancockWho was the wealthy president of the Continental Congress and so-called "King of Smugglers"?
249252114minutemenWhat were the rapidly mobilizing colonial militia whose refusal to disperse sparked the first shots of the Revolution?
249253501Lexington and ConcordWhat were the sites of the "shot heard round the world" that inaugurated war with Britain in 1775?
250753207Patrick HenryWho was the influential Virginian whose address to the Second Virginia Convention at St. John's Church in Richmond in 1775 concludes with "Give me liberty or give me death."?
405608073Valley ForgeWhat was the site where the Continental Army camped during the winter of 1777-1778 after its defeats at the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown. The winter was a season of intense suffering and casualties due to the cold and disease. The army was motivated and trained by von Steuben.
249252110Baron von SteubenWho was the Prussian army officer who helped train the Continental Army into fighting readiness at Valley Forge?
249252106LafayetteWho was the nineteen year old French major general in the Revolutionary Army who helped secure French aid for the cause?
249252112HessiansWhat were German mercenaries hired by George III to fight the American revolutionaries called?
405608074Lord Dunmore (Ethiopian regiment)Who was the royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army?
Powered by Quizlet.com

PSY101 - Quizlet 06

Terms : Hide Images
210614304learningA relatively permanent change in potential behavior that results from experience.
210614305Ivan PavlovThe first individual to demonstrate classical conditioning was ____ ____.
210614306unconditioned stimulusIn classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned response.
210614307unconditioned responseIn classical conditioning, an unlearned response (caused by an unconditioned stimulus).
210614308conditioned stimulusIn classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response only after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
210614309conditioned responsein classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
210614310neutral stimulusA stimulus that produces no particular response (except perhaps catching the organism's attention).
210614311stimulus generalizationThe tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to produce the conditioned response.
210614312smallerThe less similar a stimulus is to the conditioned stimulus, the ____ the conditioned response will be.
210614313discriminationWhen a stimulus that is very similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to produce the conditioned response, we can say that the organism is exhibiting stimulus ____.
210614314extinctionIf the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, the CR will eventually die off. This process is called ____.
210614315spontaneous recoveryFollowing extinction, if you wait a short time and then present the CS again, you will often see ____ ____ of the CR.
210614316involuntaryOne of the main distinguishing characteristics of classical conditioning is that the behavioral response is usually automatic or ____ in nature.
210614317timeFor classical conditioning to take place, it is usually essential that the NS and the UCS be presented very close together in ____.
210614318conditioned taste aversionA learned aversion to a relatively novel taste that occurs following illness or nausea.
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP U.S. History Chapter 8

Terms : Hide Images
10612337George WashingtonVirginian planter, held the rank of colonel in a militia before he became general. Excellent leader and strategist and fought many an uneven battle.
10612338George Rogers ClarkA frontiersman conceived the idea of attacking British forts in the Illinois country by suprise. Floated down the Ohio River and captured many forts with just 175 men.
10612339Richard Henry LeeFrom Virginia. On June 7, 1776 he moved that the colonies should be independent states and after considerable debate the motion was adopted nearly a month later, on July 2, 1776.
10612340Horatio GatesGeneral Burgoyne was forced to surrender his forces at Saratoga to the American general Horatio Gates.
10612341John Paul JonesA young Scotsman who was the most famous officer in America's infant navy.
10612342Charles CornwallisBritish general in the Revolutionary war, was defeated at Yorktown on October 19, 1781.
10612343mercenariesSoldiers who fight for money, not for any specific nation or cause.
10612344Second Continental CongressMet in Philidelphia and all 13 colonies attended. No real sentiment for independence, just a desire to keep fighting in the hope parliment would consent to a redress of grievences. They elected George Washington to lead the American Army.
10612345Loyalists/ToriesA Loyalist is an American colonist who wishes to remain a part of England. A Torie is basically a Loyalist although it is the English counterpart.
10612346TiconderogaEthan Allen and Benidict Arnold suprised and captured Ticonderoga and gained gunpowder and artillery for the siege of Boston.
10612347TrentonThe day after Christmas George Washington suprised a group of Hessians at Trenton and captured them.
10612348SaratogaGeneral Burgoyne was bogged down by a host of militiamen and eventually the British army was trapped. General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his forces at Saratoga to the American general Horatio Gates.
10612349Barry St. LegerWas a British colonel, led the Western offensive that formed one leg of the Saratoga campaign.
10612350Admiral de GrasseFrench admiral who operated a fleet in the West Indies adivsed them that he was free to join them in an assualt on Cornwallis. He cornered Cornwallis at Yorktown by blocking the sea.
10612351Patrick HenryPassionate revolutionary, "Give me liberty or give me death"
10612352Comte de RochambeauCommander of a powerful French army, arrived in Newport Rhode Island. Came in the Summer of 1780.
10612353John JayWas an American peace negotiator. He secretly made trips to London. London eager to entice an enemy from the enemy alliance they quickly came to terms with the Americans. By the Treaty of Paris the British recognized the independence of America.
10612354Thomas JeffersonRevolutionary leader, wrote the declaration of independece. Was an examplar of Republican principals.
10612355Natural RightsJefferson used Natural Rights in the declaration of Independence and he gave his appeal universality by invoking "natural rights" not just British rights. (John Locke)
10612356Declaration of IndependenceWas more of an explanation of Independence. Written by Thomas Jefferson and was approved on July 4, 1776. He argued that the colonists were justified in servering their connection.
10612357Common SenseWritten by Thomas Paine, argued that no where in the universe was a larger body ruled by a smaller body, and this same rule should apply to America and Britain.
10612358Bunker HillIn June 1775 the Colonists seized Bunker Hill and when attacked they inflicted heavy casualties on the British troops. Eventually had to retreat as their ammo ran out.
10612359PrincetonGeorge Washington left his campfires burning and then inflicted a sharp defeat on the British forces at Princeton.
10612360Valley ForgeWashington spent the winter 20 miles from Philidelphia at Valley Forge and there was much misery, but Baron Von Steuben whipped the colonists into shape.
10612361William HoweGeneral Howe attacked New York with 35,000 men and attacked Philidelphia when he should have been going to help Burgoyne up the Hudson River.
10612362Nathanael GreeneGeneral Nathanael Greene was a Quaker born tactition. Used a strategy of delay, and he cleared most of Georgia and South Carolina of troops.
10612363Bendedict ArnoldAmerican General, captured Ticonderoga and was shot during the Quebec campaign. Turned traitor when he believed he was not being recognized for his accomplishments.
10612364John BurgoyneGeneral Burgoyne wanted to capture the vital Hudson River and cut off the colonies.
10612365Thomas PaineThe revolutionary author of Common Sense. His protest called for independence and called for the creation of a democratic republic and that all leaders should derive their power from popular consent.
10612366PrivateeringCitizens would arm their ships and harass British shipping and their navy.
10612367Patriots/WhigsPatriots were rebellious colonists and the Whigs were their English counterparts.
10612368Treaty of Paris of 1783It formally ended the revolutionary war between America and Britain.
10612369Long IslandThe Americans were defeated at the battle of Long Island, they escaped to Manhattan Island and they retreated northward across the Hudson River to New Jersey and finally reached the Deleware River with the British close behind.
10612370YorktownYorktown was the site where the Cornwallis surrendered after the American siege and the British were blocked at the sea.
10612371PhilidelphiaGeneral Howe attacked Philidelphia instead of starting up the Hudson River from New York to aid Burgyone. He wanted to engage Washingtons army and destroy it, Washington was defeated in the battles of Brandywine Creek and Germantown. Burgyone was left to flounder the wilds of upper New York alone.
Powered by Quizlet.com

John Cabot

Terms : Hide Images
112223888tariffstax on imported goods. Forces people to buy domestic products.
112223889Cortezgot Aztecs from Mexico and got control of them.
112223890Columbussailed to the new world in 1492. firs European that encountered the new world.
112223891heliocentric theoryplanets rotate around the sun not the earth.
112223892merchantilismwhen country tries to export more than imports
113180507John CabotFirst english person to explore the new world.
113180508Ferdnand Gellanfirst person to sail around the world.
113180509spanish didtook natives gold and enslaved people
113180510great conquistadorsPizaro incas Cortez aztecs
113180511Vasco De Gaportuguse person to sail to India.
113180512Pizzarocontrol of Incas sent lots of gold to spain in 1519.
Powered by Quizlet.com

Bio Chapter 1: Exploring Life

Terms : Hide Images
203460450BiosphereThe entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems
203460451EcosystemAll the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment
203460452CommunityAn assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area
203460453PopulationA group of interacting individuals belonging to ones species and living in the same geographic area
203460454OrganismAn individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant or animal
203460455Organ SystemA group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions
203460456OrgansA structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions
203460457TissueA cooperative unit of many similar cells that perform a specific function with a multicellular organism.
203460458CellA basic unit of living matter separated from it environment by a plasma membrane; the fundamental structural unit of life
203460459OrganelleA structure with a specialized function within a cell
203460460Moleculea group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
203460461AtomThe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
203460462ProducerAn organism that makes organic food molecules from carbon dioxide, water, and other inorganic raw materials: a plant, alga, or autotrophic bacterium
203460463ConsumerAn organism that obtains its food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants
203460464DecomposerA consumer that derives its energy from nonliving organic material
203460465Emergent PropertiesNew properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
203460466SystemA more complex organization formed from a combination of components
203460467Prokaryotic cellA type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea
203460468Eukaryotic cellA type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells
203460469speciesa group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.
203460470TaxonomyThe branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species
203460471KingdomIn classification, the broad taxonomic category above phylum or division
203460472DomainA taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
203460473BacteriaOne of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Archaea
203460474ArchaeaOne of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being bacteria
203460475ProkaryoteAn organism with prokaryotic cells
203460476TheoryA widely accepted explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence
203460477Natural SelectionDifferential success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from interactions with the environment. Evolution occurs when natural selection produces changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population's gene pool
203460478Evolutionary adaptiona inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
203460479hypothesisA tentative explanation a scientist proposes for a specific phenomenon that has been observed
203460480controlled experimentA component of the process of science whereby a scientist carries out two parallel tests, an experimental test and a control test. The experimental test differs from the control by one factor, the variable
203460481technologyThe practical application of scientific knowledge
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!