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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

General College Biology I, Chapter 8, Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
Vocabulary: metabolism, metabolic pathway, catabolic pathway, anabolic pathway, chemical energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, heat, thermodynamics, entropy, endergonic, exergonic, activation energy, phosphorylation, enzyme, catalyst, substrate, active site, allosteric site, cofactor, coenzyme, competitive inhibitor, noncompetitive inhibitor, allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define metabolism.
2. Describe a metabolic (biochemical) pathway and distinguish between anabolic pathways
and catabolic pathways.
3. Explain the role of energy and enzymes in the chemical reactions in the cells of living
things.
4. Define energy.
5. List and describe 5 forms of energy.
6. State the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and relate each to living systems.
7. Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic chemical reactions.
8. Describe the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
9. Describe ATP and its role as a source of chemical energy in cells.
10. Write the general chemical reactions for making ATP and using ATP.
11. State the function of enzymes.
12. Define catalyst and state why an enzyme is a catalyst.
13. Define and describe active site and relate it to the function of enzymes.
14. Relate the shape of enzymes to their function.
15. Define denaturation of proteins and explain how less than optimum temperature and pH
conditions could affect the function of enzymes
16. State the two types of cofactors (and examples of each), and describe their role in the function of some enzymes.
17. Describe the allosteric site found in some enzymes and explain how allosteric effectors (activators or inhibitors) influence the function of some enzymes.
18. Distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
19. Describe feedback inhibition related to a metabolic pathway

Terms : Hide Images

1592186906	Concept 8.1: An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics	...	0
1592186907	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism	1
1592186908	Metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway)	2
1592186909	Catabolic pathway	Releases Energy. A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules	3
1592186910	Anabolic pathway	Consumes Energy. A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules	4
1592186911	Bioenergetics	Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources	5
1592186912	Energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	6
1592186913	Kinetic energy	Energy of motion	7
1592186914	Heat (thermal) energy	Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules	8
1592186915	Potential energy	The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)	9
1592186916	Chemical energy	Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy	10
1592186917	Thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.	11
1592186918	First law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy; energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	12
1592186919	Entropy	a measure of disorder, or randomness	13
1592186920	Second law of thermodynamics	Energy transfer. The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat	14
1592186921	Spontaneous process	Without Energy. Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly	15
1592186922	What is the second law of thermodynamics?	The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	16
1592186923	What is the first law of thermodynamics?	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	17
1592186924	How does the second law of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane?	The second law is the trend toward randomization, or increasing entropy. When the concentration of a substance on both sides of a membrane are equal, the distribution is more random than when they are unequal. Diffusion of a substance to a region where it is initially less concentrated INCREASES ENTROPY, making it an energetically favorable (SPONTANEOUS) process.	18
1592186925	Describe the forms of energy found in an apple as it grows on a tree, then falls, then is digested by someone who eats it	Potential. Chemical. Kinetic. Thermal. As it sits on the tree, the apple has potential energy because of its position and chemical energy because of its nutrients. As it is falling it has kinetic energy. When eaten and digested, some chemical energy becomes work and the rest is heat.	19
1592186926	If you place a teaspoon of sugar in the bottom of a glass of water, it will dissolve completely over time. Left longer, crystals will reappear. Explain these observations in terms of entropy	Sugar crystals are less ordered - more entropy as they dissolve. As the water becomes less ordered - more entropy and evaporates, the sugar becomes more ordered- decrease in entropy, becoming crystals	20
1592186927	Concept 8.2 The free energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously.	...	21
1592186928	Free energy	The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in free energy of a system is calculated by the equation delta G = delta H - T delta S, where delta H is the change in enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy), T is the absolute temperature, and delta S is the change in entropy.	22
1592186929	Exergonic reaction	Energy is released. A reaction is exergonic if more energy is released than supplied. delta G<0	23
1592186930	Endergonic reaction	Energy must be supplied. A reaction is endergonic if more energy is supplied than is released. delta G>0	24
1592186931	Endergonic reaction	The reaction will not occur spontaneously delta G>0	25
1592186932	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. Is cellular respiration spontaneous or not?	Cellular Respiration is SPONTANEOUS!	26
1592186933	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. Is it exergonic or endergonic?	Cellular Respiration is an EXERGONIC process	27
1592186934	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. What happens to the energy released from glucose?	The energy released from glucose is used to do work in the cell or is lost as heat	28
1592186935	As we saw in figure 7.20 on page 137, a key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of H+ on each side. Which situation allows the H+ to perform work on the system?	At equilibrium, the H+ concentration is the same and the Hydrogen ions can no no work. When there is an imbalance, or a gradient Hydrogen ions go to work.	29
1592186936	As we saw in figure 7.20 on page 137, a key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of H+ on each side. Which situation allows the H+ to perform work on the system and how is the answer consistent with what is shown in regards to energy in figure 7.20?	Figure 7.20 shows that an energy input via ATP hydrolysis is required to establish a concentration gradient that allows the Hydrogen ions to go to work.	30
1592186937	Glow in the dark necklaces start glowing once activated which usually involves snapping the necklaces in a way that allows two chemicals to react and emit light in the form of chemilluminescence. Is the chemical reaction exergonic or endergonic?	The reaction is EXERGONIC because it releases energy in the form of light.	31
1592186938	Concept 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions	...	32
1592186939	Energy coupling	In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction	33
1592186940	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate	34
1592186941	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.	35
1592186942	Phosphorylated intermediate	A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule	36
1592186943	What are the three main types of work that a cell does?	Chemical Transport Mechanical	37
1592186944	How does ATP typically transfer energy from ergonic to endergonic reactions in the cell?	By Phosphorylating, adding phosphate groups to, other molecules. Exergonic process phosphorylate ADP to regenerate ATP	38
1592186945	Which of the following combinations has more free energy: Glutamic acid + ammnia +ATP or Glutamine + ADP + P1? Explain	A set of coupled reactions can transform the first combinations into the second. Since this is an exergonic process overall, Delta G is negative and the first combination must have more energy.	39
1592186946	Considering what we learned in concepts 7.3 and 7.4 (pages 134-136), does figure 8.10a show passive or active transport?	Active Transport - the solute is being transported against its concentration gradient	40
1592186947	Concept 8.4 Enzymes Speed Up Metabolic Reactions by Lowering Energy Barriers	...	41
1592186948	Enzyme	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst in a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; most are proteins	42
1592186949	Catalyst	A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction	43
1592186950	Activation energy	The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation	44
1592186951	Substrate	the reactant on which an enzyme works.	45
1592186952	Enzyme-substrate complex	a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to is substrate molecule(s).	46
1592186953	Active site	the specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs	47
1592186954	Induced fit	Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate	48
1592186955	Cofactor	Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of of an enzyme; can be permanently bound to the active site or may be loosely bound and reversibly, along with the substrate during catalysis.	49
1592186956	Coenzyme	an organic molecule serving as a cofactor; in metabolic reactions, most vitamins function as this.	50
1592186957	Competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics	51
1592186958	Noncompetitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing an enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyses the conversion of substrate to product	52
1592186959	Many spontaneous reactions occur very slowly. Why don't all spontaneous reactions occur instantly?	While spontaneous reactions are exergonic, if they have a high activation energy that is rarely reached, the rate of reaction could be very slow	53
1592186960	Why do enzymes act only on very specific substrates?	Only the specific substrate will fit properly into the active site of an enzyme where the catalysis happens	54
1592186961	Malonate is an inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehyrogenase. How would you determine whether malonate is a competitive or noncompetitive inhibitor?	With malonate present, increase the amount of the normal substrate and determine if the reaction increases, if it does, then you know that malonate is a competitive inhibitor	55
1592186962	In nature, what conditions could lead to natural selection favoring bacteria with enzymes that could break down the fucose-containing disaccharide discussed above?	If lactose wasn't present in the environment as a source of food and the fucose-containing disaccharide was available, bacteria that could digest the latter would be better able to grow and multiply than those that could not.	56
1592186963	Concept 8.5 Regulation of Enzyme Activity Helps Control Metabolism	...	57
1592186964	Allosteric regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site	58
1592186965	Cooperativity	A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits	59
1592186966	Feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	60
1592186967	How do an activator and an inhibitor have different effects on an allosterically regulated enzyme?	The activator binds and stabilizes he active form of an enzyme, whereas the inhibitor will stabilize the INACTIVE form	61
1592186968	You want to design drug that inhibits a particular enzyme, after research you learn that an enzymes active site is simmilar to that of several other enzymes. What would be a good approach to develop your inhibitor drug?	An inhibitor that binds to the active site of the enzyme you want to inhibit could also bind to and block the enzymes with similar structures, causing significant side effects. For this reason you would be better off choosing to screen chemical compounds that bind allosterically to the enzyme in question because allosteric regulatory sites are less likely to share similarity with other enzymes.	62
1592186969	Define Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism	63
1592186970	Define Energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	64
1592186971	List and describe 5 forms of energy	Kinetic Potential Chemical Heat/Thermal	65
1592186972	What is a catalyst?	A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	66
1592186973	Distinguish between anabolic and catabolic reactions?	Anabolic is building a molecule by consuming energy and catabolic is breaking it down to release energy	67
1592186974	Word Roots: allo-	different (allosteric site: a specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site)	68
1592186975	Word Roots: ana-	up (anabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones)	69
1592186976	Word Roots: bio-	ife (bioenergetics: the study of how organisms manage their energy resources)	70
1592186977	Word Roots: cata-	down (catabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones)	71
1592186978	Word Roots: endo-	within (endergonic reaction: a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings)	72
1592186979	Word Roots: ex-	out (exergonic reaction: a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy)	73
1592186980	Word Roots: kinet-	movement (kinetic energy: the energy of motion)	74
1592186981	Word Roots: therm-	heat (thermodynamics: the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter)	75
1592186982	Metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway).	76
1592186983	Define how an enzyme works	An enzyme serves as a biological catalyst, increasing the rate of a reaction without being changed into a different molecule. An enzyme does not add energy to a reaction; instead, it speeds up a reaction by lowering the energy barrier.	77
1592186984	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	78
1592186985	Substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.	79
1592186986	Name three factors that affect enzyme action	pH Temperature Substrate Concentration	80
1592186987	What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?	An enzyme is said to be denatured when it loses its functional shape.	81
1592186988	What does Gibbs Free Energy Measure?	Chemical Energy	82
1592186989	Give the equation for Gibbs Free Energy	Delta G equals delta H - T delta S	83
1592186990	Explain the Gibbs Free Energy Equation	A change in free energy is equal to a change in heat content minus a change in Temperature times Randomness	84
1592186991	The process of stabilizing the structure of an enzyme in its active form by the binding of a molecule is an example of	allosteric regulation	85
1592186992	What is meant by the "induced fit" of an enzyme?	The enzyme changes its shape slightly as the substrate binds to it	86
1592186993	How do enzymes lower activation energy?	By locally concentrating the reactants. One of the ways enzymes work is to increase the concentrations of reactants at a single place.	87
1592186994	What do the sign and magnitude of the ΔG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction?	Neither the sign nor the magnitude of ΔG have anything to do with the speed of a reaction.	88
1592186995	If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur?	Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.	89
1592186996	Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because	their enzymes have high optimal temperatures.	90
1592186997	If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to	add more of the enzyme.	91
1592186998	Which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other process? ADP +(P) i → ATP + H20 or C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O	C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O	92
1592186999	Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because	temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell.	93
1592187000	Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as _______ is to _______.	xergonic; endergonic	94

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 1: The Study of Life Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

Terms : Hide Images

882449669	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	1
882170720	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	2
882170715	Biology	The scientific study of life	3
882170716	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	4
882170717	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	5
882170719	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	6
882170718	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	7
882170721	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	8
882170722	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	9
882170723	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	10
882449670	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	11
882449671	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	12
882449672	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	13
882449673	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	14
882449674	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	15
882449675	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	16
882449676	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	17
882449677	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	18
882449678	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	19
882449679	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	20
882449680	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	21
882449681	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	22
882449682	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	23
882449683	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	24
882449684	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	25
882449685	Data	Recorded observations.	26
882449686	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	27
882449687	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	28
882449688	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	29
882449689	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	30
882449690	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	31
882449691	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	32
882449692	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	33
882449693	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	34
882449694	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	35
882449695	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	36
882449696	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	37
882449697	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	38
882449698	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	39
882449699	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	40
882449700	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	41
882449701	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	42
882449702	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	43
882449703	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	44
882449704	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	45
882449705	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	46
886715808	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	47
886715809	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	48
913857457	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	49
913857458	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	50
913857459	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	51
913857460	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	52
913857461	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	53
913857462	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	54
913857463	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	55
913857464	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	56
913857465	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	57
913857466	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	58
913857467	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	59
913857468	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	60
913857469	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	61
913857470	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	62
913857471	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	63
913857472	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	64
913857473	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	65
913857474	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	66

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Chapter 5 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

Terms : Hide Images

1697197421	Macromolecule	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are ______________.	0
1697197422	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	1
1697197423	Monomer	The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.	2
1697197424	Condensation Reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.	3
1697197425	Dehydration Reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	4
1697197426	Enzyme	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	5
1697197427	Hydrolysis	A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	6
1697197428	Carbohydrate	A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).	7
1697197429	Monosaccharide	The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH₂O.	8
1697197430	Disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis.	9
1697197431	Glycosidic Linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	10
1697197432	Polysaccharide	A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	11
1697197433	Starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages.	12
1697197434	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	13
1697197435	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.	14
1697197436	Chitin	A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	15
1697197437	Lipid	One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.	16
1697197438	Fat	A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.	17
1697197439	Fatty Acid	A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. _____ _____ vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three _____ _____ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.	18
1697197440	Triacylglycerol	Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or a triglyceride.	19
1697197441	Saturated Fatty Acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.	20
1697197442	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	21
1697197443	Trans Fat	An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.	22
1697197444	Phospholipid	A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. _____________ form bilayers that function as biological membranes.	23
1697197445	Steroid	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.	24
1697197446	Cholesterol	A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones.	25
1697197447	Catalyst	A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	26
1697197448	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	27
1697197449	Protein	A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.	28
1697197450	Amino Acid	An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. _____ _____ serve as the monomers of polypeptides.	29
1697197451	Peptide Bond	The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.	30
1697197452	Primary Structure	The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.	31
1697197453	Secondary Structure	The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone.	32
1697197454	α Helix	A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding.	33
1697197455	β Pleated Sheet	One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.	34
1697197456	Tertiary Structure	Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.	35
1697197457	Hydrophobic Interaction	A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.	36
1697197458	Disulfide Bridge	A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.	37
1697197459	Quaternary Structure	The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.	38
1697197460	Denaturation	In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. ____________ occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.	39
1697197461	Chaperonin	A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.	40
1697197462	X-Ray Crystallography	A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.	41
1697197463	Nucleic Acid	A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.	42
1697197464	Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)	A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and Thymine (T); capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	43
1697197465	Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)	A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosin (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.	44
1697197466	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	45
1697197467	Nucleotide	The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	46
1697197468	Pyrimidine	One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are ___________.	47
1697197469	Purine	One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.	48
1697197470	Ribose	The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	49
1697197471	Deoxyribose	The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	50
1697197472	Double Helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.	51
1697197473	Antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	52

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Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

Animal Reproduction

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1197845172	isthmus	section of the oviduct closest to the uterus characterized by a smaller diameter lumen and a relatively larger circular muscular layer	1
1197845173	perimetrium	outer serous layer of the uterus continuous with peritoneum that blocks adhesions	2
1197845174	caslicks procedure	surgical procedure to close the upper portions of the vulva in the mare	3
1197845175	caruncle	a "button-like" structure on the uterine epithelium which forms the maternal side of the placentome in ruminants	4
1197845176	vulva-vaginal sphincter muscle	restricts to prevent urine backflow into the reproductive tract of the cow	5
1197845177	uterus	the tissue organ that connects the cervix to the oviducts that houses the fetus during gestation	6
1198421964	cervical os	opening of cervix	7
1198421965	infundibulum	the funnel-shaped structure at the end of the oviduct aiding in ovum pickup	8
1198421966	cortex and medulla	anatomical regions are inverted in the ovary of the mare compared to the cow	9
1198421967	uterotubal junction	where uterine horn meets the oviduct and functions to prevent polyspermy by restricting the number of spermatozoa entering the oviduct	10
1198421968	mesovarium	the portion of the suspensory broad ligament supporting the ovary	11
1198421969	interdigitating pads	cartilage-like structures found in the cervix of the sow	12
1198421970	luteolytic	a material that promotes luteolysis	13
1198421971	pheromone	airborne chemical message (odors) which attracts male or female	14
1198421972	ampullary isthmic junction	site of fertilization in the female reproductive tract	15
1198421973	longitudinal folds	cervical structures of the mare	16
1198421974	graafian	refers to a large fluid filled dominant preovulatory follicle	17
1198421975	ovulation fossa	ovulation can only occur at this point on the ovary in the mare	18
1198421976	middle uterine artery	enlarges during middle and late pregnancy and can be palpated as an aid in pregnancy detection in cows and mares	19
1198421977	suburethral diverticulum	the blind pouch located just beneath the urethral opening	20
1198421978	corpus hemorrhagicum	collapsed follicle which contains blood, lymph, granulosa and theca cells	21
1198421979	corpus albicans	regressed or degenerate corpus luteum	22
1198421980	progesterone	the steroid hormone required for the maintenance of pregnancy	23
1198421981	fornix vagina	that portion of the vagina that forms a "crypt" or "blind pocket" adjacent to the cervical os	24
1198421982	luteinization	the process by which granulosa and theca cells are transformed into luteal cells	25
1198421983	endometrium	the layer of the uterus that produces prostaglandin F2 alpha to kill the corpus luteum	26
1198421984	luteolysis	the process whereby luteal tissue undergoes regression	27
1198421985	annular rings	cartilage-like structures found in the cervix of the cow	28
1198421986	aromatase	the enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen	29
1198421987	cervix	the sphincter controlling access between the uterus and the vagina which produces mucus during estrus	30
1198421988	corpus luteum	structure on the ovary that produces progesterone	31
1198421989	fimbria	fringe-like projections on the infundibulum which aid the pickup of the oocyte	32
1198421990	vestibule	the anatomical region common to both the urinary and reproductive tract in the female which contains glands to produce pheromones	33
1198421991	ampulla	the section of the oviduct closest to the ovary characterized by a larger lumen area and a relatively smaller muscular layer	34
1198421992	vagina	female copulatory organ	35
1198421993	granulosa	these cells line the antral follicle and contain receptors for both LH and FSH and convert testosterone to estrogen	36
1198421994	zona pellucida	a thick translucent mucoprotein surrounding the oocyte and early embryo	37
1198421995	vulva	the external opening of the female reproductive tract which consists of 2 labia	38
1198421996	primary follicle	contains the oocyte which is surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells	39
1198421997	transurethral fold	the structure in the vagina of the mare that blocks and prevents the blackflow of urine into the reproductive tract	40
1198421998	estrogen	the steroid hormone produced by a large graafian follicle	41
1198421999	primary	stage of oocyte development in a graafian follicle before ovulation	42
1198422000	estrous	the adjective used to describe the phenomena associated with the period between standing heats	43
1198422001	ovarian artery	supplies blood to the ovaries, oviducts and the upper portion of uterine horn	44
1198422002	estrus	a term describing the period of sexual receptivity in the female	45
1198422003	myometrium	the middle (circular and longitudinal) muscular layer of the uterus	46
1198422004	mesotubarium superious	portion of the suspensory broad ligament that supports the infundibulum	47
1198422005	mesosalpinx	portion of the suspensory broad ligament that supports the oviduct	48
1198422006	mesometrium	portion of the suspensory broad ligament that supports the uterus	49
1198422007	hypogastric artery	supplies blood to the cervix, vagina, and vulva regions of the female reproductive tract	50
1245393603	cortex	contains germs cells	51
1245393604	medulla	central part of the ovary that contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic, and nerves	52
1245393605	germinal epithelium	continuous with peritoneal lining, contains single layer of cuboidal cells, prevents adhesions, does not produce germ cells, and breaks at ovulation	53
1245393606	tunica albuginea	dense white connective tissue layer which provides structure to ovary	54
1245393607	secondary follicle	surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells with no antrum (or fluid filled cavity)	55
1245393608	tertiary/antral/graafian follicle	this follicle forms a fluid filled cavity and there is a differentiation of several distinct cell layers in the follicle wall	56
1245393609	secondary oocyte	occurs after ovulation and contains a polar body	57
1245393610	ootid	the oocyte after the 1st meiotic division in which the polar body is present	58
1245393611	large luteal cells	come from granulosa cells, no LH receptor, contains Prostaglandin F2 alpha, produces oxytocin, and produces progesterone	59
1245393612	small luteal cells	come from theca interna cells, contain LH receptor, and produces progesterone	60
1245393613	luteotrophic	having a stimulating action on the development or assisting in maintaining the corpus luteum	61
1245393614	isthmus	serves as reservoir until sperm released to Ampullary isthmic junction	62
1245393615	oviduct	transport oocyte to site of fertilization	63
1245393616	fate of unfertilized oocyte	cow, sow, ewe, doe: unfertilized oocyte will pass from the oviduct into the uterus mare: unfertilized oocyte will remain in oviduct and embryos will bypass unfertilized oocytes to pass into uterus	64
1245393617	transuterine migration	movement from tip to tip of uterine horn that occur in the ewe, mare and pig	65
1245393618	uterine involution	myometrial contractions and enzymatic activity shrinks uterus back to normal size	66
1245393619	sialomucin	"like straw", low viscosity, considered a privileged pathway	67
1245393620	sulfomucin	disulfide bonds, high viscosity, the majority of sperm don't survive because they get caught in this type of mucus	68
1245393621	mucus characteristics during estrous cycle	estrus: clear, watery long parallel strands diestrus: little mucus, jelly-like mucus cross-linked by disulfide bonds	69

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction Flashcards

Most of the questions in Chapter 46 ensure that students have a firm grasp of the important principles of animal reproduction. Some art questions require students to label various parts of the human female and male reproductive systems. A few higher-level questions require students to piece together information to determine an appropriate response.

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1434871995	Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows A) all types of asexual reproduction. B) all types of sexual reproduction. C) fission. D) fragmentation. E) parthenogenesis.	D	1
1434871996	One of the evolutionary "enigmas," or unsolved puzzles, of sexual reproduction is that A) sexual reproduction allows for more rapid population growth than does asexual reproduction. B) only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females. C) asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety. D) sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction. E) asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions.	B	2
1434871997	An advantage of asexual reproduction is that A) asexual reproduction allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions. B) asexual reproduction enhances genetic variability in the species. C) asexual reproduction enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species. D) asexual reproduction produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens. E) asexual reproduction allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.	C	3
1434871998	Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because A) asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring. B) asexually reproducing organisms devote more time and energy to the process of reproduction than do sexually reproducing organisms. C) sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can sexually reproducing organisms. D) more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually than is present in those that reproduce sexually. E) asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually.	A	4
1434871999	Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction when A) pathogens are rapidly diversifying. B) a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations. C) there is some potential for rapid overpopulation. D) a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings. E) a species is in stable and favorable environments.	E	5
1434872000	Sexual reproduction patterns include the example of A) fragmentation. B) budding. C) hermaphroditism. D) parthenogenesis. E) fission.	C	6
1434872001	Sexual reproduction A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions. B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment. C) yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction. D) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats. E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.	B	7
1434872002	Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by A) increasing the body temperature. B) providing access to water for external fertilization. C) increasing ambient temperature to that which is comfortable for sex. D) direct effects on gonadal structures. E) direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms.	E	8
1434872003	For water fleas of the genus Daphnia, switching from a pattern of asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction coincides with A) environmental conditions becoming more favorable for offspring. B) greater abundance of food resources for offspring. C) periods of temperature or food stresses on adults. D) completion of puberty. E) exhaustion of an individual's supply of eggs.	C	9
1434872004	All individuals of a particular species of whiptail lizards are females. Their reproductive efforts depend on A) fertilization of their eggs by males of other lizard species. B) gonadal structures that only undergo mitosis. C) meiosis followed by a doubling of the chromosomes in eggs. D) budding prior to the development of a sexual phenotype. E) fragmentation via autolysis.	C	10
1434872005	Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate. B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation. C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid. D) dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur. E) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females.	A	11
1434872006	Like many other fishes, bluehead wrasses utilize harem mating as they reproduce sexually. However, unlike most fishes, A) they are simultaneous hermaphrodites. B) they function without any signaling by steroid hormones. C) they undergo a prolonged diapause during low tide. D) their offspring can be either haploid or diploid. E) large females morph into reproductively competent males.	E	12
1434872007	Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals? A) sexual and asexual reproduction B) external and internal fertilization C) hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis D) pheromonal and hormonal coordination E) fission and budding	E	13
1434872008	Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertilization need not have A) any copulatory organs. B) a receptacle that receives sperm. C) behavioral interaction between males and females. D) internal development of embryos. E) haploid gametes.	D	14
1434872009	In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization offers the advantage that A) it is the only way to ensure the survival of the species. B) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction. C) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment. D) it permits the most rapid population increase. E) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability.	C	15
1434872010	Internal and external fertilization both A) produce single-celled zygotes. B) occur only among invertebrates. C) occur only among terrestrial animals. D) depend on the use of intromittent copulatory organs. E) occur only among birds.	A	16
1434872011	Organisms with a reproductive pattern that produces shelled amniotic eggs generally A) end up having a higher embryo mortality rate than do organisms with unprotected embryos. B) invest most of their reproductive energy in the embryonic and early postnatal development of their offspring. C) invest more energy in parenting than do placental animals. D) produce more gametes than do those animals with external fertilization and development. E) lower their embryo mortality rate to less than one in a thousand.	B	17
1434872012	Among nonmammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as A) a specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males. B) a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. C) a region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females. D) a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes. E) a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening.	B	18
1434872013	External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called A) hormones. B) pheromones. C) paracrine signals. D) cytokines. E) gametes.	B	19
1434872014	Females of many insect species, including honeybee queens, can store gametes shed by their mating partners in A) their nests. B) the abdominal tract. C) the cloaca. D) the uterus. E) the spermatheca.	E	20
1434872015	Most flatworms, including parasitic liver flukes, are hermaphrodites that form zygotes as the result of A) internal fertilization. B) external fertilization. C) parthenogenesis. D) eggs and sperm mixing together in excreted feces. E) eggs and sperm mixing together in wastewater.	A	21
1434872016	When female fruit flies mate with two different males on the same day, A) the first male's sperm fertilizes all of the eggs. B) the first male's sperm fertilizes most of the eggs. C) the second male's sperm fertilizes most of the eggs. D) the first and second males fertilize equal numbers of eggs. E) none of the eggs become fertilized.	C	22
1434872017	An oocyte released from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of A) the beating action of the flagellum on the oocyte. B) the force of the follicular ejection directing the oocyte into the oviduct. C) the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct. D) movement of the oocyte through the pulsating uterus into the oviduct. E) peristaltic contraction of ovarian muscles.	C	23
1434872018	The junction of the upper vagina and the uterus is called the A) fallopian tube. B) clitoris. C) oviduct. D) labia majora. E) cervix.	E	24
1434872019	In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses. B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum. C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall. D) swept into the fallopian tube. E) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.	B	25
1434872020	Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue include the A) penis and clitoris. B) vas deferens and oviduct. C) testes and ovaries. D) seminiferous tubules and hymen. E) prostate and ovaries.	A	26
1434872021	Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the A) sperm cells. B) hypothalamus. C) Leydig cells. D) anterior pituitary gland. E) seminiferous tubules.	C	27
1434872022	Sperm cells are stored within human males in the A) urethra. B) prostate. C) epididymis. D) seminal vesicles. E) bulbourethral gland.	C	28
1434872023	Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the A) vas deferens. B) urinary bladder. C) seminal vesicle. D) urethra. E) ureter.	D	29
1434872024	Human sperm cells first arise in the A) prostate gland. B) vas deferens. C) seminiferous tubules. D) epididymis. E) Sertoli cells.	C	30
1434872025	The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely A) cause sterility because sperm would not be produced. B) cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body. C) greatly reduce the volume of semen. D) enhance the fertilization potency of sperm in the uterus. E) cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity.	C	31
1434872026	Most of the noncellular fluid in ejaculated human semen is composed of A) the secretions of the seminiferous tubules. B) the secretions of the bulbourethral glands. C) the secretions of the seminal vesicles. D) the secretions of the prostate gland. E) anticoagulant enzymes.	C	32
1434872027	Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (i.e., near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would A) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones. B) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis. C) reduce the man's sexual interest. D) increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis. E) have no effect on male reproductive processes.	B	33
1434872028	During human heterosexual (mutual) excitement, vasocongestion A) occurs only in the penis. B) occurs only in the testes. C) occurs only in the clitoris. D) occurs only in the upper vagina. E) occurs in the clitoris, vagina, and penis.	E	34
1434872029	The moment of orgasm is characterized by A) the ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary. B) the release of sperm from the seminiferous tubules. C) rhythmic contraction of many parts of the reproductive system. D) increased synthesis and release of ovarian steroid hormones. E) increased synthesis and release of testicular steroid hormones.	C	35
1434872030	At the time of fertilization, the complete maturation of each oogonium has resulted in A) one secondary oocyte. B) two primary oocytes. C) four secondary oocytes. D) four primary oocytes. E) four zygotes.	A	36
1434872031	In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development. B) oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth. E) spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born.	C	37
1434872032	Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that A) they both have the same number of chromosomes. B) they are approximately the same size. C) they each have a flagellum that provides motility. D) they are produced from puberty until death. E) they are formed before birth.	A	38
1434872033	A male's "primary" sex characteristics include A) deepening of the voice at puberty. B) embryonic differentiation of the seminal vesicles. C) growth of skeletal muscle. D) elongation of the skeleton prior to puberty. E) onset of growth of facial hair at puberty.	B	39
1434872034	The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body. B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles. C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles. D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation. E) most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles.	A	40
1434872035	At the end of a nonpregnant ovarian cycle, the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues is called A) menstruation. B) lactation. C) fertilization. D) menopause. E) ovulation.	A	41
1434872036	In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are A) menstrual → ovulation → luteal. B) follicular → luteal → secretory. C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory. D) follicular → ovulation → luteal. E) proliferative → luteal → ovulation.	D	42
1434872037	In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are A) menstrual → ovulation → luteal. B) follicular → luteal → secretory. C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory. D) follicular → ovulation → luteal. E) proliferative → luteal → ovulation.	C	43
1434872038	A contraceptive pill that continuously inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus will A) increase the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries. B) initiate ovulation. C) reduce the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland. D) stimulate the secretion of LH and FSH from the posterior pituitary gland. E) increase the flow phase of the menstrual cycle.	C	44
1434872039	A function-disrupting mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in A) the absence of secondary sex characteristics. B) the absence of pituitary gonadotropin hormones. C) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy. D) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium. E) the absence of mammary gland development.	C	45
1434872040	A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is an increase in the synthesis and secretion of A) inhibin. B) testosterone. C) oxytocin. D) prolactin. E) progesterone.	B	46
1434872041	A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is A) testosterone. B) estradiol. C) progesterone. D) follicle-stimulating hormone. E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone.	E	47
1434872042	The primary function of the corpus luteum is to A) nourish and protect the egg cell. B) produce prolactin in the alveoli. C) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred. D) stimulate the development of the mammary glands. E) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters.	C	48
1434872043	For the 10 days following ovulation in a nonpregnant menstrual cycle, the main source of progesterone is the A) adrenal cortex. B) anterior pituitary. C) corpus luteum. D) developing follicle. E) placenta.	C	49
1434872044	Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of A) LH. B) progesterone. C) inhibin. D) prolactin. E) estradiol.	A	50
1434872045	Prior to ovulation, the primary steroid hormone secreted by the growing follicle is A) LH. B) FSH. C) inhibin. D) GnRH. E) estradiol.	E	51
1434872046	The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland is A) LH. B) FSH. C) inhibin. D) GnRH. E) estradiol.	D	52
1434872047	The hormone progesterone is produced A) in the pituitary and acts directly on the ovary. B) in the uterus and acts directly on the pituitary. C) in the ovary and acts directly on the uterus. D) in the pituitary and acts directly on the uterus. E) in the uterus and acts directly on the pituitary.	C	53
1434872048	Menopause is characterized by A) reduced synthesis of ovarian steroids despite high levels of gonadotropin hormones. B) a decline in production of the gonadotropin hormones by the anterior pituitary gland. C) wearing away of the uterine endometrium. D) an increase in the blood supply to the ovaries. E) a halt in the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the brain.	A	54
1434872049	For normal human fertilization to occur, A) many ova must be released. B) the uterus must be enlarged. C) only one sperm need penetrate one egg. D) secretion of pituitary FSH and LH must decrease. E) the secondary oocyte must implant in the uterus.	C	55
1434872050	Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the A) ovary. B) uterus. C) vagina. D) oviduct. E) cervix.	D	56
1434872051	What is the embryo-produced hormone that maintains progesterone and estrogen secretion by the corpus luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy? A) luteinizing hormone (LH) B) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C) progesterone D) human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)	D	57
1434872052	The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of FSH is A) luteinizing hormone (LH). B) estradiol. C) progesterone. D) human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).	E	58
1434872053	Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of A) inhibin. B) luteinizing hormone. C) oxytocin. D) prolactin. E) vasopressin.	C	59
1434872054	A high rate of metabolic activity is maintained in the pregnant uterus by A) inhibin. B) testosterone. C) oxytocin. D) prolactin. E) progesterone.	E	60
1434872055	The secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland is reduced by A) inhibin. B) luteinizing hormone. C) oxytocin. D) prolactin. E) vasopressin.	A	61
1434872056	The drug RU-486 functions by A) inhibiting release of gonadotropins from the pituitary. B) blocking progesterone receptors in the uterus. C) preventing release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary. D) reducing sexual interest. E) prolonging the endurance of the corpus luteum.	B	62
1434872057	Human fertility drugs taken by women increase the chance of multiple births, probably because they A) enhance implantation opportunities. B) stimulate the development of many ovarian follicles. C) mimic progesterone action in the uterus. D) stimulate steroidogenesis. E) delay parturition.	B	63
1434872058	The thin layer of the developing embryo which secretes a hormone that keeps the corpus luteum functioning is the A) cervix. B) endometrium. C) amnion. D) plasma membrane. E) chorion.	E	64
1434872059	In excreted urine, a reliable "marker" that a pregnancy has initiated is A) progesterone. B) estrogen. C) follicle-stimulating hormone. D) chorionic gonadotropin. E) hypothalamic-releasing hormones.	D	65
1434872060	The "immunotolerance" of a pregnant woman toward her unborn child is the result of A) the tenacity with which the unborn child's immune system counteracts the woman's immune system. B) the relative quiescence of a pregnant woman's immune system compared to when she was not pregnant. C) the complete physical separation of her cells from those of the unborn child. D) the unborn child having enough of the woman's identity so as to escape detection as foreign. E) modern medical intervention during every pregnancy.	B	66
1434872061	Among these contraception methods, the highest risk of accidental pregnancy accompanies A) the use of a diaphragm. B) the use of a condom. C) the practice of coitus interruptus. D) a verified vasectomy. E) the practice of the "rhythm method."	C	67
1434872062	The use of birth control pills (oral contraceptives) A) reduces the incidence of ovulation. B) prevents fertilization by keeping the sperm and egg physically separated by a mechanical barrier. C) prevents implantation of an embryo. D) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra. E) prevents oocytes from entering the uterus.	A	68
1434872063	Two contraceptive methods that are generally irreversible and which block the gametes from moving to a site where fertilization can occur are A) the male condom and female condom. B) the male condom and oral contraceptives. C) vasectomy and tubal ligation. D) coitus interruptus and rhythm method. E) the diaphragm and subcutaneous progesterone implant.	C	69
1434872064	Tubal ligation A) reduces the incidence of ovulation. B) prevents fertilization by preventing sperm from entering the uterus. C) prevents implantation of an embryo. D) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra. E) prevents oocytes from entering the uterus.	E	70
1434872065	A vasectomy A) eliminates spermatogenesis. B) eliminates testosterone synthesis. C) prevents implantation of an embryo. D) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra. E) prevents oocytes from entering the uterus.	D	71
1434872066	Time-release progesterone implants function in contraception by A) increasing the frequency of ovulation. B) thickening the cervical and uterine mucus to impair sperm movement. C) increasing gonadotropin secretion to abnormally high levels. D) reducing libido. E) activating inflammation responses in the uterus.	B	72
1434872067	For lactation to take place, the synthesis of breast milk and its release from the mammary gland, respectively, are caused by A) testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. B) estrogen and progesterone. C) cortisol and testosterone. D) prolactin and oxytocin. E) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.	D	73
1434872068	So-called "combination" birth control pills function in contraception by A) inhibiting the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH. B) irritating the uterine lining so as to prevent implantation. C) causing spontaneous abortions. D) blocking progesterone receptors, so that pregnancy cannot be maintained. E) binding to and inactivating any sperm that enter the oviduct.	A	74
1434872069	Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human female, to answer the following questions. 75) In the above figure, which letter points to the corpus luteum? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	D	75
1434872070	In the above figure, which letter points to the oviduct? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	B	76
1434872071	In the above figure, which letter points to the cervix? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	C	77
1434872072	In the above figure, which letter points to the uterus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	A	78
1434872073	In the above figure, which letter points to the endometrium? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	E	79
1434872074	In the above figure, which letter points to the scrotum? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	C	80
1434872075	In the above figure, which letter points to the testis? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	A	81
1434872076	In the above figure, which letter points to the urethra? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	E	82
1434872077	In the above figure, which letter points to the prostate gland? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	B	83
1434872078	In the above figure, which letter points to the vas deferens? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E	D	84
1434872079	You observe vertebrate organisms with parthenogenetic reproduction, internal development of embryos, and the lack of parental care for its young. Based on this information, you should categorize these organisms as A) earthworms. B) lizards. C) birds. D) frogs. E) mammals.	B	85
1434872080	Imagine that a woman is in the final week of her pregnancy. Her doctor gives her an injection of oxytocin. The likely result of this is that the pregnant woman would A) undergo the loss of oxytocin receptors from her uterine smooth muscle cells. B) stop secreting prostaglandins from the placenta. C) undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles. D) increase the synthesis and secretion of progesterone. E) be prevented from lactation.	C	86
1434872081	Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis? A) An individual may change its sex during its lifetime. B) Specialized groups of cells grow into new individuals. C) An organism is first a male and then a female. D) An egg develops without being fertilized. E) Both mates have male and female reproductive organs.	D	87
1434872082	In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share A) the testes. B) the urethra. C) the seminal vesicle. D) the vas deferens. E) the prostate.	B	88
1434872083	Which of the following is not properly paired? A) seminiferous tubulecervix B) Sertoli cellsfollicle cells C) testosteroneestradiol D) scrotumlabia majora E) vas deferensoviduct	A	89
1434872084	Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during A) the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle. B) the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. C) the period just before ovulation. D) the end of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. E) the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.	C	90
1434872085	During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop A) in the first trimester. B) in the second trimester. C) in the third trimester. D) while the embryo is in the oviduct. E) during the blastocyst stage.	A	91
1434872086	Which of the following is a true statement? A) All mammals have menstrual cycles. B) The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles. C) Estrous cycles are more frequent than menstrual cycles. D) Estrous cycles are not controlled by hormones. E) Ovulation occurs before the endometrium thickens in estrous cycles.	B	92
1434872087	For which of the following is the number the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis? A) interruptions in meiotic divisions B) functional gametes produced by meiosis C) meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete D) gametes produced in a given time period E) different cell types produced by meiosis	C	93
1434872088	Which statement about human reproduction is false? A) Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. B) Effective hormonal contraceptives are currently available only for females. C) An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. E) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis require different temperatures.	D	94

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Animal Reproduction Management Flashcards

Hormones and Reproductive Techniques

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530370370	GnRH	By signaling release of LH, this hormone is used to initiate ovulation and treat cystic follicles.	1
530370371	FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)	signaled to release by the release of GnRH, stimulates follicular growth	2
530370372	Estrogen (E2)	behavioral characteristics/changes, occasionally used to increase the chances of seeing a female in heat	3
530370373	Progesterone (P4)	used to synchronize estrus (by preventing estrous cycle)	4
530370374	Prostaglandin F2α	used to lyse the corpus luteum therefore bringing a female into heat and used to induce uterine contractions (induce labor/abort)	5
530370375	Oxytocin	used to assist with uterine contractions during parturition and milk letdown	6
530370376	Artificial Insemination	delivering viable semen into the female reproductive tract without the presence of a male	7
530370377	Estrus	standing heat; sexual behavior: stand to be ridden, discharge, swollen vulva, nerousness, vocalizes, paces	8
530370378	Semen Collection for Boars	dummy and gloved hand	9
530370379	Semen Collection for Bulls	animal to mount and artificial vagina	10
530370380	Semen Collection for Stallions	phantom and artificial vagina	11
530370381	Semen	evaluated for motility, morphology, and sperm density	12
530370382	Semen Extension	freezing or fresh; volume increased usually by distilled water	13
530370383	Embryo Transfer	uses FSH to hyper stimulate a donor female to produce an excessive number of eggs (when fertilized - embryos)	14
530385584	Estrous Cycle	The time period between estrus. A reproductive cycle characteristic of female mammals in which the nonpregnant endometrium is reabsorbed rather than shed, and sexual response occurs only during mid-cycle at estrus.	15

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Applied Animal Reproduction Flashcards

Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
(From Dr. Roberts' Applied Animal Reproduction, UTM)

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1079234421	Purpose of Animal Reproduction	perpetuation of species food production genetic improvement	1
1079234422	Number of ovaries	2	2
1079234423	Female Duct System Composed of:	oviducts uterine horns uterus cervix vagina vulva	3
1079234424	Female Duct System is essentially	a long set of tubes	4
1079234425	we palpate the cow _____	rectally	5
1079234426	What is the primary reproductive organ of the female?	uterus	6
1079234427	What is the female gamete?	ovum (egg)	7
1079234428	What are the two primary female sex hormones?	estrogen and progesterone	8
1079234429	Define Monotocous	animals normally giving birth to one young each gestational period	9
1079234430	Define polytocous	animals normally giving birth to multiple young each gestational period (have litters)	10
1079234431	Name two polytocous animals	cat dog sow	11
1079234432	name two monotocous animals	cow mare ewe (historically)	12
1079234433	The shape of the cow's ovaries	small, almond-shaped	13
1079234434	the size of the horse's ovaries	ping-pong ball sized and shaped	14
1079234435	What affects the size of the ovaries?	period of estrous cycle (estrus, etc.), tumors, cysts, illness, age, anestrus, superovulation	15
1079234436	3 Functions of the ovary	production of oocytes production of estrogen production of pregesterone	16
1079234437	Ovary is composed of two portions	medulla (inner shell) cortex (outer shell)	17
1079234438	Artery, ____, and _____ run together	vein, nerves	18
1079234439	ovaries produce ________,_________,______	eggs, estrogen, progesterone	19
1079234440	Surface epithelium (what and made of?)	outermost layer of the cortex, single layer of cuboidal cells (covers and protects)	20
1079234441	Tunica albuginea ovarii (what)	thin, dense layer of connective tissue (very strong)	21
1079234442	Parenchyma (of ovaries)	functional layer, contains ovarian follicles, and cells producing estrogen and progesterone (innermost)	22
1079234443	primary follicles are contained in groups called	egg nests	23
1079234444	tertiary follicles see the development of an	antrum (cavity)	24
1079234445	Phases of Ovarian Follicles (4)	Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary Follicle Graafian Follicle	25
1079234446	What two possibilities are there for tertiary follicles?	Become atretic (waste away) Develop into Graafian Follicle (maturation and ovulation)	26
1079234447	What percentage of primary follicles are formed after puberty?	0%	27
1079234448	When are primary follicles formed?	Before birth (prenatal period)	28
1079234449	Primary follicles do what after puberty?	grow and mature constantly (perpetually)	29
1079234450	T/F Most follicles grow and develop	False, most become atretic	30
1079234451	What two tissues form after ovulation	corpus hemorrhagicum corpus luteum	31
1079234452	Which cells in the ovary are responsible for estrogen production	Theca interna and granulosa	32
1079234453	What cells are responsible for most progesterone production in the corpus luteum	granulosa cells	33
1079234454	Progesterone is the hormone of	pregnancy	34
1079234455	Androgens are the precursor of what (in females)	estrogen	35
1079234456	Where is the oocyte expelled from the ovary?	near the opening of the oviduct (infundibulum or inguinar region)	36
1079234457	A blood clot formed after ovulation	corpus hemorrhagicum	37
1079234458	The only ovarian source of progesterone and other progestins	Corpus luteum (CL)	38
1079234459	optopic	outside of the ovary/oviduct	39
1079234460	When the graafian follicle ruptures and the egg is expelled to the oviduct	ovulation	40
1079234461	Also known as the fallopian tubes	oviducts	41
1079234462	Functions of the oviducts	Transport of ova, and sperm Site of fertilization Site of early embryo development	42
1079234463	Specific site of fertilization	Ampullary-Isthmic Junction	43
1079234464	Tunica serosa	outer layer of connective tissue in oviducts	44
1079234465	tunica muscularis	the middle layer of smooth muscle in oviducts	45
1079234466	tunica mucosa	inner layer. Ciliated and secretory epithelial cells	46
1079234467	Funnel-shaped opening used to catch ovum after ovulation	infundibulum/fimbria	47
1079234468	Contains cilia to aid movement of ovum	ampulla	48
1079234469	Location where fertilization occurs	Ampullary-isthmic junction	49
1079234470	involved in sperm transport and filtering of dead sperm	isthmus	50
1079234471	junction of isthmus and uterus	utero-tubal juction (or uterotubal junction)	51
1079234472	Extends from uterotubal junction to cervix	uterus	52
1079234473	Functions of the uterus	holding space for embryo/fetus nourishment for embryo/fetus expulsion of fetus	53
1079234474	A small uterine body with long uterine horns (found in the cow, sow, doe, and ewe)	bicornuate	54
1079234475	a large uterine body with shorter uterine horns (found in the mare)	bipartite	55
1079234476	type of uterus primates have	simple	56
1079234477	uterus with two horns and two cervical canals, separated by a barrier (found in rodents, rabbits)	duplex	57
1079234478	outer layer of the uterus	tunica serosa	58
1079234479	middle layer of uterus composed of smooth muscle	myometrium	59
1079234480	inner layer of uterus, contains mucosal lining, provides mechanism for attachment of extraembryonic membranes and placentation	endometrium	60
1079234481	inflammation of the uterus	metritus	61
1079234482	Union between the uterus and extraembryonic membranes	placentation	62
1079234483	Name species with this placental attachment: Cotyledonary	cows, does, ewes	63
1079234484	Name species with this placental attachment: diffuse	mare, sow	64
1079234485	Name species with this placental attachment: zoonary	dog, cat	65
1079234486	thick-walled, inelastic structure containing a canal which connects the uterus to the vagina	cervix	66
1079234487	What organ are these functions of? Microbial barrier sperm reservoir for some species filtration of sperm (removing dead or damaged) site of semen deposition in sows and mares	Cervix	67
1079234488	This hormone causes the cervix to dilate during estrus and parturition	estrogen	68
1079234489	site of sperm deposition in the cow, doe, and ewe	vagina	69
1079234490	organ of copulation for the female	vagina	70
1079234491	External site of reproductive tract in female. consists of vestibule, external urethral orifice, vestibular glands, labia, clitoris. Responsible for "winking" in the mare	vulva	71
1079234492	Main supporting structure of the female reproductive tract	broad ligament	72
1079234493	suspends ovaries, oviduct and uterus from either side of the dorsal wall of the pelvis	broad ligament	73
1079234494	branch and supply blood to ovaries, oviducts, and uterine horns	ovarian arteries	74
1079234495	supplies blood to the rest of the uterine body (not ovaries, oviducts, or uterine horns)	middle uterine artery	75
1079234496	What's the danger (circulatory danger) of a uterine prolapse?	exposure of the arteries	76

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Ch 12 The Age of Religious Wars Flashcards

Renewed Religious Struggle
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Imperial Spain and Philip II (r.1556-1598)
England and Spain (1553-1603)
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

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1672631709	baroque	A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750. It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation. 355	0
1672631710	Congregationalists	they put a group or assembly about any one individual and prefer an ecclesiastical polity that allows each congregation to be autonomous, or self-governing. 371	1
1672631711	Counter-Reformation	The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation. 355	2
1672631712	Huguenots	French Calvinists. 356	3
1672631713	politiques	Rulers or people in positions of power who put the success and well-being of their states above all else. 355	4
1672631714	Presbyterians	Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a national church composed of semiautonomous congregations governed by "presbyteries." 371	5
1672631715	presbyters	"elder" People who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations. 355	6
1672631716	Thirty-Nine Articles	The official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England. They established a moderate form of Protestantism. 367	7
1672631717	The Age of Religious Wars	New confessional & dynastic rivalries born of the Reformation continued to fuel bloody wars. Genuine religious belief & uncompromising dynastic expansion fueled the wars during the late sixteenth & seventeenth centuries.	8
1672631718	The Thirty Years' War	1618-1648 The wars of religion were both internal national conflicts & truly international wars. Four major phases: the Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, & Franco-Swedish phase. The Treaty of Westphalia ended the war & gave the Germans the right to choose their religion.	9
1672631719	Huguenots	Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.	10
1672631720	Catherine de Médicis	1559 wife of Henry II, while her four sons inherited the french throne, she kept all the real leadershipower	11
1672631721	The Edict of Nantes	Henry IV recognized minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially a Catholic French Country.—granted the Huguenots freedom of public worship, the right of assembly, admission to public offices & universities, & permission to maintain fortified towns	12
1672631722	Henry IV	(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass."	13
1672631723	Philip II	(r. 1556-1598) Absolute monarch of Spain who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.	14
1672631724	Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre	Catherine convinces her son King Charles IX that a Huguenot coup was about to happen, Response is on August 24, 1572 - Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots are massacred in Paris / within three days 20,000 other Protestants are also killed in France	15
1672631725	politiques royals	Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, & William of Orange all put the success and well-being of their states above religious.	16
1672631726	William of Orange	(1533-1584) known as the silent because of his small circle of confidants; placed political above religion; was a Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist; Spanish overlord who attempted to reimpose traditional rule; organized Dutch nobility in opposition that gained Granvelle's removal from office in 1564; leader of a broad movement for the independece of the Netherlands from Spain	17
1672631727	Henry of Navarre	Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.	18
1672631728	Elizabeth I	(1589-1610) Protestant ruler of England who helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations	19
1672631730	Treaty of Westphalia in 1648	Ended the thirty years war, it was written in French and stated that the ruler of a land would determine the lands official religion of that land. It also gave Calvanists legal recognition.	20
1673440337	Huguenots	French Protestants; French Calvinists	21
1673440338	Edict of Fontainbleau	Issued by Louis XIV of France in October 1685, revoking the Edict of Nantes. Ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools. Rights previously guaranteed to French Huguenots by the Edict of Nantes had been withdrawn.	22
1673440339	Henry II (Fr.)	• Opposed the spread of Calvinism, 1550 's Persecuted Huguenots	23
1673440340	Habsburg-Valois Wars	France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.	24
1673440341	Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis	end of the Habsburg-Valois wars, Spain was victor, France had to pay huge indemnity to Spain.	25
1673440342	Catherine de Medici	Wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.	26
1673440343	Francis II	Eldest son of Henry II, husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Huguenots tried to kidnap him in the Conspiracy of Amboise.	27
1673440344	Bourbons	Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.	28
1673440345	Montmorency-Chatillon	One of three powerful French families fighting for control of throne. Power = central France. Sympathy for Huguenots (mostly for political reasons).	29
1673440346	Guise (Family)	French family who worked to control Francis II. Family members were members of government and religion such as Duke and Cardinals. The family was known for being militants. Very Catholic.	30
1673440347	Mary, Queen of Scots	Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded. Came to England after suspicious affair forced her to leave Scotland.	31
1673440348	Charles IX	(ruled 1560-1574) He succeeded his father, Francis II, at the age of 10. He and his two brothers were childless so there was no clear heir to the French throne which created more tension between the quarreling noble families in France. He was Catholic. His mother, Catherine de Medici ruled for him.	32
1673440349	Louis I, Prince of Conde	Bourbon. He and Gaspard de Coligny were the political leaders of the French Protestant resistance.	33
1673440350	Gaspard de Coligny	He was a protestant advisor of Henry III. He was murdered by the devout Catholic, Henry of Guise, under the orders of Catherine 'de Medici.	34
1673440351	Peace of St. Germain	ended 3rd french way. recognized nobility power, gave Huguenots religious freedom	35
1673440352	Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)	Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. Made Edict of Nantes to restore peace.	36
1673440353	St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre	This was the 1572 massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties	37
1673440354	Henry III (Fr.)	Last of Henry II's sons to wear the French crown. Wanted religious unity and political survival of France. Politique. Unpopular and ineffective, and probably gay.	38
1673440355	Edict of Nantes	1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.	39
1673440356	Philip II (Sp.)	Happy about St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre >> threw France into a civil war >> no French opposition to his subduing rebels in the Netherlands. Heir to western Habsburg kingdom. Wealthy from the stuff brought in from the New World. Had to deal with increased population and inflation >> heavy taxes. Organized lesser nobility into a loyal and efficient bureaucracy. Learned and pious Catholic, but he might've used religion more for political purposes. Generous patron of the arts and culture. Had to execute his crazy son. Faced resistance in the Netherlands.	40
1673440357	Holy League	Catholic group led by Spain against Turkish encroachments in the Mediterranean and resulted in a stunning victory, or An alliance of Catholic nobles, which was proposed by Henry Guise to destroy Calvinism and to replace Henry III with a member of the Guise family.	41
1673440358	Don John	Under his command, a Holy League of Spain, Venice, and the Pope formed to check Turkish belligerence in the Mediterranean. He later took control of Spanish land forces and was defeated. Had to sign the humiliating Perpetual Edict and which removed Spanish troops from the Netherlands.	42
1673440359	Battle of Lepanto	(1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope	43
1673440360	Cardinal Granvelle	Created a plan for ecclesiastic reorganization of the Netherlands. It was to tighten control of the Catholic hierarchy over the country and to accelerate its consolidation as a Spanish ward.	44
1673440361	William, Prince of Orange	Dutch leader who resisted Catholicism from Spain; Netherlands independent of northern territories	45
1673440362	Compromise (1564)	an accommodation in which both sides make concessions, agreement and pledge to resist Inquisition, signed by people throughout provinces, led to rebellion. During Philip II's rule.	46
1673440363	Duke of Alba	Leader of the Reign of Terror sent by Phillip II in order to take the Spanish Netherlands. Met with Resistance by William of Orange	47
1673440364	stadtholder	- Recognition and limited power was given to the hereditary leader of each province, the stadtholder, Dutch hereditary chief excecutive; A hereditary chief executor over provinces in Holland. Ex: William III of Orange (1650-1702)	48
1673440365	Union of Arras	1579-the southern, catholic provinces in the low countries, who eventually pledged their loyalty to Spain	49
1673440366	Union of Utrecht	The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands	50
1673440367	Twelve Years' Truce	Exactly 12 years of cease fire Truce between Spain and the Netherlands Union for 12 years that was more of a barring of fighting that any actual peace.	51
1673440368	Mary I	This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants (r. 1553-1558)	52
1673440369	John Knox	This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops. (1514-1572)	53
1673440370	Elizabeth I	ruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics.	54
1673440371	Act of Supremacy (1559)	Repealed all anti-protestant legislation and asserted Elizabeth I's right as supreme governor over spiritual and temporal affairs	55
1673440372	Puritans	Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.	56
1673440373	Presbyterians	A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox	57
1673440374	Congregationalists	The more extreme Puritans who believed every congregation ought to be autonomous, a law unto itself controlled by neither bishops nor Presbyterian assemblies.	58
1673440375	Treaty of Nonsuch	An agreement between England and the Netherlands. England gave money and troops to Netherland in exchange for land. Philip saw this as a declaration of war by England, prompting the Spanish Armada.	59
1673440376	The Armada	One of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare which was sent to attack England in 1588. The smaller English fleet was able to defeat the armada by using its ease of maneuverability and ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic Ocean and made England the power.	60
1673440377	Thirty Years' War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	61
1673440378	Defenestration of Prague	(1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.	62
1673440379	Ferdinand II	Successor to Matthias as HRE. Arranged troops from Milan, Pope, Bavaria - > Bohemia and defeated Frederick V at battle of the White Mountain in 1620. Frederick fled at "winter king" and lost his ancestral lands in Palatine. Ferdinand got himself elected king of Bohemia and took land from Prot. nobles -> to church and Jesuits streamed in - recatholicising Bohemia. 1578-1637	63
1673440380	Johann von Tilly	Commanded Spanish-imperial forces during Thirty Years' War. Defeated by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.	64
1673440381	Battle of White Mountain	Fought near Bohemia; Big victory of Hapsburgs over the Protestant Union and allowed constitutionalism to be replaced by authoritarian government in Bohemia	65
1673440382	King Christian IV (Denmark)	Was the king of Denmark during the 30 Years War; Denmark was defeated by the Holy Roman Empire	66
1673440383	Albrecht of Wallenstein	Protestant mercenary fighting for Catholics, assassinated by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Killed Gustavus Adolphus. Carried out HRE attack on Denmark. Ferdinand killed him beacuse he was threatened by Wallenstein's extreme power over the territories he acquired through the war.	67
1673440384	Edict of Restitution	Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation.	68
1673440385	Gustavus Adolphus	joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen	69
1673440386	Cardinal Richelieu	minister of King Louis XIII, appointed by Marie de Medici , had the real power, wanted to curb power of nobility, 32 generalities, military provinces France was divided into. (1585-1642)	70
1673440387	Louis XIII	French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles. (r.1601-1643)	71
1673440388	Anne of Austria	She is wife on the dead king Louis XIII. She becomes regent over her son and successor of Louis XIII, Louis XIV. But she allowed Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu's trained successor, to dominate the government.	72
1673440389	Cardinal Mazarin	Became dominant power in the government. Continued the centralizing powers of Richelieu, but in 1648 his unpopular attempts to increase royal revenues and expand the state bureaucracy resulted in a widesread rebellion known as the Fronde.	73
1673440390	Battle of Breitenfeld	First major Protestant victory of Thirty Years' War. Swedish victory; under Gustavus	74
1673440391	Battle of Lutzen	Battle in which Gustav Adolphus was killed, thus ending any real hope the protestants had against Emperor Ferdinand.	75
1673440392	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended 30 Years War; Treaty signed at Munster and Osnabruck, ending religious wars; the sovereignty of over 300 German princes recognized, limiting power of Holy roman Emperor; independence in United Provinces of the Netherlands recognized; France received Alsace, Sweden received large cash indemnity and control over German territories along Baltic Sea; Papacy denied right to participate in German religious affairs; Augsburg agreement remained permanent; Calvinism became legally permissible creed.	76

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Biology 8th ed. Campbell and Reece: Ch 7 Flashcards

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1200757289	selective permeability	Biological membranes regulate the passage of substances.	1
1200757290	amphipathic	Having both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region.	2
1200757291	fluid mosaic model	Currently accepted model of cell membrane structure in which the membrane is described as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.	3
1200757292	integral protein	Transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic region of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with aqueous solution on either side of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein).	4
1200757293	peripheral protein	Protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to a part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.	5
1200757294	glycolipid	A lipid with covalently attached carbohydrate(s).	6
1200757295	glycoprotein	A protein with covalently attached carbohydrate(s).	7
1200757296	transport protein	A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.	8
1200757297	aquaporin	A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal, or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of water across the membrane.	9
1200757298	diffusion	Spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient, from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.	10
1200757299	concentration gradient	A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.	11
1200757300	passive transport	The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no use of energy.	12
1200757301	osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.	13
1200757302	tonicity	the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.	14
1200757303	isotonic	A solution surrounding a cell that has no effect on water passage into or out of the cell (due to equal concentrations of a substance inside and outside of the cell).	15
1200757304	hypertonic	A solution surround a cell that will cause it to lose water (due to a higher concentration of a solute in the solution outside of the cell).	16
1200757305	hypotonic	A solution surrounding a cell that will cause it to take up water (due to a lower concentration of a solute in the solution outside of the cell).	17
1200757306	osmoregulation	Regulation of solute concentrations wand water balance by a cell or organism.	18
1200757307	turgid	Swollen or distended, as in plant cells. A walled cell becomes this way if it has a greater solute concentration than its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.	19
1200757308	flaccid	Limp; lacking firmness, as in plant cell surroundings where there is no tendency for water to enter the cell.	20
1200757309	plasmolysis	Occurs in walled cells; the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.	21
1200757310	facilitated diffusion	Spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins.	22
1200757311	ion channel	A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to flow across the membrane down its concentration gradient.	23
1200757312	gated channel	Transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.	24
1200757313	active transport	The movement of a substance across a cell membrane, with energy use, against its concentration or electrochemical gradient; mediated by specific transport proteins.	25
1200757314	sodium-potassium pump	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.	26
1200757315	membrane potential	Difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell's membrane, due to different distribution of ions. Affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.	27
1200757316	electrochemical gradient	Diffusion gradient of an ion, affected by both concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and the ion's tendency to move relative to membrane potential.	28
1200757317	electrogenic pump	An ion transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane.	29
1200757318	proton pump	An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.	30
1200757320	cotransport	The coupling of a "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another substance against its own concentration gradient.	31
1200757322	exocytosis	Cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.	32
1200757324	endocytosis	Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter through the formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.	33
1200757326	phagocytosis	Type of endocytosis in which the cell takes up large particulate substances. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals.	34
1200757327	pinocytosis	Type of endocytosis where the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes .	35
1200757329	receptor-mediated endocytosis	Movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific subtances.	36
1200757331	ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one.	37

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MYERS' PSYCHOLOGY FOR AP VOCABULARY: Unit 1 Flashcards

These flashcard sets follow along with MYERS' PSYCHOLOGY FOR AP textbook by David G. Myers. This unit is unit 1 and is "Psychology's History and Approaches."

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1382301273	Empiricism	the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.	1
1382301274	Structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	2
1382301275	Functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function--how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	3
1382301276	Experimental Psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.	4
1382301277	Behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).	5
1382301278	Humanistic Psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.	6
1382301279	Cognitive Neuroscience	the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).	7
1382301280	Psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes.	8
1382301281	Nature-Nurture Issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.	9
1382301282	Natural Selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.	10
1382301283	Levels of Analysis	the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.	11
1382301284	Biopsyhosocial Approach	an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.	12
1382301285	Biological Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.	13
1382301286	Evolutionary Psychology	the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.	14
1382301287	Psychodynamic Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.	15
1382301288	Behavioral Psychology	the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.	16
1382301289	Cognitive Psychology	the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	17
1382301290	Social-Cultural Psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.	18
1382301291	Psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.	19
1382301292	Basic Research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	20
1382301293	Developmental Psychology	the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	21
1382301294	Educational Psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.	22
1382301295	Personality Psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	23
1382301296	Social Psychology	the scientific study if how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.	24
1382301297	Applied Research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.	25
1382301298	Industrial-Organized (I/O) Psychology	the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	26
1382301299	Human Factors Pyschology	the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments.	27
1382301300	Counseling Psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.	28
1382301301	Clinical Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.	29
1382301302	Psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.	30
1382301303	SQ3R	a study method incorporating five steps: Survery, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.	31

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