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Government in America: Chapter 9 (Nominations and Campaigns) Key Terms Flashcards

Chapter 9 Key Terms (plus one extra) for the 12th edition of Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy by George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry.

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41481289	nomination	The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Generally, success in this game requires momentum, money, and media attention.	0
41481290	campaign strategy	The master game plan candidates lay out to guide their electoral campaign	1
41481291	national party convention	The supreme power within each of the parties. It meets every four years to nominate the party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates and to write the party's platform.	2
41481292	caucus	A meeting of all state party leaders for selecting delegates to the national party convention. They are usually organized in a pyramid.	3
41481293	presidential primaries	Elections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate (or delegates pledged to him or her). Most delegates to the national party conventions are chosen this way.	4
41481294	McGovern-Fraser Commission	A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation.	5
41481295	superdelegates	National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the Democratic national party convention.	6
41481296	frontloading	The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention.	7
41481297	national primary	A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries, which would replace these electoral methods with a nationwide primary held early in the election year.	8
41481298	regional primaries	A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries to replace these electoral methods with a series of primaries held in each geographic region.	9
41481299	party platform	A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. This is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs.	10
41481300	direct mail	A high-tech method of raising money for a political cause or candidates. It involves sending information and requests for money to people whose names appear on lists of those who have supported similar views or candidates in the past.	11
41481301	Federal Election Campaign Act	A law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission (FEC), provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions.	12
41481302	Federal Election Commission (FEC)	A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. It enforces and administers campaign finance laws.	13
41481303	Presidential Election Campaign Fund	Money from the $3 federal income tax check-off goes into this fund, which is then distributed to qualified candidates to subsidize their presidential campaigns.	14
41481304	matching funds	Contributions of up to $250 matched from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund to candidates for the presidential nomination who qualify and agree to meet various conditions, such as limiting their overall spending.	15
41481305	soft money	Political contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at the grassroots level or for generic party advertising. Unlike money that goes to the campaign of a particular candidate, such party donations are not subject to contribution limits. For a time, such contributions were unlimited, until they were banned by the McCain-Feingold Act.	16
41481306	527 groups	Independent groups that seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly advocate the election of a particular candidate.	17
41481307	Political Action Committees (PACs)	Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create this and register it with the Federal Election Commission (FEC), which will meticulously monitor its expenditures.	18
41481308	selective perception	The phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions.	19

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Government in America: Chapter 8 (Political Parties) Key Terms Flashcards

Chapter 8 Key Terms for the 12th edition of Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy by George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry.

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38560109	party competition	The battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics.	0
38560110	political party	According to Anthony Downs, a "team of men [and women] seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election."	1
38560111	linkage institutions	The channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, they include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.	2
38560112	party image	The voter's perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism	3
38560113	rational-choice theory	A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.	4
38560114	party identification	A citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other	5
38560115	ticket-splitting	Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior.	6
38560116	party machines	A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.	7
38560117	patronage	One of the key inducements used by party machines. Jobs, promotions, or contracts based on this are given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.	8
38560118	closed primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for that party's candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty.	9
38560119	open primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests.	10
38560120	blanket primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties. Voters can then select some Democrats and some Republicans if they like.	11
38560121	national convention	The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.	12
38560122	national committee	One of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions. It is composed of representatives from the states and territories.	13
38560123	national chairperson	The person responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually hand-picked by the presidential nominee.	14
38560124	coalition	A group of individuals with a common interest upon which every political party depends.	15
38560125	party eras	Historical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of elections.	16
38560126	critical elections	An electoral "earthquake" where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Such periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era.	17
38560127	party realignment	The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period.	18
38560128	New Deal coalition	A coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s the the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.	19
38560129	party dealignment	The gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in party by shrinking party identification.	20
38560130	party neutrality	A term used to describe the fact that many Americans are indifferent toward the two major political parties.	21
38560131	third parties	Electoral contenders other than the two major parties. Such in America are not unusual, but they rarely win elections.	22
38560132	winner-take-all system	An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to candidates who come in first in their constituencies. In American presidential elections, the system in which the winner of the popular vote in a state receives all the electoral votes of the state.	23
38560133	proportional representation	An electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election.	24
38560134	coalition government	When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This form of government is quite common in the multiparty system of Europe	25
38560135	responsible party model	A view favored by some political scientists about how parties should work. According to this, parties should offer clear choices to the voters, who can then use those choices as cues to their own preferences of candidates. Once in office, parties would carry out their campaign promises	26

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Government in America 2012 Election Edition: Chapter 7 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda Flashcards

Government in America People Politics and Policy 2012 Election Edition
Chapter 7 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
Murphy AP Comparative Government
Key Terms

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1210765994	High-Tech Politics	A politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology.	1
1210765995	Mass Media	Television, radio, newspaper, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication.	2
1210765996	Media Event	Eventst that are purposely staged for the media and that are significiant just because the media are there.	3
1210765997	Press Conferences	Meetings of public officials with reporters.	4
1210765998	Investigative Journalism	The use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders.	5
1210765999	Print Media	Newspapers and magazines, as compared with electronic media.	6
1210766000	Broadcast Media (Electronic Media)	Television, radio, and the Internet, as compared with print media.	7
1210766001	Chains	Groups of newspapers published by media conglomerates and today accounting for over four-fifths of the nation's daily newspaper circulation.	8
1210766002	Narrowcasting	Media programming on cable TV (e.g., on MTV, ESPN, or C-SPAN) or the Internet that is focused on a particular interest and aimed at a particular audience, in contrast to broadcasting.	9
1210766003	Beats	Specific locations from which news frequently emanates, such as Congress or the White House. Most top reporters work a particular beat, thereby becoming specialists in what goes on at that location.	10
1210766004	Trial Balloons	Intentional news leaks for the purpose of assessing the political reaction.	11
1210766005	Sound Bites	Short video clips of approximately 10 seconds. Typically, they are all that is shown from a politicans speech on the nightly television news.	12
1210766006	Talking Head	A shot of a person's face talking directly to the camera. Becuase such shots are visually unstimulating, the major networks rarely show politicians talking for very long.	13
1210766007	Policy Agenda	The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actively invovled in politics at the time.	14
1210766008	Policy Entrepreneurs	People who invest their political capital in an issue. According to John Kingdon, a policy entrepreneur could be in or out of government, in elected or appointed positions, in interest groups or research organizations.	15
1210766009	Feeding Frenzy	Just as sharks engage in a feeding frenzy when they sense blood in the water, the media "attack" when they sense wrongdoing or scandal in government, and devote great amounts of coverage to such stories.	16
1210766010	Horse Race Coverage	The competitiveness between newspapers to publish a major story first.	17
1210766011	Spin Control	To spin the media in your favor. To make it seem this way than that way.	18
1210766012	Photo Opportunity	The right moment at the right time.	19
1210766013	Selective Exposure	The process through which people consciously choose to get the news from information sources that have viewpoints compatible with their own.	20

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Test 2 American Pageant ch 6-8 Flashcards

US history from American Pageant and American Spirit

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1720609399	Lexington and Concord	April 1775, King George set Gage to put down the rebellion in the colony, his job is to arrest the rebel leaders and put royal leaders back in charge, no Paul Revere's ride, leaders are warned so that they can escape and they go and prepare our new government, minutemen are called to arm, no one knows who fired the first shot at Lexington, known as the "shot hear around the world" (the shot heard round the world was the start of the revolution!!!) American Revolution begins	0
1720609400	Battle of Bunker Hill	June 1775, first formal battle of the American Revolution, Britain suffers most losses- 40% dead, Americans have low ammunition so they do not fire until they can see the whites of the British eyes; General Prescott and Howe	1
1720609401	Valley Forge	January 1777, Pennsylvania, harsh winter, no food, no supplies, no uniforms, no shoes, frost bitten and pneumonia; make or break troops o Von Steuben- German, and Nathanial Greene • Made the soldiers into good soldiers	2
1720609402	Battle of Trenton	surprised Hessians, who were supposed to join British at Yorktown; crossed Delaware	3
1720609403	Battle of Saratoga	October 1777, TURNING POINT OF THE WAR, America wins and France and Spain are on our side now o Spain helps because they have land near America o France wants to gain back things after losing things in the previous war	4
1720609404	Battle at Yorktown	October 1781, America defeats Cornwallis, Washington comes by land and the French come by sea so Cornwallis surrenders	5
1720609405	Treaty of Paris	signed on September 1783 and officially ended the war, Ben Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams all go to negotiate • America's borders: Miss. R., Great Lakes, and Florida • America's independence • Paid debt back to Britain	6
1720609406	Treaty of Fort Stanwix	• Pro-British Iroquois were forced to sign it and gave up much of their land • 1st treaty between US and Indians	7
1720609407	Sugar Act	the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for the crown, it increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies	8
1720609408	Quartering Act	required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops	9
1720609409	Stamp Act	imposed to raise revenues to support the new military force, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax, stamps were required on bills of sale for about fifty trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents	10
1720609410	Tea Act	Britain makes monopoly with tea, tea is only being traded with West Indies and Britain, tax on tea, Boston Tea Party- colonist dump 342 chests of tea in the harbor	11
1720609411	Intolerable Acts	Port Act, Administration of Justice Act, Massachusetts Government Act, and the Quartering Act	12
1720609412	Port Act	closed the port and let no ships come in or out until all the tea dumped is the harbor was paid for	13
1720609413	Administration of Justice Act	if a governor got in trouble they went to Britain for trials and did not really get punished	14
1720609414	Massachusetts Government Act	increased governors' power, decreased assembly power	15
1720609415	Townshend Acts	tax on glass, paint, and tea, starts in 1768, Britain set up tax collection agency in Boston (massacre, tea party, etc.), colonists boycott this act leading to the Boston Massacre where five people died, this act is then repealed and replaced with tea act	16
1720609416	Declaratory Act	reaffirmed Parliament's right to "bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever," they claimed they had absolute and unqualified sovereignty over its North American colonies	17
1720609417	Quebec Act	passed in 1774, French were guaranteed their Catholic religion and permitted to retain many of their old customs and institutions, the old boundaries of the province of Quebec were nor extended southward all the way to the Ohio River	18
1720609418	Molasses Act	British West Indies attempt to end NA trade with French West Indies to damage their international trade and standard of living. Americans smuggled and bribed, resulting in revolt	19
1720609419	Mercantilism	the British embraced it which they believe justified their control over the colonies, believed that wealth was power and that a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury	20
1720609420	Strengths of British	o professional army of fifty thousand men o hired thirty thousand Germans (Hessians), Indians, and Loyalists in America	21
1720609421	Weaknesses of British	British troops were busy in Ireland; France was waiting to attack Britain because France had just lost; Only leader was George III who was stubborn, a lot of British did not want to kill their American relatives, people were scared that if they won George III might become tyrannical, general were second rate, soldiers were brutally treated; provisions were scarce, rancid, and wormy; operating 3,000 miles away from its home base; delays in orders since they had to cross the sea; America was huge	22
1720609422	Strengths of America	o huge land mass o outstanding leadership (Washington, Franklin, etc.) o open foreign aid (France) o fighting defensively o the colonies were self sustaining o moral advantage, belief in a just cause	23
1720609423	Weaknesses of America	untrained militia, badly organized for war, lacking unity, uncoordinated, no constitution until the very end, jealousy in the colonies, economic difficulties, inflation of currency	24
1720609424	Cause of American Revolution	British abused their power in America though their leaders and numerous acts limiting America's freedom	25
1720609425	Sons of Liberty	led by Sam Adams, because of this they bully loyal officials in colonies, force stamp Act agents to resign, begin boycott, they tell colonies about the boycott by the Committees of Correspondence (an organization first started by Sam Adams but made in other colonies as well which spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and keeping the opposition to British policy alive), the Stamp Act is repealed in 1766, break between America and Britain has already started	26
1720609426	Daughters of Liberty	said "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps,"	27
1720609427	Committees of Correspondence	started by Sam Adams; chief function was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and thus keep alive opposition to British policy. Intercolonial committees were then set up starting in VA with the House of Burgesses. Soon, every colony had a central committee through which it could exchange ideas and info. With other colonies. This evolved directly into the American Congress.	28
1720609428	First Continental Congress	all colonies, except Georgia; John Adams, Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee vote to see if America is ready for independence and fails by one vote; Met in Philadelphia; American's response to the Intolerable Acts; John Adams persuaded revolution; wrote a Declaration of Rights and appeals to British American colonies, the king, and British people; created the Association which called for a complete boycott of English goods; the Association was the closet thing to a written constitution.	29
1720609429	Colonel Tye	Most famous black British colonel; Black Brigade, NY and NJ; winning until he was shot in the wrist and got tetanus	30
1720609430	Prince Hall	Boston black; sold to American troops by owner after Boston Massacre; Battle of Bunker Hill, and opened up the first black lodge for free masons; Supporter of education	31
1720609431	Agrippa Hull	Free man and joined on own free will; Was 18 when he joined; Fought with GW in every major battle; GW signed his discharge paper; bought land in Massachusetts; Every year, he added acreage to land; by the time he died, he was the largest black land owner in the colony; Last surviving Revolutionary veteran	32
1720609432	Molly Pitcher	Mary Hayes; gave soldiers water, took her husband's job when he was killed	33
1720609433	Betty Zane	Gave soldiers gunpowder	34
1720609434	Deborah Simpson	Pulled a Mulan	35
1720609435	Patience Wright	Put spy information inside sculptures, which would be smashed by Patriots	36
1720609436	Proclamation of 1763	forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains; caused first major revolt	37
1720609437	William Pitt	leader in the London government, "Organizer of Victory"; he led and won a war against Quebec.	38
1720609438	James Wolfe	British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada.	39
1720609439	Edward Braddock	British commander during the French and Indian War who attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755.	40
1720609440	Pontiac	Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763.	41
1720609441	Samuel de Champlain	French explorer who sailed to the West Indies, Mexico, and Panama. He wrote many books telling of his trips to Mexico City and Niagara Falls. His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his latter settlement of Quebec.	42
1720609442	The Association	A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods.	43
1720609443	Baron von Steuben	Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.	44
1720609444	Lord North	prime minister in the 1770's; his rule fell, which therefore ended the rule of George III for a short while.	45
1720609445	George Grenville	British Prime Minister from 1763-1765. To obtain funds for Britain after the costly 7-Years War, in he ordered the Navy to enforce the Navigation Laws, and Parliament to pass the Sugar Act. He brought about the Quartering Act.	46
1720609446	Sam Adams	"Penman of the Revolution;" organized the local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts, starting with Boston in 1772.	47
1720609447	Charles Townshend	Control of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts.	48
1720609448	John Adams	Second president of the US; attended the Continental Congress in 1774 as a delegate from Georgia.	49
1720609449	John Hancock	"King of the Smugglers" ; He was a wealthy Massachusetts merchant who persuaded the American colonies to declare their independence. He was the ring leader in the plot to store gunpowder which resulted in the battles in Lexington and Concord.	50
1720609450	Declaration of Independence	Approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776; sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority.	51
1720609451	Thomas Jefferson	member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the President of the United States of America; bought Louisiana.	52
1720609452	Marquis de Lafayette	French nobleman, nicknamed "French Gamecock", made major general of colonial army.	53
1720609453	Admiral de Grasse	Operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies, joined Americans in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown.	54
1720609454	Patrick Henry	Supporting a break from Great Britain, he is famous for the words, "give me liberty, or give me death!"	55
1720609455	Comte de Rochambeau	Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops.	56
1720609456	George Rogers Clark	Frontiersman; gave the region north of the Ohio River to the United States.	57
1720609457	Richard Henry Lee	Member of the Philadelphia Congress. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states."	58
1720609458	Charles Cornwallis	British general who fought in the Seven Years War, was elected to the House of Commons in 1760, and lost battles to George Washington on December 26, 1776 and on January 3, 1777.	59
1720609459	Nathanael Greene	Cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.	60
1720609460	Benedict Arnold	American General during the Revolutionary War; he prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga; he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River.	61
1720609461	John Burgoyne	British general given charge of the army, and he surrendered at Saratoga.	62
1720609462	George Washington	Commander in Chief of Continental Army; first US president	63
1720609463	William Howe	English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill.	64
1720609464	King William's War	war between French trappers, British, and Indian allies; colonial war of War of the League of Augsburg in Europe	65
1720609465	Queen Anne's War	2nd war between English and French in North, English and Spanish in Florida	66
1720609466	War of Jenkin's Ear	clash between Britain and Spain in Georgia and Caribbean	67
1720609467	King George's War	North American War of Austrian Succession; British against French in North	68
1720609468	Battle of Quebec	British victory over French; end of French rule in North America	69
1720609469	Pontiac's Uprising	uprising led by Ottawa chief to drive British out of Ohio Country; British won by giving Indians blankets with smallpox	70
1720609470	Crispus Attucks	One of the first to die in Boston Massacre; mulatto and leader of the mob	71
1720609471	Thomas Hutchinson	Massachusetts governor whose home was destroyed; agreed tax on tea was unjust; ordered tea ships not to leave harbor until cargo was unloaded	72
1720609472	Lord Dunmore	governor of Virginia; promised freedom to blacks that joined British army	73
1720609473	Second Continental Congress	Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies; drafted Declaration of Independence	74
1720609474	Battle of Long Island	battle for control of NY; Britain retained control of city for most of the war	75
1720609475	Ethan Allen	captured Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point	76
1720609476	Richard Montgomery	formerly in British army; captured Montreal	77
1720609477	Ben Franklin	adored French diplomat	78
1720609478	Joseph Brant	Mohawk chief; British ally	79
1720609479	Nathan Hale	American spy; I regret I have but 1 life to give for my country.	80
1720609480	Alexander Hamilton	economy and finance; 1st bank; secretary of treasury; free market economy; dies in a duel	81
1720609481	John Jay	author of "The Federalist Papers;" 1st Supreme Court Justice; Secretary of State under Washington; Treaty for War of 1812	82
1720609482	James Madison	Father of the Constitution; Federalist Papers; Secretary of state under Jefferson; 4th President	83
1720609483	G. Mason	Boston Tea Party; boycott all British goods; "Virginia Declaration of Rights" led to Bill of Rights	84
1720609484	Anti-Federalists	Jefferson, state and individual rights, frontier/south and common man, Bill of Rights	85
1720609485	Federalists	Pro-federal government, wealthy in North, more say in government, Hamilton and John Adams	86
1720609486	Albany Congress	conference from June 19 through July 11, 1754 in New York; it advocated a union of the British colonies for defense against French to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. 150 representatives of tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.	87

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Ecology Flashcards

Population ecology, human population growth community ecology, co-evolution, ecological succession, ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, biomes, and human impact on the biosphere.

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1062614676	Population	A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.	1
1062614677	Community	A group of populations living in the same area.	2
1062614678	Ecosystem	The interrelationships between the organisms in a community and their physical environment.	3
1062614679	Biosphere	It includes all the regions of the earth that contain living things.	4
1062614680	Habitat	The type of place where it usually lives. It includes the other organisms that live there as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment.	5
1062614681	Niche	All the biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism which define where it can live. *If niches overlap for two species, they will compete. - The more they overlap, the greater the competition between the two species.	6
1062614682	Population Density	The total number of individuals per area or volume occupied.	7
1062614683	Dispersion	How individuals in a population are distributed. It could be clumped, uniform, or random.	8
1062614684	Age Structure	The description of the abundance of individuals of each age.	9
1062614685	Survivorship Curves	The description how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes.	10
1062614686	Type I	A survivorship curve in which most individuals survive to middle ages. After that age mortality is high.	11
1062614687	Type II	A survivorship curve in which the organism's life is random.	12
1062614688	Type III	A survivorship curve in which most individuals die young with only a few surviving to reproductive age and beyond.	13
1062614689	Biotic Potential	The maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions.	14
1062614690	Factors of Biotic Potential	Age at reproductive maturity, clutch size (the number of offspring at each reproductive event), frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, and survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity.	15
1062614691	Carrying Capacity	The maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat. *This happens when r=0, the population stops growing and it reaches equilibrium.	16
1062614692	Limiting Factors	Elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential.	17
1062614693	Density-Dependent	A type of limiting factor whose limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases. Gives rise to the S-shaped logistic growth curve. Happens after growing exponentially for a while, but growth rate has to decrease as the environment becomes more and more crowded. Can be caused by resource competition or biotic interactions. (Greater crowding can lead to disease, or to the attraction of more predators)	18
1062614694	Density-Independent	A type of limiting factor that occurs independently of the density of the population which includes natural disasters and extremes of climate.	19
1062614695	Exponential Growth	When the reproductive rate is greater than zero and when plotted it rises quickly forming a J-shaped curve.	20
1062614696	Logistic Growth	When limiting factors restrict the size of the population to the carrying capacity of the habitat and when plotted it stabilizes forming a S-shaped, or sigmoid, curve.	21
1062614697	Population Cycles	Fluctuations in population size in response to varying effects of limiting factors.	22
1062614698	R-Selected Species	This species exhibits rapid growth. This type of strategy is characterized by opportunistic species.	23
1062614699	K-Selected Species	This species' population size remains relatively constant at the carrying capacity.	24
1062614700	Abiotic Factors	The non-living parts of an organism's habitat. SWATS: Soil, Water, Air, Temperature, and Sunlight.	25
1062614701	Biotic Factors	The living parts of an ecosystem. Usually include: producer, consumers, decomposers, and human influence.	26
1062614702	Ernst Haeckel's definition of Ecology	The comprehensive science of the relationship of the organism to the environment. Invented the word "ecology".	27
1062614703	C. J. Krebs' definition of Ecology	The scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms	28
1062614704	Mutualism	A relationship between two species in which both species benefit. Exp: like the bacteria in our gut that helps us break down our food.	29
1062614705	Competition or Interspecific Competition	(-,-) A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource; for example, food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites. It may be intraspecific or interspecific. If there is competition for a limiting resource, growth rates of both competitors will be reduced. Gives way to resource partitioning, as natural selection favors individuals that do not compete.	30
1062614706	Consumer Resource	(-,+) The consumer benefits while the consumed organism - the resource - loses. *Includes predation, herbivory, and parasitism, & pathogens.	31
1062614707	Commensalism	(+,0) An interaction where one participant benefits, while the other is unaffected.	32
1062614708	Amensalism	(-,0) An interaction between species when one species if harmed while the other is unaffected. *Often the harm is accidental. Exp: Elephants crush plants and insects while moving through a forest.	33
1062614709	Parasitism	A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it.	34
1062614710	Predation	An interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the other, the prey.	35
1062614711	Per Capita Growth Rate	The difference between per capita birth rate and per capita death rate and represents the average individual's contribution to total population growth rate. *Delta (N) / Delta (T)	36
1062614712	BD Model	The number of individuals in a population at some time in the future = the number now + the number that are born - the number that die. * N(t + 1) = N(t) + B - D	37
1062614713	Evolutionary Arms Race	A form of coevolution in which the species involved each evolve countermeasures to the adaptations of the others; most often associated with host - pathogen and predator - prey coevolution.	38
1062614714	Cheating	In a mutualistic relationship, the potential for one partner to acquire resources from the other partner without returning the mutualistic act.	39
1062614715	Coevolution	Evolutionary processes in which an adaptation in one species leads to the evolution of an adaptation in a species with which it interacts.	40
1068783448	Topography	The variations in the elevation of Earth's surface that form, for example, mountains & valleys.	41
1068783449	Species Composition	The particular mix of species that a community contains and the relative abundances of those species.	42
1068783450	Biome	A distinct physical environment that is inhabited by ecologically similar organisms with similar adaptations.	43
1068783451	Succession	The gradual, sequential series of changes in the species composition of a community following a disturbance.	44
1068783452	Ecological Transition	After some types of disturbance the original community is not reestablished, instead it becomes a distinctly different community.	45
1068783453	Trophic Interactions	The consumer-resource relationships among species in a community.	46
1068783454	Primary Producers	They convert solar energy into a form that can be used by the rest of the community. Aka autotrophs.	47
1068783455	Autotrophs	Self feeders... they make their own food.	48
1068783456	Heterotrophs	Species that obtain energy by breaking apart organic compounds that have been assembled by other organisms. (Herbivores)	49
1068783457	Primary Consumers	Heterotrophs that dine on primary producers... aka herbivores.	50
1068783458	Secondary Consumers	Primary carnivores... those that consume herbivores.	51
1068783459	Tertiary Consumers	Secondary carnivores... those that consume primary carnivores.	52
1068783461	Trophic Levels	The feeding positions: primary producers and primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. A group of organisms united by obtaining their energy from the same part of the food web.	53
1068783463	Omnivores	They feed on both plants and animals. (feed from multiple trophic levels.)	54
1068783464	Decomposers/detritivores	Feed on waste products or dead bodies of organisms... Largely responsible for the recycling of materials within ecosystems. They break down organic matter into inorganic components that primary producers can absorb.	55
1068783465	Gross Primary Productivity	Energy that primary producers capture and convert to chemical energy during gnome period of time.	56
1068783466	Net Primary Productivity	Energy that primary producers have produced during that period of time.	57
1068783467	Ecological Efficiency	The overall transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next. On average the total biomass of each trophic level is about one-tenth that of the level it feeds on.	58
1068783468	Trophic Cascade	A series of changes in the population sizes of organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain, occurring when predators at high trophic levels indirectly promote populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check. Trophic cascades may become apparent when a top predator is eliminated from a system. (yosemite wolves).	59
1068783469	Species richness	The number of species in the community.	60
1068783470	Species evenness	The distribution of species' abundances.	61
1068783471	Island Biogeography	Accounts for island diversity patterns... The study of rates of colonization and extinction of species on islands or other isolated areas based on size, shape, and distance from other inhabited regions	62
1068783472	Ecosystem services	Processes by which ecosystems maintain resources that benefit human society.	63
1068886236	Convergent Evolution	Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments. Tends to happen in biomes where animals develop similar natural selection.	64
1068886237	The Nearshore regions of lakes and oceans	Littoral (lakes) , Intertidal or Littoral (Oceans) ... Shallow, affected by wave action, periodically exposed to air by fluctuations in water level.	65
1068886238	Photic Zone	The region of lakes and oceans that is penetrated by light and therefore supports photosynthetic organisms.	66
1068886239	The Open-Water zones	Limnetic zone (lakes) , Pelagic zone (oceans)	67
1068886240	Aphotic Zone	In bodies of water, the region below the reach of light.	68
1068886241	Benthic Zone	The lake bottom or ocean floor.	69
1068886242	Abyssal Zone	The deepest parts of the ocean. Where there are very high pressures, low oxygen levels, and cold temperatures.	70
1068886243	Biogeographic regions	Six continental-scale areas... each region encompasses multiple biomes and contains a distinct assemblage of species, many of which are phylogenetically related.	71
1068886244	Biotic Interchange	Continued movements of continents have more recently eliminated some barriers to dispersal and have caused mixing of species.	72
1092043832	Geographic Range	Region in which a species is found.	73
1092043833	Habitat Patches	"Islands" of suitable habitat separated by areas of unsuitable habitat.	74
1092043834	Life history	The time course of essential events during an average individual's life like .... growth and development, dispersal, reproduction, death.	75
1092043835	Fecundity	Average number of offspring each individual produces at those life stages or ages.	76
1092258428	Life-History Tradeoffs	Negative relationships among growth, reproduction, and survival. Exp: If you are likely to die young, it makes sense to invest in early reproduction.	77
1092258429	Why do humans appear to break the rules for density dependence in population growth?	Vaccines, Antibiotics, Better sanitation, "Green Revolution", and technological advances have raised carrying capacity by increasing food production and improving health.	78
1092258430	Conservation and Sustainability	Key priorities for the 21st century... as 20th century population expansion has led to climate change and ecosystem degradation.	79
1092258431	Natural Experiment	When a natural process perturbs the ecosystem dramatically, so ecologists can learn by watching how the ecosystem responds. Exp: volcano eruption, flood, epidemic.	80
1092258432	"Anthropocene"	(the Age of Humans)... human-dominated ecosystems (croplands, pasture, cities and towns) now cover ~50% of Earth's land area. *These ecosystems are more uniform than natural ones, becoming homogeneous.	81
1092258433	Human activities that increase extinction risk	• Habitat destruction, fragmentation and alteration • Over-harvesting wild populations • Pollution • Introduction of invasive species • Climate change	82
1092258434	Interspecific interactions	Interactions between individuals of different species, which can be beneficial (+), detrimental (-), or neutral (0) to each species.	83
1092258435	Intraspecific Competition	Can lead to density dependence, when the per capita growth rate decreases due to competition for resources with individuals of the same species.	84
1092258436	If an individual's fitness exceeds that of another...	then the frequency of that individual's traits will increase.	85
1092258437	Rarity Advantage	Intraspecific competition must be stronger than interspecific competition... and a species gains a growth advantage when it is at a low density and its competitor is at a high density. *The result is coexistence.	86
1092258438	Resource Partitioning	If differences in resource use are sufficiently large, competing species can coexist. *Differences between species in their use of resources causes individuals to have a larger effect on the resources available to another of the same species than to an individual of another species.	87
1092258439	Competitive Exclusion	When both species used the exact same resource, the more efficient species would win. *Two species with the exact same niche cannot co-exist in the same place at the same time. One must out do the other.	88
1092258440	Condition for Coexistence	For coexistence to be possible, INTRAspecific competition must be stronger than INTERspecific competition. *Then each species grows better when it is rare than when it is abundant (rarity advantage).	89
1092258441	Fundamental Niche	The conditions tolerated and the resources used when predators are not around. (100% ... all is yours)	90
1092258442	Realized Niche	The range of conditions tolerated or resources used when competitors are present (not able to use all resources since you are limited).	91
1092258443	Prey/Predator Abundance	Lots of prey = lots of predators. Low prey = low amount of predators. *Exp: Infectious diseases show Predator-Prey Cycles. Consumer:infectious disease. Resource: susceptible (non-immune) hosts.	92
1093617613	Species Turnover	Some species drop out and new ones appear. *Some or all of the species can be wiped out, and environmental conditions are changed.	93
1093617614	What can cause communities to change over time?	Extinction and colonization, Disturbance, Climate change.	94
1093617615	Better Colonizers	They invest in early reproduction, many offspring, and high dispersal, but have short life expectancy.	95
1093617616	Better Competitors	They invest in growth and defense, and have fewer, later offspring and long life expectancy.	96
1097658328	Invasive Species	An exotic species that reproduces rapidly, spreads widely, and has negative effects on the native species of the region to which it had been introduced.	97
1102689378	Principal of Allocation	The idea that a unit of some resource acquired by an organism can be used for only one function at a time, meaning that resources must be divided among competing functions.	98

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Biology Campbell Reece Eighth Edition Ch. 3 Flashcards

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105788448	polar molecule	molecule with unequal distribution of electrons	0
105788449	cohesion	Equivalent to surface tension; the forces that cause the individual molecules to be attracted to each other and thus cohese; usually caused by polarity	1
105788450	adhesion	the clinging of one substance to another; equivalent to capillary action	2
105845688	surface tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	3
105845689	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	4
105845690	heat	the total kinetic energy of a group of atomic particles	5
105845691	temperature	the average kinetic energy of a group of atomic particles	6
105845692	Celsius scale	the scale used to indicate temperature. Equals Kelvin -273.15	7
105845693	calorie	the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius. = 4.184 Joules	8
105845694	Calorie	1000 calories	9
105845695	joule	unit of energy most commonly used	10
105845696	specific heat	the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C	11
105845697	evaporative cooling	when a liquid evaporates, the remaining liquid remains cooler due to the loss of the particles with the most energy, the property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.	12
105845698	solution	a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	13
105845699	solvent	dissolving agent of a solution	14
105845700	solute	substance that is dissolved in a solution	15
105845701	hydration shell	the sphere of water molecules that encompass each dissolved ion in a solution	16
105845702	hydrophilic	interacting readily with water; typical of polar compounds or those containing charged or electronegative atoms, type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules	17
105845703	aqueous solution	a solution in which water is the solvent	18
105845704	colloid	a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid	19
105845705	hydrophobic	describes substances that are nonpolar and seem to repel water	20
105845706	molecular mass	the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule	21
105845707	mole	abbreviated (mol). Equivalent to (6.02214179 × 10^23) particles. A count of the number of particles in a given specimen	22
105845708	Avogrado's Number	(6.02214179 × 10^23) particles / mol	23
105845709	Molarity	the number of moles of solute per liter of solution	24
105845710	hydrogen ion	a single proton with a charge of 1+ (H+)	25
105845711	hydroxide ion	water molecule that lost a proton H2O--> OH-	26
105845712	hydronium ion	H3O+. May actually be 3 water molecules converged around one hydrogen ion. Often represented as H+	27
105845713	Acid	Usually increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Acts as a proton donater	28
105845714	Base	Usually increases the hydroxide ion concentration in a solution and reduces Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. Acts as a proton acceptor.	29
105845715	pH	the negative logarithm(base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH = -log[H+]	30
105845716	Buffer	substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in a solution. Usually contains a weak acid and its corresponding base, such that they dissociate and recombine readily with other acids/bases that appear in solution	31
105845717	Acid precipitation	rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than pH 5.2	32

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Biology Campbell Reece Ch.5 Flashcards

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105916784	macromolecules	Class of biologically import molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction and is very large. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. Also are polymers.	0
105916785	Polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	1
105916786	monomer	the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer	2
105916787	condensation reaction	a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule	3
105916788	Dehydration reaction	a condensation reaction referring to the molecules that form a covalent bond through the loss of a water molecule	4
105916789	enzymes	specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells	5
105916790	hydrolysis	a process in which polymers are disassembled through the addition a a water molecule, which separates into H+ and OH- to separate the polymer	6
105916791	carbohydrates	Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1. Usually sugars and polymers of sugars	7
105916792	monosaccharides	a single carbohydrate molecule	8
105916793	disaccharide	consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage	9
105916794	glycosidic linkage	a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction	10
105916795	Polysaccharides	polymers with a few hunderd to a few thoughsand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages	11
105916796	starch	a polysaccharide of glucose monosaccharides. Used to store energy because glucose is a major cellular fuel. Glucose can be separated by means of hydrolysis. Has a helical structure	12
105916797	glycogen	polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin(a type of starch) but more extensively branched. Does not provide as much energy as starches	13
105916798	cellulose	major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. Made up of glucose. Forms microfibrils that act like cables. Difference from starch is that the glycosidic linkages are consistantly flipped/alternated. This makes it straight instead of helical	14
105916799	microfibril	A fiber that is made up of cellulose. Weaved together to give cell walls their strength in plants	15
105916800	lipids	class of large biological molecule that is not a true polymer and not generally large enough to be a macromolecules. They are nonpolar.	16
105916801	fat	constructed of two smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Combines via an ester linkage	17
105916802	glycerol	an alcohol that acts as the organizing part of a fat. Has three carbons, each bearing a hydroxyl group	18
105916803	fatty acid	a long carbon skeleton with a carboxyl group at the end	19
105916804	ester linkage	a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.	20
105916805	triacylglycerol	three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.	21
105916806	triglyceride	synonymous with triacylglycerol	22
105916807	saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid, such as stearic acid, whose carbon chain contains no unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms and hence cannot incorporate any more hydrogen atoms. Observed as multiple straight fatty acid segments	23
105916808	unsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid, such as oleic acid, whose carbon chain possesses one or more double or triple cis bonds and hence can incorporate additional hydrogen atoms. Observed as having bent fatty acid segments.	24
105916809	phospholipids	two fats and a phosphate group attached to glycerol; fat tail = hydrophobic. phosphate group + 2(CH2) + N(CH3)3 = hydrophilic; examples: membranes, soaps; when added to water, self-assemble into micelles, liposomes, bilayers; major component of all cell membranes	25
105916810	steroids	lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings	26
105916811	cholesterol	a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized., helps stabilize the membrane at warm temperatures but also helps keep the membrane fluid at lower temperatures. In a cell, the phospholipid bilayer remains about as fluid as salad oil. Is the precursor for other steroids in the body. Made in the liver.	27
105916812	trans fat	unsaturated fat with a trans double bond, causing the fatty acid to be straight instead of bent.	28
105916813	Adipose cell	fat-containing vacuole that swells and shrinks as fat is deposited and withdrawn from storage. Also cushions vital organs and insulates as a fat layer beneath the skin	29
105916814	Proteins	The tools and building blocks of cells. Made up of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure	30
105916815	enzymes	protein that is an biological catalyst	31
105916816	catalyst	chemical agent that selectively speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction	32
105916817	Polypeptides	polymers of amino acids	33
105916818	Amino acids	organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. The center carbon atom is the alpha carbon, and it bonds to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R side group that decides what the protein is.	34
105916819	Peptide bond	the covalent bond formed from the dehydration reaction between the carboxyl group and the amino group of two different amino acids.	35
105916820	Primary Structure	The order of amino acids in a protein	36
105916821	Secondary Structure	The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone.	37
105916822	Tertiary Structure	overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains(R groups) of the various amino acids.	38
105916823	alpha helix	a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid	39
105916824	Beta pleated sheet	two or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones.	40
105916825	hydrophobic interaction	when the side groups of an amino acid are nonpolar, they have a tendency to move towards the core of the protein, away from water, while the more polar side groups move towards the water	41
105916826	disulfide bridges	when two amino acids with sulfhydryl groups are brought close together by the folding of the protein.	42
105916827	Quaternary Structure	The overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide subunits	43
105916828	denaturation	the unraveling of a protein due to alteration of pH, salinity, temperature, or other aspects of the nevironment	44
105916829	chaperonin	a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins	45
105916830	X-ray crystallography	technique used to determine 3D protein strucures by analyzing the diffraction pattern of a beam of xrays passed through a crystal of the protein	46
105916831	gene	(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain	47
105916832	nucleic acids	Polymers assembled from individual nucleotides; used to store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information; the two kinds of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	48
105916833	deoxyribonucleic acid	DNA. the genetic information of an organism(biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	49
105916834	ribonucleic acid	RNA (biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes	50
105916835	polynucleotides	A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA	51
105916836	nucleotide	monomer of polynucleotides. Either cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, or guanine. In a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base	52
105916837	pyrimidine	has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms(the nitrogen atoms tend to take up H+ from the solution, which is why they are call a nitrogenous bases). Can be cytosine(C), thymine(T), or uracil(U)	53
105916838	purines	larger than pyrimidines, they have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.	54
105916839	deoxyribose	C(HOCH2)HCOC(OH)(H)CH2CH(OH), five-carbon monosaccharide that is a component of DNA nucleotides. Has one less Oxygen than ribose, hence the name	55
105916840	ribose	C(HOCH2)HCOCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH), a five-carbon monosaccharide that is a component of RNA nucleotides	56
105916841	double helix	two parallel polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis	57
105916842	antiparallel	the fact that opposing DNA strands run in opposite directions 5'-->3' 3'<--5'	58

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Abnormal Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards Flashcards

These are all the terms, people and dates for the eighth edition of Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World By Jeffrey S Nevid, Spencer A Rathus, and Beverly Greene.

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1213587302	Neurons	Nerve cells	1
1213587303	dendrites	the rootlike structures at the ends of neurons that receive nerve impulses from other neurons	2
1213587304	axon	The long, thin part of a neuron along which nerve impulses travel	3
1213587305	terminals	The small branching structures at the tips of axons	4
1213587306	neurotransmitters	Chemical substances that transmit messages from one neuron to another	5
1213587307	synapse	The junction between one neuron and another through which nerve impulses pass	6
1213587308	receptor site	a part of dendrite on a receiving neuron that is structured to receive a neurotransmitter.	7
1213587309	central nervous system (CNS)	the brain and the spinal cord	8
1213587310	Peripheral Nervous system	The somatic and autonomic nervous system	9
1213587311	medulla	an area of the hind brain involved in regulation of heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure.	10
1213587312	pons	a structure in the hindbrain involved in body movements attention sleep and respiration	11
1213587313	cerebellum	a structure in the hindbrain involved in coordination and balance	12
1213587314	reticular activating system	brain structure involved in processes of attention, sleep and arousal	13
1213587315	thalamus	a structure in the forebrain involved in relaying sensory information to the cortex and in regulating sleep attention	14
1213587316	hypothalamus	a structure in the forebrain involved in regulating body temprature emotion and motivation	15
1213587317	limbic system	a group of forebrain structures involved ine motional processing, memory, and basic drives such as hunger thirst and aggression	16
1213587318	basal ganglia	an assemblage of neurons at the base of the forebrain involved in regulating postural movements and coordication	17
1213587319	cerebrum	the large mass of the forebrain consisting of two cereberal hemispheres	18
1213587320	cerebral cortex	the wrinkled surface area of the cerebrum responsible for processing sensory stimuli and controlling higher mental functions, such as thinking and use of language.	19
1213587321	Somatic nervous system	The division of the peripheral nervous system that relays information from the sense organs to the brain and transmits messages from the brain to the skeltal muscles	20
1213587322	autonomic nervous system	the the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the activities of the glands and involuntary functions	21
1213587323	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system whose activity leads to heightened states of arousal	22
1213587324	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system whose activity reduces states of arousal and regulates bodily processes that replenish energy reserves	23
1213587325	psychoanalytic theory	the theoretical model of personality developed by Sigmund Freud, based on the belief that psychological problems are rooted in unconscious motives and conflicts from childhood; also called psychoanalysis	24
1213587326	Conscious	To Freud, the part of the mind that corresponds to our present awareness	25
1213587327	preconscious	To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents lie outside present awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing attention.	26
1213587328	unconscious	To Freud, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that contains instinctual urges.	27
1213587329	id	The unconscious psychic structure, present at birth, that contains primitive instincts and is regulated by the pleasure principle	28
1213587330	pleasure principle	the governing principle of the id, involving demands for immediate gratification of needs.	29
1213587331	ego	the psychic structure that corresponds to the concept of the self, governed by the reality principle and is characterized by the ability to tolerate frustration	30
1213587332	reality principle	the governing principle of the ego, which involves considerations of social acceptability and practicality.	31
1213587333	superego	the psychic structure that incorporates the values of the parents and important others and functions as a moral conscience	32
1213587334	defense mechanisms	the reality distorting strategies used by the ego to shield the self from awareness of anxiety-provoking impulses	33
1213587335	Repression	Defense mechanism in which there is expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas or motives (IE- a person remains unaware of harboring hateful impulses toward others)	34
1213587336	Regression	Defense mechanism in which there is the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development (IE- Under stress, a college student starts biting his nails or becomes totally dependent on others)	35
1213587337	Displacement	Defense mechanism in which there is the transfer of unacceptable away from their original objects onto safer or less-threatening objects (IE- a worker slams a door after his boss chews him out)	36
1213587338	Denial	Defense mechanism in which there is the refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire (IE- a person who nearly chokes someone to death acts afterward like it "no big deal")	37
1213587339	Reaction formation	Defense mechanism in which there is behaving in a way that is the opposite of one's true wishes or desires to keep these repressed (IE- a sexually frustrated person goes on a personal crusade to stamp out pornography)	38
1213587340	Rationalization	Defense mechanism in which there is the use of self-justifications to explain away unacceptable behavior (IE- when asked why she continues to smoke, a woman says, "Cancer doesn't run in my family")	39
1213587341	projection	Defense mechanism in which there is imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another person (IE- A sexually inhibited person misinterprets other people's friendly approaches as sexual advances)	40
1213587342	Sublimation	Defense mechanism in which there is the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits (IE- A person channels aggressive impulses into competitive sports)	41
1213587343	sexual	Freud's term for sensual	42
1213587344	libido	sexual energy	43
1213587345	erogenous zones	sexual pleasure in different body parts as a child will mature.	44
1213587346	Oral	The first year of life for Freud, when they will nurse and cry.	45
1213587347	anal	the second year of life for Freud, when they have control of their bowels	46
1213587348	phallic	third year of life until approx. the sixth year. Oedipus complex happens here.	47
1213587349	Latency	from 6 to 12 for Freud. Not much happens here	48
1213587350	Genital	begins at puberty for Freud. The rest of life happens at this point.	49
1213587351	Fixation	a constellation of personality traits associated with a particular stage of psychosexual development, resulting from either too much or too little gratification at that stage	50
1213587352	Carl Jung	developed theory of analytical psychology.	51
1213587353	1875-1961	Life span of Carl Jung	52
1213587354	Analytical Psychology	Not only is there personal unconsciousness, but also a collective unconscious.	53
1213587355	Archetypes	Community consciousness has a collection of primitive images called _____.	54
1213587356	Alfred Adler	psychology is called individual psychology. life is driven by inferiority complex, not the psychosexual stages.	55
1213587357	1870-1937	Life span of Alfred Adler	56
1213587358	Creative self	a self aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and develop the individual's potential.	57
1213587359	Karen Horney	Said that children will harbor a feeling of basic hostility towards their parents if they are isolated. Shifted away from psychosexual	58
1213587360	1885-1952	Life Span of Karen Horney	59
1213587361	Heinz Hartmann	one of the originators of ego psychology which posits that the ego has energy and motive of its own.	60
1213587362	1894-1970	Life Span of Heinz Hartmann	61
1213587363	Erik Erikson	Social relationships and formation of personal identity attributed more to development than sexuality. Also had adolescents look for ego identity	62
1213587364	1902-1994	Lifespan of Erik Erikson	63
1213587365	ego identity	a clearly defined sense of who they are and what they believe in.	64
1213587366	Margaret Mahler	founded the object relations theory which focuses on the symbolic representations of important others in their lives, especially their parents.	65
1213587367	1897-1985	Lifespan of Margaret Mahler	66
1213587368	Object relations theory	We introject our parent's personalities into our selves. This may identify who we are.	67
1213587369	psychosis	a severe form of disturbed behavior characterized by impaired ability to interpret reality and difficulty meeting the demands of daily life.	68
1213587370	Freud's psychological health	the ability to love and to work	69
1213587371	behaviorism	fathered by John B. Watson, focuses on the role of learning in explaining both normal and abnormal behavior.	70
1213587372	1894-1936	Lifespan of Ivan Pavlov	71
1213587373	1878-1958	Lifespan of John B. Watson	72
1213587374	symptomatic	how behaviorism addressed abnormal behavior.	73
1213587375	1904-1990	Lifespan of B.F. Skinner	74
1213587376	conditioned response	in classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus	75
1213587377	unconditioned stimulus	a stimulus that elicits an unlearedn response	76
1213587378	conditioned stimulus	a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus that had previously evoked that response.	77
1213587379	classical conditioning	a form of learning in which a response to one stimulus can be made to occur in response to another stimulus by pairing or associating the two stimuli.	78
1213587380	Little Albert	An example of classical conditioning with humans as performed by John B. Watson	79
1213587381	Operant conditioning	a form of learning in which behavior is acquired and strengthened when it is reinforced	80
1213587382	reinforcement	a stimulus or event that increases the frequency of the responses that it follows.	81
1213587383	positive reinforcers	reinforcers that, when introduced, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.	82
1213587384	negative reinforcers	reinforcers that when removed, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.	83
1213587385	punishment	application of aversive or painful stimuli that reduces the frequency of the behavior it follows.	84
1213587386	social cognitive theory	formerly called the social-learning theory, a learning based theory that emphasizes observational learning and incorporates roles for cognitive variable in determining behavior	85
1213587387	Modeling	learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.	86
1213587388	expectancies	beliefs about expected outcomes.	87
1213587389	Behavior Therapy	systematically applying learning principle to help people change their behavior.	88
1213587390	Third force psychology	Humanistic models that began with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, the focus of which is to live authentically or with purpose	89
1213587391	1908-1970	Lifespan of Abraham Maslow	90
1213587392	1902-1987	Lifespan of Carl Rogers	91
1213587393	self-actualization	in humanistic psychology the tendency to strive to become all that one is capable of being; the motive that one drives one to reach one's full potential and express one's unique capabilities.	92
1213587394	unconditional positive regard	Valuing other people as having basic worth regardless of their behavior at a particular time	93
1213587395	conditional positive regard	valuing other people on the basis of whether their behavior meets one's approval.	94
1213587396	Client-centered therapy	Carl Roger's method of psychotherapy	95
1213587397	cognitive distortions	errors in thinking	96
1213587398	Albert Ellis	cognitive psychologist believed that irrational beliefs we hold about unfortunate experiences foster negative emotions and maladaptive behaviors.	97
1213587399	Aaron Beck	proposes that depression may result from errors in thinking (Cognitive distortions)	98
1213587400	Selective abstraction	focus exclusively on parts of their experiences that reveal their flaws and ignore evidence of their competences	99
1213587401	overgeneralize	example a person may believe that she will never marry because he was rejected by a date.	100
1213587402	magnification	people blowing things out of proportion	101
1213587403	absolutist thinking	absolutist thinking is seeing the world in black and white	102
1213587404	social cultural perspective	we must consider the roles of social and cultural factors, including factors relating to ethnicity, gender and social class.	103
1213587405	social causation model	the belief that social stressors, such as poverty, account for the greater risk of sever psychological disorders among people of lower socioeconomic status.	104
1213587406	downward drift hypothesis	the theory that explains the link between low socioeconomic status and behavior problems by suggesting that problem behaviors lead people to drift downward in social status.	105
1213587407	diathesis-stress model	a model that posits that abnormal behavior problems involve the interaction of vulnerability or predisposition and stressful life events or experiences.	106
1213587408	diasthesis	a vulnerability or predisposition to a particular disorder.	107

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Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age 1865-1900 Flashcards

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754525533	Leland Stanford	One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California.	0
754525534	Collis P.Huntington	One of the Big Four with Leland Stanford, he was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News Shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States.	1
754525535	James J. Hill	driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder", railroad entrepreneur who built and operated the Great Northern Railroad from St. Paul, Minnesota to Everett, Washington; without any federal grants or subsidies, the Great Northern Railroad made money by shipping goods to Asia, GNR became the most successful transcontinental railroad and the only one that wasn't eventually forced into bankruptcy	2
754525536	Cornelius Vanderbilt	a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.	3
754525537	Richard Olney	Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.	4
754525538	Jay Gould	United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)	5
754525539	Alexander Graham Bell	United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922)	6
754525540	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.	7
754525541	Andrew Carnegie	United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919), Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"	8
754525542	John D. Rockefeller	Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy., Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history	9
754525543	J. Pierpont Morgan	an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric., He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.	10
754525544	Terence Powderly	led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor	11
754525545	John P. Altgeld	Was the governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1893 until 1897. He was the first Democratic governor of that state since the 1850s. A leading figure of the Progressive Era movement, he improved workplace safety and child labor laws, pardoned three of the men convicted of the Haymarket Riot, and, for a time, resisted calls to break up the Pullman strike with force.	12
754525546	Samuel Gompers	United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)	13
754525547	Philip Armour	Pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat., forme the Armour and company which the worlds largets food and chemical manufacturing company in the country. he also established the largest privated refrigerator car fleet. He pioneered the principles of large sclae reorganization an the refrigeration industry	14
754525548	William Graham Sumner	He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.	15
754525549	Russell Conwell	He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He helped the justification of the rich and the need to not help the poor in his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture.	16
754525550	Charles Darwin	English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)	17
754525551	Henry W. Grady	Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world.	18
754525552	Herbert Spencer	English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)	19
754525553	Charles Dana Gibson	United States illustrator remembered for his creation of the 'Gibson girl' (1867-1944)	20
754525554	James Buchanan Duke	the man who cornered the cigarette industry through the American Tobacco Company. Later Trinity College in North Carolina changed its name to honor him	21
754525555	Land Grant	a grant of public land (as to a railway or college)	22
754525556	Track Gauge	helped improve the railroad system and proved to be a significant boon to the railroads; was a standard gauge of track width and came into wide use during the postwar years; not having this widely harmed the South in transporting goods during the CIvil war; this eliminated the expense and inconvenience of numerous changes from one line to another	23
754525557	Standard Time Zones	one of the 24 regions of the earth in which noon is set as the time when the sun is highest over the center of the region., areas roughly defined by twenty-four 15° sections of longitude, each centered on a time meridian that establishes the hour of the day	24
754525558	Stock Watering	Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.	25
754525559	Pool	any communal combination of funds	26
754525560	Rebate	a refund of some fraction of the amount paid	27
754525561	Vertical Integration	Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution	28
754525562	Horizontal Integration	absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level, Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller	29
754525563	Trust	extend credit to	30
754525564	Interlocking Directorate	situation occurring when the majority of members of the boards of directors of competing corporations are the same; in effect, having one group of people manage both companies	31
754525565	Captial Goods	Machines, buildings, and tools used in making automobiles are examples of capital goods.	32
754525566	Consumer Goods	goods (as food or clothing) intended for direct use or consumption, products and services that satisfy human wants directly	33
754525567	Plutocracy	a political system governed by the wealthy people	34
754525568	Injunction	(law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity	35
754525569	Trust-Busting	(law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)	36
754525570	Company Town	a town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.	37
754525571	Social Darwinism	The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.	38
754525572	"Survival of the Fittest"	a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment	39
754525573	"Pittsburgh Plus" Pricing	The Pittsburgh Plus Pricing System was designed by steel lords (like Carnegie and Morgan) in the North to keep the South at an economic disadvantage in the steel industry. The southern coal and iron ore deposits were close to where it could be processed, which would give the South an advantage since they would have to pay less money for shipping. The steel lords put pressure on the railroads to charge the goods with a fictional fee as if they had been shipped from pittsburgh. It was also, in an indirect way, punishment of the South during the reconstruction after the Civil War.	40
754525574	Gibson Girl	magazine image that showed the new image that meant woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by charles dana gibson	41
754525575	Scabs	Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike	42
754525576	Lockout	When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached	43
754525577	Yellow Dog Contract	an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.	44
754525578	Blacklist	put on a blacklist so as to banish or cause to be boycotted	45
754525579	Nonproducers	liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers; cooperatives (to pool their money and resources), better working conditions, and the 8 hour workday;	46
754525580	Anarchists	people who oppose organized government	47
754525581	Socialism	a political theory advocating state ownership of industry, A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.	48
754525582	Pure and Simple Unionism	purposed by Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL; he proposed that argued that "the trade unions pure and simple are the natural organizations of the wage workers to secure their present and practical improvement and to achieve their final emancipation.", Pure- just for workers simple-goals: wages, hours, and working conditions focuses on workplace	49
754525583	Craft Union	a labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft	50
754525584	Closed Shop	A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.	51
754525585	Union Pacific Railroad	A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah, (USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants	52
754525586	Central Pacific Railroad	(USG), A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants	53
754525587	Great Northern Railroad	The Great Northern's route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the United States and was north of the Northern Pacific Railway route. The Great Northern was a privately funded transcontinental railroad	54
754525588	New York Central Railroad	Ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4,500 miles of track.	55
754525589	Credit Mobilier	a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.	56
754525590	Pullman Palace Cars	introduced in the 1860s these were billed as "gorgeous traveling hotels" by some. Others called them "wheeled torture chambers" and potential funeral pyres	57
754525591	Grange	an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies, Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century.	58
754525592	Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois	1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.	59
754525593	Mesabi Range	a range of hills in northeastern Minnesota where rich iron ore deposits were discovered in 1887	60
754525594	Standard Oil Company	Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.	61
754525595	Bessemer Process	A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.	62
754525596	United States Steel	Created by J.P. Morgan from Carnegie's holdings; became the first billion dollar corporation, J. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 (incorporated on February 25) by combining the Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation.	63
754525597	Gospel of Wealth	This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.	64
754525598	"Acres of Diamonds"	This was a lecture written by Russell Conwell that advocated Social Darwinism It justified the rich being rich and the poor being poor and, it called people not to help the poor since it was their fault, thus promoting a laissez faire ideal.	65
754525599	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions	66
754525600	American Tobacco Company	Controlled nine-tenths of the nation's cigarette production in 1890 and about three-fourths of all tobacco production in 1904; broken up in 1911 for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.	67
754525601	New South	The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy, Term that identified southern promoters' belief in the technologically advanced industrial South	68
754525602	Interstate Commerce Act	Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices, prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line	69
754525603	National Labor Union	1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers	70
754525604	Knights of Labor	1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed, one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories	71
754525605	Haymarket Square	Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police. It is still unknown today who set off the bomb, but following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed.	72
754525606	American Federation of Labor	a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955	73

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Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Flashcards

1. Consciousness can take many forms, while other mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness.
2. Consciousness changes in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and to the patterns of stimulation in our environment.
3. An altered state of consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or chemical means.

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1296902828	Consciousness	Awareness of ourselves and our environment	1
1296902830	Cognitive Neuroscience	An interdisciplinary field involving cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain.	2
1296902832	Non conscious Processes	Any brain processes that does not involve conscious processing, including both precociousness memories and unconscious processes.	3
1296902834	Preconciousness memories	Information that is not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily or after something calls attention to them.	4
1296902836	Unconsciousness	In classic Freudian theory, apart of the mind that houses memories, desires, and feelings that would be threatening if brought to consciousness. Many modern cognitive psychologist view the unconscious in less sinister terms, maerely as a collection of mental processes that operate outside of awareness - but not typically suppressing information or working at odds with consciousness.	5
1296902838	Daydreaming	A common (and quite normal) variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation.	6
1296902840	Circadian rhythms	Physiological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours, such as the sleep-wakeful cycle. controlled by suprachasmic nucleus	7
1296902841	REM sleep	A stage of sleep that occurs approximately every 90 minutes, marked by bursts of rapid eye movements occurring under closed eyelids. REM sleep periods are associated with dreaming.	8
1296902842	Non-REM (NREM) sleep	The recurring periods, mainly associated with the deeper stages of sleep, when a sleeper is not showing rapid eye movements.	9
1296902843	Sleep paralysis	A condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes. Sleep paralysis normally occurs during the REM sleep.	10
1296902844	REM rebound	A condition of increased REM sleep caused by REM-sleep deprivation.	11
1296902845	Sleep debt	A sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning.	12
1296902846	Manifest content	The story line of a dream, taken at face value without interpretation.	13
1296902847	Latent content	The symbolic meaning of objects and events in a dream	14
1296902848	Activation-synthesis theory	The theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from the brain stem. Dreams, then, are the brain's attempt to make sense of - to synthesize - this random activity.	15
1296902849	Insomnia	The most common of sleep disorders - involving insufficient sleep, the inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousal, or early awakenings.	16
1296902850	Sleep apnea	A respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many times while asleep.	17
1296902851	Night terrors	Deep sleep episodes that seem to produce terror, although any terrifying mental experience (such as a dream) is usually forgotten upon awakening. Night terrors occur mainly in children.	18
1296902852	Narcolepsy	A disorder of REM sleep, involving sleep-onset REM periods and sudden daytime REM-sleep attacks usually accompanied by catalepsy.	19
1296902853	Catalepsy	Sudden loss of muscle control.	20
1296902854	Hypnosis	An induced state of awareness, usually characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and highly focused attention.	21
1296902855	Meditation	A state of consciousness induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation. Meditation may be intended to enhance self-knowledge, well-being, and spirituality.	22
1296902856	Psychoactive drugs	Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the brain.	23
1296902857	Hallucinogens	Drugs that create hallucinations or alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness.	24
1296902858	Opiates	addictive, depressant, suppresses endorphins	25
1296902859	Depressants	Drugs that slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system.	26
1296902860	Physical dependence	A process by which the body adjusts to, and comes to need, a drug for its everyday functioning.	27
1296902861	Addiction	A condition in which a person continues to use a drug despite its adverse effects - often despite repeated attempts to discontinue using the drug. Addiction may be based on physical or psychological dependence.	28
1296902862	Withdrawal	A pattern of uncomfortable or painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the user when the level of drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated.	29
1296902863	Psychological dependence	A desire to obtain or use a drug, even though there is no physical dependence.	30
1296902864	disassociation	split between different levels of consciousness	31
1296902865	levels of awareness	low, middle, and high	32
1296902866	common states of consciousness	being awake controlling processing alternate state	33
1296902867	sleep deprivation	reduced cognitive motor performance; mood alterations; decreased self esteem; and increased cortisol (a sign of stress).	34
1296902868	views of dreams	wish fulfillment; activation-synthesis hypothesis; and cognitive view of dreams	35
1296902869	examples of hallucinogens	LSD, marijuana	36
1296902870	examples of stimulants	amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, caffeine, nicotine	37
1296902871	examples of depressants	alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, opiates (narcotics)	38
1296907580	Reticular Formation	plays a critical role in sleep and arousal	39
1296907581	examples of neurotransmitters	serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine	40
1296912061	sleep stage 1	theta waves slower frequency and greater amplitude	41
1296912066	sleep stage 2	theta waves sudden increase in wave frequency sleep spindles	42
1296912068	Stage 3	< 50% delta waves slowest frequency and highest amplitude	43
1296912070	Stage 4	> 50% delta waves difficult to wake sleepers	44

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