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AP Human Geography Unit 1 Vocab Flashcards

All of the new vocabulary from the first unit of AP Human Geography.

1599422164	aggregation	a large group or collection of people, animals, or things.	0
1599422165	agricultural density	the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.	1
1599422166	arithmetic density	the total number of people divided by the total land area.	2
1599422167	base line	an east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.	3
1599422168	cartography	science or art of making maps	4
1599422169	choropleth map	a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area	5
1599422170	concentration	how dispersed people are in the world	6
1599422171	connections	relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space	7
1599422172	contagious diffusion	the rapid diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.	8
1599422173	cultural ecology	geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.	9
1599422174	cultural landscape	a combination of cultural features, economic features, and physical features.	10
1599422175	culture	beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.	11
1599422176	density	the amount of people in a specified area	12
1599422177	diffusion	the spread of an idea, innovation, or tradition	13
1599422178	distance decay	the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.	14
1599422179	distribution	the arrangement of something across Earth's surface.	15
1599422180	dot map	maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.	16
1599422181	environmental determinism	the idea that cultures are formed by the surrounding environment	17
1599422182	expansion diffusion	a quickly growing diffusion	18
1599422183	formal region	an area where the people share certain characteristics or traits	19
1599422184	functional region	an area where people do similar things	20
1599422185	GIS	a planetary mapping system that uses remote sensing to map topography	21
1599422186	GPS	a system of satellites that determine where on earth you are	22
1599422187	globalization	an action where the entire world is involved	23
1599422188	GMT	the time at the prime meridian (Greenwich, England)	24
1599422189	hearth	the place where diffusion starts	25
1599422190	human geography	the study of why people are where they are	26
1599422191	human-environmental interaction	the theme of geography that explains how people interact with their environment	27
1599422192	international date line	the point opposite the prime meridian where time moves forward or goes back a day when crossed (180 degrees longitude)	28
1599422193	isoline map	a map with lines that connect points of equal value (Ex: Elevation)	29

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AP Human Geography unit 1 vocab Flashcards

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197132067	anthropogenic	human-induced environmental changes	1
197132068	cartography	map-making	2
197132069	cultural ecology	study of interactions between societies and their environments	3
197151660	cultural landscape	human-modified natural landscape, contains a society's imprint	4
197132070	earth system science	interaction between Earth's physical systems and processes on a global scale	5
197132071	environmental geography	spatial impact of humans on environment and vice-versa	6
197132072	Eratosthenes	circumference, "geography"	7
197132073	Fertile Crescent	present-day Iraq, early culture and civilization	8
197132074	Geographical Information System	uses thematic layers to show geographic data	9
197132075	Global Positioning System	determine location anywhere using lat. and long.	10
197132076	idiographic	pertaining to characteristics of a specific place	11
197132077	George Perkins Marsh	destruction of environment, "tree hugger"	12
197132078	natural landscape	unaffected physical landscape	13
197132079	nomothetic	concepts that can be applied universally	14
197132080	W.D. Pattison	4 traditions: earth-science, man-land, spatial, and area-studies	15
197132081	physical geography	structures, processes, change of natural phenomena	16
197132082	Ptolemy	"Guide to Geography", grid system	17
197132083	qualitative data	data from observations/interperetations	18
197132084	quantitative data	mathematical/statistical data	19
197132085	quantitative revolution	widespread adoption of mathematical models/statistics	20
197132086	region	an area with similar physical/cultural attributes	21
197132087	regional geography	study of regions	22
197132088	remote sensing	captures images from airborne satellites	23
197132089	Carl Sauer	cultural landscapes	24
197132090	sense of place	feelings evoked by experiences of a certain place	25
197132091	spatial perspective	locations of phenomena, why, and how it's related to other places	26
197132092	sustainability	provide for people without diminishing ability to provide for future generations	27
197132093	systematic geography	Earth's integrated systems as a whole	28
197132094	thematic layers	GIS; overlaid to analyze spatial relationships	29
197151027	absolute distance	measurable distance	30
197151028	absolute location	exact position; grid system	31
197151029	accessibility	ease at which a destination can be reached	32
197151030	azimuthal projection	map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface	33
197151031	breaking point	outer edge of a city's sphere of influence	34
197151032	cartograms	thematic map where largest value is represented by relatively largest object/landmass	35
197151033	choropleth map	thematic map that uses tones or colors	36
197151034	cognitive map	mental map	37
197151035	complementarity	actual or potential economic relationship between two places	38
197151036	connectivity	degree of connection between two places	39
197151037	contagious diffusion	spread through direct contact with another person/place	40
197151038	coordinate system	grid used to determine absolute location	41
197151039	distance decay effect	distance increases, interaction decreases	42
197151041	dot maps	thematic map that shows precise locations of occurrences	43
197151043	expansion diffusion	spread of ideas through contact and exchange	44
197151045	friction of distance	measure of how much absolute distance affects interaction	45
197151047	Fuller projection	maintains size/shape, distorts cardinal directions	46
197151049	geoid	actual shape of Earth, squashed	47
197151051	gravity model	formula that describes level of interaction based on pop/distance	48
197151053	hazards	anything potentially threatening in the landscape	49
197151055	hierarchial diffusion	something is transmitted because of a common trait between two places	50
197151056	International Date Line	line of long. that marks where each new day begins	51
197151058	intervening opportunities	two places have equal opportunities, but one is closer	52
197151060	isoline	map line that connects points of equal or similar values	53
197151061	large-scale	higher resolution, covers smaller area	54
197151063	latitude	parallels	55
197151065	law of retail gravitation	people will be drawn to larger cities for business because of wider influence	56
197151067	location charts	on a map, stats on a political unit/jurisdiction	57
197151069	longitude	meridians	58
197151071	map projection	transferring Earth's sphere onto a flat surface, all have distortions	59
197151072	Mercator projection	maintains accurate direction, distorted land mass size	60
197151074	meridian	line of longitude	61
197151076	parallel	line of latitude	62
197151078	Peters Map Projection	cylinder, retains accurate size of landmasses	63
197151080	preference map	map with individual preferences of a certain place	64
197151082	prime meridian	0 degrees longitude	65
197151084	proportional symbols map	thematic map where size of a symbol indicates relative magnitude of a statistic	66
197151086	reference map	shows info for a particular place, easy to find landmarks/navigate	67
197151088	relative distance	distance in cost/time	68
197151090	relative location	location relative to surroundings	69
197151092	resolution	the smallest unit that shows up on a map	70
197151094	Robinson projection	balances projection errors, doesn't maintain size/shape/distance/direction	71
197151096	scale	ratio between size on a map and actual size	72
197151098	site	absolute location described by physical/cultural characteristics	73
197151100	situation	a place's spatial context	74
197151102	small-scale	depict large areas, map units:earth units is smaller	75
197151104	spatial diffusion	how phenomena travel over space	76
197151106	thematic map	map that displays one or more variables	77
197151108	time-space convergence	the idea that distance is shrinking between places because of technology/communication	78
197151110	topographic maps	use isolines to show constant elevation	79
197151111	topological space	amt. of connectivity, regardless of distance between places	80
197151113	transferability	cost of transportation of goods	81
197151115	visualization	use of software to create dynamic computer maps	82

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American Pageant Fourteenth Edition Chapter 1 Flashcards

American Pageant fourteenth edition chapter 1 terms

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586598640	Acoma, Battle of (1599)	Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.	1
586598641	Aztecs	Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies	2
586598642	Black Legend	False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.	3
586598643	Cahokia (c. 1100 A.D.)	Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans.	4
586598644	Canadian Shield	First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level	5
586598645	caravel	Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.	6
586598646	civilization	Form of political society that traditionally combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. The Aztec and Inca empires in South America are early examples of civilizations in the New World.	7
586598647	Columbian Exchange	The transfer of goods, crops and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.	8
586598648	conquistadores	Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.	9
586598649	encomienda	Spanish government's policy to "commend," or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.	10
586598650	Incas	Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.	11
586598651	mestizos	People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.	12
586598652	middlemen	In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.	13
586598653	noche triste (June 30, 1520)	"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.	14
586598654	plantation	Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. European settlers established plantations in Africa, South America, the Caribbean and the American South.	15
586598655	Popé's Rebellion (1680)	Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.	16
586598656	three-sister farming	Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields.	17
586598657	Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494)	Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.	18

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English 1 Pre-IB: Midterm Study Guide (Literary Terms and Modes of Development) Flashcards

This is under "Pre-IB" but both AP classes and Pre-IB classes have the same English 1 midterm. All English 1 classes can use this. (:
Other English 1 Midterm Quizlet sets? Right here.
http://quizlet.com/9172354 (Vocab)
http://quizlet.com/9176061 (Rhetorical)

Terms : Hide Images

290924180	conflict	problem faced by the character(s)	1
290924181	setting	time and place in the narrative	2
290924182	characterization	characteristics/traits of a character; method by which characters are presented to the reader	3
290924183	direct characterization	type of characterization where the author tells the reader about the character	4
290924184	indirect characterization	type of characterization where the reader learns about the character through actions, words, and others' opinions	5
290924185	point of view	the perspective of the storyteller/narrator	6
290924186	1st person	point of view where the narrator is a character (uses I, me)	7
290924187	3rd person	point of view where the narrator is not in the story	8
290924188	narrator	teller of a story (in prose only, not poetry)	9
290924189	protagonist	the main character, usually on the "good" side	10
290924190	antagonist	the opposing force/character in a conflict	11
290924191	sympathetic character	character for which the audience feels sympathy	12
290924192	suspense	a point where anticipation rises in the reader	13
290924193	foreshadowing	hints about future events	14
290924194	situational irony	type of irony where something that is the opposite of what is expected happens	15
290924195	verbal irony	type of irony where a character says the opposite of what is meant	16
290924196	dramatic irony	type of irony where the reader knows more than the characters, and something that is the opposite of what the reader expects happens	17
290924197	flashback	a shift in time to the past	18
290924198	theme	an underlying truth about life or human nature	19
290924199	tone	the attitude of the author towards a subject, represented in the narrative	20
290924200	mood	the feeling the reader gets from the narrative/work	21
290924201	allusion	reference to an event or a person in history or literature	22
290924202	hyperbole	extreme exaggeration used for an effect	23
290924203	onomatopoeia	words that are spelled the way they sound	24
290924204	denotation	the dictionary definition of a word	25
290924205	connotation	the emotional meaning of a word	26
290924206	inference	understanding based upon what the reader collects from evidence	27
290924207	simile	comparison of two different things using "like" or "as"	28
290924208	metaphor	comparison of two different things without using "like" or "as"	29
290924209	personification	giving an inanimate object or non-human human characteristics	30
290924210	symbol	something included within a narrative for the sole purpose of standing for itself and something on a higher level	31
290924211	imagery	descriptive, vivid language used to create an effect	32
290924212	setting imagery	the use of images of time and place that connect the character to the setting	33
290924213	comedy	a work where an ordinary person is involved in amusing or satirical circumstances	34
290924214	tragedy	a work where a person of higher stature faces a struggle that ultimately leads to their downfall	35
290924215	narration	recounting of events that uses either chronology or flashback	36
290924216	description	details about how something looks, tastes, sounds, feels, etc; organized using order of importance of these elements, or spatial order according to the placement/physical arrangement	37
290924217	examples	use of specific examples to illustrate and support the main idea, uses signal words	38
290924218	classification and division	the process of organizing something into categories; the process of dividing something into parts	39
290924219	compare and contrast	used to show how two or more things are alike or different	40
290924220	process	an explanation of how something is done	41
290924221	cause and effect	an explanation of why something turns out the way it does	42
290924222	definition	explains a word or concept by defining, then uses another mode to illustrate this	43
290924223	persuasion	used to convince the reader of the author's opinion; uses emotion and connotative language; is subjective and one-sided	44
290924224	argumentation	argues a point; less emotional than persuasion, more logical and objective	45

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English 1 Pre-IB: Midterm Study Guide (Vocab I - IV) Flashcards

This is under "Pre-IB" but both AP classes and Pre-IB classes have the same English 1 midterm. All English 1 classes can use this. (:
Other English 1 Midterm Quizlet sets? Right here.
http://quizlet.com/9175437 (Lit. Terms)
http://quizlet.com/9176061 (Rhetorical)

Terms : Hide Images

290796228	alienate	verb - turn away, repel	1
290796229	elated	adjective - very happy, ecstatic	2
290796230	epigram	noun - witty saying	3
290796231	fatalistic	adjective - fate-oriented	4
290796232	lackadaisical	adjective - apathetic, disinterested	5
290796233	licentious	adjective - lewd, immoral	6
290796234	numismatist	noun - coin collector	7
290796235	obtrude	verb - intrude, impose	8
290796236	paucity	noun - scarcity, small amount	9
290796237	pensive	adjective - serious, meditative	10
290796238	amalgamate	verb - unite, merge, blend	11
290796239	antiquated	adjective - outdated, obsolete	12
290796240	beleaguer	verb - surround, overwhelm	13
290796241	caricature	noun - exaggeration, cartoon	14
290796242	dally	verb - waste time, dawdle	15
290796243	demented	adjective - deranged, insane	16
290796244	felonious	adjective - criminal	17
290796245	gorge	verb - eat greedily, stuff	18
290796246	hone	verb - refine, sharpen	19
290796247	opiate	noun - drug, narcotic	20
290796248	ambidextrous	adjective - two-handed	21
290796249	animate	verb - enliven, excite	22
290796250	belated	adjective - late	23
290796251	berserk	adjective - frenzied, crazy	24
290796252	chauvinist	noun - hateful towards a group, as in women	25
290796253	delude	verb - mislead, confuse	26
290796254	edifice	noun - fortress	27
290796255	egalitarian	adjective - fair-minded	28
290796256	knead	verb - rub, press, massage	29
290796257	ostentatious	adjective - grandiose, showy	30
290796258	blight	noun - blemish, disease	31
290796259	denizen	noun - inhabitant	32
290796260	elude	verb - escape, avoid	33
290796261	entice	verb - tempt, lure	34
290796262	fallow	adjective - barren, unproductive, empty	35
290796263	fealty	noun - a sign of loyalty, allegiance	36
290796264	gambit	noun - strategy, maneuver	37
290796265	gratify	verb - please, satisfy	38
290796266	laggard	noun - straggler, dawdler	39
290796267	obsequy	noun - funeral rite, prayer	40
290796268	advocate	verb - support, promote	41
290796269	bandy	verb - banter, exchange words	42
290796270	charisma	noun - charm, magnetism	43
290796271	dastardly	adjective - dishonorable, shameful	44
290796272	efface	verb - erase, wipe out	45
290796273	entity	noun - being	46
290796274	gist	noun - main idea, essence	47
290796275	jaded	adjective - dulled, worn out, wearied	48
290796276	mesmerize	verb - enchant, hypnotize	49
290796277	ogre	noun - brute, monster, giant	50
290796278	begrudge	verb - resent, envy	51
290796279	bibliophile	noun - book lover	52
290796280	declaim	verb - speak out blusteringly	53
290796281	enmity	noun - hatred, antagonism	54
290796282	gaff	noun - fisherman's pole	55
290796283	glutinous	adjective - glue-like, sticky	56
290796284	imbue	verb - instill, inspire, influence	57
290796285	mandarin	noun - influential, learned person	58
290796286	nepotism	noun - cronyism, favoritism	59
290796287	quaff	verb - guzzle, gulp	60
290796288	cadaverous	adjective - corpse-like	61
290796289	daunt	verb - make afraid, intimidate	62
290796290	despot	noun - tyrant, overbearing ruler	63
290796291	egress	noun - way out, exit	64
290796292	felicity	noun - happiness, bliss, delight	65
290796293	flux	noun - fluctuation, instability	66
290796294	gird	verb - prepare for, brace	67
290796295	gothic	adjective - medieval, mysterious	68
290796296	hovel	noun - dirty, wretched living place	69
290796297	penury	noun - poverty	70
290796298	allude	verb - refer to, suggest	71
290796299	beget	verb - produce, generate, lead to	72
290796300	chafe	verb - wear or irritate through rubbing	73
290796301	desist	verb - stop, discontinue	74
290796302	educe	verb - elicit, bring out, deduce	75
290796303	effrontery	noun - audacity, nerve	76
290796304	elite	noun - best of the best, privileged	77
290796305	feign	verb - fake, pretend	78
290796306	glean	verb - gather, collect, gain information	79
290796307	imbibe	verb - drink (often alcohol), indulge	80

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English 1 Pre-IB: Midterm Study Guide (Rhetorical Terms and Devices) Flashcards

This is under "Pre-IB" but both AP classes and Pre-IB classes have the same English 1 midterm. All English 1 classes can use this. (:

Other English 1 Midterm Quizlet sets? Right here.

http://quizlet.com/9175437 (Lit. Terms)
http://quizlet.com/9172354 (Vocab)

Terms : Hide Images

290949811	rhetorical question	something that is not meant to be answered but supports a point in an argument; the answer is obvious	1
290949812	point of view	the perspective of the author or the narrator; often dictated by the use of a mode of development	2
290949813	tone	when the author uses language to convey his attitude towards a subject	3
290949814	objective perspective	fact-based, provable information, instead of emotions and opinions	4
290949815	subjective perspective	opinion-based information that still uses facts, but also uses emotion and connotation	5
290949816	connotative language	emotionally-charged language; evokes emotions in the reader and is used to persuade	6
290949817	stated main idea	the main idea is directly in the text and can actually be read	7
290949818	implied main idea	the main idea is not stated in the work; it must be inferred and stated by the reader	8
290949819	transition	words and phrases used to carry from one thought to another	9
290949820	dialogue	conversation among the characters	10
290949821	purpose	why the author wrote the piece (to entertain, instruct, inform, persuade); this influences the modes used	11
290949822	audience	the writing is aimed at this specific group (set apart by age, education, experience; can be distant or close)	12
290949823	occasion	this is like the purpose; the circumstances behind the writing (student, friendly note, sharing expertise, etc)	13
290949824	repetition	repeating of words and phrases	14
290949825	parallelism	repeating of patterns in words and phrases; used to emphasize elements in the writing	15
290949826	anecdote	a short story or incident used to illustrate or amuse	16

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English 1 Final Exam Flashcards

English 1 Final Exam
Worcester Tech High School

Terms : Hide Images

185136683	Allegory	A narrative in which characters and settings stand for abstract idea or moral	1
185136684	Alliteration	Repetition of the same or very similar consorant sounds	2
185136685	Allusion	Reference to a statement, person, place, or thing	3
185136686	Aside	Words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience or to another character	4
185136687	Assonance	Repetition of similar vocal sounds	5
185136688	Character	Person in a story, poem, or play	6
185136689	Dynamic Character	Character that changes as a result to the story	7
185136690	Static Character	Character who doesnt change	8
185136691	Subordanite Character	A character who plays an important rule	9
185136692	Climax	Moment of great emotional intensity or suspence in a plot	10
185136693	Conflict	Struggle or clash between opposing characters	11
185136694	Internal Conflict	Takes place enterialy in mind	12
185136695	External Conflict	Physical conflict	13
185136696	Drama	Story that is written to be acted for an audience	14
185136697	Exposition	Type of writting that explains	15
185136698	Flashback	Scene in moive, play ( etc. ) that shows something that happened before	16
185136699	Foil	Character who is used as a contrast to another character	17
185136700	Foreshadowing	A scene where it predicts something to happen	18
185136701	Genre	The category that a work of literature is classified under	19
185136702	Imagery	Language that appeals to the senses	20
185136703	Irony	Contrast between expectation and reality	21
185136704	Situational Irony	Occurs when seems appropriate	22
185136705	Dramatic Irony	Occurs when addience knows something the character doesnt	23
185136706	Metaphor	Comparison between two unlive things, without like or as	24
185136707	Mood	A story atmosphere or the feeling it evokes	25
185136708	Narrator	A person who tells the story	26
185136709	Unreliabe Narrator	Someone young or doent know what they are saying	27
185136710	Personification	Kind of Metaphor in which non human thing is talked about as if it were human	28
185136711	Plot	Series of related events that make up a story or drama	29
185136712	Point of View	Vantage point from which a writer tells a story	30
185136713	1st Person Point of View	One of the characters is telling the story	31
185136714	3rd Person Point of View	Plays no part in story	32
185136715	Protagonist	Main Character	33
185136716	Antagonist	Character who blocks or is a problem to the protagonist	34
185136717	Pun	Playon the multiple meansings of a word or two words that sound alike	35
185136718	Setting	The time and place of a story or playe	36
185136719	Simile	Comparing two things useing like or as	37
185136720	Soliliquy	Long speech in which a character who is alone expresses feelings	38
185136721	Sonnet	Fourteen line poem that is usualy written in lamabic penamen	39
185136722	Shakespear Sonnet	Three four line units, concluding two like unit	40
185136723	Theme	Central idea of a work literature	41
185136724	Maturation	Theme of growing up	42
185136725	Apperance vs. Reality	Not always tru	43
185136726	Tone	Attitude a writter takes towards a subject	44
185136727	Tragedy	Play that despices serious and important even that main character becomes unhappy in the end	45

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AP Biology Review - Ecology part 1 Flashcards

*****READ THIS*****
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This is a study guide under the subject of Ecology for the AP Biology Test. Good luck!
Pt. 1

Pt. 2 is located here:
http://quizlet.com/863193/ap-biology-review-ecology-part-2-flash-cards/
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PS More Biology Flash Cards I made for the midterm. Contains useful information

http://quizlet.com/689375/biology-2-ap-midterm-review-part-1-flash-cards/

Terms : Hide Images

23193621	Ecology	The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the world and others	0
23193622	Population	Group of individuals all of the same SPECIES LIVING in the SAME AREA.	1
23193623	Community	Group of populations living in the same area.	2
23193624	Ecosystem	This describes the interrelationships between the organisms in a community and the environment.	3
23193625	Biosphere	This is composed of all the regions on the earth that contains living things. IE soil, oceans, lower 10 km of the atmosphere.	4
23193626	Habitat	Place where organisms live. Can be described through temperature, soil quality, water salinity.	5
23193627	Niche	Describes all the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) resources in the environment used by an organism.	6
23193628	Population Ecology	Study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations.	7
23193629	Size (of a population)	Total number of individuals in the population (Represented by N)	8
23193630	Density (of a population)	The total number of individuals per area of volume occupied. (IE 100 mice/km^2)	9
23193631	Dispersion	Describes how individuals in a population are distributed. (IE clumped [people in cities], uniform [trees in orchards], or random [trees in forest])	10
23193632	Age Structure	Describes the abundance of individuals of each age; Often shown in age structure diagrams.	11
23193633	Survivorship Curves	Describes how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes.	12
23193634	Type I Survivorship Curve	Curve that describes species where most individuals survive to middle age. After that, mortality is high. (humans)	13
23193635	Type II Survivorship Curve	Curve that describes organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, death likelihood is the same at any age. (rodents and hydras)	14
23193636	Type III Survivorship Curve	Curve that describes species in which most individuals die young, with only a few organisms surviving long enough to reproduce and beyond. (oysters, plankton)	15
23193637	Biotic Potential	Maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources and without growth restrictions	16
23193638	Factors that may affect biotic potential	Age to reproduce, Clutch size (# of offspring produced at reproduction), Frequency of reproduction, Reproductive lifetime, and Survivorship of offspring long enough to reproduce.	17
23193639	Carrying Capacity	Maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat.	18
23193640	Limiting Factors	Elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential.	19
23193641	Density-Dependent Factors	[a limiting factor] Agents whose limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases (IE parasites/disease, resources, toxic effect of waste products, and predation)	20
23193642	Density-Independent Factor	[a limiting factor] Occurs independently of the density of the population (IE natural disasters, climate change)	21
23193643	Equation for the growth of a population	r=(births - deaths)/N where r=reproductive/growth rate and N=initial population size	22
23193644	Exponential Growth	Pattern of population growth that occurs whenever the reproductive rate is greater than zero. (Forms a J-shaped curve when graphed)	23
23193645	Logistic Growth	Pattern of population growth that occurs when limiting factors restrict the size of the population to the carrying capacity of the habitat.(Forms an S-shaped curve [a sigmoid] when graphed.	24
23193646	Population Cycles	Fluctuations in population size in response to varying effects of limiting factors	25
23193647	r-selected species	Species that exhibit rapid growth (J-shaped curve), where opportunistic species (grass/insects) quickly invade habitats, reproduce, and die. Offspring are small, mature fast, and require little care	26
23193648	k-selected species	Species where population size remains constant (IE humans) and produce a small number of relatively large offspring that require much care until maturation.	27
23193649	Human Population Growth	Growth that began 1000 years ago, grew exponentially.	28
23193650	Exponential Growth Factors [of humans] include	Increase in food supply, reduction in disease, reduction in waste, expansion of habitat	29

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The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 1: From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations (8000-1500 B.C.E.) Vocabulary Flashcards

The Earth and its Peoples 4th Edition
Chapter 1 Key Terms

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669211673	Civilization	The social process whereby societies achieve civilization.	1
669211674	Culture	The attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization.	2
669211675	History	The study of the past.	3
669211676	Stone Age	The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age.	4
669211677	Paleolithic	The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	5
669211678	Neolithic	The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.	6
669211679	Foragers	People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gatherings wild edible plants and insects.	7
669211680	Agricultural Revolutions	The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.	8
669211681	Megaliths	Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times.	9
669211682	Sumerians	The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture, such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions, taken over by their Semitic successors.	10
669211683	Semitic	Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. These languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician.	11
669211684	City-state	A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.	12
669211685	Babylon	The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E.	13
669211686	Hammurabi	Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in Northern and Southern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.	14
669211687	Scribe	In the governments of many ancient societies, a professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiforms, hieroglyphics, or other early, cumbersome writing systems.	15
669211688	Ziggurat	A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.	16
669211689	Amulet	Small charm that is meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people.	17
669211690	Cuneiform	A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes.	18
669211691	Bronze	An alloy of copper with a small amount of Tin or Arsenic. The term Bronze Age is applied to the era-the dates of which vary in different parts of the world-when bronze was the primary metal for tools and weapons. The demand for bronze helped create long-distance networks of trade.	19
669211692	Pharaoh	The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. He is believed to be an earthly version of the gods. He used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt.	20
669211693	Ma'at	Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.	21
669211694	Pyramid	A large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the King.	22
669211695	Memphis	The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta.	23
669211696	Thebes	Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms.	24
669211697	Hieroglyphics	A system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. It was used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt. Because of the long period of study required to master this system, literacy in hieroglyphics was confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators.	25
669211698	Papyrus	Ancient paper	26
669211699	Mummy	A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife.	27
669211700	Harappa	Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation (in modern Pakistan), and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials, such as metals and precious stones, from Afghanistan and Iran.	28
669211701	Mohenjo-Daro	Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale of construction at Mohenjo-Daro, the orderly grid of streets, and the standardization of building materials are evidence of central planning.	29

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The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 2: New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres (2220-250 B.C.E.) Vocabulary Flashcards

The Earth and its Peoples 4th Edition
Chapter 2 Key Terms

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669215552	Loess	A fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China.	1
669215553	Shang	The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.).	2
669215554	Zhou	The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The Zhou era, particularly the vigorous early period (1045-771 B.C.E), was remembered in Chinese tradition as a time of prosperity and benevolent rule.	3
669215555	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects.	4
669215556	Confucious	Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.	5
669215557	Daoism	Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi. Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty.	6
669215558	Yin/Yang	In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.	7
669215559	Kush	An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium B.C.E.	8
669215560	Meroë	Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of Sub-Saharan Africa.	9
669215561	Celts	People sharing common linguistic and cultural features that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.	10
669215562	Druids	The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples.	11
669215563	Olmec	The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.	12
669215564	Chavín	The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E).	13
669215565	Llama	A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America. It was the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans.	14

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The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 1: From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations (8000-1500 B.C.E.) Vocabulary Flashcards

The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 2: New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres (2220-250 B.C.E.) Vocabulary Flashcards

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