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The American Pageant 11th Edition, Chapter 14 Flashcards

497340214	caste ("There was freedom from aristocratic caste and state church. . . .")	An exclusive or rigid social distinction based on birth, wealth, occupation, and so forth.	1
497340215	nativist ("The invasion of this so-called immigrant 'rabble'. . . inflamed the prejudices of American 'nativists.' ")	One who advocates policies favoring native-born citizens and displays hostility or prejudice toward immigrants.	2
497340216	factory ("The factory system gradually spread from England—'the world's workshop'—to other lands.")	A large establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.	3
497340217	trademark (". . . unscrupulous Yankee manufacturers . . . learned to stamp their own products with faked English trademarks.")	A distinguishing symbol or word used by a manufacturer on its goods, usually registered by law to protect against imitators.	4
497340218	patent ("For the decade ending in 1800, only 306 patents were registered in Washington. . . .")	The legal certification of an original invention, product, or process, guaranteeing its holder sole rights to profits from its use or reproduction for a specified period of time.	5
497340219	liability ("Laws of 'free incorporation' were first passed in New York in 1848. . . .")	The organization of individuals into an institutional entity with legally defined privileges and responsibilities.	6
497340220	incorporation ("Laws of 'free incorporation' were first passed in New York in 1848. . . .")	The organization of individuals into an institutional entity with legally defined privileges and responsibilities.	7
497340221	labor union ("They were forbidden by law to form labor unions. . . .")	An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.	8
497340222	strike ("It made ambitious capitalists out of humble plowmen. . . .")	An individual or group who uses its accumulated funds or private property to produce goods or services for profit in a market.	9
497340223	capitalist ("It made ambitious capitalists out of humble plowmen. . . .")	An individual or group who uses its accumulated funds or private property to produce goods or services for profit in a market.	10
497340224	turnpike ("The turnpikes beckoned to the canvas-covered Conestoga wagons. . . .")	A toll road.	11
497340225	posterity ("He installed a powerful steam engine in a vessel that posterity came to know as the Clermont. . . .")	Later descendants or subsequent generations.	12
497340226	productivity ("The principle of division of labor . . . spelled productivity and profits. . . .")	In economics, the relative efficiency in the production of goods and services, measured in terms of the quantity of goods or services produced by workers in a certain length of time.	13
497340227	barter ("Most families . . . bartered with their neighbors for the few necessities they could not make themselves.")	The direct exchange of goods or services for one another, without the use of cash or any other medium of exchange.	14
497340228	False (He ended it by political pressure, compromise, and the threat of military action.)	(True/False) President Jackson used military force to end South Carolina's threat of nullification and secession.	15
497340229	False (None of the other southern states backed South Carolina.)	(True/False) All the other southern states strongly backed South Carolina's act of nullification against federal government.	16
497340230	True	(True/False) Jackson used his veto of the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States to mobilize the common people of the West against the financial elite of the East.	17
497340231	True	(True/False) The Anti-Masonic third part of 1832 appealed strongly to the American suspicion of secret societies and to anti-Jackson evangelical Protestants.	18
497340232	False (He destroyed it by moving federal deposits to state banks; the independent treasury was not established until 1840.)	(True/False) Jackson finally destroyed the Bank of the United States by replacing it with an "independent treasury" staffed with his own political supporters.	19
497340233	True	(True/False) Although he professed sympathy for the eastern Indians, Jackson defied the Supreme Court and ordered them removed to Oklahoma.	20
497340234	False (The Seminoles and Black Hawk fought separate wars, but the Cherokees did not.)	(True/False) The Cherokees, Seminoles, and Chief Black Hawk joined in united warfare to resist Jackson's removal policies.	21
497340235	True	(True/False) American settlers in Texas clashed with the Mexican government over issues of slaver, immigration, and legal rights.	22
497340236	False (Jackson recognized Texas's independence but refuse to support its entry into the Union.)	(True/False) Jackson refused to recognize Texas's independence but did not support the entry of Texas into the Union.	23
497340237	True	(True/False) The Whig party eventually coalesced into a strong anti-Jackson party with a generally nationalistic outlook.	24
497340238	False (Van Buren the bad effects of the antibank battle, especially in the panic of 1837.)	(True/False) President Van Buren reaped many of the economic benefits of Jackson's bitter battle to destroy the Bank of the United States.	25
497340239	False (The Whigs only pretended Harrison came from a poor background; in fact, his family was a wealthy one.)	(True/False) William Henry Harrison's simple poor-boy background formed the basis for the Whigs' appeal to the common voter in 1840.	26
497340240	True	(True/False) Van Buren lost the election of 1840 partly because voters connected him with the hard times caused by the panic of 1837.	27
497340241	False (The Whigs favored harmony and activism; the Democrats; liberty and equality.)	(True/False) In general, the Democratic party stood for social harmony and an active government, while the Whigs emphasized individual liberty, the dangers of a privileged elite, and the evils of governmental power.	28
497340242	True	(True/False) The two-party system placed a premium on political compromise within each party and thus tended to reduce the ideological conflict between the parties.	29
497340243	b	(Multiple Choice) The nullification crisis in South Carolina ended when a) Andrew Jackson used military forced to crush the nullifiers. b) Henry Clay pushed through a compromise tariff that enabled South Carolina to save face. c) Jackson was forced to back down and accept the basic principle of nullification. d) South Carolina Unionists seized power within the state and repealed the nullification act.	30
497340244	a	(Multiple Choice) Jackson's veto of the bank recharter bill represented a) a bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors. b) an attempt to assure bankers and creditors that the federal government had their interests at heart. c) a concession to Henry Clay and his National Republican followers. d) a gain for sound banking and a financially stable currency system.	31
497340245	d	(Multiple Choice) Among the new political developments that appeared in the election of 1832 were a) political parties and direct popular voting for president. b) newspaper endorsements and public financing of presidential campaigns. c) nomination by congressional caucus and voting by the Electoral College. d) third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party platforms.	32
497340246	c	(Multiple Choice) Jackson's Specie Circular declared that a) all federal deposits had to be removed from the Bank of the United States. b) all Treasury would distribute surplus federal funds to the states. c) all public lands would have to be purchased with "hard" or metallic money. d) all paper currency had to be backed with gold or silver.	33
497340247	c	(Multiple Choice) One of Andrew Jackson's weapons in his war against Nicholas Biddle's Bank of the United States was a) seizing the bank's branches and operating them under direct federal control. b) bringing criminal charges against Biddle for corruption and mismanagement of funds. c) removing federal deposits from the bank and transferring them to "pet" state banks. d) urging all Jackson supporters to withdraw their deposits from the bank.	34
497340248	d	(Multiple Choice) One important result of President Jackson's destruction of the Bank of the United States was a) the economic stability that was maintained by his successor, Van Buren. b) a sound financial system resting on thousands of locally controlled banks. c) the American banking system's dependence on European investment and control. d) the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization.	35
497340249	b	(Multiple Choice) In theory, the U.C. government treated the Indians east of the Mississippi River as a) wards of the federal government to be confined to reservations. b) sovereign nations with whom the government negotiated and signed binding treaties. c) foreign enemies to be attacked and exterminated. d) ordinary American citizens able to participate in the democratic political process.	36
497340250	b	(Multiple Choice) Some eastern Indian peoples like the Cherokees were notable for their a) effectiveness in warfare against encroaching whites. b) development of effective agricultural, educational, and political institutions. c) success in persuading President Jackson to support their cause. d) adherence to traditional Native American culture and religious values.	37
498384652	a	(Multiple Choice) In promoting his policy of Indian removal, president Andrew Jackson a) defied rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court that favored the Cherokees. b) admitted that the action would destroy Native American culture and society. c) acted against the advice of his cabinet and his military commanders in the Southeast. d) hoped to split the Cherokees apart from their allies such as the Creeks and Seminoles	38
498384653	c	(Multiple Choice) The end result of Jackson's Indian policies was a) the flourishing of the southeastern tribes on the ancestral lands. b) a united Indian military confederacy led by Chief Tecumseh and his brother. c) the forcible removal of most of the southeastern Indians to Oklahoma. d) the assimilation of most Native Americans in to the white population.	39
498384654	b	(Multiple Choice) A particular source of friction between the government of Mexico and the immigrant settlers in Texas was a) the price of land. b) the settlers' importation of slaves. c) the treatment of women. d) the issue of settler voting rights.	40
498384655	a	(Multiple Choice) In the aftermath of the successful Texas Revolution, a) Texas petitioned to join the United States but was refused admission. b) Texas joined the United States as a slave state. c) Mexico and the United States agreed to a joint protectorate over Texas. d) Britain threatened the United States with war over Texas.	41
498384656	d	(Multiple Choice) The panic of 1837 and subsequent depression were caused by a) the stock market collapse and a sharp decline in grain prices. b) a lack of new investment in industry and technology. c) the threat of war with Mexico over Texas. d) overspeculation and Jackson's financial policies.	42
498384657	b	(Multiple Choice) Prominent leaders of the Whig party included a) Martin Van Buren and John C. Calhoun. b) Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. c) Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison. d) Stephen Austin and Sam Houston.	43
498384658	c	(Multiple Choice) In general, the Whig party tended to favor a) individual liberty and states' rights. b) the protection of slavery and southern interests. c) a strong federal role in economic and moral issues. d) the interests of the working people and farmers against the upper classes.	44
500796548	Tammany Hall	New York Democratic machine organization that exemplified the growing power of Irish immigrants in American politics	45
500796549	Ancient Order of the Hiberians	Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America	46
500796550	Forty-Eighters	Liberal German refugees who fled failed democratic revolutions and came to America	47
500796551	Know Nothing Party	Popular nickname of the secretive, nativist American Party that gained considerable, temporary success in the 1850s by attacking immigrants and Catholics	48
500796552	industrial revolution	The transformation of manufacturing that began in Britain about 1750	49
500796553	cotton gin	Whitney's invention that enhanced cotton production and gave new life to black slavery	50
500796554	limited liability	Principle that permitted individual investors to risk no more capital in a business venture than their own share of a corporation's stock	51
500796555	The Great Exhibition	Major European exposition in 1851 that provided a dazzling showcase for the American inventions of Samuel Morse, Cyrus McCormick, and Charles Goodyear	52
500796556	Commonwealth v. Hunt	Massachusetts Supreme Court decision of 1842 that overturned the widespread doctrine that labor unions were illegal conspiracies in restraint of trade	53
500796557	Cult of Domesticity	Term for the widespread nineteenth-century cultural creed that glorified women's roles as wives and mothers in the home	54
500796558	McCormick's Reaper	Cyrus McCormick's invention that vastly increased the productivity of the American grain farmer	55
500796559	The National or Cumberland Road	The only major highway constructed by the federal government before the Civil War	56
500796560	Clermont	The name of Robert Fulton's first steamship that sailed up the Hudson River in 1807	57
500796561	Erie Canal	Clinton's Big Ditch that transformed transportation and economic life across the Great Lakes region from Buffalo to Chicago	58
500796562	Pony Express	Short-lived but spectacular service that carried mail from Missouri to California in only ten days	59
500796563	Cyrus McCormick	Inventor of the mechanical reaper that transformed grain growing into a business	60
500796564	Samuel Colt	Weapons manufacturer whose popular revolver used Whitney's system of interchangeable parts	61
515027220	Dewitt Clinton	New York governor who built the Erie Canal	62
515027221	Sewing Machine	Inventor of a machine that revolutionized the ready-made clothing industry	63
515027222	Roger Taney	Supreme Court justice whose ruling in the Charles River Bridge case opened chartered monopolies to competition	64
515027223	Nativists	Agitators against immigrants and Roman Catholics	65
515027224	Cyrus Field	Wealthy New York manufacturer who laid the first temporary transatlantic cable in 1858	66
515027225	Maria Monk	Escaped nun whose lurid book Awful Disclosures became an anti-Catholic best seller in the 1830s	67
515027226	Samuel Slater	Immigrant mechanic who initiated American industrialization by setting up his cotton-spinning factory in 1791	68
515027227	Samuel F.B. Morse	Painter turned inventor who developed the first reliable system for instant communication across distance	69
515027228	Robert Fulton	Developer of a folly that made rivers two-way streams of transportation	70
515027229	Catherine Beecher	Prominent figure who helped turn teaching into a largely female profession	71
515027230	Molly Maguires	Radical, secret Irish labor union of the 1860s and 1870s	72
515027231	Eli Whitney	Yankee mechanical genius who revolutionized cotton production and created the system of interchangeable parts	73
515027232	Commonwealth v. Hunt	Pioneering Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that declared labor unions legal	74
515028377	4, 1, 5, 3, 2	Put the following events in correct order by numbering them from 1 to 5. 1. First telegraph message—"What hath God wrought?"—is sent from Baltimore to Washington. 2. Industrial revolution begins in Britain. 3. Telegraph lines are stretched across Atlantic Ocean and North American continent. 4. Major water transportation route connects New York City to Lake Erie and points west. 5. Invention of cotton gin and system of interchangeable parts revolutionized southern agriculture and northern industry.	75
515028378	The open, rough-and-tumble society of the American West	(Cause and Effect) Made Americans strongly individualistic and self-reliant	76
515028379	Natural population growth and increasing immigration from Ireland and Germany	(Cause and Effect) Made the fast-growing United States the fourth most populous nation in the Western world	77
515028380	The poverty and Roman Catholic faith of most Irish immigrants	(Cause and Effect) Aroused nativist hostility and occasional riots	78
515028381	Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin	(Cause and Effect) Transformed southern agriculture and gave new life to slavery	79
515028382	The passage of general incorporation and limited-liability laws	(Cause and Effect) Enabled businesspeople to create more powerful and effective joint-stock capital ventures	80
515028383	The early efforts of labor unions to organize and strike	(Cause and Effect) Aroused fierce opposition from businesspeople and guardians of the law	81
515028384	Improved western transportation and the new McCormick reaper	(Cause and Effect) Encouraged western farmers to specialize in cash-crop agricultural production for eastern and European markets	82
515028385	The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825	(Cause and Effect) Opened the Great Lakes states to rapid economic growth and spurred the development of major cities	83
515028386	The development of a strong east-west rail network	(Cause and Effect) Bound the two northern sections together across the mountains and tended to isolate the South	84
515028387	The replacement of household production by factory-made, store-bought goods	(Cause and Effect) Weakend many women's economic status and pushed them into a separate sphere of home and family	85

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American Pageant Chapter 13 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 13 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

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1143117381	Corrupt Bargain of 1824	Alleged deal between Clay and J.Q. Adams to make Clay Secretary of State by giving all House support to Adams to help him defeat Jackson.	0
1143117382	Common Man	Idea that came from the Jackson campaign, that he was a "commoner" who represented the interest of common "everyday" people.	1
1143117383	Tariff of 1828 (Abominations)	High tariff, helped boost the Northern manufacturing economy, while hurting Southern planters.	2
1143117384	Indian Removal Act	Controversial legislation passed in 1830 that required Native civilizations to move west of the Mississippi River.	3
1143117385	National Party Conventions	Presidential candidates are selected by convention of party supporters instead of a caucus of party leaders.	4
1143117386	Nullification	Idea that each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void.	5
1143117387	Peculiar Institution	Nickname given by southerners to describe the institution of slavery in the South.	6
1143117388	Tariff of 1833	Showed that Jackson was willing to Compromise after the South threatened to not participate with tariff and potentially secede. Lowered rates by 10% per year for 8 years.	7
1143117389	Spoils System	Idea of giving political supporters jobs as a form of "thank you" for helping the candidate get elected into office.	8
1143117390	Democrats (Political Party)	Favored local rule, limited government, free trade, equal economic opportunity (for white males): Southerners, westerners and urban workers.	9
1143117391	Force Bill	Also called the "bloody bill" by radical nullifiers, which authorized the President to use the Army and Navy to collect Tariff monies.	10
1143117392	Divorce Bill	Unpopular bill passed by Martin Van Buren that separated federal funds from private banks.	11
1143117393	Whigs (Political Party)	Favored Clay's American System. Opposed unlimited immigration; made up of New Englanders, Protestants, middle class urban professionals.	12
1143117394	Trail of Tears	Long march of several native civilizations as they were forced to March from lands in the East across the Mississippi into the West	13
1143117395	Bank Veto	Action taken by Jackson in 1832 to destroy the Bank of the United States and help win re-election vs. Henry Clay.	14
1143117396	Panic of 1837	Economic depression that was aided by the Specie Circular that required federal lands to bought with Gold and Silver.	15
1143117397	Pet Banks	State banks that the federal government placed its money in after Jackson vetoed the re-charter of the Bank of the United States in 1832.	16
1143117398	Alamo	Famous battle site in San Antonio, Texas that led to death of American defenders but rallied support for War against Mexico.	17
1143117399	Specie Circular	Required that all purchases of federal lands be made in Gold and Silver rather than paper banknotes. Banknotes lost value and helped lead to the Panic of 1837.	18
1143117400	Battle of San Jacinta	Americans capture Santa Anna; at this battle Santa Anna is forced to give Texas independence. Mexico rejects treaty and leads to future war between Mexico and Texas.	19
1143117401	Masons	Ritualistic secret society that became the target of a short lived third party in the 1830s.	20
1143117402	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was not a foreign nation with the right to sue in Federal Court (Indians lose, have to move west)	21
1143117403	Peggy Eaton	Wife of Jackson's Secretary of War, she was the target of malicious gossip which led to the resignation of many members of Jackson's cabinet.	22
1143117404	John C. Calhoun	Vice President under Jackson in first term. Led nullification crisis for the South in protesting the Tariffs.	23
1143117405	Nicholas Biddle	President of the Bank of the United States	24
1143117406	Santa Anna	Dictator of Mexico several times. Fought against the Texans when they declared independence. Had a funeral for his leg when he lost it in battle.	25
1143117407	Roger Taney	Secretary of Treasury under Jackson, helped Jackson create Pet Bank scheme	26
1143117408	Sam Houston	Led a revolution of Americans against Santa Anna and the Mexicans and declared Texas an independent republic.	27
1143117409	Andrew Jackson	President of the U.S. 1829-1837, who led U.S. through Nullification crisis and was very unpopular with Native Americans.	28
1143117410	William Henry Harrison	President in 1840. Campaigned on being born in a log cabin.	29
1143117411	Worcester v. Georgia	Ruled that the laws Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee land and the Cherokee could not be required to move West.	30

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Ultimate Geometry (Terms, Postulates, Theorems, etc.) Flashcards

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44424072	point	a location (undefined term)	0
44424073	plane	a flat surface made up of points; has no depth and extends indefinitely in all directions (undefined term)	1
44424074	line	made up of points and has no thickness or width (undefined term)	2
44424075	collinear points	points on the same line	3
44424076	axioms/postulates	statements that are accepted without proofs	4
44424077	theorems	statements that can be proven	5
44424078	coplanar	points that lie on the same plane	6
44424079	space	a boundless, three-dimensional set of all points; can contain lines and planes	7
44424080	congruent line segments	two line segments with equal lengths	8
44424081	ray	a type of line that has one endpoint	9
44424082	opposite rays	two rays are opposite to each other iff they have the same endpoint and they are collinear	10
44424083	angle	two rays that share an endpoint	11
44424084	angle bisector	rays, line segments, or lines that divide and angle into two equal parts	12
44424085	complimentary angles	two angles whose measures add up to 90°	13
44424086	supplementary angles	two angles whose measures add up to 180°	14
44424087	90-x	compliment of an angle	15
44424088	180-x	supplement of an angle	16
44424089	adjacent angles	two angles that share a side, share a vertex, and have no common interior point	17
44424090	linear pairs	a pair of adjacent angles whose non-common sides are opposite rays	18
44424091	regular polygon	a polygon where all the sides and angles are congruent	19
44424092	triangle	3 sides	20
44424093	quadrilateral	4 sides	21
44424094	pentagon	5 sides	22
44424095	hexagon	6 sides	23
44424096	heptagon	7 sides	24
44424097	octagon	8 sides	25
44424098	nonagon	9 sides	26
44424099	decagon	10 sides	27
44424100	hendecagon	11 sides	28
44424101	dodecagon	12 sides	29
44424102	conditional statement	a statement that can be written in if-then form	30
44424103	converse	the statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement	31
44424104	inverse	the statement formed by negating both the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement	32
44424105	contrapositive	the statement formed by negating both the hypothesis and conclusion of the converse of a conditional statement	33
44424106	symmetric property	if a=b then b=a	34
44424107	skew lines	if two lines are not on the same plane, they cannot intersect	35
44424108	transversal	a line that intersects two (or more) lines at two different points	36
44424109	corresponding angles (postulate)	if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the corresponding angles are congruent	37
44424110	converse of corresponding angles (postulate)	if corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel	38
44424111	scalene	type of triangle where all sides are different lengths	39
44424112	isosceles	type of triangle where at least two sides have equal lengths	40
44424113	equilateral	type of triangle where all sides are equal in length	41
44424114	acute	type of triangle where all angles are acute	42
44424115	obtuse	type of triangle that contains exactly one obtuse angle	43
44424116	right	type of triangle that contains exactly one right angle	44
44424117	angle sum theorem	given a triangle, the sum of the measures of the interior angles is 180°	45
44424118	alternate interior angle (theorem)	if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of alternate interior angles is congruent	46
44424119	consecutive interior angle (theorem)	if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of consecutive interior angles is supplementary	47
44424120	alternate exterior angle (theorem)	if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of alternate exterior angles is congruent	48
44424121	third angle theorem	if two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of a second triangle, then the third angles of the triangles are congruent	49
44424122	exterior angle theorem	the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles	50
44424123	sss	if the sides of one triangle are congruent to the sides of a second triangle, then the triangles are congruent	51
44424124	sas	if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and the included angle another triangle, then the triangles are congruent	52
44424125	asa	if two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent	53
44424126	aas	if two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding two angles and side of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent	54
44424127	HL	if the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and corresponding leg of another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent	55
44424128	isosceles triangle theorem	if two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite those sides are congruent	56
44424129	diagonal	a line segment that connects two non-adjacent vertices	57
44424130	CPCTC	corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent	58
44424131	perpendicular bisector (of a line segment)	a line that cuts through another line segment at its midpoint and bisects it at a 90° angle	59
44424132	circumcenter	point of concurrency for perpendicular bisectors; equidistant from the vertices	60
44424133	centroid	point of concurrency for medians; 1/3 of the whole	61
44424134	incenter	point of concurrency for angle bisectors; equidistant from each side	62
44424135	orthocenter	point of concurrency for altitudes	63
44424136	right triangle	in what type of triangle is the orthocenter a vertex?	64
44424137	equilateral triangle	in what type of triangle is the orthocenter and circumcenter the same?	65
44424138	never	in what type of triangle is the centroid outside of the triangle?	66
44424139	triangle inequality theorem	in a triangle, the sum of the measures of two sides is greater than the measure of the third side	67
44424140	hinge theorem	if two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle and the included angle in the first triangle is greater than the included angle in the second triangle, then the remaining side of the first triangle is greater than the remaining side of the second triangle	68
44424141	converse of hinge theorem	if two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle and the third side of the first triangle is greater than the third side of the second triangle, then the angle opposite the third side in the first triangle is greater than the angles opposite the third side in the second triangle	69

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Chapter 4: American Life in the Seventeenth Century Flashcards

American Life in the Seventeenth Century
(1607- 1692)
(The American Pagent)

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434189505	Indentured Servants	People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.	1
434189506	"Freedom dues"	necessities given to indentured servants once they were freed; included a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small parcel of land	2
434189507	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	3
434189508	William Berkeley	a Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.	4
434189509	Bacon's Rebellion (1676)	an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.	5
434189510	"Middle Passage"	the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade	6
434189511	Slave Codes	slave codes were laws passed by southern slaves to keep slaves from either running away or rebelling. these laws forbade slaves to gather in groups of three of more. they couldn't leave their owner's land without a written pass. slaves were not allowed to own a gun. and unfortunately could not learn to read or write. they could also not testify in court.	7
434189512	"First Familes of Virginia"	first lifes of familes were short and often riddled with problems	8
434189513	Congregational Church	A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves	9
434189514	"Half-Way covenant"	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	10
434189515	Salem witch trials	Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.	11
434189516	Leisler's Rebellion	Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troop	12

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Chapter 4: American Life in Seventeenth Century, 1607-1692 Flashcards

Aboukhadijeh, Feross. "Chapter 4: American Life in Seventeenth Century, 1607-1692" StudyNotes.org. StudyNotes, Inc., 17 Nov. 2012. Web. 12 Sep. 2013. .

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1606755261	headright	The right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer	0
1606755262	disenfranchise	To take away the right to vote	1
1606755263	civil war	A conflict between the citizens of inhabitants of the same country	2
1606755264	tidewater	The territory adjoining water affected by tides-this is, near the seacoast or coastal rivers	3
1606755265	middle passage	That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas	4
1606755266	fertility	The ability to mate and produce abundant young	5
1606755267	menial	Fit for servants; humble or low	6
1606755268	militia	An armed force of citizens called out only in emergencies	7
1606755269	hierarchy	a social group arranged in ranks or classes	8
1606755270	corporation	A group or institution granted legal rights to carry on certain specified activities	9
1606755271	jeremiad	A sermon or prophecy warning of doom and calling for repentance	10
1606755272	lynching	The illegal killing of an accused person by mob action without due process	11
1606755273	hinterland	Inland region back from a port, river, or the seacoast	12
1606755274	social structure	The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society	13
1606755275	blue blood	Of noble or upper-class descent	14

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Flashcards: AP Human Geography Barron's Book AP Exam Vocabulary Chapter 3: Cultural Geography Flashcards

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1454926345	Acculturation	The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.	1
1454926346	Animism	Most prevalent in Africa and the Americas, doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers.	2
1454926347	Artifact	Any item that represents a material aspect of a culture.	3
1454926348	Buddhism	System of belief that seeks to explain ultimate realities for all people- such as the nature of suffering and the path toward self realization.	4
1454926349	Caste System	System n India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in the caste system in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from the cycle of life and win their place in heaven.	5
1454926350	Christianity	The world's most widespread religion. Christianity is a monotheistic, universalizing religion that uses missionaries to expand its members worldwide. The three major categories of Christianity are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox.	6
1454926351	Creole	A pidgin that evolves to the point that it becomes the primary language to the people who speak it.	7
1454926352	Cultural Complex	The group of traits that define a particular culture.	8
1454926353	Cultural Extinction	Obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation or a combination of the three.	9
1454926354	Cultural Geography	The subfield of human geography that looks at how cultures vary over space.	10
1454926355	Cultural Hearth	Locations on Earth's surface where specific cultures first arose.	11
1454926356	Cultural Imperialism	The dominance of one culture over another.	12
1454926357	Cultural Trait	The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.	13
1454926358	Culture	A total way of life held in common by a group of people, including learned features such as language, ideology, behavior, technology, and government.	14
1454926359	Custom	Practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group.	15
1454926360	Denomination	A particular religious, usually associated with differing Protestant belief systems.	16
1454926361	Dialect	Geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from the parent form.	17
1454926362	Diaspora	People who come from a common ethic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity.	18
1454926363	Ecumene	The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans.	19
1454926364	Environmental Determinism	A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.	20
1454926365	Esperanto	A constructed international auxiliary language incorporating aspects of numerous linguistic traditions to create a universal means of communication.	21
1454926366	Ethnic Cleansing	The systematic attempt to remove al people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide.	22
1454926368	Ethnic Neighborhood	An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background.	23
1454926370	Ethnic Religion	Religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and does not seek new converts.	24
1454926372	Ethnicity	Refers to a group of people who share a common identity.	25
1454926375	Evangelical Religion	Religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system.	26
1454926377	Folk Culture	Refers to a constellation of cultural practices that form the sights, smells, sounds, and rituals of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed.	27
1454926380	Fundamentalism	The strict adherence to a particular doctrine.	28
1454926382	Genocide	A premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group.	29
1454926384	Ghetto	A segregated ethnic area within a city.	30
1454926387	Global Religion	Religion in which members are numerous and widespread and their doctrines might appeal to different people from any religion of the globe.	31
1454926389	Hinduism	A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system.	32
1454926391	Indo-European Family	Language family including the Germanic and Romance languages that is spoken by about 50% of the world population.	33
1454926393	Islam	A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad.	34
1454926395	Isoglosses	Geographical boundary lines where different linguistic features meet.	35
1454926396	Judaism	The first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of ethnic identity, and it's adherents tend to form tight-knit communities wherever they live.	36
1454926397	Language Extinction	This occurs when a language is no longer in use by any living people. Thousands of languages have become extinct over the eons since language first developed, but the process of language extinction has accelerated greatly during the last 300 years.	37
1454926398	Language Family	A collection of many languages, all of which came from the same tongue long ago, that have since evolved different characteristics.	38
1454926399	Language Group	A set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics.	39
1454926400	Lingua Franca	An extremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more other, more-complex languages usually used for quick and efficient communication.	40
1454926401	Literacy	The ability to read and write.	41
1454926402	Local Culture	A set of common experiences or customs that shape the identity of a place and the people who live there. Local cultures are often the subjects of preservation or economic development efforts.	42
1454926403	Local Religion	Religions that are spiritually bound to particular regions.	43
1454926404	Minority	A racial or ethnic group smaller than and differing from the majority race or ethnicity in a particular area or region.	44
1454926405	Missionary	A person of particular faith that travels in order to recruit new members into the faith represented.	45
1454926406	Monotheism	The worship of only one god.	46
1454926407	Multicultural	Having to do with many cultures.	47
1454926408	Official Language	Language in which all government business occurs in a country.	48
1454926409	Pidgin	Language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet. The pidgin has some characteristics of each language.	49
1454926410	Pilgrimage	A journey to a place of religious importance.	50
1454926411	Polyglot	A multilingual state.	51
1454926412	Polytheism	The worship of more than one god.	52
1454926413	Pop Culture ( Popular Culture)	Dynamic culture based in a large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties, and producing and consuming machine-made goods.	53
1454926414	Race	A group of humans being distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.	54
1454926415	Romance Languages	Any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.	55
1454926416	Shaman	The single person who takes on the roles of priest, counselor, and physician and acts as a conduit to the supernatural world in a shamanist culture.	56
1454926417	Sino-Tibetan Family	Language area that spreads through most of the Southeast Asia and China and is comprised of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Korean.	57
1454926418	Syncretic	Traditions that borrow from both the past and present.	58
1454926419	Toponym	Place names given to certain features on the land such as settlements, terrain features, and streams.	59
1454926420	Tradition	A cohesive collection of customs within a cultural group.	60
1454926421	Transculturation	The expansion of cultural traits through diffusion, adoption, and other related processes.	61
1454926422	Universalizing Religion	Religion that seeks to unite people from all over the globe.	62

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AP Human Geography Barron's Book AP Exam Vocabulary Chapter 2: Population Geography Flashcards

Chapter 2: Geography,Population Geography Vocabulary of AP Human Geography Barron's Book, 2012 4th Edition

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1593111620	Age-Sex Distribution	A model used i population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid.	0
1593111621	Arithmetic Density	The number of people living in a given unit area.	1
1593111622	Baby Boom	A cohort of individuals born in the Unite States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War 2 in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.	2
1593111623	Baby Bust	Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life. As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrast to the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high.	3
1593111624	Carrying Capacity	The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support.	4
1593111625	Census Tract	Small county subdivisions, usually containing between 2,500 and 8,000 persons, delineated by the U.S. Census Bureau as areas of relatively uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions.	5
1593111626	Chain Migration	The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.	6
1593111627	Child Mortality Rate	Number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life.	7
1593111628	Cohort	A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit	8
1593111629	Cotton Belt	The term by which the American South used to be known, as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region. The same area is now known as the New South or Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities.	9
1593111630	Crude Birth Rate	The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.	10
1593111631	Crude Death Rate	The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.	11
1593111632	Demographic Accounting Equation	An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration.	12
1593111633	Demographic Transition Model	A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.	13
1593111634	Demography	The study of human populations, including their temporal and spatial dynamics.	14
1593111635	Dependency Ratio	The ratio of the number of people who are either too old or young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor. This is	15
1593111636	Doubling Time	Time period required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely.	16
1593111637	Emigration	The process of moving out of a particular country, usually the individual person's country of origin.	17
1593111638	Exponential Growth	Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to a population each year. Exponential growth is compound because the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population.	18
1593111639	Forced Migration	The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will.	19
1593111640	Generation X	A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the United States between the years 1965 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they into their retirement.	20
1593111641	Geodemography	Same as population geography. A division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population	21
1593111642	Immigration	The process of individuals moving into a new country with the intentions of remaining there.	22
1593111643	Infant Mortality Rate	The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.	23
1593111644	Internal Migration	The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a particular country.	24
1593111645	Intervening Obstacles	Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.	25
1593111646	Involuntary Migration	Same as forced migration. The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will.	26
1593111647	Life Expectancy	The average age individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders, and even between races	27
1593111648	Thomas Malthus	Author of "Essay on the Principal of Population" (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production.	28
1593111649	Maternal Mortality Rate	Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.	29
1593111650	Migration	A long term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another.	30
1593111651	Natural Increase Rate	The difference between the number of births and number of deaths in a particular country.	31
1593111652	Neo-Malthusian	Advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations.	32
1593111653	Overpopulation	A value judgement based on the notion that the resources of a particular area are not great enough to support that area's current population.	33
1593111654	Physiologic Density	A ratio of human population to the area of cropland, used in less developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture.	34
1593111655	Population Density	A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area.	35
1593111656	Population Geography	A division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population	36
1593111657	Population Pyramid	A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.	37
1593111658	Pull Factors	Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities.	38
1593111659	Push Factors	Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.	39
1593111660	Refugees	People who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are officially being relocated or enslaved.	40
1593111661	Rust Belt	The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.	41
1593111662	Sun Belt	U.S. region, mostly compromised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War 2.	42
1593111663	Total Fertility Rate	The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.	43
1593111664	Voluntary Migration	Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area- the opposite of forced migration	44
1593111665	Zero Population Growth	Proposal to end population growth through a variety of official and nongovernmental family planning programs.	45

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AP Human Geography - Chapter 1: What Is Human Geography? Flashcards

AP Human Geography Barron's book vocabulary for Chapter 1: What Is Human Geography?

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1500382584	Cartography	Theory and practice of making visual representations of the earth's surface in the form of maps.	1
1500382585	Ptolemy	Roman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.	2
1500382586	Eratosthenes	The head librarian at Alexandria during the third century B.C.; he was one of the first cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of the earth's circumference by measuring the sun's angle at the summer solstice and the distance between the two Egyptian cities of Alexandria and Syene. He is also credited with coining the term "geography."	3
1500382587	George Perkins Marsh	Inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar; his classic work, Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action, provided the first description to the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions.	4
1500382588	Fertile Crescent	Name given to crescent-shaped area of fertile land stretching from the lower Nile valley, along the east Mediterranean coast, and into Syria and present-day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began about 8000 B.C.; one of the first areas of sedentary agriculture and urban society.	5
1500382589	Carl Sauer	Geographer who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis; argued that virtually no landscape has escaped alteration by human activities.	6
1500382590	Cultural landscape	The human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a particular culture or society.	7
1500382591	Natural landscape	The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities.	8
1500382592	Environmental geography	The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa.	9
1500382593	Cultural ecology	The study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they live in.	10
1500382594	Quantitative revolution	A period in human geography associated with the widespread adoption of mathematical models, statistical techniques, empirical measurements, the use of hypothesis testing, and the use of computer programs to explain geographic patterns.	11
1500382595	Remote sensing	Observation and mathematical measurement of the earth's surface using aircraft and satellites; the sensors include photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners, and radar images.	12
1500382596	Global Positioning System (GPS)	A set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on the earth's surface with a portable electronic device.	13
1500382597	Geographical Information Systems (GIS)	A set of computer tools used to capture, transform, analyze, and display geographic data.	14
1500382598	Thematic layers	Individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one-another in a Geographical Information System to understand and analyze a spatial relationship.	15
1500382599	Physical geography	The realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and change through time of the natural phenomena of the earth's surface.	16
1500382600	Earth system science	Systematic approach to physical geography that looks at the interaction between the earth's physical systems and processes on a global scale.	17
1500382601	Systematic geography	The study of the earth's integrated systems as a whole, instead of focusing on particular phenomena in a single place.	18
1500382602	Anthropogenic	Human-induced changes on the natural environment.	19
1500382603	Sustainability	The concept of using the earth's resources in such a way that they provide for people's needs in the present without diminishing the earth's ability to provide for future generations.	20
1500382604	W.D. Pattison	Claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth-science tradition (physical geography), the culture-environment tradition (environmental geography), the locational tradition (analysis of spatial data through cartography), and the area-analysis tradition (regional geography).	21
1500382605	Spatial perspective	An intellectual framework that looks at the particular location of specific phenomena, how and why that phenomena is where it is, and how it is spatially related to phenomena in other places.	22
1500382606	Region	A territory that encompasses many places that share similar attributes (may be physical, cultural, or both) in comparison with the attributes of places everywhere.	23
1500382607	Regional geography	The study of geographic regions.	24
1500382608	Sense of place	Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place; an attachment to "home."	25
1500382609	Qualitative data	Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives; often associated with cultural or regional geography.	26
1500382610	Quantitative data	Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association; often associated with economic, political, and population geography.	27
1500382611	Idiographic	Pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place.	28
1500382612	Nomothetic	Concepts or rules that can be applied universally.	29

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Chapter 3- Settling the Northern colonies Flashcards

(Summary: How the Puritans evolved in the Northern colonies. Religion affected their actions, which in turn further affected religion and settlement) (the Northern colonies are going through the terrible two's and saying 'no' to everyone. This part of the Chapter is about power over the colonies and how it changes hands.) (The Quakers shaped much of the Middle colonies with generally tolerant policy. While their tolerance was essential in peaceful relations with the indigenous people, it also allowed for other Europeans to undermine those same amiable relations.

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1604599102	Calvinism (1536)	John Calvin of Geneva expanded from the work of Martin Luther to create Calvinism. 1536 published work 'Institutes of the Christian Religion'=predestination. Calvinism became the primary theology of New England Puritans & other American settlers.	0
1604599103	conversion/elect	a powerful experience(had by the elect) in which God revealed their heavenly destiny = visible saints with a conversion story, who then led sanctified lives.	1
1604599104	5. Puritans	many from England's woolen district--1500's wool trade hard hit=economically depressed, found solace in the 'certainties' of Calvinism. cause: Puritan's belief that their government was based on a covenant with God effect: Led to restriction of political participation in colonial Massachusetts to "visible saints"	2
1604599105	Separatists/ Non-separatists (arrived at Plymouth Bay in 1620) (most famously from Holland to the New World in 1608	Non-separatists believed that the church could be purified from the inside. Separatists = a devout group of Puritans who thought only "visible saints" should be granted membership in church; they didn't want to have to sit in pews with the "damned" so they completely broke off from the Church of England. Many settled in New England Religious exclusivity of the Puritans caused the formation of other colonies, i.e. Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, which were formed for the sanctuary of other religious groups.	3
1604599106	Mayflower Compact civil body politic	(written by Pilgrim leaders) basis for future constitutions, but orig purpose was to set up crude government. (William Bradford was governor of the Pilgrims.)	4
1604599107	William Bradford	Governor of the Pilgrims	5
1604599108	1. Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)	formed by non-separatist Puritans. In 1691 the Massachusetts Bay Colony was made a royal colony and shifted from voting that was exclusive to Puritans to voting enjoyed by property-owning men. -the government of this colony sought to enforce God's law on believers and nonbelievers alike General Court: representative assembly of Massachusetts Bay John Winthrop: promoter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a holy 'city upon a hill"	6
1604599109	10. antinomianism /Anne Hutchinson (1638)	Anne Hutchinson's idea of antinomianism: that the truly 'saved' were above the law of God & the law of humans-- that leading a holy life didn't guarantee salvation. -convicted of heresy of antinomianism	7
1604599110	1. Great Migration (1620-1640)	Period of time from 1620-1640 when 70,000 refugees (Puritans) migrated mainly to the West Indies, but also to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Many came with their families to practice religion freely and make money selling sugar.	8
1604599111	8. Roger Williams (1630's) [father of disestablishmentarianism]	He was a religious dissenter in the 1630's who fled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the Rhode Island area in 1636. There he built the first Baptist church in America. -Rhode island was said to be "the traditional home of the otherwise-minded" because of the culture of tolerance instilled by Williams early-on. -The colony of Rhode Island was originally a squatter colony(1636), and was granted a charter by Parliament in 1644.	9
1604599112	7. Fundamental Orders (1639)	drafted by the Connecticut River Colony, the first "modern constitution"	10
1604599113	6. Pequot War (1637)	Wampanoag Indians & Plymouth settlers wiped out Pequot tribe	11
1604599114	2. Metacom /King Phillip War (1675)	Metacom, of the Wampanoag tribe, led a massive attack on 52 Puritan towns and destroyed 12 completely (Metacom is Massasoit's son--Massasoit signed a treaty w/Pilgrims in 1621)	12
1604599115	9. New England Confederation (1643)	the weak union of Massachusetts & Connecticut colonies in 1643. -the four Puritan colonies banded together for common defense. -one of the first tries at self-government (puritan-run) -during the English Civil War -England was busy and payed less attention.	13
1604599116	Dominion of England (1686)	royally imposed--main purpose of protecting against enemies and enforcing Navigation Laws. -joined all of New England, NY, and NJ (E&W) -Sir Edmund Andros: taxed = >:( , manipulated assemblies, forced strict adherence to Navigation Laws	14
1604599117	Navigation Laws (1650)	regulate colonial shipping to give England access to trade with its colonies and control any transaction with other countries. -aimed at rival Dutch shippers trying to elbow their way into the American trade of commercial goods.	15
1604599118	Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution (1688-1689)	in England, the people dethroned Catholic King James II. -replaced him with his daughter, Mary II & her husband, Dutch-born Protestant William III. this resulted with the overthrow of Sir Edmund Andros's Dominion of New England	16
1604599119	salutary neglect (1688-1763)	salutary neglect: the unofficial policy of weakly enforcing the Navigation Laws. -salutary neglect began during the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and continued until the end of the French and Indian war in 1763, when England needed more revenue to repay war-debt.	17
1604599120	New Netherland (1623/1624)	Hudson River area-Dutch West India Co. (possessed this land since its discovery in 1609) -the Dutch West India Co.'s search for quick profits meant that New Netherland was run as an authoritarian fur-trading venture.	18
1604599121	4. New Amsterdam (now NYC)	-this colony was started on the southern tip of the island of Manhattan -set up by Dutch East India Co. on the premise of patroonships: large tracts of land (on the Hudson River of New Netherlands) granted to the wealthy for bringing 50 settlers to live on the land. the 40 yrs of Dutch control have left some marks that remain even today on the capitalist world's financial headquarters	19
1604599122	3. Quakers (mid 1600's)	this religious group was characterized by simplicity, pacifism, and dissent. -originated in England 'Religious Society of Friends' -refused to pay taxes to the Church of England refused to take oaths, which caused friction with New World officials who required "test oaths" to determine one wasn't Roman Catholic -refused military service -(bought West NJ in 1647, prior to the Pennsylvania settlement) -persecuted in Massachusetts and NY	20
1604599123	3. William Penn/ Pennsylvania (1681)	Pennsylvania=Penn's woods--William Penn got a massiv land grant in 1681 as payment for the $$$ the crown owed his dead father. Penn welcomed all & his liberal land policy enticed many settlers\settlers -his colony's growth was accelerated by the several thousand squatters that were already on the Delaware River. -Penn & the Quakers treated the native people in the area very amicably. However, because the Quakers were tolerant of other religions & peoples, non-Quaker Europeans poured into the area and undermined Quaker policy.	21
1604599124	blue laws	present throughout the colonies, particularly Puritan New England & Quaker Pennsylvania -- designed to restrict personal behavior (in accordance with a strict code of morality)	22
1604599125	snapshot 0f 1720	by 1720, when 17yr-old Benjamin Franklin arrived in Philadelphia, the American colonies were thriving, no longer dependent on England.	23
1604599126	cause: Charles I's persecution of the Puritans	effect: Spurred formation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and mass migration to New England	24
1604599127	cause: Dutch and English creation of vast Hudson Valley estates	effect: secured political control of NY for a few aristocratic families	25
1604599128	cause: the Puritan persecution of religious dissenters like Roger Williams	effect: led to the founding of rhode island as a haven for unorthodox faiths	26
1604599129	cause: the English government's persecution of the Quakers cause: William Penn's liberal religious and immigration policies	effect: spurred William Penn's founding of Pennsylvania effect: encouraged large-scale foreign immigration to Pennsylvania	27
1604599130	cause: the Middle Colonies cultivation of broad, fertile river valleys	effect: encouraged the development of Pennsylvania, NY, and NJ as rich, grain-growing "bread colonies"	28
1604599131	New England:	MA, CT, RI, VT town meetings, congregations	29
1604599132	Middle colonies:	Penn, NY, Delaware, NJ	30
1604599133	South Colonies:	VA, MD, NC, SC, GA (Caribbean) indigo, rice, tobacco--cotton didn't come until the 1800's aristocracy	31
1604599134	John Calvin	a Swiss theologian who taught the doctrine of predestination	32
1604599135	Martin Luther	German monk who began Protestant reformation with his 99 theses	33
1604599136	5. Plymouth	small colony that eventually merged into Massachusetts Bay	34
1604599137	Peter Stuyvesant	conqueror of New Sweden--later lost New Netherlands to the English	35

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APUSH Ch. 5 - The American Revolution Flashcards

bump Britain

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1452081151	American Patriots	American patriot group fiercely loyal to America, as they should be	1
1452081152	Articles of Confederation	1777, did little more than confirm the weak, decentralized system already in place, made Continental Congress chief coordinating agency of the war effort	2
1452081153	Benedict Arnold	commander of a small military force, fought against Quebec. Co-commanded w/ Montgomery; he betrayed the American cause b/c he thought they wouldn't win	3
1452081154	Common Sense	a political pamphlet published in January 1776, "galvanized many Americans," written by Thomas Paine, turned attentions away from specific parliamentary measures to the English constitution itself	4
1452081155	Daniel Shays	former captain of the Continental Army, rallied riots b/c of postwar depression; demanded paper money, tax relief, moratorium on debts, relocation of state capital from Boston to something more inland, abolition of imprisonment for debts; tried to march to Springfield to get weapons, but failed	5
1452081156	George Washington	commander in chief of the Continental army, from VA, lost at Ft. Necessity but was one of the few supportive of independence w/ military experience. He's literally the most famous person in history.	6
1452081157	Hessians	German mercenaries the British used to fight the Americans, recruited alongside Natives and slaves	7
1452081158	John Burgoyne	young British officer, planned a 2-prong attack along Mohawk and Hudson without Howe; a group of his sent to look for supplies was surrounded; he surrendered w/ 5000 men left	8
1452081159	John Locke	provided philosophical base of revolution, claiming that govts. are formed to protect the rights of liberty, life, and property	9
1452081160	Joseph & Mary Brant	Mohawk brother & sister, tried to expand the Natives' role in the war, they convinced their tribe (along with the Seneca and Cayuga) to assist the British	10
1452081161	Lord Cornwallis	British commander, his defeat marked the end of the war; captured at Yorktown	11
1452081162	Loyalist (Tories)	ppl that supported the British crown, they were harassed; 1/3 of Americans belonged to this group	12
1452081163	Nathanael Greene	commanded southern forces, took over from Horatio Gates, forced Cornwallis to retreat from SC in 1781.	13
1452081164	Olive Branch Petition	a declaration approved by the Second Continental Congress, sent to the British to beg for help, but rejected by British by the Prohibitory Act	14
1452081165	Prohibitory Act	British govt. rejecting the Olive Branch Petition, closed colonies to all overseas trade and no concessions to American demands except an offer to pardon repentant rebels, enforced with a naval blockade	15
1452081166	Saratoga	where Burgoyne surrendered in 1777, turning point in the war	16
1452081167	Second Continental Congress	assembly that deliberated on official politics, consisting of all colonies except GA; passed the Olive Branch Petition, then Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms; openly challenged Navigation Acts; approved Declaration of Independence July 4.	17
1452081168	Thomas Jefferson	Delegate from VA, wrote most of the Declaration of Independence with Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, wrote Statute of Religious Liberty	18
1452081169	Thomas Paine	wrote "Common Sense," Emigrated to America from England, a failed merchant, but brilliant propagandist	19
1452081170	Valley Forge	military camp for Washington & the Continental Congress during the winter of 1777, located near Philadelphia	20
1452081171	William Howe	British commander of the naval forces, not particularly hostile to Americans, hoped to intimidate them out of war and that most would show their loyalty to the king if given the chance; he was supposed to push north, but abandoned it & attacked Philly; some thought he had sympathies for the Americans since he threw away an easy win for Britain; replaced by Sir Henry Clinton	21
1452081172	Yorktown	where Washington, Lafayette, Grasse and Rochambeau converged to beat & capture Cornwallis	22
1452081173	Ordinances of 1784	divided the western territory into 10 autocratic districts which could later petition for statehood	23
1452081174	Ordinances of 1785	Congress created system for surveying/selling western lands; anything north of the Ohio River would be split into rectangular towns, establishing the "Grid" system of city planning	24
1452081175	Statute of Religious Liberty	written by Thomas Jefferson, called for the separation of church and state	25
1452081176	Battle of Bunker Hill	June 17, 1775, fought on Breed's Hill, Patriots suffered casualties & retreated, but inflicted the most casualties on the British out of the entire war	26

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