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AP Bio Ch. 3, 4, 5, & 6 Notes/Practice Tes/Quiz Bowl Review Flashcards

Notes compressed, then put into a quizlet review. Everything in here is from AP Bio book. Also Practice Test and Quiz Bowl.

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943912526	Molecules of life containing the element carbon and at least one hydrogen atom.	Organic Compound	1
943912527	Consist only of hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to carbon.	Hydrocarbon	2
943912528	Particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.	Functional Group	3
943912529	Cells use individual subunits.	Monomer	4
943912530	Consist of three to millions of subunits that may or may not be identical.	Polymer	5
943912531	Belong to a class of organic compounds, the alcohols.	Sugar	6
943912532	Can split molecules or join them.	Enzyme	7
943912533	Enzymes split an -OH group from one molecule and an H atom from another. The discarded atoms often form water.	Condensation Reaction	8
943912534	Like condensation in reverse.	Hydrolysis	9
943912535	Are the simplest carbohydrates.	Monosaccharide	10
943912536	Are the sugar monomers of RNA and DNA.	Ribose and Deoxyribose	11
943912537	Cells use it as an instant energy source.	Glucose	12
943912538	A short chain of covalently bonded sugar monomers.	Oligosaccharide	13
943912539	Consist of two sugar monomers.	Disaccharide	14
943912540	The most plentiful sugar in nature, has a glucose and a fructose unit.	Sucrose	15
943912541	Are straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers.	Polysaccharide	16
943912542	The sugar-storage equivalent of starch in plants.	Glycogen	17
943912543	A modified polysaccharide. Strengthens external skeleton.	Chitin	18
943912544	Used as structural materials, others as packets of instant energy, and others as transportable or storable forms of energy.	Carbohydrate	19
943912545	Being non-polar hydrocarbons, they do not dissolve in water.	Lipid	20
943912546	Lipids with one, two, or three fatty acids dangling like tails.	Fats	21
943912547	Starts as a carboxyl group attached to as many as thirty-six carbon atoms.	Fatty Acid	22
943912548	Contain one or more double covalent bonds.	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	23
943912549	Have single covalent bonds only.	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	24
943912550	three fatty acid tails linked to one glycerol. Most abundant lipid in your body, richest reservoir of energy. (Neutral)	Triglyceride	25
943912551	Have a glycerol backbone, two non-polar fatty acid tails, and a polar head. Main components of cell membranes.	Phospholipid	26
943912552	Long chain fatty acids tightly packed and bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.	Wax	27
943912553	Lipids with no fatty acids. Differ in the number, position, and type of their functional groups. All have a rigid backbone of four fused-together carbon rings.	Sterol	28
943912554	A small organic compound with an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and one or more atoms called its R group.	Amino Acid	29
943912555	Forms as a condensation reaction joins the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next in line.	Peptide Bond	30
943912556	Consists of three or more amino acids.	Polypeptide Chain	31
943912557	They consist of two or more polypeptide chains.	Quaternary Structure	32
943912558	A polypeptide chain or parts of it become organized as structurally stable, compact, functional domains.	Tertiary Structure	33
943912559	A protein's shape and charge distribution around that shape dictate _____.	Protein Function	34
943912560	The cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids that your body absorbs after a meal are transported about as components.	Lipoprotein	35
943912561	Often attach short, linear, or branched oligosaccharides to a new polypeptide chain, making a glycoprotein.	Enzyme	36
943912562	Have one sugar, at least one phosphate group, and one nitrogen-containing base. Deoxyribose or ribose is the sugar.	Nucelotide	37
943912563	Has a row of three phosphate groups attached to its sugar.	ATP	38
943912564	Necessary for enzyme function.	Coenzyme	39
943912565	Contains a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.	Plant Cell	40
943912566	A lipid is ___________ in water, an important constituent in cell membranes, and contain twice as much energy as an equivalent weight of polysaccharide.	Insoluble	41
943912567	___________ or ___________ cells have enzymes, DNA, ribosome's, plasma membrane, and mitochondria.	Plant Animal	42
943912568	An organism with a cell call would have the most difficulty doing which process?	Phagocytosis	43
943912569	When a molecule has double bonds between Carbon atoms it is a ___________ fatty acid.	Unsaturated	44
943912570	The A helix and the B pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure?	Secondary	45
943912571	The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because different ___________ chains and R groups.	Side	46
943912572	Flow of Information in eukaryotic ___________ to ___________ to Proteins. (2)	DNA RNA	47
943912573	Produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted.	Golgi Apparatus	48
943912574	Contains its own DNA and Ribosomes.	Mitochondria	49
943912575	Contains hydrolytic enzymes.	Lysosome	50
943912576	One of the main energy transformers of cells.	Mitochondria	51
943912577	Sugar in DNA vs Sugar in RNA is different because Sugar in DNA contains one less ___________ atom.	Oxygen	52
943912578	Which is not found in DNA? Thymine, Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine.	Uracil	53
943912579	Grana, Thylakoids, and Stroma are found in the ___________.	Chloroplast	54
943912580	The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against it's concentration gradient with the help of an energy input is ___________.	Active Transport	55
943912581	Plasma Membrane is found in ___________ cells.	All	56
943912582	___________ Bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure.	Peptide	57
943912583	Motor proteins are associated with ___________ when providing molecular motion.	Cytoskeleton	58
943912584	A polypeptide is a ___________ containing a total of 20 peptide bonds.	Polymer	59
943912585	Polysaccharides contain ___________, starch, and chitin.	Glycogen	60
943912586	When something becomes limp and soft it is ___________.	Hypotonic	61
943912587	When something remains hard and stiff it is ___________.	Hypertonic	62
943912588	When the solution is equal to each side, the tonicity is ___________.	Isotonic	63
943912589	Enzyme ___________ is dependent on the pH and temperature of the reaction environment.	Catalysis	64
943912590	Enzymes catalysis is dependent of the ___________ structure or conformation of the enzyme.	Three-Dimensional	65
943912591	Enzymes (do/don't) provide activation energy for the reaction they catalyze.	don't	66
943912592	A ___________ ___________ must be removed so two amino acids can bond to form a larger molecule.	Water Molecule	67
943912593	Cell Wall provides support and protection. (T/F)	T	68
943912594	Chloroplasts are sites of cellular respiration. (T/F)	F	69
943912595	Chromosomes provide genetic control information. (T/F)	T	70
943912596	Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. (T/F)	T	71
943912597	Mitochondria function as the formation of ATP. (T/F)	T	72
943912598	What are the types of molecules that are the major structural components of the cell membrane? Phospholipids and ___________.	Protein	73
943912599	What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? Small and ___________.	Hydrophobic	74
943912600	Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is called ___________.	Catabolism	75
943912601	Fungi is a prokaryotic cell. (T/F)	F	76
943912602	When the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is ___________ ___________.	Feedback Inhibition	77
943912603	Enzymes may require a nonprotein cofactor or ion for catalysis to take place. (T/F)	T	78
943912604	Enzyme function is reduced if the three-dimensional structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered. (T/F)	T	79
943912605	Enzyme function is influenced by physical and chemical environmental factors such as pH and temperature. (T/F)	T	80
943912606	An animal cell (without oligosaccharides) can not ___________-___________ ___________.	Cell Cell Recognition	81
943912607	When a protein's three dimensional shape or conformation changes due to disruption in hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds, it is called ___________.	Denaturation	82
943912608	Both starch and ___________ are polymers of glucose.	Cellulose	83
943912609	Prokaryotic cells have DNA, a cell wall, a plasma membrane, and an ER. (T/F)	F	84
943912610	Changing any level of structural organization can change the function of a protein. (T/F)	T	85
943912611	A nonprotein that is a helper of an enzyme molecule is called ___________.	Coenzyme	86
943912612	___________ Pathways consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.	Anabolic	87
943912613	Anabolic pathways are ___________ regulated sequences of chemical reactions.	Highly	88
943912614	Membrane phospholipids are able to ___________ laterally along the plane of the plasma ___________.	Move Membrane	89
943912615	When it exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule it is a ___________ protein.	Carrier	90
943912616	___________ are able to convert light energy to chemical energy.	Chloroplasts	91
943912617	Typical animals cells are a ___________ solution.	Isotonic	92
943912618	Plants cells are typically a ___________ solution.	Hypotonic	93
943912619	A passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called ___________.	Diffusion	94
943912620	___________ membrane proteins can perform active transport, hormone reception, cell adhesion, and ___________ attachment.	Integral Cytoskeleton	95
943912621	1:2:1 ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen is a ___________.	Carbohydrate	96
943912622	Nucleotides have a ___________ base, and ___________ group, and a pentose sugar.	Nitrogenous Phosphate	97
943912623	___________ does not take material into cells.	Exocytosis	98
943912624	Pinocytosis, endocytosis, active transport, and carrier facilitated diffusion all take materials into cells. (T/F)	T	99
943912625	___________ Bonds maintain the secondary structure of a protein.	Hydrogen	100
943912626	Saturated fatty acids have a ___________ ratio of hydrogen to carbon than do unsaturated fatty acids.	Higher	101
943912627	In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to ___________.	Guanine	102
943912628	In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, ___________ hydrogen bonds to guanine.	Cytosine	103
943912629	Metabolism is an emergent property of life at the level of organisms. (T/F)	F	104
943912630	Metabolism depends on an infrequent supply of energy. (T/F)	F	105
943912631	Thermodynamic barrier must be overcome to form products, this is the ___________ energy.	Activation	106
943912632	Enzyme reactions are faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme. (T/F)	T	107
943912633	Enzymes ___________ the rate of a reaction.	Increase	108
943912634	Enzymes are permanently altered by the reactions they catalyze. (T/F)	F	109
943912635	9+2 arrangement of microtubules is in cilia, ___________, and flagella.	Centrioles	110
943912636	___________ ___________ are not part of the cell membrane.	Nucleic Acids	111
943912637	Steroids are not part of the cellular membrane. (T/F)	F	112
943912638	The two strands making up the DNA double helix molecule are held together by ___________ bonds.	Hydrogen	113
943912639	Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to ___________ junctions.	Gap	114
943912640	Carbonyl groups are ___________ atoms joined to an oxygen by a ___________ covalent bond.	Carbon Double	115
943912641	Endergonic reactions require a net ___________ of energy.	Input	116
943912642	Do cytoskeletons maintain a critical limit of cell size? (Yes/No)	No	117
943912643	___________ is a major structural component of ___________ cells.	Cellulose Plant	118
943912644	Integral membrane proteins can perform protein synthesis. (T/F)	F	119
943912645	Processes take material into cells except for ___________.	Exocytosis	120
943912646	Where in cells are proteins manufactured? ___________ ___________ ___________.	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	121
943912647	Tertiary structure of a protein is the unique 3D shape of the fully ___________ ___________.	Folded Polypeptide	122
943912648	Functional Groups always found in amino acids? ___________ and ___________.	Carboxyl Amino	123
943912649	In enzyme catalysis, the ___________ of the ___________ occurs.	Binding Substrate	124
943912650	Redox reactions often ___________ H+.	Releases	125
943912651	In electron transfer chains, one molecule is ___________, the next is reduced.	Oxidized Reduced	126
943912652	Temperature, pH, Salt Concentration, Allosteric regulators, and cofactors are all factors influencing enzyme activity. (T/F)	T	127
943912653	Small increase in temperature increases reaction rates. (T/F)	T	128
943912654	Low temperatures disrupt bonds and destroy the shape of the active site. (T/F)	F	129
943912655	At equilibrium, amount of reactant seldom equals amount of product. (T/F)	T	130
943912656	Metabolic pathways are ___________ (anabolic) and ___________ (catabolic).	Biosynthetic Degradative	131
943912657	Enzymes inducing fit between enzyme and ___________.	Substrate	132
943912658	Allosteric Activation/___________ is when it may open active site or close it.	Inhibition	133
943912659	___________ is the measure of degree of disorder in a system.	Entropy	134
943912660	Intermediates are participants in metabolic reactions. So are cofactors and transport proteins. (T/F)	T	135
943912661	RNA has ___________ in place of thymine.	Uracil	136
943912662	Glycoproteins are proteins combined with ___________.	Oligosaccharides	137
943912663	Denaturation is the breakage of ___________ bonds.	Weak	138
943912664	___________s are energy carriers, coenzymes, chemical messengers, and building blocks for nucleic acids.	Nucleotide	139
943912665	___________ Structure is multiple polypeptide chains.	Quaternary	140
943912666	___________ Structure is when H+ bonds often created pleated pattern.	Secondary	141
943912667	Peptide bonds are when amino groups of one amino acids links with ___________ group of next	Carboxyl	142
943912668	Waxes are ___________ chain fatty acids linked to long chain alcohols.	Long	143
943912669	Sterols and Derivatives (do/don't) have fatty acids. They also (do/don't) have a rigid backbone of four fused carbon rings.	Don't Do	144
943912670	Amino acids maybe polar or non-polar. They can only be uncharged. (T/F)	F	145

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The Rise of Civilization: The Art of the Ancient Near East Flashcards

Chapter 2 in Gardner's 11th edition.

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326191690	White Temple and ziggurat; Sumerian	1
326191691	Reconstruction drawing of the White Temple and ziggurat, Sumerian	2
326191692	Female head (Inanna); Sumerian	3
326191693	Presentation of offerings to Inanna (Warka Vase); Sumerian	4
326191694	Statuettes of worshipers from the Square Temple at Eshnunna; Sumerian	5
326191695	Seated statuette of Urnanshe; Sumerian	6
326191696	Fragment of the victory stele of Eannatum (Stele of the Vultures); Sumerian	7
326191697	War side of the Standard of Ur from Tomb 779; Sumerian	8
326191698	Peace side of the Standard of Ur from Tomb 779; Sumerian	9
326191699	Bull-headed lyre from Tomb 789 ("King's Grave"); Sumerian	10
326191700	Soundbox of the lyre from Tomb 789; Sumerian	11
326191701	Banquet scene, cylinder seal (left) and its modern impression (right); Sumerian	12
326191702	Head of an Akkadian ruler; Akkadian	13
326191703	Victory stele of Naram-Sin; Akkadian	14
326191704	Ziggurat of Ur (northeastern facade); Neo-Sumerian	15
326191705	Seated statue of Gudea holding temple plan; Neo-Sumerian	16
326191706	Stele with law code of Hammurabi; Babylonian	17
326191707	Investiture of Zimri-Lim mural painting; Neo-Sumerian	18
326191708	Lion Gate; Hittite	19
326191709	Statue of Queen Napir-Asu, Elamite	20
326191710	Reconstruction drawing of the citadel of Sargon II; Assyrian	21
326191711	Lamassu (winged, human-headed bull); Assyrian	22
326191712	Assyrian archers pursuing enemies; Assyrian	23
326191713	Ashurnasirpal II with attendants and soldier; Assyrian	24
326191714	Ashurbanipal hunting lions; Assyrian	25
326191715	Dying lioness; Assyrian	26
326191716	Ishtar Gate; Neo-Babylonian	27
326191717	Royal audience hall (apadana) and stairway of the palace of Darius I and Xerxes I; Achaemenid Persian	28
326191718	Palace of Shapur I; Sasanian	29
326191719	Head of a Sasanian king (Shapur II); Sasanian	30
326191720	Triumph of Shapur I over Valerian; Sasanian	31

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Epithelial tissues (with location & funtion) Flashcards

For each epithelial tissue in the study guide you will need to:
1. Identify the specific tissue
2. Name one location that specific tissue can be found
3. Name one function of that specific tissue

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1238031873	simple squamous	What specific tissue?	1
1238031875	Filtration, diffusion, osmosis; covers surface	Function of tissue?	2
1238031876	capillary walls, Air sacs of the lungs, linings of blood and lymph vessels	Location of tissue?	3
1238031877	simple cuboidal	What specific tissue?	4
1238031878	absorption, secretion	Function of tissue?	5
1238031879	Surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubules, and linings of ducts of certain glands	Location of tissue?	6
1238031880	simple columnar	What specific tissue?	7
1238031881	pseudostratified columnar	What specific tissue?	8
1238031882	cilia sweep away mucus	What are the hair-like structures the black arrows are pointing out and what do they do?	9
1238031883	protection, secretion, movement of mucus	Function of tissue?	10
1238031884	Lines passages of respiratory system	Location of tissue?	11
1238031885	stratified squamous	What specific tissue?	12
1238031886	protection	Function of tissue?	13
1238031887	forms outer later of the skin, lines the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal	Location of tissue?	14

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Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

Vocabulary terms from Chapter 9 of Prentice Hall Biology. ALSO A HARD CHAPTER! It covers the process of cellular respiration that cells of heterotrophs undergo.

Tip: If you're unlucky enough to have photosynthesis and cellular respiration together on a test (like me), to keep from getting confused, just remember that between NADP+ and NAD+ the "P" stands for "plants" or "photosynthesis", so the NAD+ is with cellular respiration. Also, between NADPH and NADH. Good luck! :)

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1549683358	calorie	the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius	1
1549683359	glycolysis	the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid	2
1549683360	cellular respiration	the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen	3
1549683361	NAD+	an electron carrier that accepts a pair of high-energy electrons; similar to NADP+ in photosynthesis	4
1549683362	NADH	the molecule NAD+ is converted to, holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules; similar to NADPH in photosynthesis Hydrogen carrying molecules produced during glycolysis	5
1549683363	fermentation	the process that releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen	6
1549683364	anaerobic	not requiring oxygen; because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be ___	7
1549683365	alcoholic	a type of fermentation; pyruvic acid + NADH --> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ is known as ___ fermentation	8
1549683366	lactic acid	a type of fermentation muscle cells undergo; pyruvic acid + NADH --> lactic acid + NAD+ is known as ___ ___ fermentation	9
1549683367	aerobic	requiring oxygen; the final steps of cellular respiration are ___	10
1549683368	Krebs cycle	the cycle in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions; aka the citric acid cycle	11
1549683369	acetyl-CoA	the compound formed when Coenzyme A joins the 2-carbon molecule	12
1549683370	citric acid	the compound formed when acetyl-CoA adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound	13
1549683371	FAD	an electron carrier that is changed to FADH2, similar to NAD+	14
1549683372	FADH2	the compound FAD is converted to, similar to NADH	15
1549683373	electron transport chain	the ___ ___ ___ uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP	16
1549683374	Glycolysis takes place in the	cytoplasm	17
1549683375	The Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport take place in the	mitochondria	18
1549683376	Pyruvic Acid	a 3 carbon compound	19
1549683377	Why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle	because citric acid (a 6 carbon molecule)is the first compound formed in this cycle	20
1549683378	In the krebs cycle the pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in the	mitochondrial matrix	21
1549683379	What cell structure is the site for the electron transport chain	inner mitochondrial membrane	22
1549683380	what substance do the carrier proteins transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane	hydrogen ions H+	23
1549683381	What high energy molecules are formed by the electron transport chain	ATP	24
1549683382	what atom accepts the hydrogen ion at the end of the electron transport chain	oxygen	25
1549683383	what molecule is formed as a product of oxygen accepting the hydrogen ion	water	26
1549683384	In cells the energy available in food is used to make an energy--rich compound called	ATP	27
1549683385	The first step in releasing the energy of glucose in the cell is know as	glycolysis	28
1549683386	The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen	cellular repiration	29
1549683387	the net gain of energy from glycolysis is	2 ATP molecules	30
1549683388	The Krebs cycle takes place with the	mitochondrion	31
1549683389	The electron transport c hain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to	convert ADP to ATP	32
1549683390	A total of 36 molecules of ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose as a result of	cellular respiration	33
1549683391	During heavy exercise the buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells results in	oxygen debt	34
1549683392	In glycolysis, each glucose molecule is broken down into	two molecules of pyruvic acid.	35
1549683393	The first set of reactions in cellular respiration is	glycolysis.	36
1549683394	pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 and H2O.	In the Krebs cycle	37
1549683395	The most important product of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration is	ATP.	38
1549683396	In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is	oxygen.	39
1549683397	The energy that is released during cellular respiration is stored as	ATP and NADH.	40

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b.

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1264004214	Explain concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels	Catabolic pathways are a set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy	1
1264004216	Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration	Both processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidated phosphorylation. In aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen O2; in anaerobic respiration the final electron Accceptor is a different substance.	2
1264004218	Describe the difference between the two processes in cellular respiration that produce ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation	Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration come from oxidative phosphorylation, in which the energy released from redox reactions in an electron transport chain is used to produce ATP. In substrate level phosphorylation, an enzyme dirctly transfers a phosphate group to ADP fro an intermediate substrate. All ATP production in glycolysis occurs by substrate-level phosphorylation, this form of ATP production also occurs at one step in the citric acid cycle.	3
1264004220	Explain concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate	...	4
1264004222	During the redox reaction in glycolysis, which molecule acts as the oxidizing agent? Which molecule acts as the reducing agent?	NAD+ acts as the oxidizing agent in step 6, accepting electrons from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which thus acts as the reducing agent	5
1264004224	During the redox reaction in glycolysis, Which molecule acts as the reducing agent?	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which acts as the reducing agent	6
1264004227	What is the source of energy for the formation of ATP and NADH in glycolysis?	The oxidation of the three carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, yields energy. In this oxidation, electrons and H+ are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH, and a phosphate group is attached to the oxidized substrate. ATP is then formed b y substrate level phosphorylation when this phosphate group is transferred to ADP	7
1264004228	Explain concept 9.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules	...	8
1264004229	Name the molecules that conserve most of the energy from the citric acid cycle's redox reactions. How is this energy converted to a form that can be used to make ATP?	NADH and FADH2; they will donate electrons to the electron transport chain	9
1264004230	What processes in your cells produce the CO2 that you exhale	CO2 is released from the pyruvate that is the end product of glycoloysis, and CO2 is also released during the citric acid cycle	10
1264004231	What molecular products indicate the complete oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?	...	11
1264004232	Explain concept 9.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis	...	12
1264004233	What effect would an absence of O2 have on the process shown in figure 9.15?	...	13
1264004234	Briefly explain the mechanism by which ATP synthase produces ATP. List three locations in which ATP synthases are found.	...	14
1264004235	Explain concept 9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen	...	15
1264004236	Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during fermentation?	...	16
1264004237	Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during aerobic respiration?	...	17
1264004238	Which process yields more ATP, fermentation, or anaerobic respiration?	...	18
1264004239	Explain concept 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways	...	19
1264004240	Compare the structure of a fat with that of a carbohydrate, what features of their structure make fat a much better fuel?	...	20
1264004241	Under what circumstances might your body synthesize fat molecules	...	21
1264004242	Describe how catabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intersect with anabolic pathways in the metabolism of a cell.	...	22
1264004243	As it pertains to cellular respiration, state which organisms undergo cellular respiration.	...	23
1264004244	As it pertains to cellular respiration, distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.	ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.	24
1264004245	As it pertains to cellular respiration, distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.	...	25
1264004246	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.	...	26
1264004247	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.	...	27
1264004248	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.	...	28
1264004249	Relating to cellular energy: explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.	...	29
1264004250	Relating to cellular energy: explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.	...	30
1264004251	Relating to cellular energy: describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.	...	31
1264004252	Relating to cellular energy: explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.	...	32
1264004253	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells	...	33
1264004254	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells	...	34
1264004255	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during fermentation	...	35
1264004256	Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.	...	36
1264004257	Describe how organic molecules other than glucose (specifically proteins, fats, and nucleic acids) can be a source of energy by being broken down and used during glycolysis, the transition reaction, or the Krebs cycle.	...	37
1264004258	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.	...	38
1264004259	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the redox reactions of an electron transport chain to the active transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.	...	39
1264004260	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the active transport of H+ ions across a membrane to the formation of an electrochemical gradient.	...	40
1264004261	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the electrochemical gradient to the facilitated diffusion of H+ ions across a membrane.	...	41
1264004262	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to the making of ATP.	...	42
1264004263	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the molecules ATP and NADH and distinguish between the different energy-storing roles of each.	...	43
1264004264	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of glycolysis, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced.	...	44
1264004265	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the transition reaction, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced.	...	45
1264004266	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the Krebs cycle, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced, and explain why the Krebs cycle is considered a cycle.	...	46
1264004267	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in the electron transport chain part of oxidative phosphorylation	...	47
1264004268	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: show the relationship between the electron transport chain, active transport, and facilitated diffusion in the oxidative phosphorylation process of making ATP.	...	48
1264004269	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process in eukaryotic cells.	...	49
1264004270	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process in prokaryotic cells.	...	50
1264004271	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the number of ATPs produced during glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process.	...	51
1264004272	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: explain why aerobic cellular respiration results in 36 ATPs per glucose in eukaryotic cells and 38 ATPs per glucose in prokaryotic cells.	...	52
1264004273	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: relate glycolysis to lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.	...	53
1264004274	Fermentation	Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen	54
1264004275	Aerobic Respiration	Catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel	55
1264004276	Cellular Respiration	Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes	56
1264004277	Redox Reactions	A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction	57
1264004278	Oxidation	The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction	58
1264004279	Reduction	The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction	59
1264004280	Reducing Agent	The electron donor in a redox reaction	60
1264004281	Oxidizing Agent	The electron receptor in a redox reaction	61
1264004282	NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.	62
1264004283	Electron Transport Chain	A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP	63
1264004284	Glycolysis	A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration	64
1264004285	The Citric Acid Cycle	A chemical cycle involving eight steps taht completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidyzing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon diozide; occcurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second majoy stage in cellular respiration.	65
1264004286	Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration	66
1264004287	Substrate-level phosphorylation	The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism	67
1264004288	Acetyl CoA	Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.	68
1264004289	Cytochromes	An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells	69
1264004290	ATP Synthase	A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.	70
1264004291	Chemiosmosis	An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.	71
1264004292	Protonmotive Force	The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.	72
1264004293	Alcohol Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide	73
1264004294	Lactic Acid Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.	74
1264004295	Obligate Anaerobes	An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. cannot use oxygen and may be poisoned by it	75
1264004296	Facultative Anaerobes	An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present	76
1264004297	Beta Oxidation	A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA	77
1264004298	In cellular respiration, where does Glycolysis occur?	In the cytosol	78
1264004299	What is pyruvate?	- The end product of glycolysis -The first step in cellular respiration - Stands in the junction between anaerobic and aerobic pathways	79
1264004300	The Citric Acid Cycle also known as the Krebs cycle serves what purpose?	...	80
1264004301	OIL RIG	Oxidation is Loss of Electrons (OIL) RIG (Reduction is a Gain of Electrons)	81
1264004302	Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere?	Cellular Respiration	82
1264004303	What are the 4 major steps of cellular respiration?	1.Glycolysis- (occurs in the cytosol) 2. Pyruvate Oxidation - Formation of Acetyl Co-enzyme A (occurs in the mitochondrion) 3. TCA/Kreb's Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis - (occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion)	83
1264004304	In the Cellular Respiration Process, which coenzymes is an electron carrier?	NADH and FADH2	84
1264004305	How many ATP are produced by the citric acid cycle for each molecule of glucose?	2	85
1264004306	What is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.	glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain	86
1264004307	What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?	C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy	87
1264004308	What is the correct basic equation for cellular respiration?	Glucose + 6 Oxygen leads to 6 Carbon Dioxide +6 Water + 1 ATP	88
1264004309	Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?	Glycolysis	89
1264004310	In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?	The Mitochondrion	90
1264004311	How would you describe glycolysis?	This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.	91
1264004312	How would you describe the citric acid cycle	This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.	92
1264004313	How would you describe the electron transport chain?	This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration	93
1264004314	Which part of a eukaryotic cell is involved in cellular respiration?	Mitochondria	94
1264004315	Glucose and _______ are consumed during cellular respiration	Oxygen	95
1264004316	In a eukaryotic cell, most of the ATP derived from glucose during cellular respiration is produced by ...	The Electron Transport Chain	96
1264004317	How much does a single glucose molecule produce in glycoloysis alone?	a single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total of: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water	97
1264004318	The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the	H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.	98
1264004319	Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?	glycolysis	99
1264004320	In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions	provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.	100
1264004321	The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is	oxygen.	101
1264004322	What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+	pyruvate	102
1264004323	When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. The pH of the matrix increases.	The pH of the matrix increases.	103
1264004324	Most CO2 from catabolism is released during	the citric acid cycle.	104
1264004325	A molecule becomes more oxidized when it _	Loses an electron. During oxidation, an electron is removed.	105
1264004326	In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.	glucose ... oxygen In cellular respiration, electrons and hydrogen are removed from glucose and added to oxygen.	106
1264004327	Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes?	...	107
1264004328	Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and the sequence of events in cellular respiration? (eText Concept 9.1) oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; reduction of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis; oxidative phosphorylation; TCA cycle; oxidation of pyruvate. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-coA; oxidative phosphorylation oxidation of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis; reduction of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation	1. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; 2. oxidation of pyruvate; 3. oxidation of acetyl-coA; 4. oxidative phosphorylation	108
1264004329	Oxygen gas (O2) is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. The explanation for this is that _____. (eText Concept 9.1) oxygen gas contains a double bond oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration the oxygen atom is very electronegative oxygen is so abundant in the atmosphere oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen	The oxygen atom is very electronegative. The high electronegativity of the oxygen atom is the reason that oxygen is such a good oxidizing agent (why it can oxidize so many compounds).	109
1264004330	The function of cellular respiration is to _____. (eText Concept 9.1) reduce CO2 produce carbohydrates extract CO2 from the atmosphere synthesize macromolecules from monomers extract usable energy from glucose	Extract usable energy from glucose. The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant, along with the organic fuel (frequently glucose).	110
1264004331	During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction? (eText Concept 9.1) carbon dioxide oxygen water glucose both glucose and carbon dioxide	oxygen	111
1264004332	Each ATP molecule contains about 1% of the amount of chemical energy available from the complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule. Cellular respiration produces about 32 ATP from one glucose molecule. What happens to the rest of the energy in glucose? (eText Concept 9.1) It is converted to starch. It is converted to heat. It is released as carbon dioxide and water It is stored as fat. It is used to make water from hydrogen ions and oxygen.	It is converted to heat.	112
1264004333	A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes? (eText Concept 9.1) transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms to NAD+ transport of electrons through a series of carriers attachment of a free inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to ADP to make ATP transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation harnessing energy from the sun	Transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation	113
1264004334	Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell? (eText Concept 9.1) the cytosol across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion the matrix of the mitochondrion in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion the inner membrane of the mitochondrion	Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.	114
1264004335	Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which of the following processes? (eText Concept 9.3) substrate-level phosphorylation the citric acid cycle glycolysis anabolic pathways oxidative phosphorylation	The citric acid cycle Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.	115
1264004336	In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs? (eText Concept 9.3) Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH. Pyruvate is reduced and decarboxylated, and the resulting electrons oxidize an NAD+ to an NADH Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the resulting electrons are donated to NADH to produce NAD+. Pyruvate is reduced to acetyl-coA, which involves the reduction of pyruvate, the addition of a carbon dioxide from the environment, and its reduction by NADH. Pyruvate is ionized directly to acetyl-coA.	Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH.	116
1264004337	Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle.	117
1264004338	In the citric acid cycle, for each pyruvate that enters the cycle, one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are produced. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2	118
1264004339	Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?	The matrix of the mitochondrion The citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, completes the degradation of glucose.	119
1264004340	How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen? (eText Concept 9.3)	Four There is a net gain of two ATP from glycolysis and one per each molecule of acetyl CoA oxidized in the citric acid cycle for a total of four per glucose.	120
1264004341	What is the major (but not the only) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	The formation of NADH and FADH2 Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms one ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, and passes electrons to three NAD+ and one FAD.	121
1264004342	After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____.	NADH The citric acid cycle produces three NADH per turn of the cycle.	122
1264004343	Which of the following accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3) regeneration of NAD+ removal of coenzyme A release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH formation of CO2 and synthesis of ATP release of CO2 and release of coenzyme A	release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH	123
1264004344	If significant amounts of materials are removed from the citric acid cycle to produce amino acids for protein synthesis, which of the following will result? (eText Concept 9.6) Less ATP will be produced by the cell. Less CO2 will be produced by the cell. The four-carbon compound that combines with acetyl CoA will have to be made by some other process. The first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.	The first three answers are correct.	124
1264004345	A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces approximately twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. Which of the following best explains this observation? (eText Concept 9.6) Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Fats do not form true macromolecules as sugars do. Fats are closely related to lipid molecules, the basic building blocks of cellular membranes. Fats are less soluble in water than sugars. Fats are produced when cells take in more food than they need.	Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Correct. Fats contain more hydrogen and less oxygen than sugars—it is the transfer of electrons from good donors such as hydrogen atoms to good acceptors such as oxygen that provides the energy in respiration.	125
1264004346	When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, _____ are produced as waste. (eText Concept 9.6) ethanol and CO2 molecules of lactate fatty acids amino groups sugar molecules	amino groups The amino group is a residual product of amino acid catabolism.	126
1264004347	Of the metabolic pathways listed below, which is the only pathway found in all organisms? (eText Concept 9.5) the electron transport chain cellular respiration fermentation the citric acid cycle glycolysis	glycolysis Ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway.	127
1264004348	If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied, which of the following is likely to result? (eText Concept 9.5) The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate. Only the first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.	The first three answers are correct. The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate.	128
1264004349	In brewing beer, maltose (a disaccharide of glucose) is _____.	the substrate for alcoholic fermentation	129
1264004350	In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? (eText Concept 9.5)	NAD+	130
1264004351	Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of which of the following compounds? (eText Concept 9.5)	lactate. In humans, muscle cells switch to lactate fermentation after becoming anaerobic.	131
1264004352	Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step _____. (eText Concept 9.5)	enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+	132
1264004353	During respiration in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in or on the _____. (eText Concept 9.4)	inner membrane of the mitochondrion	133
1264004354	Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria? (eText Concept 9.4)	Electrons moving down the electron transport chain	134
1264004355	Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain? (eText Concept 9.4) Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2. Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon compound in preparation for the citric acid cycle. Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. Hydrogen atoms are added to CO2 to make an energy-rich compound. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport.	Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.	135
1264004356	During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes? (eText Concept 9.4) at the end of glycolysis to oxidize pyruvate at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to split a carbon from pyruvate, producing CO2 as a source of O2 in every reaction that produces CO2 at the end of the citric acid cycle to regenerate citric acid	at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O	136
1264004357	Word Roots: aero-	air (aerobic: chemical reaction using oxygen)	137
1264004358	Word Roots: an-	not (anaerobic: chemical reaction not using oxygen)	138
1264004359	Word Roots: chemi-	chemical (chemiosmosis: the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP)	139
1264004360	Word Roots: glyco-	sweet;	140
1264004361	Word Roots: -lysis	split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)	141

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AP Biology - Chap 6: A Tour of the Cell Questions Flashcards

Random questions from the AP Biology Reading Guide made by Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw (recall) and from the Campbell Biology 9th AP Edition textbook (multiple choice).
Includes cell parts and some microscopy.
The "front side" has the questions, the "back side" has the answers.

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1149639632	What is considered a major disadvantage of the electron microscopes?	Kills cells	1
1149639633	Which organelles are the smallest ones isolated in cell fractionation?	Ribosomes	2
1149639634	Why are cells so small?	Metabolic requirements (maximize surface area to volume ratio); Need to receive enough nutrients for the cell to function	3
1149639635	What are assembled in the nucleoli?	Chromatin and RNA	4
1149639636	What is the pH of lysosomes (general) and why?	Acidic in order to digest macromolecules	5
1149639637	What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?	Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments	6
1149639638	What is another name for centrosomes? (has to do with their function)	Microtubule-organizing centers	7
1149639639	What is the role of ATP in the movement of dyneins?	ATP provides the energy to change the proteins which cause the dyneins' movements	8
1149639640	What are the components of the cell wall?	Primary cell wall, middle lamella, and secondary cell wall	9
1149639641	What make up the extracellular matrix (ECM)?	Collagen fibers, proteoglycan complexes, fibronectins, and integrins	10
1149639642	What can pass through plasmodesmata?	Cytosol	11
1149639643	Which structure is not a part of the endomembrane system: nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, chloroplast, ER, or Golgi apparatus?	Chloroplast	12
1149639644	Which structure is common to plant and animal cells: chloroplast, mitochondrion, wall made of cellulose, centriole, or central vacuole?	Mitochondrion	13
1149639645	Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell: mitochondrion, chloroplast, ribosome, ER, or nuclear envelope?	Ribosome	14
1149639646	Which structure-function pair is mismatched: nucleolus-production of ribosomal subunits; lysosome-intracellular digestion; ribosome-protein synthesis; Golgi-protein trafficking; or microtubule-muscle contraction	Microtubule-muscle contraction	15
1149639647	Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in production ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the... mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, or ER?	Mitochondria	16
1149639648	Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes: muscle cell, leaf cell, nerve cell, bacterial cell, or phagocytic white blood cell	Phagocytic white blood cell	17

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Chapter 4: Convergence and Conflict Flashcards

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419784622	Navigation Act of 1651	Required all English goods be transported by Englsh ships	1
419784623	Enumerated products	items enumerated in acts of Parliament that could only be legally shipped to England and other destinations within the British empire.	2
419784624	Courtesy books	books of manners and etiquette in Colonial America	3
419784625	Artisan	Skilled craftsman in the colonies, shipbuilding, rope making, sail building, pottery, furniture, glass, and paper teaches an apprentice	4
419784626	Halfway Covenant (1662)	by New England clergy to deal with the problem of declining church membership, allowing children of baptized parents to be baptized whether or not their parents had converted A more lenient strategy	5
419784627	Apprentice	Teenage boy taught a particular skill or craft by his apprentice. After 4-7 years, he becomes a journeyman and gets paid	6
419784628	Age of Enlightenment	the major intellectual movement occurring in Western Europe in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries	7
419784629	Mercantilism	The economic system by which the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth	8
419784630	Great Awakening	Originated in England and Scotland in the 1730s	9
419784631	New Lights	people who experienced conversion during the Great Awakening	10
419784632	Dominion of New England	James II's failed plan to combine eight northern colonies into a single large province, to be governed by a royal appointee with no elective assembly	11
419784633	Glorious Revolution (1688)	bloodless revolt in England when parliamentary leaders invited William of Orange, a Protestant, to assume the throne	12
419784634	Virtual Representation	parliamentary leaders represented the nation as a whole and not just their district	13
419784635	Actual Representation	representatives were directly responsible for their own local districts	14
419784636	King William's War (1689-1697)	The first Anglo-French conflict in North America, the American phase of Europe's War of the League of Augsburg	15
419784637	Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)	American phase of Europe's War of the Spanish Succession	16
419784638	Country (Real Whig) Ideology	Strain of thought (focusing on the threat to personal liberty and the taxation of property holders) first appearing in England in the late seventeenth century in response to the growth of national power and governmental debt	17
419784639	Grand Settlement of 1701	Policy of neutrality between France and England; created by the Iroquois	18
419784640	King George's War (1744-1748)	The third Anglo-French war in North America, part of the European conflict known as the War of Austrian Succession	19
419784641	Treaty of Lancaster (1744)	Negotiation in which Iroquois chiefs sold Virginia land speculators the right to trade at the Forks of Ohio	20
419784642	French and Indian War (1754-1763)	Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.	21
419784643	Treaty of Paris (1763)	The formal end to British hostilities against France and Spain in February 1763	22
419784644	Imperial Legislations were:	mercantilism Navigation Act of 1651 enumerated products	23
419784645	George Whitefield	an Anglican priest who traveled around the colonies spreading his Presbyterian beliefs	24
419784646	William Tennent	an immigrant Scottish evangelist, he set up the Log College in Neshaminy, Pennsylvania; his cause gained momentum when George Whitefield came over	25
419784647	Religion of the South	Baptist	26
419784648	Ruled England after Charles II	James Duke of York	27
419784649	Ben Franklin	colonial inventor/thinker	28
419784650	colonies with the highest literacy rates	the northern colonies	29
419784651	Puritan colonies were:	Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire	30
419784652	Maine was originally part of:	Massachusetts	31
419784653	Region with the highest population	New England	32
419784654	Reason for population growth in the North	families had more and more children	33
419784655	Reason for population growth in the South	immigrants	34
419784656	League of Augsburg	England vs. France This was a military alliance that was created in 1689 by all of the major European nations except for France. The purpose of the alliance was to prevent France from dominating Europe.	35
419784657	Largest cities with sea ports/harbors (in order)	Philly Boston Charleston Baltimore	36
419784658	John Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)	37
419784659	William and Mary	Strictly Protestant King and Queen of England after James II from 1689 to 1702. They were placed on the throne as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and ruled as limited monarchs. They drove out James into France	38
419784660	Lords of Trade	Designed by Charles II, they were privy councilors that made colonies abide by the mercantile system and sought ways to make more profits for England and the crown	39
419784661	Privy Council	group of royal advisors who set policies for Britain's American colonies	40
419784662	Parliament's Bill of Rights	gave the Parliament an equal amount of power to the monarch	41
419784663	Squatters	Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Undocumented land ownership.	42
419784664	Spanish move West to:	California and Texas	43
419784665	French expanded because:	they needed more rivers for the fur trade Great Lakes Mississippi River Illinois	44
419784666	Causes of War	Contended territories- Ohio River Valley Frontier inaccuracy French- Slow population growth, no families, the fur trade Alliances with the Natives	45
419784667	Edward Braddock	a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.	46
419784668	William Pitt	as secretary of state directed the British War effort from late 1757 through 1761. He concluded that the colonists thought that they were doing all of the work and not getting any credit or say in how the wars were fought. His solution was to provide reimbursements to colonies in proportion to their contributions to the war, deemphasize the power of the commander in chief, and get rid of Loudoun.	47
419784669	Wins the battle of Quebec:	Great Britain	48
419784670	Proclamation Line (1763)	Order by the British king that closed the region west of the App Mountains to all settlement by colonists	49
419784671	Loudoun	New British commander in North America whose orders the colonials refuse to follow. He is fired by Pitt.	50
419784672	Albany Plan of Union	Plan put forward in 154 calling for an intercolonial union to manage defense and Indian affairs. This plan was ultimately rejected.	51

1622921667	polar molecule	molecule (like water) with opposite charges on opposite sides	0
1622921668	solution	liquid that is homogeneously a mixture of 2+ substances	1
1622921669	solvent	dissolving agent of a solution	2
1622921670	solute	substance that is dissolved	3
1622921671	aqueous solution	soln where water is the solvent	4
1622921672	cohesion	like molecules stick together (like hydrogen bonds)	5
1622921673	adhesion	one substance sticks to another	6
1622921674	hydration shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion	7
1622921675	hydrophilic	(ionic or polar) any substance that has an affinity for water	8
1622921676	hydrophobic	nonionic and nonpolar; repel water vegetable water	9
1622921677	colloid	stable suspension of fine particles in the air	10
1622921678	surface tension	how tough it is to break surface of a liquid or stretch it.	11
1622921679	H20s surface tension	great	12
1622921680	kinetic energy	energy of motion	13
1622921681	heat	TOTAL AMOUNT OF KE due to mclr motion in a body of matter	14
1622921682	temperature	intensity of heat due to the AVERAGE AMOUNT OF KE of mcls	15
1622921683	evaporative cooling	property of a liquid where surface tension becomes cooler during evaporation	16
1622921684	why does evaporative cooling happen?	"hottest" mcls (those with greatest KE) are most likely to leave as a gas	17
1622921685	how does evaporative cooling help environment?	help stabilise temperature in in lakes/ponds helps terrestrial organisms not overheat	18
1622921686	acid	substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a soln (more h than o)	19
1622921687	mole	6.02 x10^23	20
1622921688	molarity	moles of solute/L of soln	21
1622921689	dissociation (separation)	separation of water mcl into a hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion H20 <> H+ + OH-	22
1622921690	re-fromation of water	H20 > H2 + .5O2	23
1622921691	base	substance that reduces hydrogen ion concentration	24
1622921692	pH	negative logarithm (base 10) of hydrogen ion concentration pH = -log[H+]	25
1622921693	hydrogen ion	hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind single proton with a charge 1+	26
1622921694	hydroxide ion	(OH-) when a water molecule has lost a proton; single proton with a charge of 1-	27
1622921695	buffers	substances that minimize changes in H+ and OH- in a soln; in biological fluids resist changes in pH.	28
1622921696	how does a buffer work	accepts hydrogen ions from the soln when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the soon when they have been depleted weak base	29
1622921697	buffers formula	H- + HCO3- <>H2CO3 <> H20 (L) + CO2 (g)	30
1622921698	intramolecular bonds	bonds within a molecule covalent bonds - non polar covalent bonds (equal sharing) -polar covalent ionic bonds	31
1622921699	intermolecular	btwn mcls hydrogen bonds - attraction btwn less electroneg H in one mcl and more electronegative O in another mcl london dispersion	32
1622921700	strongest to weakest bonds	ionic / polar covalent / np covalent / H / LDF	33

882119245	Matter	anything that takes up space + has mass	1
882119246	Element	Substances that cannot be broken down to substances by chemical reactions	2
882119247	Compound	Substance consisting of 2 or MORE elements combines in a fixed ratio	3
882119248	What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of all living matter?	Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen	4
882119249	Essential Element	Chemical element required for plant growth and to complete its life cycle	5
882119250	Trace Element	Required by an organism in only minute quantities (ex. IRON / COPPER)	6
882119251	Neutron	Subatomic particle w/ no electrical charge	7
882119252	Proton	Subatomic particle w/ single positive charge	8
882119253	Electron	Subatomic particle w/ negative charge	9
882119254	Atomic Number	# of protons (written as subscript left of symbol)	10
882119255	Atomic Mass	Total mass of an atom	11
882119256	Isotope	One of several atomic forms of an element, each w/ same # of protons but different # neutrons (=different atomic mass)	12
882119257	Electron Shells	An average level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom	13
882119258	HOW TO FIND NEUTRONS????????	ATOMIC # - ATOMIC MASS	14
882119259	Which is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the chemical reactions between atoms?	Electrons	15
882119260	What is Potential Energy?	Energy that mater possesses because of its location/structure	16
882119261	Explain potential energy: boy at the top of a slide	Because of altitude = elevated against gravity (stored PE)	17
882119262	Explain potential energy: Electron in the 3rd energy shell	Because the more distant an electron is from the nucleus = the greater its PE	18
882119263	Explain potential energy: Glucose	Full of energy, a lot more bonds than water	19
882119264	What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?	# of electrons in its outermost shell	20
882119265	Valence Electrons	Outermost electrons	21
882119266	Valence Shell	Outermost electron shell	22
882119267	Molecule	2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond	23
882119268	Covalent Bond	Sharing of a pair of valence electrons	24
882119269	Electronegativity	Attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	25
882119270	Polar Covalent Bond	Covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity (one neg and one pos)	26
882119271	Non-Polar Covalent Bond	Covalent bond between 2 atoms that share 1 or more pairs of valence electrons (shared equally)	27
882119272	Ionic Bond	Attraction between oppositely charged atoms or ions	28
882119273	Anion	NEG Charge	29
882119274	Cation	POS Charge	30
882119275	What is a Hydrogen bond?	Type of weak chemical bond	31
882119276	When does a Hydrogen Bond form?	When Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom (usually oxygen/nitrogen)	32
882119277	Van der Waals interactions	Weak interactions between molecules/parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations (occur when atoms and molecules are very close together)	33
882119278	STRONGEST BOND TO WEAKEST	Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, vaan der Waals	34
882119279	Why molecular shape is crucial in biology	It determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another w/ specificity (one of bio's unifying themes)	35
882119280	Dynamic Equilibrium	Reactions are still going on (DOES NOT mean reactants and products are equal in concentration)	36
882119281	PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION	6CO2 + 6H20 ----> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2	37

482251180	Properties of Life	1. Order 2. Evolutionary Adaptation 3. Response to the Environment 4. Regulation 5. Energy Processing 6. Growth & Development 7. Reproduction	1
482251181	Order	e.g. the organized middle of a sunflower	2
482251182	Evolutionary Adaptation	e.g. pygmy seahorses that have adapted to have cryptic coloring that camouflages them with their coral environment	3
482251183	Response to the Environment	e.g. the Venus' flytrap, which snaps shut in the response to the stimulus of a fly	4
482251184	Regulation	e.g. the Regulation of blood flow through a rabbit's ear that help maintain a constant body temp. by adjusting heat exchange w/ the surrounding air	5
482251185	Energy Processing	e.g. The hummingbird obtains energy from flowers' nectar and uses this chemical energy gained from its food to power flight & other work	6
482251186	Growth & Development	Growth = Getting bigger Development = Undergoing changes in maturation	7
482251187	Levels of Biological Organization	Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organs & Organ Systems Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules	8
482251188	Biosphere	All ecosystems (most land regions, most bodies of water, several km of the atmosphere)	9
482251189	Ecosystem	Basically a smaller biome, it can be small as an aquarium, or large as the Sahara Desert It is all the Biotic and Abiotic components of a particular area	10
482251190	Community	All the organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem; "The set of populations that inhabit a particular area"	11
482251191	Population	All the members of a species within the bounds of a certain area	12
482251192	Organisms	Individual living things	13
482251193	Organs & Organ Systems	Organ: A body part consisting of 2+ tissues (e.g. a kidney or a maple leaf). Plant organs include stems + roots Organ systems: A team of organs that cooperate in a specific function, e.g. the digestive system (tongue, stomach, intestines	14
482251194	Tissues	Tissue: A group of similar cells Maple leaves (organs), have pore-covered epidermis tissue & underneath, photosynthetic tissue	15
482251195	Cells	-Life's fundamental unit of structure & function, e.g. are capable of photosynthesis -Organisms can be uni- or multicellular -Similar cells make up a tissue	16
482251196	Organelles	Various functional components that make up cells, like the chloroplasts of a maple leaf photosynthetic tissue cell	17
482251197	Molecules	-A chemical structure consisting of 2+ atom -Chlorophyll is a molecule, millions of chlorophyll & other molecules are in chloroplast cells	18
482251198	Both ____ and _____ affect ______	Both organism & environment affect each other	19
482307754	Activities of life like moving, growing, & reproducing require ______	Performing work	20
482307755	Work depends on _____	A source of energy	21
482307756	The exchange of energy b/t an organism & its enviro. often requires ________	Energy Transformation e.g. for a leaf to produce sugar, it converts solar energy -> chemical energy in sugar molecules	22
482307757	The ability of cells to divide to form new cells is the basis for....	All reproduction & the growth + repair of multicellular organisms	23
482307758	Genes	The units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring	24
482307759	DNA	The substance of genes	25
482307760	Each chromosome has...	One very long DNA molecule	26
482307761	Each DNA molecule has...	Hundreds/thousands of genes arranged along its length	27
482307762	A chromosomes DNA _____ as a cell prepares to divide	Replicates	28
482307763	Each link of a DNA chain is one of four kinds of...	Chemical building blocks called nucleotides, special sequential arrangements of such encode the precise info in genes	29
482307764	Most genes program the cell's production of...	Protein molecules	30
482307765	All forms of life employ the same...	Genetic code	31
482307766	Genome	The entire "library" of genetic instructions an organism inherits	32
482307767	Every cell has:	-A membrane -DNA	33
482307768	Eukaryotic cells	-Make up all organisms except bacteria & archaea -Membrane-enclosed organelles, inc. a nucleus w/ DNA	34
482307769	Prokaryotic cells	-Bacteria & archaea -DNA not separated in a nucleus from rest of cell -Membrane encloses all DNA, lacks other membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells	35
482307770	Relationship b/t chromosomes, DNA, & genes	Chromosomes are partly made of DNA, the substance of genes, which are the units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring.	36
482307771	At a cellular level, plants have more in common with animals because...	They are both composed of eukaryotic cells.	37
489655042	Evolutionary views came into focus w/ ______'s book; ________ became almost synonymous with the concept of evolution	Darwin; Darwinism	38
489655043	Main points of "Origin of Species:"	1. Descent with Modification (contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors) 2. Natural Selection (brings about descent with modification)	39
489655044	Example of Evolution within my lifetime:	Drug-resistant bacteria	40
489655045	Natural Selection Can "Edit" a Population's Heritable Traits	1. Pop'n with varied traits (mix of beetle colors) 2. Elimination of indiv's with certain traits (bye bye white beetles) 3. Reproduction of survivors (black beetles pop out some babiez) 4. Increasing freq. of traits that increase reproductive & evolutionary success (more black beetlez) (ALSO more birds with good black beetle-finding skillz)	41
489655046	Inquiry	A search for information & explanation, often focusing on scientific question	42
489655047	2 main processes of Scientific Inquiry:	1. Discovery Science: Describing science 2. Hypothesis-Based Science: Explaining science	43
489655048	2 types of Data:	1. Quantitive Data: Numerical measurements 2. Qualitative Data: Recorded descriptions	44
489655049	2 types of Reasoning:	1. Inductive: Generalizing based on specific observations (observations -> bigger pic) [e.g. "all organisms are made of cells] 2. Deductive: Deriving specificities due to the general rules (bigger pic -> observations) [e.g. If all organisms are made of cells (ob. 1) & humans are organisms (ob. 2), humans must be made of cells (generalization)]	45
489655050	Order of Hypothesis-Based Inquiry	Observation -> Hypothesize (come up w/ multiple hypotheses usually) -> Make Prediction for each hypothesis -> Test prediction -> Each test falsifies or doesn't falsify each prediction	46
489655051	Difference b/t Scientists & Researchers	Scientists: Don't control experimental enviro. by keeping all variables constant (just do many experiments) Researchers: Usz. control unwanted variables (using control group to control experiment)	47
489655052	One cannot support or falsify ___________	Supernatural phenomena	48
489655053	Scientific Theory	-Broad; more so than a hypothesis -General enough to generate new hypotheses -Supported by a large body of evidence	49
489655054	Example of Theory	"Evolutionary adaptations evolve by natural selection"	50
489655055	Example of Hypothesis	"The beaks of Galápagos finches evolve in response to changes in types of available food"	51
489655056	Evolution drives....	The unity and diversity of life	52
489655057	Unifying Themes of Biology	1. The Cell 2. Heritable Information 3. Emergent Properties of Biological Systems 4. Regulation 5. Interaction w/ the Environment 6. Energy & Life 7. Unity & Diversity 8. Evolution 9. Structure & Function 10. Scientific Inquiry 11. Science, Technology, & Society	53
489655058	The Cell	-Every organism's basic unit of structure & function -Two main types: Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic	54
489655059	Heritable Information	The continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological info in DNA molecules. Genetic info encoded in nucleotide sequences of the DNA.	55
489655060	Emergent Properties of Biological Systems	The living world has a hierarchal organization, from molecules-biosphere	56
489655061	Regulation	Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems	57
489655062	Interaction with the Environment	Organisms exchange materials & energy w/ their biotic & abiotic surroundings	58
489655063	*Energy and Life	-All organisms perform work -Work requires energy -Energy flows from sunlight - producers - consumers	59
489655064	*Unity & Diversity	-3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya -Much diversity, unity too, like universal genetic code -The closer related a species is, the more characteristics they share	60
489655065	Evolution	-Explains unity & diversity of life	61
489655066	Structure & Function	Form & function are correlated at all levels of biological organization	62
489655067	Scientific Inquiry	-Includes observation- and hypothesis-based inquiry -Scientific credibility depends on the repeatability of observations and experiments	63
489655068	Science, technology, & society	-Many technologies = goal-oriented applications of science	64
489655069	All organisms on my campus make up:	A community	65
489655070	Correct sequence of Levels in Life's Hierarchy:	Nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell	66
489655071	What describes best the logic of hypothesis-based science?	If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results	67
489655072	What best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?	The structure & function of DNA	68
489655073	Protist in diff. domain than bacteria bc	Bacterial cells lack a nucleus	69
489655074	Systems Biology:	An attempt to model one level of biological organization based on an understanding of the lower levels of organization	70

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