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Chapter 3: The Creation of New Worlds Flashcards

419510422	Encomienda	in the Spanish colonies, the grant to a Spanish settler of a certain # of Indians to pay him tribute in goods and labor	1
419510423	Repartimiento	in the Spanish colonies, the assignment of Indian workers to labor on public work projects	2
419510424	Rescate	procedure by which Spanish colonists would pay ransom to free Indians captured by rival natives	3
419510425	Beaver Wars (1640)	Hurons (French) vs. Iroquois (Dutch) Indians turn against each other as the Europeans turn against each other, fight for the economic advantage in the fur trade to survive, become dependent on the Europeans	4
419510426	King Philips War (1675)	Wompanoags vs. the surrounding settlers Metacom (King Philip), Massasoit's son struggled to gain independence Colonial court finds 3 Wompanoags guilty of killing a Christian Indian, they are hanged, King Philip fights back 1,000 colonists killed, 3,000 Indians killed	5
419510427	Bacon's Rebellion (1675)	Western Virginia Group attacks the Susquehannocks for land, they strike back Nathaniel Bacon, a young and wealthy planter, leads a violent campaign against all the NA Governor William Berkeley demands that he stops turns into war between settlers and the authorities wants lower taxes the House of B's gives them what they want	6
419510428	Pueblo Revolt (1680)	New Mexico the Indians grew restless under the harsh Spanish rule Apaches raid the Pueblo stores for corn Spanish try to destroy their Native Religion Led by Pope, commanded a force of 20 Pueblo villages attacked the Spanish settlements destroyed Christian items Spanish flee for 13 years and come back less harsh	7
419510429	Middle Passage	the voyage between West Africa and the New World slave colonies	8
419510430	Stono Rebellion (1739)	South Carolina largest uprising of the slaves against the whites in the colonial era 20 armed slaves marched southward down the Stono river headed to Spanish Florida attacked the white settlements were defeated within a week	9
419510431	Redemptioner System	German families, similar to indentured servants, but the contract is signed in America, not Europe	10
419510432	Relationship of Europeans and Indians depends on:	population size length of contact intentions reactions	11
419510433	The Big 3	Spanish, French, and English	12
419510434	Religion of the Spanish	Catholicism, Franciscan Priests	13
419510435	Religion of the English	Puritanism, Protestant	14
419510436	Religion of the French	Catholicism, Jesuits	15
419510437	French tactics for conversion:	sell guns and tools etc. only to those who convert	16
419510438	Spanish tactics for conversion:	give gifts, dress well, impress, promise salvation, convince them to abandon their beliefs, target them after hard times	17
419510439	English tactics for conversion:	least successful in conversion because they were required to be literate	18
419510440	English get the land by:	forcing the NA to sell it to pay off debts settling without permission taking the land after wars	19
419510441	English don't understand:	the Indians' nomadic way of life, they leave the land and then come back but it's still theirs	20
419510442	first to bring slaves over	Spanish and the Portuguese	21
419510443	abd	Arabic word meaning "slave" or "black man"	22
419510444	Arabs go to:	Sub-Saharan Africa	23
419510445	First to use slaves	the Europeans	24
419510446	1619	African slaves first arrive in Jamestown, Virginia	25
419510447	James Oglethorpe	Founded Georgia in 1732, tried to keep slavery out, send English debtors to produce exotic goods, when rice takes over, the slaves are used	26
419510448	Slavery in the North	too expensive for the farmers, mainly grew crops to eat, not to export, slaves were used as servants, day laborers, craftsmen, etc.	27
419510449	enslavement in Africa	they enslave each other and trade with the Europeans trading posts on the West Coast	28
419510450	barracoons	cages	29
419510451	the slave ships	6-8 week voyage, many slaves tried to commit suicide, 20% of them died from diseases, sold at public auctions	30
419510452	creoles	American-born African slaves	31
419510453	mestizos	Spanish and NA person	32
419510454	Tenant farmers	rented underdeveloped land in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey	33

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Acids and Bases Flashcards

Chapter 11: Acids and Bases
11.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
11.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
11.3 Acidic, Basic, and Amphoteric Oxides
11.4 Proton Exchange Between Water Molecules
11.5 The pH Scale
11.6 The pOH of Solutions
11.7 Acidity and Basicity Constants
11.8 The Conjugate Seesaw
11.9 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength
11.10 The Strengths of Oxoacids and Carboxylic Acids
11.11 Solutions of Weak Acids
11.12 Solutions of Weak Bases
11.13 The pH of Salt Solutions
11.14 The pH of a Polyprotic Acid Solution
11.15 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
11.16 The Concentrations of Solute Species
11.7 Composition and pH
11.18 Very Dilute Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases
11.19 Very Dilute Solutions of Weak Acids

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1585620090	Brønsted Acid	A proton donor.	0
1585620091	Brønsted Base	A proton acceptor.	1
1585620092	Acid	A species containing an acidic hydrogen atom.	2
1585620093	Acidic Hydrogen Atom	A hydrogen that can be transferred as a proton from one species to another.	3
1585620094	Brønsted-Lowry Theory	That an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor.	4
1585620095	Proton Transfer Reaction	A reaction in which a proton is transferred from one species to another.	5
1585620096	Deprotonation	When a molecule loses a proton (hydrogen atom).	6
1585620097	Hydronium Ion	H₃O⁺	7
1585620098	Strong Acid	An acid that is completely deprotonated in solution.	8
1585620099	Weak Acid	An acid that is incompletely deprotonated in solution.	9
1585620100	Protonation	When a molecule accepts a proton (hydrogen atom).	10
1585620101	Strong Base	A base that is completely protonated in solution.	11
1585620102	Weak Base	A base that is incompletely protonated in solution.	12
1585620103	Conjugate Base	The species associated with an acid that is left when the acid donates a proton.	13
1585620104	Conjugate Acid	The species associated with a base that is left when the base accepts a proton.	14
1585620105	Lewis Acid	An electron pair acceptor.	15
1585620106	Lewis Base	An electron pair donor.	16
1585620107	11.2 Lewis Acids and Bases Summary	A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor; a Lewis base is an electron pair donor. A proton is a Lewis acid that attaches to a lone pair provided by a Lewis base.	17
1585620108	Acidic Oxide	An oxide that reacts with water to form a solution of a Brønsted acid. Acidic oxides are molecular compounds.	18
1585620109	Basic Oxide	An oxide that reacts with water to form a solution of hydroxide ions. Basic oxides are ionic compounds.	19
1585620110	11.3 Acidic, Basic, and Amphoteric Oxides Summary	Metals form basic oxides, nonmetals form acidic oxides; the elements on a diagonal line from beryllium to polonium and several d-block metals form amphoteric oxides.	20
1585620111	Amphiprotic	Able to act as both a proton donor and proton acceptor. Water is amphiprotic.	21
1585620112	Autoprotolysis	When a molecule transfers a proton to another molecule of the same kind.	22
1585620113	Equation for the autoprotolysis of water	K = a₋H₃O⁺ a₋OH⁻ / (a₋H₂O)²	23
1585620114	Autoprotolysis Constant of Water	K₋w = a₋H₃O⁺ a₋OH⁻ K₋w = [H₃O⁺][OH⁻]	24
1585620115	11.4 Proton Exchange Between Water Molecules Summary	In aqueous solutions, the concentration of H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions are related by the autoprotolysis equilibrium; if one concentration is increased, then the other must decrease to maintain the value of K₋w.	25
1585620116	pH is the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion activity	pH = -log a₋H₃O⁺	26
1585620117	Simplifying -log a₋H₃O⁺	a₋H₃O⁺ = [H₃O⁺]/cº strike out units pH = -log[H₃O⁺]	27
1585620118	The pH of a basic solution is...	greater than 7	28
1585620119	The pH of pure water is...	7	29
1585620120	The pH of an acidic solution is...	less than 7	30
1585620121	11.5 The pH Scale Summary	The pH scale is used to report H₃O⁺ concentration: pH = -log[H₃O⁺]; pH > 7 denotes a basic solution, pH < 7 an acidic solution; a neutral solution has pH = 7.	31
1585620122	The quantity pX is a generalization of pH; pOH would then be...	pOH = -log[OH⁻]	32
1585620123	pH + pOH = pKw	Kw = [H₃O⁺][OH⁻] logKw = log[H₃O⁺][OH⁻] logKw = log[H₃O⁺] + log[OH⁻] -logKw = -log[H₃O⁺] - log[OH⁻] pH + pOH = pKw	33
1585620124	11.6 The pOH of Solutions Summary	The pH and pOH of a solution are related by the experssion pH + pOH = pKw.	34
1585620125	Acid Ionization Constant	Acid Dissociation Constant	35
1585620126	Base Ionization Constant	AcBased Dissociation Constant	36
1585620127	Acidity Constant Equation	Ka = [H₃O⁺][A⁻]/[HA]	37
1585620128	Basicity Constant Equation	Kb = [OH⁻][HB⁺]/[B]	38
1585620129	11.7 Acidity and Basicity Constants Summary	The proton-donating strength of an acid is measured by its acidity constant; the proton-accepting strength of a base is measured by its basicity constant. The smaller the constants, the weaker the respective strengths. The larger the value of pK, the weaker the acid or base.	39
1585620130	Ka and Kb are related by...	Kw = Ka × Kb *Kw = 14	40
1585620131	pKa and pKb are related by...	pKw = pKa + pKb	41
1585620132	Leveled	All strong acids in water behave as though they were solutions of H₃O⁺, in water they are leveled to the strength of the acid H₃O⁺.	42
1585620133	Sulfuric acid as a special case	The loss of its first acidic hydrogen leaves a conjugate base that is itself a weak acid, the HSO₄⁻.	43
1585620134	11.8 The Conjugate Seesaw Summary	The stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate base; the stronger the base, the weaker the conjugate acid.	44
1585620135	11.9 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength Summary	Acid strengths of binary acids across a period correlate with electron affinities; acid strengths down a group correlate with bond strength.	45
1585620136	Binary Acids	Acids composed of a hydrogen bonded to a single other atom of a nonmetallic element.	46
1585620137	Acid strength and Polarity	The more polar the H-A bond, the stronger the acid. This effect is dominant for acids of the same period.	47
1585620138	Acid strength and Bond strength	The weaker the H-A bond, the stronger the acid. This effect is dominant for acids of the same group.	48
1585620139	Oxoacids	Acids containing at least one oxygen atom.	49
1585620140	Hypohalous Acids	Acids of oxygen and a halogen; the more electronegative the halogen, the stronger the oxoacid.	50
1585620141	Acid strength and Oxygen count	The greater the number of oxygen atoms attached to the central atom, the stronger the acid.	51
1585620142	Acid strength and Oxidation number	The greater the oxidation number of the central atom, the stronger the acid.	52
1585620143	Carboxylic Acids	Acids containing an -OOH group.	53
1585620144	Acid strength and R group charges	The greater the electronegativities of the groups attached to the carboxyl group of a carboxylic acid, the stronger the acid.	54
1585620145	11.10 The Strengths of Oxoacids and Carboxylic Acids Summary	The greater the number of oxygen atoms and the more electronegative the atoms present in the molecules of an acid, the stronger the acid.	55
1585620146	Percentage Deprotonation	The percentage of HA molecules that are deprotonated in the solution; = [A⁻]/[HA]ini	56
1585620147	Initial Concentration, AKA...	Analytical Concentration Formal Concentration (F)	57
1585620148	11.11 Solutions of Weak Acids Summary	The calculate the pH and percentage deprotonation of a solution of a weak acid, set up an equilibrium table and determine the H₃O⁺ concentration by using the acidity constant.	58
1585620149	Percent Protonated	The percentage of base molecules that have been protonated; = [HB⁺]/[B]ini	59
1585620150	11.12 Solutions of Weak Bases Summary	To calculate the pH of a solution of a weak base, set up an equilibrium table to calculate pOH from the value of Kb and convert that pOH into pH by using pH + pOH = 14.00.	60
1585620151	All cations that are the conjugate acids of weak bases produce acidic solutions	Conjugate acids of weak bases, such as NH⁴⁺, act as proton donors, and so we can expect them to form acidic solutions.	61
1585620152	Small, highly charged metal cations that can act as Lewis acids in water produce acidic solutions, even though the cations themselves have no hydrogen ions to donate	Protons that come from the water molecules which then hydrate these metal cations in solution; the water molecules act as Lewis bases and share electrons with the metal cations. The partial loss of electrons weakens the O-H bond and allows one or more hydrogen ions to be lost from the water molecules. Small, highly charged cations exert the greatest pull on the electrons and so form the most acidic solutions.	62
1585620153	Cations of Group 1 and 2 metals, as well as those of charge +1 from other groups, are such weak Lewis acids that the hydrated ions do not act as acids	These metal cations are too large or have too low a charge to have an appreciable polarizing effect on the hydrating water molecules that surround them, and so the water molecules do not readily release their protons.	63
1585620154	Very few anions that contain hydrogen produce acidic solutions	It is difficult for a positively charged proton to leave a negatively charged anion. The few anions that do act as acids include H₂PO₄⁻ and HSO₄⁻.	64
1585620155	All anions that are the conjugate bases of weak acids produce basic solutions	ex. formic acid, HCOOH, is a weak acid and so the formate ion acts as a base in water: H₂O(l) + HCO₂⁻(aq) ↔ HCOOH(aq) + OH⁻(aq)	65
1585620156	The anions of strong acids are such weak bases that they have no significant effect on the pH of a solution	They are considered "neutral" in water. Includes: Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, NO₃⁻, ClO₄⁻	66
1585620157	Determining the pH of a salt solution	First, determine if it will be acidic, basic, or neutral using the cation and anion of the dissociated salt. Then, use known information (pKa, etc.) to calculate the pH.	67
1585620158	11.13 The pH of Salt Solutions Summary	Salts that contain the conjugate acids of weak bases produce acidic aqueous solutions; so do salts that contain small, highly charged metal cations. Salts that contain the conjugate bases of weak acids produce basic aqueous solutions.	68
1585620159	Polyprotic Acid	A compound that can donate more than one proton.	69
1585620160	Polyprotic Base	A compound that can accept more than one proton.	70
1585620161	Trends in acidity constant for polyprotic acids	The acidity constant decreases significantly with each donated proton, usually by a factor of 10³ or more. Ka₁ >>> Ka₂ >>> Ka₃ ...	71
1585620162	Sulfuric Acid	Strong acid; deprotonates twice easily. H₂SO₄ → HSO₄⁻ → SO₄²⁻	72
1585620163	11.14 The pH of a Polyprotic Acid Solution Summary	Estimating the pH of a polyprotic acid for which all deprotonations are weak by using only the first deprotonation equilibrium and assuming that further deprotonation is insignificant. An exception is sulfuric acid, the only common polyprotic acid that is a strong acid in its first deprotonation.	73
1585620164	Amphiprotic	Acting as either an acid or base.	74
1585620165	11.15 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids Summary	The pH of the aqueous solution of an amphiprotic salt can be estimated from the average of the pKas of the salt and its conjugate acid. The pH of a solution of a salt of the final conjugate base of a polyprotic acid is found from the reaction of the anion with water.	75
1585620166	How to calculate the concentrations of all species in a polyprotic acid solution; diprotic acid example	- From the deprotonation equilibrium of the acid (H₂A), determine the concentrations of conjugate base (HA⁻) and H₃O⁺. - Find the concentration of A²⁻ from the second deprotonation equilibrium (that of HA⁻) by substituting the concentrations of H₃O⁺ and HA⁻ into the expression for Ka₂. - Find the concentration of OH⁻ by dividing Kw by the concentration of H₃O⁺.	76
1585620167	How to calculate the concentrations of all species in a polyprotic acid solution; triprotic acid example	- From the deprotonation equilibrium of the acid (H₃A), determine the concentrations of conjugate base (H₂A⁻) and H₃O⁺. - Find the concentration of HA²⁻ from the second deprotonation equilibrium (that of H₂A⁻) by substituting the concentrations of H₃O⁺ and H₂A⁻ into the expression for Ka₂. - Find the concentration of A³⁻ from the deprotonation equilibrium of HA²⁻ by substituting the concentrations of H₃O⁺ and HA²⁻ into the equation for Ka₃. The concentration of H₃O⁺ stays the same through all the calculations because only the first deprotonation makes a significant contribution to its value. - Find the concentration of OH⁻ by dividing Kw by the concentration of H₃O⁺.	77
1585620168	11.16 The Concentrations of Solute Species Summary	The concentrations of all species in a solution of a polyprotic acid can be calculated by assuming that species present in smaller amounts do not affect the concentrations of species present in larger amounts.	78
1585620169	11.7 Composition and pH Summary	The fraction of deprotonated species increases as the pH is increased, as summarized in Figs. 11.21 and 11.22. * see the book, pg. 461	79
1585620170	The contribution of autoprotolysis to pH is only taken into consideration in strong acid/base solutions when...	the concentration of strong acid or base is less than ~10⁻⁶ mol/L.	80
1585620171	To calculate the pH when taking autoprotolysis into account...	all species in solution must be taken into consideration, ex. H₃O⁺, OH⁻, and Cl⁻ (from HCl).	81
1585620172	There are three unknown concentrations...	[H₃O⁺], [OH⁻], and [Cl⁻]. Thus, three equations are needed.	82
1585620173	The first equation and Charge Balance	The first equation takes into account the requirement that the solution must be electrically neutral overall; the concentration of cations must equal the concentration of anions. The only cation is [H₃O⁺], thus [H₃O⁺] = [OH⁻] + [Cl⁻] [OH⁻] = [H₃O⁺] - [Cl⁻]	83
1585620174	The second equation and Material balance	The second equation takes into account the requirement that all the added solute must be accounted for. Since Cl⁻:HCl is 1:1, [Cl⁻] = [HCl]ini and [OH⁻] = [H₃O⁺] - [HCl]ini	84
1585620175	The third equation and the Autoprotolysis Constant	Kw = [H₃O⁺][OH⁻] Kw = [H₃O⁺]([H₃O⁺] - [HCl]ini) [H₃O⁺]² - [HCl]ini[H₃O⁺] - Kw = 0 Solve the quadratic equation.	85
1585620176	11.18 Very Dilute Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases Summary	In very dilute solutions of strong acids and bases, the pH is significantly affected by the autoprotolysis of water. The pH is determined by solving three simultaneous equations: the charge-balance equation, the material-balance equation, and the expression for Kw.	86
1585620177	The contribution of autoprotolysis to pH is only taken into consideration in weak acid solutions...	when the acid is so weak that autoprotolysis contributes a fair amount to the pH.	87
1585620178	All the species considered in dilute solutions of weak acids	HA, A⁻, H₃O⁺, OH⁻.	88
1585620179	Four unknown solutions, so four equations needed. The equations are:	The autoprotolysis constant of water. The acidity constant of the acid HA. The charge balance. The material balance.	89
1585620180	Weak acid autoprotolysis constant of water eq.	Kw = [H₃O⁺][OH⁻]	90
1585620181	Weak acid acidity constant of the acid HA eq.	Ka = [H₃O⁺][A⁻]/[HA]	91
1585620182	Weak acid charge balance eq.	[H₃O⁺] = [OH⁻] + [A⁻]	92
1585620183	Weak acid material balance eq.	[HA]ini = [HA] + [A⁻]	93
1585620184	Solving for weak acid pHs when considering autoprotolysis of water can lead to a very large equation (after much rearrangement, etc.); however, to simplify...	If [H₃O⁺] > 10⁻⁶ (i.e. pH < 6), then Kw/[H₃O⁺] < 10⁻⁸, which is so small that it can be ignored. However, if [H₃O⁺] ≤ 10⁻⁶, the whole equation still needs to be solved.	94
1585620185	11.19 Very Dilute Solutions of Weak Acids Summary	In aqueous solutions of very weak acids, the autoprotolysis of water must be taken into account if the hydronium ion concentration is less than 10⁻⁶ mol/L. The expressions for Kw and Ka are combined with the equations for charge balance and material balance to find the pH.	95

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Alan Brinkley CHAPTER 4 Flashcards

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274904081	The Iroquois confederacy	A powerful alliance of Indian tribes that was the only one to remain neutral during the French and Indian War (Seven years' war). The tribe had previously been subject of a peace treaty with the British and were noted as one of three powers of North America. After the Seven Years' War the alliance with the Iroquois and the British diminished and they began contesting each other for power over the Ohio Valey.	1
274904082	william pitt	The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.	2
274904083	Pontiac's Rebellion	1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.	3
274904084	proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	4
274904085	quartering act	an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists	5
274904086	sugar act of 1764	law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies	6
274904087	currency act 1764	British legislation which banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.	7
274904088	Stamp Act of 1765	1765) a law passed by Parliament that raised tax money by requiring colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items such as newspapers, licenses, and legal documents	8
274904089	The Paxton Boys	mob of Pennsylvanians who butchered 20 Christian Indians in retaliation against the Royal Proclamation of 1763.	9
274904090	Patrick Henry	Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech	10
274904091	Virginia resolves	In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.	11
274904092	Virtual Representation	British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members	12
274904093	sons of liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	13
274904094	internal taxes	• Taxes on land, people, specific items, legal documents, newspapers (ex: stamp act) • Most colonists, especially whigs, were against these taxes	14
274904095	declaratory act	Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.	15
274904096	townshed acts	Set of laws designed to raise money from colonists, placed import tax on paint, glass, lead, paper, and tea, also allowed British officials to search houses for smuggled goods	16
274904097	Boston massacre	British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.	17
274904098	Governor Thomas Hutchinson	governor of Massachusetts; hates and is afraid of the Sons of Liberty; allows the British Army to maintain a strong presence in Boston	18
274904099	tea act	Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party	19
274904100	Boston Tea Party	demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor	20
274904101	Quebec Act	Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed.	21
274904102	First continental congress	Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence	22
274904103	Gaspee Incident	In June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence.	23
274904104	The Coercive Acts	passed by Parliament in 1774, they closed Boston Harbor, pohibited town meetings, and forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their homes	24
274904105	Samuel Adams	Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence	25

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AMERICAN HISTORY (BRINKLEY) CH4 Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 OF ALAN BRINKLEY'S 13TH EDITION OF AMERICAN HISTORY

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1686580822	Each of the following was a reason for the colonists to enjoy their membership in the British Empire in the 1750s EXCEPT	British subsidies for colonial industry.	0
1686580823	During the fifty years after the Glorious Revolution, the British policy of neglect of the colonial economy	was sustained by some Parliamentary leaders who believed relaxation of restrictions would spur commerce.	1
1686580824	By the 1750s colonial legislatures had come to see themselves as	little parliaments.	2
1686580825	A conference of colonial leaders gathered in Albany, New York in 1754 to discuss a proposal by Benjamin Franklin to	establish "one general government" for all the colonies.	3
1686580826	Both the French and the English were well aware that the battle for control of North America would be determined in part by	which group could win the allegiance of native tribes.	4
1686580827	The British victory in the Great War for the Empire	gave England control of most the settled regions of North America.	5
1686580828	Prior to the Great War for the Empire, the Iroquois Confederacy	maintained their autonomy by avoiding a close relationship with both the French and the English.	6
1686580829	Which of the following did NOT occur during the prime ministry of William Pitt?	Most of the fighting was done by colonial militia.	7
1686580830	For which of the following was the result of the Great War for the Empire a disaster?	the Iroquois Confederacy	8
1686580831	The English decision to reorganize the British Empire after 1763 was the result of	enormous war debts and large increases in territory.	9
1686580832	George III influenced the growing strain between the colonies and Great Britain through	his insecure personality, which contributed to the instability of the British government during these years.	10
1686580833	In an effort to keep peace between frontiersmen and Indians and provide for a more orderly settlement of the West, the British government	forbade settlers from crossing the mountains that divided the Atlantic coast from the interior.	11
1686580834	Which of the following was a consequence of the policies of the Grenville ministry?	British tax revenues in the colonies increased ten times.	12
1686580835	British policies after 1763	actually helped the colonial economy.	13
1686580836	Colonists argued that the Stamp Act was not proper because	colonies could be taxed only by their provincial assemblies.	14
1686580837	British authorities decided to repeal the Stamp Act primarily because of the	economic pressure caused by a colonial boycott of English goods.	15
1686580838	Townshend believed his taxes on the colonists would not be protested because they were	"external" taxes—taxes on goods brought from overseas.	16
1686580839	The Boston Massacre	was probably the result of panic and confusion.	17
1686580840	Colonial "committees of correspondence" were created to	publicize grievances against England	18
1686580841	American complaints concerning lack of representation made little sense to the English, who pointed out that	each member of Parliament represented the interests of the whole empire rather than a particular individual or geographical area	19
1686580842	Colonists felt that when the English constitution was allowed to function properly, it created the best political system because it	distributed power among the three elements of society—the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the common people.	20
1686580843	The Coercive or Intolerable Acts	made Massachusetts a martyr in the eyes of other colonies	21
1686580844	Which of the following was NOT a step taken by the First Continental Congress?	It adopted a plan for a colonial union under British authority.	22
1686580845	By the 1750s, most Americans felt little loyalty to the British crown. T/F	False	23
1686580846	The French were able to forge good relations with the Indian tribes because they were more tolerant of the Indian way of life than the British.	True	24
1686580847	Before the Great War for the Empire, England, France, and Spain had been at peace with each other for nearly half a century.	False	25
1686580848	The Seven Years' War, the French and Indian War, and the Great War for the Empire are all the same war.	True	26
1686580849	After the Peace of Paris of 1763, the English were inclined to let the colonies go their own way, with few restrictions.	False	27
1686580850	England was fortunate that King George III was young, bright, and surprisingly mature for his age.	False	28
1686580851	Because they needed protection, colonists in both the East and the West were glad to have regular British troops stationed permanently in America.	False	29
1686580852	The formation of groups known as the "Paxton Boys" and the "Regulators" revealed that colonists in the West believed they were not being treated fairly by colonists in the East.	True	30
1686580853	Colonists were concerned over the immediate impact of the Stamp Act, not its long-range implications.	False	31
1686580854	Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, and in the Declaratory Act it declared that it would not tax the colonies in this way again.	False	32
1686580855	Colonists responded to the Townshend duties with agreements not to import the taxed goods.	True	33
1686580856	Americans wanted their representatives to "actually" represent them, while the British claimed that Parliament represented all British citizens, no matter where they lived.	True	34
1686580857	Women, especially southern women, took no part in the protests and boycotts rising from the Coercive Acts.	False	35
1686580858	Those who attended the Continental Congress did not intend for it to be a continuing organization.	False	36
1686580859	The fighting at Lexington and Concord caused many who previously had little enthusiasm for the rebel cause to rally to it.	True	37

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Health Psychology - Ch. 1 Flashcards

Michigan State University : Summer Term 1. Chapter 1 Health Psychology

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7278740	absolute risk	a person's chance of developing a disease independent of any risk others may have	0
7278741	Franz Alexander	worked with Dunbar studying influence of mind on health - psychosomatic medicine	1
7278742	APA Division 38	division of the American Psychological Association focused on health	2
7278743	Ayurveda	Indian ancient medicine system focused on the body, sense organs, the mind, and the soul	3
7278744	behavioral medicine	studies nonbiological influences on health	4
7278745	biomedical approach	Western medicine approach - the state in which disease is absent	5
7278746	context	the environment one is in	6
7278747	correlation coefficient	the statistical measure of association with values closer to 1 signifying a stronger relationship	7
7278748	culture	a dynamic yet stable set of goals, beliefs, and attitudes shared by a group of people	8
7278749	Rene Descartes	French philosopher who later strengthened Greek idea of mind separation from the body	9
7278750	Helen Flanders Dunbar	worked with Alexander to establish psychosomatic medicine	10
7278751	epidemology	study of frequency, distribution, and causes of different diseases with a focus on physical/social environment	11
7278752	experimental designs	helps determine causality through variable manipulation	12
7278753	Sigmund Freud	first to draw attention to the possibility that illness could have psychological causes	13
7278754	Galen	first pioneered the examination of the dead	14
7278755	Health Psychology	an interdisciplinary sub specialty that promotes and maintains health and prevents and treats illness	15
7278756	Hippocrates	explained sickness through the imbalance of four major bodily fluids	16
7278757	independent variable	manipulates the variable thought to be important	17
7278758	dependent variable	variable measured and influenced by the IV	18
7278759	William James	wrote the first book in psychology, Principles of Psychology in 1897 - Harvard	19
7278760	level of analysis	views of ourselves reside at different levels of conscious awareness	20
7278761	morbidity	number of cases of a disease that exists at a given point in time	21
7278762	mortality	number of deaths related to a specific course	22
7278763	placebo	an inactive substance that appears similar to the experimental drug	23
7278764	prevalence rates	the proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time	24
7278765	incidence rates	the frequency of new cases of the disease during a year	25
7278766	prospective studies	following disease free participants over a period of time to predict cause variables	26
7278767	retrospective studies	studying participants with a disease and tracing behaviors to determine cause	27
7278768	psychosomatic medicine	studying the influences of mind on health	28
7278769	quasi-experimental designs	experiments that utilize naturally occurring groups (imperfect)	29
7278770	random, controlled, clinical trials	one group gets and experimental drug/intervention treatment and a second group unknowingly gets a placebo or nothing	30
7278771	SES	defines cultural group, societal status	31
7278772	Traditional Chinese Medicine	health is defined by the balance of Yin & Yang (hot & cold)	32
7278773	WHO	World Health Organization	33

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards

General College Biology I
Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Vocabulary: organic molecule, inorganic molecule, hydrocarbon, isomer, structural isomer, geometric isomers, enantiomers, functional groups, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
Distinguish between inorganic and organic substances and give examples of each.
Know the valence of carbon. Recognize the bonding patterns of O, H, and N to carbon to make biological organic molecules.
Describe the hydrocarbon as the basic structure of organic molecules.
Recognize different carbon skeletons that can be formed as the basis of organic molecules (Fig 4.5)
5. Explain how functional groups make hydrophobic hydrocarbons hydrophilic.
6. Be able to draw/recognize each of the functional groups listed below. (Fig. 4.9)
State a class of biological organic molecule on which each is commonly found.
hydroxyl group
carbonyl group
carboxyl group
amino group
sulfhydryl group
phosphate group
7. Define isomer and give an example of structural isomers, geometric
isomers and enantiomers (stereoisomers).

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1230180842	Organic Chemistry	study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).	1
1230180843	Hydrocarbons	an organic molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.	2
1230180844	Isomers	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different properties.	3
1230180845	Structural Isomers	compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.	4
1230180846	Geometric Isomers	compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.	5
1230180847	Enantiomers	molecules that are mirror images of each other	6
1230180848	Functional Groups*	perform chemical reactions a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic behavior of the class of compounds in which the group occurs, as the hydroxyl group in alcohols. Give organic compounds unique properties affect shape and non covalent interaction most contain polar bonds and interaction with H bonding.	7
1230180849	Hydroxyl Group*	a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond(—OH), which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of a molecule. Molecules possessing this group are water soluble and called alcohols.	8
1230180850	Alcohols	organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups.	9
1230180851	Carbonyl Group*	a functional group present in aldehydes and ketones consisting of an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom.	10
1230180852	Aldehyde	an organic molecule with a carbonyl group at the end (terminal) of the carbon skeleton.	11
1230180853	Ketone	Name of carbonyl compound when it is within the C-skeleton	12
1230180854	Carboxyl Group*	a functional group present in organic acids consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.(—COOH)	13
1230180855	Carboxylic acid	organic acids; compounds containing a carboxyl group.	14
1230180856	Amino Group*	(—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.	15
1230180857	Amines	organic compounds with one or more amino groups.	16
1230180858	Sulfhydryl Group*	(—SH) a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	17
1230180859	Thiols	organic compounds containing sulfahydryl groups.	18
1230180860	Phosphate Group*	a functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms and is important in energy transfer.	19
1230180861	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell.	20
1230180862	Carbohydrates	sugars -- all sugars have CHO in a ratio of 1:2:1 and is water soluble (monosaccharide)	21
1230180863	Monosaccharide	single sugar molecule that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar. Has a 3-6 carbon backbone	22
1230180864	Dissacharide	A molecule made of two monosaccharides.	23
1230180865	Polysaccharide	a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides	24
1230180866	Storage Polysaccharide	stored glucose used overtime as energy by the organism (Alpha Glucose) Ex: Starch	25
1230180867	Structural Polysaccharide	provide structural support and form to cells (Beta Glucose) Ex: Cellulose (Plant Cell Wall) Chitin (exoskeleton of animal/bugs)	26
1230180868	Lipid	organic compound that is insoluble in water (hydrophobic/non polar)	27
1230180869	Saturated Fat	Contain all single bonds between carbon and hydrogen. Fats in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms -- solid at room temperature	28
1230180870	Unsaturated Fat	a lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. -- liquid at room temperature	29
1230180871	Building Block of: Polypeptide	amino acid	30
1230180872	Building Block of: Polysaccharide	monosaccharide	31
1230180873	Building Block of: Triglyceride (Fat)	glycerol + fatty acids	32
1230180874	Building Block of: Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA)	nucleotides	33
1230180875	Nucleotides	Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases	34
1230180876	Nitrogeneous Bases	T C U = Pyramidines A G = Purines	35
1230180877	Dehydration Synthesis Condensation	remove water to create bonds	36
1230180878	Glycosidic Linkage	covalent bonds between bonds that hold monosaccharides together	37
1230180879	Hydrolysis	adding water to create bonds	38
1230180880	Peptide Bonds	covalent bonds between amino acids between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of another amino acid. formed by dehydration.	39
1230180881	Steroids Structure	Structure: 4 fused rings sex hormones	40
1230180882	Types of Lipids	fat steroids waxes phospholipids	41
1230180883	Types of Proteins: Structural Protein	fiber proteins Ex: keratin, collagen	42
1230180884	Types of Proteins: Regulatory Protein	controls something Ex: insulin	43
1230180885	Types of Proteins: Defense Proteins	antibodies	44
1230180886	Types of Proteins: Enzymes	...	45
1230180887	Types of Proteins: Transport Proteins	hemoglobin (red blood cells)	46
1230180888	Structure of Polypeptides: Primary Structure	chain of amino acids - produce peptide bonds between amino acids	47
1230180889	Structure of Polypeptides: Secondary Structure	form a Alpha-helix or a Beta-sheet by forming hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid	48
1230180890	Structure of Polypeptides: Tertiary Structure	makes one polypeptide interactions between the variable groups a) hydrogen bonds b) ionic bonds c) disulfide bridges d) hydrophobic reaction	49
1230180891	Structure of Polypeptides: Quaternary Structure	many polypeptides interacting together	50
1230180892	Alpha Glucose	OH on bottom	51
1230180893	Beta Glucose	OH on top	52
1230180894	Esther	bonds between lipids	53
1230180895	Bohr Planetary Model	Know what it looks like	54
1230180896	Isomer	Compounds with the same formula but in a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and properties	55
1230180897	Hydrocarbon	Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Example: Sugar	56
1230180898	Enantiomers	Isomers that are mirror images of each other	57
1230180899	Stuctural Isomers	Different covalent arrangement of their atoms	58
1230180900	What are the 7 functional groups?	Hydroxyl Carbonyl (ketone, aldehyde) Carboxyl Amino Group Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl	59
1230180901	Explain the hydroxyl Group?	...	60
1230180902	Explain the Carbonyl Group?	...	61
1230180903	Explain the Carboxyl Group?	...	62
1230180904	Explain the Amino Group	...	63
1230180905	Explain the Sulfhydryl Group?	...	64
1230180906	Explain the Phosphate Group?	...	65
1230180907	Explain the Methyl Group?	...	66
1230180908	What is Adenosine Triphosphate	The primary energy transferring molecule in the cell	67
1264368673	Tetrahedron*	4 single bonds. Ability to rotate also gives flexibility to carbon bonds Ex. Methane CH4	68
1264368674	Planar*	Double Bond Flat shape. Unable to rotate. ethane C2H6	69
1264375855	Back Bone Diversity*	Length Branching Double Bonds Rings F	70

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Exploring Psychology Ninth edition Flashcards

Chapter 1 Review cards for - Exploring Psychology Ninth Edition by David G. Myers

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1010133591	Psychology	The science of behavior and mental processes	1
1010133592	Structuralism	An early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, which used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.	2
1010133593	Functionalism	An early school of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Charles Darwin, which explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.	3
1010133594	Wilhelm Wundt	Established the first Psychology labroatory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.	4
1010133595	Edward Titchener	Co-promoted structuralism with Wundt.	5
1010133596	William James	Teacher/Writer who wrote an important 1890 Psychology text.	6
1010133597	Behaviorism	The view that Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.	7
1010133598	Humanistic Psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.	8
1010133599	Cognitive Neuroscience	The interdisciplinary study of the brian activity linked with cognition.	9
1010133600	Nature - Nurture Issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.	10
1010133601	John B. Watson	Famous for "championing" Psychology as the science of behavior with his experiment "Little Albert".	11
1010133602	B.F.Skinner	A behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.	12
1010133603	Sigmund Freud	Produced controversial ideas that influenced humanity's self - understanding.	13
1010133604	Natural Selection	The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.	14
1010133605	Basic Research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	15
1010133606	Applied Research	Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.	16
1010133607	Counselling Psychology	A branch of Psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well - being.	17
1010133608	Clinical Psychology	A branch of Psychology that studys, assesses, and treats people with Psychological disorders.	18
1010133609	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with Psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.	19
1010133610	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.	20
1010133611	Critical Thinking	Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.	21
1010133612	Theory	An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.	22
1010133613	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory	23
1010133614	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.	24
1010133615	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.	25
1010133616	Case Study	An observational technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	26
1010133617	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.	27
1010133618	Survey	A technique for acertaining the self- reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.	28
1010133619	Population	All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.	29
1010133620	Random Sample	A sample that fairly represents a group because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.	30
1010133621	Correlation	A measure of extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.	31
1010133622	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things.	32
1010133623	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.	33
1010133624	Experimental Group	In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independant variable.	34
1010133625	Control Group	In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	35
1010133626	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing prexisting differences between the different groups.	36
1010133627	Double - Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment or the placebo.	37
1010133628	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	38
1010133629	Independant Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	39
1010133630	Dependant Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independant variable.	40
1010133631	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independant variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	41
1010133632	Culture	The enduring behaviors,ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.	42
1010133633	Informed Consent	Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate.	43
1010133634	Debriefing	The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.	44
1010133635	Testing Effect	Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.	45
1010133636	SQ3R	A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.	46

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Exploring Psychology Ninth Edition Chap. 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocabulary review of Exploring Psychology Ninth Edition by David G. Myers

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1010723000	Biological Psychology	The scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.	1
1010723001	Neuron	A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.	2
1010723002	Dendrites	A neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	3
1010723003	Axon	The neuron extention that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.	4
1010723004	Myelin Sheath	A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.	5
1010723005	Glial Cells	Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking.	6
1010723006	Action Potential	A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.	7
1010723007	Threshold	The leel of stimulation required to trigger a neural impluse.	8
1010723008	Synapse	The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.	9
1010723009	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.	10
1010723010	Endorphins	"Morphine within" - Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	11
1010723011	Nervous System	The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the PNS and CNS.	12
1010723012	Central Nervous System(CNS)	The brain and spinal cord.	13
1010723013	Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)	The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.	14
1010723014	Nerves	Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs.	15
1010723015	Sensory Neurons	Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.	16
1010723016	Motor Neurons	Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.	17
1010723017	Interneurons	Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	18
1010723018	Somatic Nervous System	The diision of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.	19
1010723019	Autonomic Nervous System	The part of the PNS that controls the glands andthe musclesof the internal organs.	20
1010723020	Sympathetic Nervous System	The division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing it's energy in stressful situations.	21
1010723021	Parasympathetic Nervous System	The division of the ANS that calms the body, consering it's energy.	22
1010723022	Reflex	A simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus.	23
1010723023	Endocrine System	The body's slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that screte hormones into the booldstream.	24
1010723024	Hormones	Chemical messangers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.	25
1010723025	Adrenal Glands	A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress.	26
1010723026	Pituitary Gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influenceof the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	27
1010723027	Lesion	Tissue destruction.	28
1010723028	Brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.	29
1010723029	Medulla	The base of the brainstem; controlls heartbeat and breathing.	30
1010723030	EEG	An amplified readout of such waves.	31
1010723031	PET	Depicts brain activity by showing each brain area's consumption of it's chemical fuel, the sugar glucose.	32
1010723032	MRI	Brain scans that detect soft tissue locations.	33
1010723033	fMRI	Brain scans that can reveal the brain's functioning as well as it's structure.	34
1010723034	Thalamus	The brain's sensory router, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory recieving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.	35
1010723035	Reticular Information	A nerve network that travels through the brainstem and plays an important role in controlling arousal.	36
1010723036	Cerebellum	The "little brain" at the rer of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.	37
1010723037	Limbic System	Neural system which includes; the hippocampus, amygdala, and the hypothalamus that is located below the cerebral hemispheres;associated with emotions and drives.	38
1010723038	Amygdala	Two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.	39
1010723039	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalmas; it directs several maintenance activites, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	40
1010723040	Cerebral Cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	41
1010723041	Frontal Lobes	A portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.	42
1010723042	Parietal Lobes	A portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.	43
1010723043	Occipital Lobes	A portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that recieve information from the visual fields.	44
1010723044	Temporal Lobes	A portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiing information primarily from the opposite ear.	45
1010723045	Motor Cortex	An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.	46
1010723046	Sensory Cortex	An area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.	47
1010723047	Association Areas	Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.	48
1010723048	Plasticity	The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizingafter damage or by building new pathways based on experience.	49
1010723049	Neurogenesis	The formation of new neurons.	50
1010723050	Corpus Callosum	The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemisphers and carrying messages between them.	51
1010723051	Split Brain	A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers that connect them.	52
1010723052	Enviornment	Every nongenetic influence from prenatal utrition to the people and things around us.	53
1010723053	Behavior Genetics	The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.	54
1010723054	Chromosomes	Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.	55
1010723055	DNA	A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.	56
1010723056	Genes	The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing protiens.	57
1010723057	Identical Twins	Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.	58
1010723058	Faternal Twins	Twins who develop from seperate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.	59
1010723059	Interaction	The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor.	60
1010723060	Epigenetics	The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.	61
1010723061	Evolutionary Psychology	The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection	62
1010723062	Natural Selection	The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.	63
1010723063	Mutation	A random error in gene replication that leads to a change.	64

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American Pagaent Chap. 7 Flashcards

Mr. Dawley, summer assignment

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439516087	John Hancock	Nicknamed "King of the Smugglers" ; He was a wealthy Massachusetts merchant in 1776 who was important in persuading the American colonies to declare their independence from England. He was the ring leader in the plot to store gunpowder which resulted in the battles in Lexington and Concord. These battles began the American Revolution., wrote his name in large print so that King George III could read it from Philly	1
439516088	Lord North	Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.	2
439516089	George Grenville	Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.	3
439516090	Samuel Adams	Massachusetts Revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized opposition to British policies after 1764; radical member of Sons of Liberty, worried that violence of group would discredit it; proposed united plea for repeal of Townshend Duties and another pan-colonial congress; circulated his own exaggerated version of events around colonies	4
439516091	Charles Townshend	A man who could deliver brilliant speeches in Parliament even while drunk. He rashly promised to pluck feathers from the colonial goose with a minimum of squawking. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. He seized a dubious distinction between internal and external taxes and made this tax an indirect customs duty payable at American ports.	5
439516092	John Adams	A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.	6
439516093	Crispus Attucks	Killed in Boston Massacre, black laborer, only African-American person killed in Boston Massacre	7
439516094	Marquis de Lafayette	Young patriot from France who became George Washington's aide durng the Revolution. Gave money to the colonial cause and became like a son to George Washington.	8
439516095	King George III	the king of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.	9
439516096	Baron von Steuben	volunteer, general in Prussia,offered help to Patriots after Washington won the battles at Trenton & Princeton, arrived at Valley Forge in the spring of 1778	10
439516097	Mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	11
439516098	"no taxation without representation"	This is a principle dating back to the Magna Carta that means if citizens are not represented in the government, then the government should not have the authority to tax them. The American colonists cited this principle when they opposed the authority of the British Parliament to tax them.	12
439516099	Nonimportation Agreement	An act signed by 200 merchants pledging not to buy any British goods until Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, colonial merchants and planters signed these agreements to promise to stop importing goods taxed by the townshed acts	13
439516100	Royal Veto	when legislation passed by the colonial assemblies conflicted with British regulations. It was then declared void by the Privy Council. It was resented by the colonists but was only used 469 times out of 8563 laws.	14
439516101	Internal/ external taxation	Internal taxation taxed goods within the colonies and acted much like a sales tax. The Stamp Act of 1765 is an example of internal taxation. External taxation applied to imports into the colonies. The merchant importing the good paid the tax on it, much like the Sugar Act of 1764. Colonists were more accepting of external taxation and more opposed to internal taxation.	15
439516102	Virtual Representation	The British claimed that all British subjects were represented by members of the House of Commons, while the colonials argued that they were not at all represented as they did not choose their representatives. This caused more anger in the colonies, and influenced how representation functioned after the war.	16
439516103	Boycott	a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies	17
439516104	Board of Trade	commissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials, and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England	18
439516105	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	19
439516106	Quebec Act	Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies., Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed	20
439516107	Navigation Acts	Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.	21
439516108	Declaratory Act	Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.	22
439516109	First Continental Congress	The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system., Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence	23
439516110	Sugar Act	(1764) British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.	24
439516111	Townshend Act	a law by the British Parliament which states the colonists had to pay a tax on products such as lead, glass, tea, paper and paints	25
439516112	Quartering Act	March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.	26
439516113	Boston Massacre	British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.	27
439516114	The Association	A military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin which formed fighting units in Pennsylvania and erected two batteries on the Delaware River., A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered	28
439516115	Stamp Act	an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents	29
439516116	Committees of Correspondence	Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.	30
439516117	Hessians	German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.	31
439516118	Admiralty Courts	British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.	32
439516119	Boston Tea Party	demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor	33
439516120	Loyalists	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence	34
439516121	Stamp Act Congress	A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.	35
439516122	Intolerable Acts	Intolerable Acts, passed in 1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress; Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses	36
439516123	"continental"	being or concerning or limited to a continent especially the continents of North America or Europe	37

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American Pageant Fourteenth Edition Chapter 5 Flashcards

American Pageant Fourteenth Edition Chapter 5 vocab

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587204828	Arminianism	Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.	1
587204829	Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s)	Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century.	2
587204830	Molasses Act (1737)	Tax on imported Molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.	3
587204831	new lights	Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.	4
587204832	old lights	Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.	5
587204833	Paxton Boys (1764)	Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.	6

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