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APUSH chapter 1-3 Flashcards

AP US History unit 1 test first half

960159494	Canadian Shield	A huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada.	1
960159495	Incas	A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.	2
960159496	Aztecs	(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.	3
960159497	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	4
960159498	martilineal	based on a woman's family line	5
960159499	three sister farming	Agricultural system where maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields	6
960159500	confederacy	a secret agreement between two or more people to perform an unlawful act	7
960159501	middlemen	In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.	8
960159502	caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	9
960159503	plantation	an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas)	10
960159504	ecosystem	a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment	11
960159505	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.	12
960159506	Treaty of Tordesillas	(1494); Divides entire new world between Spain & Portugal, who gets Brazil	13
960159507	conquistadores	Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.	14
960159508	capitalism	wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value	15
960159509	encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	16
960159510	noche triste	Spanish term for the night of June 30, 1520, when war began between Aztecs and Spanish, leading to Spanish conquest of Mexico; literally "Sad Night"	17
960159511	mestizo	a person of mixed spanish and native american descent	18
960159512	Battle of Acoma	Battle between Spaniards under Don Juan and the Pueblo indians. The Indians were crushed and the area was named New Mexico (cruel to survivors of the battle)	19
960159513	Pope's Rebellion	An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.	20
960159514	Black Legend	Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit	21
960159515	Hiawatha	A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.	22
960159516	Ferdinand and Isabella	Spanish monarchs who funded Columbus' expedition to the West Indies	23
960159517	Christopher Columbus	"discovered" America on accident; actually was en route to India for spices	24
960159518	Francisco Coronado	A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.	25
960159519	Francisco Pizarro	A Spanish conquistador who went to the Incas and took emporer prisoner and then killed him and took over the Inca empire	26
960159520	Bartolome de las Casas	priest that said that the spanish should try to convert native americans to christianity by showing them love gentleness and kindness.	27
960159521	Hernan Cortes	1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico	28
960159522	Malinche	Female Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes	29
960159523	Moctezuma	Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.	30
960159524	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	31
960159525	Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)	English explorer sent to northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498.	32
960159526	Robert de La Salle	Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV	33
960159527	Father Junipero Serra	A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions.	34
960159528	C/E: The Great Ice Age	Exposure of a land bridge between Asia and North America	35
960159529	C/E: The cultivation of maize	the formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America	36
960159530	C/E: New sailing technology and desire for spices	European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia	37
960159531	C/E: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands	The rapid expansion of the African slave trade	38
960159532	Columbus' first encounter with the new world	a global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases	39
960159533	Native Americans' lack of immunity to smallpox, malaria, and yellow fever	a decline of 90% in the new world indian population	40
960159534	the spanish conquest of large quantities of new world gold and silver	rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing	41
960159535	Aztec legends of a returning god, quetzalcoatl	cortes' relatively easy conquest of tenochtitlan	42
960159536	the spanish need to protect mexico against french and english encroachment	establishment of spanish settlements in florida and new mexico	43
960159537	franciscan friars' desire to convert pacific coast indians to catholicism	formation of a chain of mission settlements in CA	44
960159538	nationalism	fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state	45
960159539	Protestant reformation	movement aimed at reforming the catholic church, started by martin luther	46
960159540	Roanoke Island	island settled by Sir Walter Raleigh, mysteriously vanished	47
960159541	Spanish Armada	Fleet of ships formed by spain to try to defeat british navy	48
960159542	Primogeniture	Practice that gave 1st born son all of his father's land to inherit	49
960159543	Joint-stock company	a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders	50
960159544	Charter	a document given to a person, usually wealthy, that gives them a certain amount of land	51
960159545	Jamestown	settlement in Virginia named after King James that was successful due to the growth of tobacco, the leadership of John Smith, and the help of the native Americans (pocahontas, powhatan)	52
960159546	First Anglo-Powhatan War	B/w English and Indians, started after tensions b/w them, especially intensified by Lord De La Warr	53
960159547	Second Anglo-Powhatan War	Indian's final attempt to dislodge settlers- failed	54
960159548	House of Burgesses	assembly formed in Virginia, first form of representative self-government in America.	55
960159549	Act of Toleration	law passed in MD that granted tolerance to Catholics and Christians, but death to non-believers of Christ.	56
960159550	Feudal	concerning the hierarchal, decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between the rulers and the ruled	57
960159551	indentured servant	a poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training	58
960159552	Barbados Slave Code	harsh rules against slaves that served as the basis of slave laws in the colonies	59
960159553	Squatters	people who lived on a piece of land without having the legal right to be there	60
960159554	Iriquois Confederacy	a league of Indian tribes that bound together the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas on a basis of equality	61
960159555	Tuscarora War	in 1711 a brutal attack made by the Tuscaroras on North Carolina	62
960159556	Buffer	area between two feuding colonies meant to keep the peace	63
960159557	Henry VIII	broke with the roman catholic church and launched the protestant reformation	64
960159558	Elizabeth I	monarch that energized England into exploring the world	65
960159559	Sir Francis Drake	English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)	66
960159560	Sir Walter Raleigh	tried to settle on Roanoke and failed	67
960159561	James I	granted a charter to Virginia company to settle in VA	68
960159562	Captain John Smith	whipped colonists in Jamestown into shape with his "no work, no food" policy	69
960159563	Powhatan	"Captured" John Smith in mock execution to show that the Indians wanted peace with the colonists	70
960159564	Pocahontas	Powhatan's daughter who later grew sweet tobacco with her husband John Rolfe	71
960159565	Lord De La Warr	headed relief party for Jamestown; harsh to Indians but a military genius; employed "irish tactics" against the Indians	72
960159566	John Rolfe	Married Pocahontas and grew sweet tobacco; this crop was essential to growing the Virginia colony economically	73
960159567	Lord Baltimore	founded Maryland as a safe haven for Catholics	74
960159568	Oliver Cromwell	ruled England for 10 years up until the Restoration	75
960159569	James Oglethorpe	founded Georgia as a buffer colony between English in South Carolina and the Spanish in Florida	76
960159570	Calvinism	heresy founded by John Calvin based on Martin Luther's idea of predestination	77
960159571	Predestination	idea that your fate, or where you go after you die, has already been decided and you can't change it	78
960159572	elect	in calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation	79
960159573	conversion	the process of changing one's mind and heart, usually in religion	80
960159574	visible saints	In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.	81
960159575	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	82
960159576	Separatists	English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers	83
960159577	Mayflower Compact	Document written by settlers as a promising step toward self-government	84
960159578	Massachusetts Bay Colony	1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.	85
960159579	Great Migration	1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World	86
960159580	calling	in Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work	87
960159581	Antinomianism	An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.	88
960159582	heresy	departure from correct or officially defined belief	89
960159583	seditious	concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government	90
960159584	Fundamental Orders	First Constitution written in America - limited the governor's power in Connecticut, allowed non church members to vote	91
960159585	Pequot War	1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.	92
960159586	King Philip's War	1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.	93
960159587	New England Confederation	1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.	94
960159588	English Civil War	Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king	95
960159589	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	96
960159590	Navigation Laws	Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America	97
960159591	Glorious Revolution	A bloodless revolt in England against Catholic King James II that led to his overthrow and the appointment of Protestant daughter Mary to the throne. These events in England allowed many colonists in America to get rid of hated officials too	98
960159592	Salutary Neglect	An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies	99
960159593	Patroonships	Vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. They had difficulty attracting peasant labor, and most were not successful.	100
960159594	Quakers	A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord	101
960159595	passive resistance	Nonviolent action or opposition to authority, often in accord with religious or moral beliefs (used by the Quakers)	102
960159596	asylum	A place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate	103
960159597	proprietary	concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch	104
960159598	Martin Luther	95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.	105
960159599	John Calvin	Founded Calvinism, influenced by Martin Luther	106
960159600	William Bradford	A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.	107
960159601	John Winthrop	1588-1649 First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.	108
960159602	Anne Hutchinson	A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.	109
960159603	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south	110
960159604	Massasoit	Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who helped the Pilgrims survive. They had peace for 40 years until his death.	111
960159605	Metacom (King Philip)	Wampanoag Chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades	112
960159606	Charles II	King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism	113
960159607	Sir Edmond Andros	Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.	114
960159608	William III	Prince of Orange, became co-monarch of England after Glorious Revolution	115
960159609	Mary II	(1689-1694) This daughter of James II came to the throne and ruled jointly with her husband and 1st cousin, William of Orange, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution.	116
960159610	Henry Hudson	An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland.	117
960159611	Peter Stuyvesant	A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands	118
960159612	Duke of York	Brother of King Charles II and took New Netherlands (which was later named New York) and became a very large proprietor	119
960159613	William Penn	A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.	120

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Sensation and preception Flashcards

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38663398	absolute threshold	the level of sensory stimulation necessary for sensation to occur	0
38663399	adaptation	the gradual loss of attention to unneeded or unwanted sensory information	1
38663400	sensation	the process of receiving information from the environment	2
38663401	perception	the process of organizing and assembling sensory information to make it meaningful	3
38663402	white light	light as it originates from the sun or a bulb before it is broken into different frequencies	4
38663403	cornea	the clear outer covering of the eye, behind which is fluid	5
38663404	iris	a colored circular muscle that opens and closes, forming larger and smaller circles to control the amount of light getting into the eye	6
38663405	lens	the part of the eye that focuses an object on the retina	7
38663406	pupil	the opening in the eye	8
38663407	retina	the back of the eye, which contains millions of receptors for light	9
38663408	blind spot	the portion of the retina through which the optic nerve exits and where there are no receptors for light waves	10
38663409	rod	a visual receptor most sensitive to the violet-purple wave lengths; very sensitive for night vision; "sees" only black and white	11
38663410	cone	a visual receptor that responds during daylight; "sees" color	12
38663411	color blindness	inability to perceive certain colors, such as red and green	13
38663412	afterimage	image that remains after stimulation of the retina has ended. Cones not used fire to bring the visual system back in balance.	14
38663413	subliminal perception	Stimulation presented below the level of consciousness	15
38663414	audition	the sense of hearing	16
38663415	pitch	how high or low a sound is	17
38663416	timbre	the complexity of a sound	18
38663417	intensity	how loud a sound is	19
38663418	decibles	a measure of how loud a sound is	20
38663419	eardrum	A piece of skin stretched over the entrance of the ear; vibrates to sound.	21
38663420	cochlea	a snail-shaped part of the ear, filled with fluid and small hairs that vibrate to incoming sound	22
38663421	hair cells	receptor cells for hearing found in the cochlea	23
38663422	cilia	hairlike extensions on cells	24
38663423	auditory nerve	bundle of nerves carrying sound to the brain	25
38663424	cutaneous receptors	nerve receptors in the skin that respond to pressure, temperature, or pain	26
38663425	olfaction	the sense of smell	27
38663426	olfactory bulbs	units that receive odor molecules and communicate their nature to the brain	28
38663427	pheromones	odor chemicals that communicate a message	29
38663428	taste receptors	chemical receptors on the tongue that decode molecules of food or drink to identify them.	30
38663429	size constancy	the ability to retain the size of an object regardless of where it is located	31
38663430	color constancy	the ability to perceive an object as the same color regardless of the environment	32
38663431	shape constancy	the ability to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of the angle at which it is seen	33
38663432	brightness constancy	the ability to keep an object's brightness constant as the object is moved to various environments	34
38663433	space constancy	the ability to keep objects in the environment steady be perceiving either ourselves or outside objects as moving	35
38663434	size constancy	the ability to retain the size of an object regardless of where it is located	36
38663435	depth perception	the ability to see the relation of objects in space	37
38663436	visual cliff	an apparatus used to demonstrate depth perception	38
38663437	retinal disparity	the differences between the images provided by the two retinas. When the images are brought together in the brain, they provide a sense of depth	39
38663438	texture gradient	how rough or smooth objects appear; used in depth perception	40
38663439	gestalt	an organized whole, shape, or form	41
38663440	similarity	a perceptual cue that involves grouping like things together	42
38663441	proximity	a perceptual cue that involves grouping together things are near one another	43
38663442	closure	the process of filling in the missing details of what is viewed	44
38663443	illusions	inaccurate perceptions	45
38663444	Muller-Lyer illusion	illusion in which one line in a picture with two equal-length lines seems longer	46
38663445	reversible figures	illusion in which the same object is seen as two alternating figures- first one, then the other	47

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Chapter 4 sensation and preception Flashcards

This chapter includes all the dieffrent sensations and perceptions to vison definitons. also includes hearing definitons to your perception on man made perceptual constructions.

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728721856	Sensation	immediate responce seeing hearing	1
728721857	perception	occurs as the brain mentally process and organizes sensations into meaning full patterns.	2
728721858	cornea	focusing at the front of eye where light enters.	3
728721859	Mytopia	near sighted the eye is to long and can not foucs on distant items.	4
728721860	Hyperopia	farsightnes eye is to short to see close objects.	5
728721861	conductive hearing loss	poor transfer of sounds to ear drum due to damage of immobilization fom disease or injury can be fixed by hearing aid	6
728721862	Sensorienral hearing loss	auditory messages blocked from reaching brain due to hair cells in the cochela, casused by jobs or hobbies over long period of time	7
728721863	smell	olfacion	8
728721864	taste	gustaion	9

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The American Pageant 13th ed. Chapter 4 Flashcards

Practice set for the Mr. Schaefer's APUSH class at Olympia High School on Chapter 4 of The American Pageant (13th ed), "American Life in the Seventeenth Century."

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983873794	The wilderness of America was especially harsh and difficult in the......region	Chesapeake Bay	1
983873795	True/False: Diseases were a large problem	True: especially malaria, typhoid and dysentary	2
983873796	How many people lived to 40-50?	Few	3
983873797	Ratio of men to women:	6:1	4
983873798	Most populous colony and population:	Virginia, 59000	5
983873799	Economy and export was based mainly on what cash crop?	Tobacco in the Chesapeake region	6
983873800	Explain the headright system:	An aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres of land if they sponsored an indentured servant. All the land went to the rich.	7
983873801	Most laborers were:	indentured servants	8
983873802	Conditions for indentured servants:	SUCKED and it was very brutal	9
983873803	Towards the end of the 17th century an especially numerous, dangerous demograpic was:	free, poor, landless, single, frustrated men	10
983873804	Who led Bacon's Rebellion and why:	Nathaniel Bacon because he and his peers resented Virginia's governor, William Berkeley, and his policy towards Indians	11
983873805	Was Bacon's Rebellion successful?	No, Bacon died in the middle of it and then Berkeley crushed it.	12
983873806	What was the legacy of Bacon's Rebellion?	The poor and indentured got the idea of rebellion and there was unrest.	13
983873807	When did black slaves finally outnumber white servants?	mid-1680	14
983873808	When did the importation of black slaves really take off?	after 1700. by 1750 black slaves accounted for almost half of Virginia's population.	15
983873809	Where were most of the slaves from?	Western Africa: Senegal and Angola	16
983873810	What were the first "slave codes"?	Slaves and their children would remail slaves for their entire lives unless voluntarily freed.	17
983873811	Economy in the deep South was based on:	rice grown by slaves	18
983873812	Cultural contributions by blacks of the time:	Many developed their own languages (english blended with their native tongue) and introduced banjos and bongo drums. Jazz also mainstreamed.	19
983873813	Revolts by slaves?	In 1712 and 1739. Both failed.	20
983873814	What and who were the First Families of Virginia?	Large, extremely wealthy families that dominated society in Virginia. They were the Fitzhughs, Lees and Washingtons.	21
983873815	What was the largest social group in the south?	Farmers, many of whom had problems with drunkenness. There were very few cities in the south.	22
983873816	Describe life in New England:	Less disease because of cooler temperatures, life expectancy of 70 years, family-oriented with lots of children, women had more rights than in other regions, severe and strict laws	23
983873817	There were more structured citied in New England than anywhere else, how were they organized?	New towns were legally chartered, towns had meeting houses, towns of more than 50 families had primary education, towns of more than 100 families had secondary education	24
983873818	What was the first college and who was it established by?	Harvard College was establish by the Puritans in 1636	25
983873819	What were "jeremiads"?	Sermons by Puritan preachers who feared that the younger generations wouldn't be as pious and scolded them for their sins	26
983873820	What did the"Halfway Covenant" do?	It included everyone in the Puritan church, even if they weren't perfect Puritans	27
983873821	How many were convicted in the Salem witch-hunts?	20 people and 2 dogs	28
983873822	How long did the Salem witch hysteria last?	From 1690-1693	29
983873823	What was the New England based on?	Because of the climate and soil, New England was all about small, diverse farms, trade, and fishing	30
983873824	How was slavery in New England?	It was not very widespread because it was unecessary with the economy being based on trade, fishing, and small farms.	31
983873825	What was the lifestyle of early settlers?	They worked hard all day, did little at night, and lived humbly	32
983873826	What demographic in Europe were most settlers from?	Lower middle class	33

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American Government Chapter 3 Flashcards

Bob Jones American Government
Chapter 3 Forms of Government

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325707070	popular government	Form of government in which citizens participate in the making and enforcement of laws and policies. ( Example: USA and Japan)	1
325707071	direct democracy	Form of government in which the people directly affect a governments's policies and actions. (Also referred to pure democracy)	2
325707072	indirect democracy	Form of government in which the people elect representatives to operate the government on their behalf. (Also referred to representative democracy)	3
325707073	republic	State in which the supreme power rests in the the people and their elected representatives or officers.	4
325707074	dictatorship	An authoritative form of government in which the ruler or rulers have unshared power over the making and enforcing of laws. (Example:Cuba)	5
325707075	totalitarianism	System of government ruled in which the state has complete control over all aspects of its citizen's lives.	6
325707076	autocracy	A government rule by one person who holds supreme power.	7
325707077	oligarchy	A form of dictatorship government ruled by an elite group with supreme power.	8
325707078	anarchy	The absence of government or law. (Example: Somalia)	9
325707079	unitary system	A system in which the people give authority to one centralized level of government that then creates other levels of government to help administer the law.	10
325707080	federalism	System in which power is divided into two or more levels, usually a central government and component local governments.	11
325707081	confederate government	System in which regional governments retain supremacy while delegating limited power to the national government. (Example:The Articles of Confederation)	12
325707082	presidential system	A system in which the people directly elect the head of the executive branch independently of the legislative branch; and the two branches are separate and equal.	13
325707083	parliamentary system	A system in which the people elect legislative representatives from different parties; the winning party's leader becomes the head of the executive branch, the Prime Minister, and establishes a cabinet.	14
325707084	delegated powers	Powers given to the national government by the Constitution that define the limits of its authority.	15
325707085	Congress	At the federal level, the legislative branch of government; a bicameral legislative composed of a lower house called the House of Representatives and the higher house called the Senate.	16
325707086	House of Representatives	The lower house in Congress; representation is based on state population.	17
325707087	Senate	Higher house in Congress;representation is equal for each state having 2.	18
325707088	president	The chief executive officer and head of the executive branch in the US system of government	19
325707089	Supreme Court	The highest court in the land	20
325707090	bicameral	A legislative branch divided into 2 separate houses.	21
325707091	unicameral	A legislature only made up of 1 house.	22
325707092	governor	Chief of the executive branch within a state	23
325707093	township	A political subdivision of a county	24
325707094	special districts	Districts, independent of the city and county, especially established to provide government functions on the local level.	25
325707095	incorporation	Process by which a state establishes a city as a legal government body by giving it a charter establishing the parameters in which it can operate.	26
325707096	charter	A document that establishes a city's name and serves as its constitution.	27
325707097	Benefits of Presidential System	the president is directly accountable to the people, and the executive department is independent of the legislative branch	28
325707098	Drawback of the Presidential System	the presidential system is inefficient	29
325769479	Muncipality	An urban, local system of government that includes: cities, towns and villages.	30

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Summer Psychology Kalat Vocab Chp 10 (10.1-10.2) Flashcards

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852554377	Cognition	Thinking, gaining knowledge, and using knowledge.	1
852554378	Attention	Your tendency to respond to some other stimulus more than others at any given time or to remember some more than others.	2
852554379	Preattentive Process	Meaning that it stands out imediately. We don't have to shift attention from one object to another.	3
852554380	Attentive Process	One that requires searching through the items in series.	4
852554381	Stroop Effect	The tendency to read the word, instead of saying the color of ink as instructed.	5
852554382	Change- Blindness	The frequent failure to detect changes in parts of a scene.	6
852554383	Attentional Blink	During a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to attend to something else.	7
852554384	Attention- Defecit Disorder (ADD)	Easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans.	8
852554385	Attention- Defecit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	The same except with excessive activity and "fidgetiness."	9
852554386	Prototypes	Familiar or typical examples.	10
852554387	Spreading Activation	Think about one of the concepts shown in this figure will activate, or prime, the concepts linked to it.	11
852554388	Priming	A concept gets it started. A small reminder of a concept makes it easier for someone to think of it.	12
852554389	Algorithm	A mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis.	13
852554390	Heuristics	Strategies for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess.	14
852554391	Representative Heuristics	The assumption that an item that resembles members of some category is probably another member of that category.	15
852554392	Base- Rate Information	How common the two categories are.	16
852554393	Avaliability Heuristics	The strategy of assuming that how easily one can remember examples of some kind of item indicates how common the item itself is.	17
852554394	Critical Thinking	The careful evaluation of evidence for and against any conclusion.	18
852554395	Overconfident	They believed their estimates were more accurate than they actually were.	19
852554396	Confirmation Bias	Accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it, instead of considering other possibilities.	20
852554397	Functional Fixedness	The tendency to adhere to a single approach or a single way of using an item.	21
852554398	Framing Effect	The tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed (phased) differently.	22
852554399	Sunk Cost Effect	The willingness to so something because of money or effort already spent.	23
852554400	Maximizing	Thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one.	24
852554401	Satisficinig	Searching only until you find something that is good enough (satisfactory).	25
852554402	Productivity	The ability to combine our words into new sentences that express an unlimited variety of ideas.	26
852554403	Transformational Grammar	A system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure.	27
852554404	Williams Syndrome	A genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language.	28
852554405	Language Acquisition Device	A built- in mechanism for acquiring language.	29
852554406	Broca's Aphasia	A condition characterized by difficulties in language production.	30
852554407	Wernicke's Aphasia	A condition marked by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language.	31
852554408	Bilingual	Learning two languages about equally well.	32
852554409	Word- Superiority Effect	Idenitfy the letter more accurately when it is part of a whole word than when it is presented by itself.	33
852554410	Phoneme	A unit of sound.	34
852554411	Morpheme	A unit of meaning.	35
852554412	Fixations	When your eyes are stationary.	36
852554413	Saccades	Quick eye movements that take your eyes from one fixation point to another.	37

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Summer Psychology Kalat Vocab Chp 4 (4.1-4.3) Flashcards

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1639868622	Absolute sensory threshold	intensity at which a given individual can detect a sensory stimulus 50% of the time; a low threshold indicates the ability to detect faint stimuli	0
1639868623	Accommodation of the lens	adjustment of the thickness of the lens to focus on objects at different distances	1
1639868624	Action potential	excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel	2
1639868625	Binocular cues	visual cues that depend on the action of both eyes	3
1639868626	Blind spot	area where the optic nerve exits the retina	4
1639868627	Bottom-up-process	sensory activity in which tiny elements combine to produce larger items	5
1639868628	Brightness contrast	increase or decrease in an object's apparent brightness because of the effects of objects around it	6
1639868629	Capsaicin	chemical that stimulates the release of substance P	7
1639868630	Cerebral cortex	outer surface of the forebrain	8
1639868631	Closure	in Gestalt psychology, tendency to imagine the rest of an incomplete, familiar figure	9
1639868632	Cochlea	snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure that contains the receptors for hearing	10
1639868633	Color constancy	tendency of an object to appear nearly the same color under a variety of lighting conditions	11
1639868634	Common fate	tendency to perceive objects as part of the same group if they change or move in similar ways at the same time	12
1639868635	Conduction deafness	hearing loss that results when the bones connected to the eardrum fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea	13
1639868636	Cones	visual receptors that are adapted for color vision, daytime vision, and detailed vision	14
1639868637	Continuation	in Gestalt psychology, the tendency to fill in the gaps in an interrupted line	15
1639868638	Convergence	degree to which the eyes turn in to focus on a close object	16
1639868639	Cornea	rigid, transparent structure on the surface of the eyeball	17
1639868640	Cutaneous senses	skin senses, including pressure on the skin, warmth, cold, pain, vibration, movement across the skin, and stretch of the skin	18
1639868641	Dark adaptation	gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light	19
1639868642	Depth perception	perception of distance, which enables us to experience the world in three dimensions,	20
1639868643	Electromagnetic spectrum	continuum of all the frequencies of radiated energy	21
1639868644	Endorphins	chemicals produced by the brain that have effects resembling those of opiates, such as inhibiting pain	22
1639868645	Feature detector	neuron in the visual system of the brain that responds to the presence of a certain simple feature, such as a horizontal line	23
1639868646	Figure and ground	object and its background	24
1639868647	Fovea	central part of the retina that has a greater density of receptors, especially cones, than any other part of the retina	25
1639868648	Frequency principle	identification of pitch by the frequency of action potentials in neurons along the basilar membrane of the cochlea, synchronized with the frequency of sound waves	26
1639868649	Ganglion cells	neurons in the eye that receive input from bipolar cells, which in turn receive their input from the visual receptors	27
1639868650	Gate theory	proposal that pain messages must pass through a gate, probably in the spinal cord, that can block these messages	28
1639868651	Gestalt psychology	approach to psychology that seeks to explain how we perceive overall patterns	29
1639868652	Good figure	in Gestalt psychology, the tendency to perceive simple, symmetrical figures	30
1639868653	Hertz (Hz)	unit of frequency representing one cycle (vibration) per second	31
1639868654	Induced movement	perception that an object is moving and the background is stationary when in fact the object is stationary and the background is moving	32
1639868655	Iris	colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil	33
1639868656	Lens	flexible structure that can vary its thickness to enable the eye to focus on objects at different distances	34
1639868657	Loudness	perception that depends on the amplitude of a sound wave	35
1639868658	Monocular cues	visual cues to distance that are just as effective with one eye as with both	36
1639868659	Moon illusion	apparent difference between the size of the moon at the horizon and its size when viewed higher in the sky	37
1639868660	Motion parallax	apparently swift motion of objects close to a moving observer and the apparently slow motion of objects farther away	38
1639868661	Nerve deafness	hearing loss that results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve	39
1639868662	Olfaction	sense of smell; the detection of chemicals in contact with the membranes inside the nose	40
1639868663	Opponent-process theory	theory that we perceive color in terms of a system of paired opposites: red versus green, yellow versus blue, and white versus black	41
1639868664	Optic nerve	set of axons that extend from the ganglion cells of the eye to the thalamus and several other areas of the brain	42
1639868665	Perception	interpretation of sensory information	43
1639868666	Phantom limb	continuing sensation of an amputated body part	44
1639868667	Pheromone	odorous chemical, released by an animal, that changes how other members of the species respond to that animal socially	45
1639868668	Pitch	perception closely related to the frequency of sound waves	46
1639868669	Place principle	identification of pitch by determining which auditory neurons, coming from which part of the basilar membrane, are most active	47
1639868670	Placebo	inactive pill that has no known pharmacological effect on the subjects in an experiment	48
1639868671	Proximity	(a) in Gestalt psychology, the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group; (b) in social psychology, the tendency to choose as friends people with whom we come in frequent contact	49
1639868672	Pupil	adjustable opening in the eye through which light enters	50
1639868673	Receptor	specialized cell that converts environmental energies into signals for the nervous system	51
1639868674	Retina	layer of visual receptors covering the back surface of the eyeball	52
1639868675	Retinal disparity	difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas	53
1639868676	Retinex theory	concept that color perception results from the cerebral cortex's comparison of various retinal patterns	54
1639868677	Reversible figure	stimulus that you can perceive in more than one way	55
1639868678	Rods	visual receptors that are adapted for vision in dim light	56
1639868679	Signal-detection theory	study of people's tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses, and false alarms	57
1639868680	Similarity	in Gestalt psychology, the tendency to perceive objects that resemble each other as belonging to a group	58
1639868681	Sound waves	vibrations of the air or of another medium	59
1639868682	Stimulus	energy in the environment that affects what we do	60
1639868683	Stroboscopic movement	illusion of movement created by a rapid succession of stationary images	61
1639868684	Subliminal perception	ability of a stimulus to influence our behavior even when it is presented so faintly or briefly or along with such strong distracters that we do not perceive it consciously	62
1639868685	Substance P	neurotransmitter responsible for much of the transmission of pain information in the nervous system	63
1639868686	Synesthesia	a condition in which a stimulus of one type, such as sound, also gives rise to another experience, such as color	64
1639868687	Taste	sensory system that responds to chemicals on the tongue	65
1639868688	Taste bud	site of the taste receptors, located in one of the folds on the surface of the tongue	66
1639868689	Top-down process	activity in which someone applies experience and expectations to interpret what each item must be in context	67
1639868690	Trichromatic theory (or Young-Helmholtz theory)	theory that color vision depends on the relative rate of response of three types of cones	68
1639868691	Vestibular sense	specialized sense that detects the direction of tilt and amount of acceleration of the head and the position of the head with respect to gravity	69
1639868692	Visual constancy	tendency to perceive objects as unchanging in shape, size, and color despite variations in what actually reaches the retina	70
1639868693	Volley principle	identification of pitch by groups of hair cells responding to each vibration by producing an action potential	71
1639868694	Waterfall illusion	phenomenon in which prolonged staring at a waterfall and then looking at nearby cliffs causes those cliffs to appear to flow upward	72
1639868695	Young-Helmholtz theory (or trichromatic theory)	theory that color vision depends on the relative rate of response of three types of cones	73

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Biological Psychology Kalat 11th. Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

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1004479011	What was Charles Sherrington known for?	He coined the term synapse to describe the specialized gap that existed between neurons.	1
1004479012	Excitatory Post synaptic potential (EPSP)	A grade depolarization. It results from a flow of sodium ions to the neuron.	2
1004479013	Reflex Arc	The circuit from sensory neurons.	3
1004479014	Synapse	A specialized gap between neurons.	4
1004479015	Reflexes	Automatic muscle responses to stimuli.	5
1004479016	Temporal Summation	summation over time	6
1004479017	Presynaptic neuron	The neuron that delivers transmission.	7
1004479018	postsynaptic neuron	the neuron that receives transmission.	8
1004479019	Spatial summation	summation over space	9
1004479020	IPSP	Hyperpolarization of a membrane. When synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to leave the cell, or for chloride ions to enter the cell.	10
1004479021	Spontaneous firing rate	a periodic production of action potential even without synaptic input.	11
1004479022	neurotransmitters	neuron released chemicals that affect another neuron.	12
1004479023	Catecholamines	compound made of epinephrine, norepinephrin, & dopamine, because they contain a catchol group and an amino group.	13
1004479024	vessicles	tiny spherical packets.	14
1004479025	monoamine oxidase (MAO)	an enzyme contained in neurons norepinephrine, dopamine & seratonin.	15
1004479026	G protein	a protein coupled to guanosine triphosphate.	16
1004479027	second messenger	communicator to many areas within the cell.	17
1004479028	neuromodulators	what researchers call neuropeptides because they have several properties that set them apart from other transmitters.	18
1004479029	neurogliaform cell	a kind of neuron that is shaped more like a glia cell that releases huge amounts of GABA all at once.	19
1004479030	hormones	a chemical that is secreted be cells into part of the body and conveyed by the blood to influence other cells.	20
1004479031	Endocrine glands	hormone producing glands	21
1004479032	protein hormones & peptide hormones	composed of chains of amino acids	22
1004479033	pituitary glands	consists of two important glands. Anterior and posterior pituitary	23
1004479034	posterior pituitary	an extension of the hypothalamus	24
1004479035	anterior pituitary	synthesizes six hormones	25
1004479036	oxcytocin and vasopressin	hormones released through posterior pituitary	26
1004479037	releasing hormones	flow through the blood to the anterior pituitary	27
1004479038	acetylcholonesterase	enxyme that breaks down a receptor activated by acetylcholine	28
1004479039	reuptake	the presynaptic neuron takes up most of the released neurotransmitter molecules intake and reuse them	29
1004479040	transporters	membrane proteins used by reuptake.	30
1004479041	autoreceptors	receptors that respond to the released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release.	31
1004479042	gap junction	at a electrical synapse the membrane of one neuron comes into direct contact with the membrane of another.	32
1004479043	efficacy	is a drugs tendency to activate the receptor.	33
1004479044	nucleus accumbers	central to reinforcing experiences of all types	34
1004479045	stimulant drugs	increase excitement, alertness, and activity while lifting the mood and decreasing fatigue. Amphetamines and Cocaine	35
1004479046	Cociane	stimulates dopamine synapses.	36
1004479047	Methylphenidate (ritalin)	stimulant drug, blocks dopamine.	37
1004479048	nicotine	stimulates acetylcholine receptors aka nicotine receptors.	38
1004479049	oppiates	opium poopy	39
1004479050	tetrahydrocannabinal (THC)	found in marijuana leaves	40
1004479051	hallucinogenic drugs	distort perception	41
1004479052	alcoholism	habitual used of alcohol	42
1004479053	type1/type A alcoholism	gradual problems, develops after 25	43
1004479054	type2/typeB alcoholism	more rapid onset of problems, develops before 25	44
1004479055	withdrawal	the effects of drug cessation	45
1004479056	antabuse	antagonizes the effects of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase by binding to its copper ion,	46
1004479057	methadone	an alternate to opiates	47
1004800848	neuroanatomy	The anatomy of the nervous system	48
1004800849	central nervous system	Brain and spinal cord	49
1004800850	peripheral nervous system	A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord. Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.	50
1004800851	somatic nervous system	The axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles.	51
1004800852	autonomic nervous system	controls the heart, intestines, and other organs	52
1004800853	Bell-magendie-law	the concept that the entering dorsal roots carry sensory into and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information.	53
1004800854	dorsal root ganglia	clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord.	54
1004800855	gray matter	the fluid in the center of the cord.	55
1004800856	white matter	consists of myelinated axons	56
1004800857	sympathetic nervous system	a network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity.	57
1004800858	parasympathetic nervous system	facilitates vegetative nonemergency response	58
1004800859	hind brain	the posterior part of the brain.	59
1004800860	medulla	enlarged extension of the spinal cord onto the skull	60
1004800861	cranial nerves	control sensation from the head down.	61
1004800862	pons	"bridge" allow axons to cross the brain to other neurons in the opposite hemispheres.	62
1004800863	Rephe system	sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brains readiness to respond to stimuli	63
1004800864	cerebellum	a large hind brain structure with many deep folds	64
1004800865	midbrain	the middle if the brain, dwarfed in adult mammals	65
1004800866	tectum	the roof of the midbrain	66
1004800867	tegmentum	lies under the tectum, is the intermediate level of the midbrain. it covers several midbrain structures.	67
1004800868	substantia nigra	gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.	68
1004800869	forebrain	most prominent, two hemispheres.	69
1004800870	limbic system	interlinked structure around the brainstem	70
1004800871	thalamus	pair of structures, left and right, in the center of the forebrain	71
1004800872	Hypothalamus	small area near the base of the brain.	72
1004800873	pituitary gland	an endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus	73
1004800874	Basal ganglia	a group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, includes 3 major structures.	74
1004800875	nucleus basalis	which receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to wide spread areas in the cerebral cortex.	75
1004800876	hippocampus	is a large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.	76
1004800877	central canal	fluid filled channel in center of the spinal cord	77
1004800878	ventricles	four fluid filled cavities with the brain	78
1004800879	cerebrospinal fluid	a clear fluid similar to blood plasma fills the ventricles.	79
1004800880	meninges	membranes that surround the brain the spinal cord.	80
1004800881	cerebral cortex	the cellular layers on the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres.	81
1004800882	corpus callosum & Anterior commissure	2 bundles of axons that help neurons communicate with other neurons in the other hemisphere.	82
1004800883	laminae	layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers.	83
1004800884	occipital lobe	the posterior end of cortex	84
1004800885	parietal lobe	lied between the occipital lobe and the central sulous	85
1004800886	central sulous	1 of the deepest grooves in the surface if the cortex.	86
1004800887	postcentral gyrus	posterior to the central gyrus. receives sensations from tough receptors, muscle-stretch receptors and joints.	87
1004800888	temporal lobe	lateral portion of each hemisphere. it is the primary cortical target for auditory information.	88
1004800889	Kluver-Bucy syndrome	a set of behaviors that result from temporal lobe damage.	89
1004800890	frontal lobe	contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex.	90
1004800891	precentral gyrus	is specialized for the control of fine movements	91
1004800892	prefrontal cortex	most anterior portion of the frontal lobe	92
1004800893	Binding problem	how various brain areas produce a perception of a single object.	93
1004800894	ablation	removal of a brain area	94
1004800895	lesion	damage	95
1004800896	stereotaxic instrument	a devise for the precise placement of electrodes in the brain.	96
1004800897	transranial magnetic stimulation	the application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp, temporarily inactivates neurons below the magnet.	97
1004800898	EEG - Electroencephalograph	records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes.	98
1004800899	Evoked potentials / responses	recordings of spontaneous brain activity or activity in response to a stimulus.	99
1004800900	magnetoen cephalograph (MEG)	measures the faint magnetic fields generate by brain activity.	100
1004800901	position-emission tomography (PET)	Provides a high-resolution image of activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals.	101
1004800902	Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)	modified MRI based on Hemoglobin instead of water.	102
1004800903	phrenology	relating skull anatomy to behavior	103
1004800904	computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)	a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis. By injecting dye into the blood.	104
1004800905	magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	applies a powerful magnetic field to align all the axes of rotation and then tilts them with a brief radio frequency field.	105

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Forensic Science Vocabulary Flashcards

There are many subdivisions of forensic science and listed are some of the most important ones.But also included are other terms used in forensic science.
*Information was found on
-www.mycriminaljusticecareers.com/forensic science
-go-passport.grolier.com/pdf?slpid=fs00001lp&product=go
-www.cwcboe.org/.../Forensic%20Science/.../Forensic_Science_Vocabulary
-

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754544805	Forensic Science	(often shortened to forensics) is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences and technologies to investigate and establish facts of interest in relation to criminal or civil law.	1
754544806	Computational	Computational forensics allows specialists in this field to accurately assess data using computer software through the development of algorithms to assist forensic examination.	2
754544807	Digital	Similar to the computational subdivision, digital forensics provides our legal system with a way to recover data from electronic or digital devices.	3
754544808	Anthropology	Forensic anthropology offers credit to our legal system through identification of human skeletal remains when discovered.	4
754544809	DNA Analysis	The legal system's ability to collect DNA has been crucial in identifying the father and mother via paternal/maternal testing.	5
754544810	Psychology	Forensic psychology is specialist attempt to understand the cognitive, emotional, and physical behaviors of suspects and criminals using forensic methods. These individuals also determine whether or not a person is competent enough to represent himself/herself in court.	6
754544811	Toxicology	This subdivision focuses on drugs and poisons, and how they affect the human body.	7
754589234	Physical Evidence	Physical evidence usually involves objects found at the scene of a crime. These serve later as a comparison to identify, for example, a vehicle that was parked at the scene, a person who was present, a type of manufacturing method used to create a tool, or a method or technique used to break into a building or harm a victim.	8
758471037	Criminalistics	This subdivision focuses its effort to answer questions relating to evidence gathered and received from a crime scene. This would include: biological evidence (, DNA), trace evidence (fingerprints), impression evidence (footwear/tire tracks), ballistics (firearms), controlled or regulated substances (legal/illegal drugs), or any other evidences connected to crime scene investigation. These evidences are normally processed in a laboratory.	9
758471038	Pathology	Investigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death	10
758471039	Ballistics	Science that deals with motion, behavior, and the effects of rojectiles (most often firearms and bullets)	11
758471040	Criminal Law	Regulation and enforcement of rights setting acceptable limits of conduct in a society	12
758471041	Arraignment	The first act in a criminal proceeding, where the defendant is brought before court to hear charges and enter a plea	13
758471042	Booking	A police procedure following arrest that requests basic information about the suspect, a photograph, fingerprints, and perhaps a lineup	14
758471043	Autopsy	An examination performed on a dead person to find the cause of death	15
758471044	Polygraph test	A lie detector test. A polygraph test measures physiological responses to questions. The test subject wears electrodes on the skin and scalp, which transmit physiological responses that are recorded on paper or by a computer.	16
758471045	Misdemeanor	A minor crime, less than a felony, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in a prison.	17
758471046	Felony	A serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to execution.	18
758471047	Circumstantial evidence	Is also known as indirect evidence. It is distinguished from direct evidence, which, if believed, proves the existence of a particular fact without any inference or presumption required. Circumstantial evidence relates to a series of facts other than the particular fact sought to be proved.	19
758471048	Analytical Skills	The ability to identify a problem, to isolate its component parts, to organize information for decision making, to establish criteria for evaluation, and to draw appropriate conclusions.	20

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Toxicology Flashcards

toxicology final exam questions

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1557368702	Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)	dose that kills 50% of the animals in a group	1
1557368703	Toxic Dose Low (TDL)	lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death	2
1557368704	Toxic Dose High (TDH)	dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death	3
1557368705	Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)	similar to highest non toxic dose highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations (clinical, hematologic, biochemical, or pathologic alterations)	4
1557368706	toxicity	amount of poision that under specific set of conditions will result in detrimental biologic changes	5
1557368707	toxicant	defined as any stubstance when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal	6
1557368708	toxin	poison from a biologic process such as zootoxins, phytotoxins etc	7
1557368709	toxicosis	disease caused by exposure to a poison	8
1557368710	hazard	danger from the possibility of exposure	9
1557368711	extremely toxic	1 mg/kg or less	10
1557368712	highly toxic	1-50 mg/ kg	11
1557368713	moderately toxic	50-500 mg/ kg	12
1557368714	slightly toxic	0.5 -5 g/ kg	13
1557368715	practically non-toxic	5-15 g/ kg	14
1557368716	relatively harmless	>15 g/ kg	15
1557368717	Most toxic agent likely to produce degeneration of peripheral neurons	arsanillic acid	16
1557368718	deferoxamine is the chelating agent of choice for	iron	17
1557368719	most common non-protein nitrogen toxicant	urea	18
1557368720	Chronic Copper Toxicosis	enlarged yellow liver, enlarged friable and hemorrhagic kidneys, enlarged black spleen, and red wine-colored urine are lesions	19
1557368721	hemolytic agents	zinc, naphthalene, DMSO, guaifenesin	20
1557368722	What is a diagnostic test for molybdeum toxicity	reduced cytochrome oxidase in cattle	21
1557368723	Molybedenum signs	chronic diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation, lameness in cattle	22
1557368724	what is a differential diagnosis for subacute selenium toxicosis in pigs	arsanilic acid toxicosis	23
1557368725	what states do you see seleniferous plant toxicity	South Dakota North Dakota Wyoming Montana	24
1557368726	What states do you not see seleniferous plant ingestion poisoning	Florida New York	25
1557368727	Tx and prevention of chronic selenium toxicosis	adding copper, organic arsenicals, and sulfur-containing proteins to the diet	26
1557368728	mechanism of action of trivalent arsenic	inhibition of lipoic acid resulting in the inhibition of citric acid cycle	27
1557368729	mechanism of action of lead	inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis	28
1557368730	clinical signs of chronic copper toxicosis in sheep	jaundice, hemoglobinuria, methemoglobinemia, hemolysis	29
1557368731	what toxicosis is found with an odor of rotten garlic in a fresh carcass	selenium	30
1557368732	What are signs of iron poisoning	GI signs followed by a phase of apparent recovery, which deteriorates into multiorgan failure	31
1557368733	metal toxicosis that can lead to gastroenteritis	lead, zinc, inorganic arsenic, iron	32
1557368734	what metal toxicosis is the least likely to gastroenteritis signs	organic arsenic feed additves	33
1557368735	signs of chronic selenium toxicosis	lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, loss of hair in cattle	34
1557368736	what is the antidotal tx for nitrate toxicity	methylene blue IV	35
1557368737	methylene blue is used to treat what	nitrate toxicity	36
1557368738	Clinical signs for soluble oxalate in sheep	colic, muscles twitching, rapid breathing, blood tinged froth around the mouth, similar to milk fever in cows	37
1557368739	what disease in sheep is similar to milk fever in cows	soluble oxalate poisoning in sheep	38
1557368740	toxicant that causes elevated thiocyanate levels in urine	cyanide	39
1557368741	what accumulates in livestock when plants are sprayed with 2,4-D herbicides	toxic levels of nitrate	40
1557368742	what happens when plants are sprayed with 2,4-D herbicides for livestock	accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate	41
1557368743	signs of kerosine ingestion	severe aspiration pneumonia	42
1557368744	signs of chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle	lameness, exostoses, and excessive dental wear	43
1557368745	Dx of choice for chronic fluoride poisoning in live animal	urine	44
1557368746	halogeton (halogeton glomeratus) causes what poisoning	soluble oxalate poisioning	45
1557368747	soluble oxalate poisoning is often seen with what plant	Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)	46
1557368748	what plant that is grown in the west is an indicator for selenium	princess plume (Stanlyea sp)	47
1557368749	what is princess plume an indicator for	selenium	48
1557368750	clinical signs of chocolate toxicity	convulsions, tremors, tachycardia, and urination	49
1557368751	what plant is known to cause signs of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency in monogastric animals	horsetail (Equisetum hymenale)	50
1557368752	What toxicity is often seen with horsetail (Equisetum hymenale)	Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency	51
1557368753	signs of ragwort (Scenecio spp)	sudden hepatic insufficiency signs that include weight loss, icterus, incoordination, head pressing, aimless wandering, walking in circles and other signs of mania, GI distress, tenesmus	52
1557368754	what general signs are caused by Ragwort (Scenecio spp)	sudden hepatic insufficiency	53
1557368755	sudden hepatic insufficiency is seen with the ingestion of	Ragwort (Senecio spp)	54
1557368756	Mechanism of action of Larkspur (Delphinium spp)	block nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction	55
1557368757	what plant blocks nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction	Larkspur (Delphinium spp)	56
1557368758	What plant works similarly to vitamin D?	Day-blooming jessamine (Cestrum diurnum)	57
1557368759	Toxic principle in Day-blooming jessamine (Cestrum diurnum)	Vitamin D analog	58
1557368760	What reddish-brown gas that produces bronchial constriction and pulmonary edema	nitrogen dioxide (NO2)	59
1557368761	What can Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) produce	bronchial constriction and pulmonary edema	60
1557368762	what two toxicants produce sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygenation utilization	cyanide and hydrogen sulfide	61
1557368763	how do cyanide and hydrogen sulfide produce sudden death	mainly due to preventing tissue oxygenation utilization	62
1557368764	treatment of hydrogen sulfide and cyanide toxicities	sodium nitrite IV is useful	63
1557368765	what specimen do you choose to use for testing nitrate poisoning in an animal that has been dead for several hours	ocular fluid	64
1557368766	what is least effective in the treatment of poisoning by cyanogenic plants	activated charcoal orally	65
1557368767	what can you use for treating cyanogenic plants poisoning	sodium nitrite IV, sodium thiosulfate IV, vinegar in cold water orally, mineral oil orally	66
1557368768	what part of the plant accumulates the highest amount of nitrate	stalk	67
1557368769	what toxicant causes very rapid death, has a characteristic odor, and causes bright red mucous membranes and has cherry red blood	cyanide	68
1557368770	what effects does cyanide cause	very rapid death, characteristic odor and causes bright red mucous membranes and cherry red blood	69
1557368771	which toxicant with chronic poisoning is most likely to cause abortion in cattle due to decrease in progesterone production?	nitrate	70
1557368772	what is nitrate known to cause in cattle	abortion in cattle due to decrease in progesterone production	71
1557368773	what are late clinical signs of ethylene glycol poisoning are primarily related to	acute renal failure	72
1557368774	acute renal failure usually occurs how long after ingestion of ethylene glycol	24-72 hours after ingestion	73
1557368775	what serum paramaters do you most commonly see elevated in urea toxicosis	ammonia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, transaminases (ALT, AST)	74
1557368776	what serum parameters is least likely to be seen elevated in urea toxicosis	pH	75
1557368777	What effects does atropine antagonize when treating organophospate toxicosis	miosis, excessive salivation, bradycardia, GI hypermotility	76
1557368778	what are the first clinical signs in organophospate poisoning maily due to	muscarinic stimulation	77
1557368779	if the type of anticoagulant rodenticide is unknown, duration of vitamin k1 treatment should be	3-4 weeks	78
1557368780	properties of fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole)	competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, inhibits formation of toxic metabolites, most effective within 3 hours of ethylene glycol ingestion	79
1557368781	What toxicosis in swine mimics vitamin B deficiency	organic arsenic	80
1557368782	Organic arsenic in swine resemlbes?	vitamin B complex deficiency	81
1557368783	drug of choice for treatment of acute anaphylactic shock due to iron toxicosis in piglets	epinephrine	82
1557368784	neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain cause signs of what	chronic cyanide poisoning in horses	83
1557368785	what is the main cause of the signs of chronic cyanide posioning in horses	neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain	84
1557368786	what plant commonly causes cyanide posioning	princess plume (stanlyea spp)	85
1557368787	what does Princess plume (stanylea) cause	cyanide poisoning	86
1557368788	what is the toxic principle in caladium spp	insoluble calcium oxalate	87
1557368789	what common household plant contains insoluble calcium oxalate	Caladium spp	88
1557368790	What metal is most likely to cross the BBB	lead	89
1557368791	What is the chelating agent of choice for coper	D-penicillamine	90
1557368792	D-penicillamine is used as the chelating agent of	copper	91
1557368793	What toxicants might cause convulsive seizures in cattle	lead, urea, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, nicotine	92
1557368794	what poison is least likely to cause convulsive seizures in cattle	chronic selenium	93
1557368795	What is the main sign seen in chronic selenium toxicity in horses	hoof abnormalities and loss of hair	94
1557368796	lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, and loss of hair in cattle most likely suggests what toxicosis	chronic selenium	95
1557368797	carbamate and organophosphate pesticides have what in common	sources of poisoning are generally similary both are lipid soluble and can penetrate intact skin both are quikly eliminated both have clinical signs due to excess acetylcholine	96
1557368798	what do carbamate and organophosphate pesticides not have in common	they can not both be activated by storage	97
1557368799	Decreased blood coagulability after exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides is mainly due to	decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors VII, IX, and X	98
1557368800	what toxicant is most likely to cause calcification of soft tissue	cholecalciferol	99
1557368801	what does cholecalciferol due	calcification of soft tissue	100
1557368802	what are common signs of urea toxicosis	nausea and salivation muscle tremors and convulsive seizures urination	101
1557368803	what factors increase urea toxicity	fasting alkaline rumen pH dehydration hepatic insufficiency	102
1557368804	What is the most sensitive species to ethylene glycol poisoning	cats	103
1557368805	what are some clinicopathologic changes in ethylene glycol poisoing	hypercreatinemia hyperphosphatemia hyperkalemia high BUN	104
1557368806	what is the recommended chelating agent for lead toxicosis in pet birds	dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer)	105
1557368807	dimercaptocussinic acid (succimer) is the chelating agent for what toxicosis	lead toxicosis in pet birds	106
1557368808	what decreases GI absorption of lead	zinc, protein, calcium	107
1557368809	what sample do you submit to confirm toxicity of lead	whole blood	108
1557368810	what is the most common cause of lead toxicosis in small animals	lead based paint	109
1557368811	What are some of the sources of lead toxicosis in cattle	storage batteries contaminated pastures paint	110
1557368812	what are components of treating organophosphate poisoning in dogs	atropine activated charcoal diphenhdramine diazepam	111
1557368813	what causes the first signs of organophosphate poisoning	muscarinic stimulation	112
1557368814	how does 2PAM antagonize the toxic effects of organophosphates	reactivation of acetylcholiesterase	113
1557368815	what is the route of choice for Vitamin K administration	PO	114
1557368816	what is the mechanism of action of anticoagulant rodenticides	inhibit activation of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X	115
1557368817	what drugs may increase warfarin toxicity	aspirin sulfonamides steroids thyroxine	116
1557368818	what is the decreasing order of animals sensitive to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity	pigs, dogs, cats, ruminants, horses, chicken	117
1557368819	what sample should you take to confirm diagnosis of cholecalciferol toxicosis	serum	118
1557368820	what are some clinicopathological changes you are likely to see in cholecalciferol toxicosis	hyper calcemia hypokalemia elevated creatinine elevated BUN	119
1557368821	what is activated charcoal least likly to be effective in absorbing	cyanide	120
1557368822	what insecticide is more toxic to adult cattle than young calves	parathion	121
1557368823	what sample would you submit to confirm diagnosis of organophosphate in a live cow	whole blood	122
1557368824	what is a good immediate reversal of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin rodenticides	infusion of whole fresh blood	123
1557368825	what are you likely to see with Vitamin D3 rodenticide toxicity	hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia	124
1557368826	acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia and elevated BUN suggest what in ruminants	urea toxicosis	125
1557368827	what are you likely to see in urea toxicosis of ruminants	acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, elevated BUN	126
1557368828	what is grain overload likely to do to rumen pH	decrease it	127
1557368829	what will likely elevate rumen pH	fasting protein overload such as soybean urea toxicosis	128
1557368830	what diseases are caused by selenium deficiency	white muscle disease in lambs hepatosis dietetica in young pigs exudative diathesis in chicks nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens	129
1557368831	mucous membranes have brownish discolaration what posion is likely	nitrate- brown color of blood- methemoglobin	130
1557368832	what species is most likely to get poisoning due to plants containing soluble oxalates	ruminants	131
1557368833	how is methemoglobin formed	nitrite reduces hemoglobin to the ferrous state	132
1557368834	how does CO cause asphyxia	combining with hemoglobin preventing it from carrying oxygen	133
1557368835	what are some facts about petroleum poisoning	chlorinated naphathalenes as contaminates may cause bovine hyperkeratosis clinical signs are generally typical of aspiration pneumonia breath and feces may smell oil or kerosine	134
1557368836	what species is least likely to be poisoned by chronic fluoride toxicosis	dogs	135
1557368837	what is the main sign from chronic exposure to benzene	hypotension	136
1557368838	toxic principle in monkshood (aconitum)	cardiotoxic alkaloid	137
1557368839	Chronic ingestion of what plant causes signs of thiamine deficiency	bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)	138
1557368840	What are some signs of thiamine deficiency	loss of condition, incoordination, horse declined to move, knuckling of the fetlocks when walking, muscle twitches and convulsions	139
1557368841	what signs does chronic ingestion of bracken fern cause (pteridium aquilinum)	thiamine deficiency. Loss of condition, incoordination, horse declined to move, knuckling of the fetlocks when walking, muscle twitches and convulsions	140
1557368842	What is the primary effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids	hepatic damage	141
1557368843	what is a specific antidote for jimsonweed (datrua stramonium) poisoning	physostigmine	142
1557368844	What do you treat cardiac arrhythmias caused by chocolate poisoning with	propranolol	143
1557368845	What signs are locoweed (Astragulus spp) associated with	neurotoxicity and causes neuronal vaculation	144
1557368846	what signs are caused by ingestion of large amounts of rhubarb (rheum rhaponticum) associated with	kidney damage	145
1557368847	Jimsonweed (Datura spp) is associated with what signs?	diarrhea, dry mouth, and mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and convulsions or coma	146
1557368848	What selenium indicator plant which grows widely in western part of the US	princess plume (Stanlleya spp)	147
1557368849	Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from rattlebox (Crotolaria spp) are MOST likely to precipitate toxicosis with	copper	148
1557368850	Poisoning by ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in cattle shows clinical signs generally similar to chronic toxicosis with	pentachlorophenol (PCP)	149
1557368851	What poisonous plants may cause clinical signs due to similar mechanism of warfarin poisoning?	spoiled sweet clover (Melilotus spp)	150
1557368852	What is the most common cause of acute death in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity	respiratory failure	151
1557368853	Which NPN source is most toxic	urea	152
1557368854	what metal toxicoses causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis	lead	153
1557368855	How does phenoxy acetic acid herbicides increase toxicity of plants	by improving plant palatability and increasing toxin content	154
1557368856	What do excessive amounts of molybdenum cause in cattle	copper deficiency signs	155
1557368857	what toxicant causes Heinz body anemia in cats	propylene glycol	156
1557368858	what are some longterm effects of monensin in cattle	death due to lesions in the myocardium	157
1557368859	what is contraindicated in snake envenomation	glucocorticoids	158
1557368860	what dish detergent compound is most toxic	automatic dishwashing soap	159
1557368861	what causes inhibition of key enzymes in HEME synthesis	Lead	160
1557368862	What occurs with acute toxicosis of Dipyridyl herbicides	signs of vomiting, anorexia, and depression are present high doses may cause ataxia, dyspnea, seizures production of free radicals that damage tissue	161
1557368863	When do late clinical signs of acute toxicosis of ethylene glycol poisoning occur with renal failure	24-72 hours	162
1557368864	what are some pathological signs for NPN toxicosis in ruminants	bloat and elevated BUN	163
1557368865	what is the most likely cause of abdominal pain that has intravascular hemolysis, anemia with hemoglobinuria and NO CNS signs	zinc	164
1557368866	what are the blood serum results in NPN toxicosis	alkaline rumen, acidosis, elevated BUN, elevated ammonia	165
1557368867	what is the chelation treatment of choice in pet birds	dimercaptosuccinic acid	166
1557368868	what toxicant uses lipolic acid to inhibit the TCA cycle	trivalent arsenic	167
1557368869	what toxicant shows signs of CNS stimulation and GI irritation in a dog and heart failure in a horse	fluoroacetate	168
1557368870	which animal is most sensitive to ethylene glycol poisoning	cat	169
1557368871	what are signs of toad toxicosis	hypersalivation (foaming), vomiting, brick red mucous membrane, brady/ tachycardia	170
1557368872	what is gastic lavage contraindicated in	phenols	171
1557368873	what effect is caused by acute ingestion of xylitol in the dog	hypoglycemia	172
1557368874	what are capillary endothelial cells most sensitive to	trivalent toxins	173
1557368875	what is a pathoneumonic effect of Na/ water deprivation in swine	eosinophilic meningioencephalitis	174
1557368876	what is a clinical sign of Na/ water deprivation	eosinophilic perivascular cuffing	175
1557368877	what reaction can iron cause with histamine release	acute anaphylactic reaction	176
1557368878	What liver enzyme increases with muscle necrosis	ALT	177
1557368879	what clinicopathologic parameters are likely to be elevated in a horse poisoned with monensin	lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), PCV	178
1557368880	what can be related to monensin toxicosis but not appear until 3 weeks after a feedlot steer has survived from on overdose of monensin in the feed	cardiac fibrosis and insufficiency as a result of cardiac muscle necrosis during acute monensin toxicosis	179
1557368881	what toxin is most likely to cause degeneration and pale areas in the myocardium and skeletal muscles, as well as damage in the liver and kidney in most species	monensin	180
1557368882	what are the clinical signs associated with water deprivation/ sodium ion toxicosis in swine are mainly caused by	cerebral edema and overhydration of nerve cells	181
1557368883	what are some toxicants that can cause systemic acidosis	metaldehyde, zinc phosphide, pentachlorophenol	182
1557368884	what are common clinicopathologic changes in ethylene glycol poisoning	hypercratinemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, high BUN	183
1557368885	what is 20% ferric chloride added to a urine sample used to detect	phenol	184
1557368886	what decreases the GI absorption of lead	zinc, protein, calcium	185
1557368887	what sample do you submit to a laboratory to help confirm toxicosis in a puppy	whole blood	186
1557368888	what is the most common source of lead toxicosis in small animals	lead-base paints	187

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