| 1076217054 | Sporangia | Multicellular organs that produce spores | | 1 |
| 1076217055 | Lignin | Organic compound that strengthens the secondary cell walls of vascular plants; reinforces stems and thus helps plant stand upright. | | 2 |
| 1076217056 | Apical Meristems | Located at root and shoot tips and are responsible for primary growth | | 3 |
| 1076217057 | Bryophytes | Non-Vascular plant that lives on the land; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts | | 4 |
| 1076217058 | Roots | Anchors plant; absorbs water and nutrients from soil. | | 5 |
| 1076217059 | Embryophyte | Alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos. | | 6 |
| 1076217060 | Cuticle | Outer waxy layer, prevents dessication | | 7 |
| 1076217061 | Rhizome | Horizontal, modified stem; Penetrates soil, anchors | | 8 |
| 1076217062 | Alternation of Generations | Cycle between haploid and diploid phases; A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants. | | 9 |
| 1076217063 | Microphylls | Leaves that have are narrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue; an unbranched vein | | 10 |
| 1076217064 | Megaphylls | Broad leaves with a highly branched vascular system | | 11 |
| 1076217065 | Homosporous | Referring to plants in which a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs. | | 12 |
| 1076217066 | Heterosporous | A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female gametophytes. | | 13 |
| 1076217067 | Sporophylls | Modified leaves that bear sporangia- a spore producing structure; Phylum Lycophyta | | 14 |
| 1076217068 | Cone/Strobulus | Cluster of sporophylls (leaves that have sporangia-which make spores) | | 15 |
| 1076217069 | Gametangia | A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant | | 16 |
| 1076217070 | Archegonia | Female reproductive part of a nonvascular plant; produces eggs. | | 17 |
| 1076217071 | Antheridia | Male reproductive part of a nonvascular plant; produces and releases sperm into the environment. | | 18 |
| 1076217072 | Epiphytes | Plants that live on the surface of other plants without doing harm; found in wet moist habitats | | 19 |
| 1076217073 | Protonema | In mosses, a small, green filament of haploid cells that develops from a spore; develops into a male or female gametophyte | | 20 |
| 1076217074 | Pyrenoid | A chloroplast that is fused to other organelles and forms one large chloroplast per cell and it manufactures and stores food. *Hornworts | | 21 |
| 1076217075 | Thallus | The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems *Liveworts | | 22 |
| 1076217076 | Gemmae | Small, cup-shaped structure in liverworts that contains many haploid cells, used in asexual reproduction | | 23 |
| 1076217077 | Sporophyte | The spore-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations; diploid | | 24 |
| 1076217078 | Gametophyte | The gamete-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations; haploid | | 25 |
| 1076217079 | Lycophytes | Vascular seedless plants; club mosses
-Dominated carboniferous forests as trees; moderns small herbs | | 26 |
| 1076217080 | Pterophyta | Vascular seedless plants; ferns, whisk ferns and horsetails | | 27 |
| 1076217081 | Node | Point on a stem where a leaf is attached | | 28 |
| 1076217082 | Sorus | Cluster of sporangia usually on a fern frond; Pterophyta | | 29 |
| 1076217083 | Annulus | Encircles or surrounds a cluster of sporangia; Pterophyta-ferns | | 30 |
| 1076217084 | Gymnosperms | Classication of plant which produce seeds which are "naked" (unenclosed) *Vascular + seeds | | 31 |
| 1076217085 | Seeds | Structure forms when ovule matures after sperm fertilization through pollination. | | 32 |
| 1076217086 | Cotyledon | A "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant. | | 33 |
| 1076217087 | Seed Coat | The protective, outer covering of a seed | | 34 |
| 1076217088 | Cycadophyta | Palmlike gymnosperms; have cone like strobili | | 35 |
| 1076217089 | Strobili | The technical term for clusters of sporophylls known commonly as cones; contains reproductive structures | | 36 |
| 1076217090 | Ginkgophyta | Ginkgos are vascular and seed bearing with unique fan-shaped leaves. - Ginkgo biloba (gymnosperm) | | 37 |
| 1076217091 | Gnetophyta | Gymnosperm; vascular; seed bearing in cones; sporophyte dominant(Gnetum, Welwitschia, Ephedra)
-Have similar 2 step fertilization like angiosperms | | 38 |
| 1076217092 | Conifers | Gymnosperm; cone-bearing plants; most are evergreen; woody reproductive cones | | 39 |
| 1076217093 | Microspore | A haploid spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte; conifers
-Haploid microspores develop into sporangia on male cones (strobili) | | 40 |
| 1076217094 | Megaspore | A large haploid spore from a heterosporoud plant species that develops into a female gametophyte from ovule | | 41 |
| 1076217095 | Angiosperms | A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. | | 42 |
| 1076217096 | Pollination | The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants | | 43 |
| 1076217097 | Monocots | -Leaves in 3's
-Scattered Vascular bundles
-Fibrous Roots
-Parallel leaf veins
-1 cotyledon | | 44 |
| 1076217098 | Dicots | -Leaves in 4 or 5's
-Vascular bundles around perimeter
-Tap-root system
-Scattered leaf veins
-2 cotyledon | | 45 |
| 1076217099 | Ovary | Protects ovule; develops from carpel, turns into fruit | | 46 |
| 1076217100 | Double Fertilization | A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm. | | 47 |
| 1076217101 | Adaptations to life on land | -Vascular system; root/shoot system; dominant diploid phase | | 48 |
| 1076217102 | Evolution of Leaves | 1. Microphylls may have evolved as flaplike outgrowths of the main vertical lycophyte system
2.Megaphylls may have arisen from modified branches | | 49 |
| 1076217103 | Life Cycle:Alternation of Generations | Sporophyte(Diploid)--meiosis-->Spores(haploid)---mitosis-->Gametophytes(haploid)--mitosis-->Gametes(Haploid)--Fertilization-->Zygote(Diploid)--mitosis->Sporophyte....etc | | 50 |
| 1076217104 | Bryophytes: Liverworts,Hornworts, Mosses | Liverworts: Thallus, no true stomata, gemmae cups
Hornworts: Pyrenoid
Mosses:Protonema
*Diploid phase is dominant | | 51 |
| 1076217105 | Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns, Whiskferns, horsetails | Fern Life cycle: Spore--->Gametophyte -->Archegonia/Antheridia--->Egg/sperm---->Fertilization--->Diploid Zygote--Mitois-->Sporophyte---->Mature Sporophyte--->Sporangium(Sorus)--Meiosis-->Spore...etc. | | 52 |
| 1076217106 | Gymnosperms: Conifer life cycle | Mature Sporophyte (Male/Female cone)--->mega/microsporocyte-meiosis-->micro/megaspores--->pollen/eggs--->fertilization-->zygote-->seed---->seedling--->mature sporophyte...,etc | | 53 |
| 1076217107 | Angiosperm adaptations | Many angiosperms have specific pollinators | | 54 |
| 1076217108 | Double Fertilization | Megaspoer mother cell(2n)--meiosis-->4 megaspores (n)--one lives-->mitosis-->embryo sac
generative cell(haploid)--mitosis--> 2 haploid sperm--->fertilization-->zygote
2 polar nuclei + 1 sperm =endosperm 3n | | 55 |
| 1076217109 | Meristems | Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth in height and girth/width/ | | 56 |
| 1076217110 | Protoplast | A biological unit consisting of cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane. | | 57 |
| 1076217111 | Apical Meristem | Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length | | 58 |
| 1076217112 | Lateral Meristem | A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. | | 59 |
| 1076217113 | Parenchyma | Ground tissue; Mesophyll cells, allow C02 +02 to pass
*photosynthesis,respiration | | 60 |
| 1076217114 | Sclerenchyma | Ground tissue;protects seed/supports plant | | 61 |
| 1076217115 | Collenchyma | Ground tissue; Live cells;provide flexible and mechanical support | | 62 |
| 1076217116 | Xylem/Phloem | Xylem- Transports water and dissolved minerals(tracheid/vessel members)
Phloem-Transports sugars and solutes(sieve tube members/companion cells) | | 63 |
| 1076217117 | Mesophyll (Palisade/Spongy) | Palisade:columnar parenchymal cells that have more chloroplast and photosythetic potential
Spongy: Less photosynthetic potential, under palisade mesophyll | | 64 |
| 1076217118 | Trichomes | Hairlike projections that extend from the epidermis | | 65 |
| 1076217119 | Root Hairs | Tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients | | 66 |
| 1076217120 | Pericycle | The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate. | | 67 |
| 1076217121 | Annuals/Biennials/Perennials | Annuals-one growing season
Biennial- 2 growing season
Perennial-grows all year round | | 68 |
| 1076217122 | Nodes | Where leaves and buds are attached | | 69 |
| 1076217123 | Internodes | Space between nodes | | 70 |
| 1076217124 | Terminal Bud | At the top of the main shoot; Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, | | 71 |
| 1076217125 | Lateral Buds | In leaf axils, produce branches | | 72 |
| 1076217126 | Pith | Soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants | | 73 |
| 1076217127 | Stele | The usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant | | 74 |
| 1076217128 | Protoderm | The outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots. | | 75 |
| 1076217129 | Procambium | A primary meristem of roots and shoots that forms the vascular tissue. | | 76 |
| 1076217130 | Ground Meristem | The part of an apical meristem that gives rise to the ground tissue in the primary root (parenchyma,sclerenachym,collenchyma) | | 77 |
| 1076217131 | Blade | Main part of a leaf | | 78 |
| 1076217132 | Petiole | Stalk that connects a leaf to a plant stem | | 79 |
| 1076217133 | Simple/Compound Leaves | Simple: one blade
Compound:Multiple Blades | | 80 |
| 1076217134 | Root Cap | A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem. | | 81 |
| 1076217135 | Quiescent Center | A region located within the zone of cell division in plant roots, containing meristematic cells that dont divide . | | 82 |
| 1076217136 | Exodermis | Found in plants -regulate entry of water and ions into cortex.(outer layer of root cortex) | | 83 |
| 1076217137 | Endodermis | Thin, selectively permeable barrier that helps control the movement of water and dissolved into the stele(inner layer of root cortex) | | 84 |
| 1076217138 | Pericycle | The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate. | | 85 |
| 1076217139 | Fusiform initials | Gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem- that extend lengthwise throughout the stem | | 86 |
| 1076217140 | Ray initials | Gives rise to horizontal rays of perenchyma | | 87 |
| 1076217141 | Primary Growth | Type of plant growth that occurs at the tips of roots and shoots | | 88 |
| 1076217142 | Secondary Growth | Pattern of plant growth in which stems increase in width | | 89 |
| 1076217143 | Periderm | The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed from the cork and cork cambium. | | 90 |
| 1076217144 | Bark | Living and nonliving tissue outside the vascular cambium. | | 91 |
| 1076217145 | Vascular Cambium | Gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem | | 92 |
| 1076217146 | Cork Cambium | Secondary lateral meristem that produces secondary outer surface(bark) | | 93 |
| 1076217147 | Annual Ring | An annual formation of wood in plants as they grow | | 94 |
| 1076217148 | Determinate growth | A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached. | | 95 |
| 1076217149 | Indeterminate growth | A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives. | | 96 |
| 1076217150 | Plant tissues: | Ground-parenchyma,collenchyma,sclerenchyma
Vascular tissue: xylem/phloem
Dermal tissue: erpidermis | | 97 |
| 1076217151 | Apical Meristem | Protoderm: stems epidermis
Procambium: primary xylem/phloem
Ground meristem: ground tissue
Vascular tisue: organized into vascular bundles | | 98 |
| 1076217152 | Leaf Primordium | A cluster of meristem cells, located at the node of a stem, that develops into a leaf. | | 99 |
| 1076217153 | Zone of Elongation | Region of root where newly formed cells grow and elongate | | 100 |
| 1076217154 | Zone of cell division | Region in a growing root that consists of the root apical meristem and actively dividing cells behind it | | 101 |
| 1076217155 | Zone of Maturation | Region in a root above the zone of elongation where cells dont increase in length but may differentiate further and take on specialized roles | | 102 |
| 1076217156 | Root Primordia | In pericycle, forms lateral roots | | 103 |
| 1076217157 | Lateral root formation | From the pericycle, a cylindrical sheet of cells, one cell thick inside the endodermis | | 104 |
| 1076217158 | Cork | Component of bark that has densely packed cells | | 105 |
| 1076217159 | Heartwood | Dry tissue that no longer transports water and solutes, but helps tree to defy gravity | | 106 |
| 1076217160 | Sapwood | All of the secondary groeth in between vascular cambium and heartwood. | | 107 |
| 1076217161 | Passive Transport | Substances move down a concentration gradient. | | 108 |
| 1076217162 | Active Transport | Requires the cell to expend energy in moving substances against a gradient, usually by hydrolysis of ATP | | 109 |
| 1076217163 | Tranport proteins | Facilitate and specify doffusion, channel and carrier | | 110 |
| 1076217164 | Secondary active transport | Active transport is based on H+ gradient
-H+ gradient maintained through ATP use
-H+ diffusion into cell powers uptake of solutes | | 111 |
| 1076217165 | Symport | Type of active transport, Material transported in same direction as movemoent of H+ (coupled) | | 112 |
| 1076217166 | Antiport | Type of active transport; Material transported in opposite direction to movement of H+
-Remove excess Na+ | | 113 |
| 1076217167 | Bulk flow | -due to pressure differences
-the group movement of molecules in response to a difference in pressure between 2 locations | | 114 |
| 1076217168 | Water Potential | Due to the presence of solutes and pressure | | 115 |
| 1076217169 | Xylem Sap | Dilute water movement from roots to leaves | | 116 |
| 1076217170 | Pressure Potential | Force required to stop water movement | | 117 |
| 1076217171 | Tonoplast Membrane | The cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cytoplasm of the cell
-maintains turgor pressure | | 118 |
| 1076217172 | Aquaporin | Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water | | 119 |
| 1076217173 | Wilting | Occurs when plants lose more water than they gain (plasmolysis) | | 120 |
| 1076217174 | Turgor Pressure | The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall. | | 121 |
| 1076217175 | Apoplastic pathway | -how water travels to root xylem
Apoplast-not including cells
-the route followed by water moving through plant cell walls and intercellular spaces | | 122 |
| 1076217176 | Symplastic Pathway | -how water travels to root xylem
-Symplast-within cells
-Water moves from cell to cell through the open channels of the plasmodesmata | | 123 |
| 1076217177 | Plasmodesmata | -Are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and enable transport and communication between them | | 124 |
| 1076217178 | Transmembrane | -how water travels to root xylem
-water enters root cells across the cell plasma membrane | | 125 |
| 1076217179 | Casparian Strip | In the root endodermis, forces apoplastic water to symplast; prevents water and solutes from passing beteen cells into vascular cylinder | | 126 |
| 1076217180 | Transpiration | Evaporation of water from a plant, principally from the leaves | | 127 |
| 1076217181 | Root Pressure | -A positive pressure in roots that forces xylem sap up; reduces transpiration | | 128 |
| 1076217182 | Guttation | -When root pressure is strong enough to force water out of leaf openings | | 129 |
| 1076217183 | Stomata | -Regulate the loss of water by transpiration; open/closed by guard cells | | 130 |
| 1076217184 | Guard Cells | -Opens and closes the stomata to regulate water loss | | 131 |
| 1076217185 | Translocation | Process that moves sucrose & other organic compounds through phloem | | 132 |
| 1076217186 | Phloem Sap | Composed of water and organic compounds that move through siev tubes | | 133 |
| 1076217187 | Source | Any region of plant where organic substances is loaded into phloem (in) | | 134 |
| 1076217188 | Sink | Any region of plant where organic substance is unloaded from phloem (out) | | 135 |
| 1076217189 | Pressure Flow Mechanisms | Moves substance by bulk flow under pressure from sources to sinks; based on water potential gradients | | 136 |
| 1076217190 | Transport of minerals (Apoplast) | Minerals loaded into apoplast of dead xylem in root stele | | 137 |
| 1076217191 | Flower | In angiosperms-contain the organs for sexual reproduction | | 138 |
| 1076217192 | Whorls | -A concentric tissue region; supported by receptacle
-Flowers with all 4 whorls are called complete flowers | | 139 |
| 1076217193 | Calyx | Whorl 1: is made up of leflike sepals | | 140 |
| 1076217194 | Corolla | Whorl 2: Includes the petals | | 141 |
| 1076217195 | Stamen | Whorl 3: In which the male gametophyte forms
-Consists of a filament, and an anther; each anther contains 4 pollen sacs | | 142 |
| 1076217196 | Pistil | Whorl 4: consists of the parts associated with the formation and fertilization of eggs.
Includes carpels,ovary,ovules, style, stigma. | | 143 |
| 1076217197 | Carpel | Female gametophytes form | | 144 |
| 1076217198 | Ovary | Lower part of the carpel | | 145 |
| 1076217199 | Ovule | Inside the ovary, often more than one; in which egg develops and fertilization takes place. | | 146 |
| 1076217200 | Style | Long stalk with sticky stigma on top | | 147 |
| 1076217201 | Stigma | Landing platform for pollen | | 148 |
| 1076217202 | Perfect Flower | Both stamen and carpels | | 149 |
| 1076217203 | Imperfect Flower | Stamen OR carpel; not both | | 150 |
| 1076217204 | Monoecious flower | Male flowers and female flowers on the same plant;oaks | | 151 |
| 1076217205 | Dioecious plants | Some plants with only male flowers; some with only female flowers; willows | | 152 |
| 1076217206 | Pollination | The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants | | 153 |
| 1076217207 | Microspores | Each anther holds a diploid microsporocyte that undergoes meiosis to produce 4 small haploid microspores, that divide by mitosis, producing a haploid male gametophyte-a pollen grain. | | 154 |
| 1076217208 | Pollen Grain | A haploid male gametophyte thats is produced when the haploid microspores undergo mitosis | | 155 |
| 1076217209 | Pollen Tube | Slender tubular outgrown from a pollen grain that penetrates the ovule and releases male gametes | | 156 |
| 1076217210 | Micropyle | At one end of the ovule there is a small opening- called the micropyle | | 157 |
| 1076217211 | Megaspore | A diploid megasporocyte divided by meiosis; forming 4 haploid megaspores.
-1 megaspore develops into female gametophyte -embryo sac + egg cell | | 158 |
| 1076217212 | Antipodal Cells | The three haploid nuclei which are formed during megasporogenesis in plants. They are all located opposite the micropyle end of an ovule, and eventually disintegrate | | 159 |
| 1076217213 | Polar Nuclei | 2 nuclei, within the same cell, created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction; unite in the ovule to form a fusion nucleus, which gives rise to endosperm when fertilized | | 160 |
| 1076217214 | Synergids | Two short-lived cells lying close to the egg in the mature embryo sac of the ovule of flowering plants; form in conjunction with the egg cell | | 161 |
| 1076217215 | Self-Incompatibility | the ability of the plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals | | 162 |
| 1076217216 | Epicotyl | Part of the embryo in a seed that becomes the upper part of the stem and leaves | | 163 |
| 1076217217 | Hypocotyl | the part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle. | | 164 |
| 1076217218 | Radicle | Embryonic root | | 165 |
| 1076217219 | Coleoptile | Protects root/shoot apical meristem | | 166 |
| 1076217220 | Coleorhiza | Protects the radicle -embronic root- until it breaks out of the seed coat and enters the soil as the young plants primary root. | | 167 |
| 1076217221 | Pericarp | Fruit wall, develops from ovary wall
Thick,fleshy - peach
Hard,dry- hazelnut | | 168 |
| 1076217222 | Simple Fruits | Develop from a single ovary; pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy and juicy or thin and dry | | 169 |
| 1076217223 | Aggregate Fruits | Develop from several ovaries in a single flower; made up of many simple fruits attached to a fleshy receptacle(holds flower) | | 170 |
| 1076217224 | Multiple Fruits | Develop from several ovaries in MULTIPLE flowers; individual fruits merge to make a larger structure | | 171 |
| 1076217225 | Specialized Fruits | Helps disperse seeds | | 172 |
| 1076217226 | Dormancy | Prevents germination | | 173 |
| 1076217227 | Fragmentation | Cells de-differentiate and regenerate missing parts | | 174 |
| 1076217228 | Apomixes | Asexual reproduction; Diploid embryo develops from unfertilized egg or other cells in ovule | | 175 |
| 1076217229 | Morphogenesis | Shapes the new root/shoot parts produced by dividing cells in meristem; shapes plant body. | | 176 |
