AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 1595503567 | Comment ce nomme le chaptire 1 | Chaptre 1 | 0 | |
| 1595503568 | Comment ce nomme le chaptire 1 | Chaptre 1 | 1 | |
| 1595503569 | Comment ce nomme le chaptire 1 | Chaptre 1 | 2 | |
| 1595503570 | Comment ce nomme le chaptire 1 | Chaptre 1 | 3 | |
| 1595503571 | Comment ce nomme le chaptire 1 | Chaptre 1 | 4 |
| 765605602 | What % of all energy used in the US is wasted? | 84% | 1 | |
| 765605603 | How much of that waste is unnecessary? | 43% | 2 | |
| 765605604 | What is the life-cycle cost of an energy using devise? | Initial costs + lifetime operating costs | 3 | |
| 765605605 | What three devices are perhaps the least efficient devices in widespread use? | 1. Incandescent light bulb 2. Internal combustion engine 3. Nuclear power plant | 4 | |
| 765605606 | How much energy do the following waste: Incandescent light bulb, Internal combustion motor vehicles, Nuclear power plants when energy is used for heating?? | Incandescent light bulb--95% Internal combustion motor vehicles-86-90% Nuclear power plants--86-92% | 5 | |
| 765605607 | What is cogeneration? | Using steam to generate electricity and then to warm/cool buildings | 6 | |
| 765605608 | Why are most of the electric motors used today inefficient? | Run at full speed-could use adjustable speed drives. | 7 | |
| 765605609 | What is *"the best way"* to save energy and money in transportation? Other ways? | *Increase fuel efficiency* Other: Mass transit, bike, barges, etc. | 8 | |
| 765605610 | From 1973-1985 average fuel efficiency of cars rose by 37%. Why have they fallen since them? | Popularity of SUVs | 9 | |
| 765605611 | What is CAFE? Why is the auto industry trying to eliminate them? | Corporate average fuel economy--gov't mandated -they have strict standards which limit auto diversity | 10 | |
| 765605612 | What mpg can the new hybrid cars obtain? | up to 150 mpg -VW small car get 235 mpg | 11 | |
| 765605613 | Why is there little public interest in fuel efficient vehicles? | Cheap gas in US (but there are hidden costs) | 12 | |
| 765605614 | Who is the largest energy user in the US? | Military | 13 | |
| 765605615 | How much extra does it cost to super-insulate a house? | 5% more | 14 | |
| 765605616 | How long does it take to pay back that cost at today's energy prices? | within 5 years | 15 | |
| 765605617 | How much does super-insulation save a homeowner over a 40-yr period? | $50,000-100,000 | 16 | |
| 765605618 | How can the energy efficiency of an existing house be improved? | Plug leak, add insulation, energy saving windows and lighting | 17 | |
| 765605619 | What is a strawbale house? | House made from straw bales-straw has a very high insulation value | 18 | |
| 765605620 | What is the most energy efficient way commonly used to heat water for washing and bathing? | Tankless water heaters | 19 | |
| 765605621 | What is the Energy Star program? | Major household appliance ranked according to their energy efficiency. Only those that are the most efficient can carry the ES label. | 20 | |
| 765605622 | How much does a fluorescent bulb save over an incandescent over a 10-yr period? | $48-70 | 21 | |
| 765605623 | What are the energy savings of the use of a microwave for cooking? | 25-50% | 22 | |
| 765605624 | Why isn't the average person in the US doing more to reduce energy waste? Or any other waste for that matter! | Cheap energy, lack of incentives, lack of information especially of life cycle costs. | 23 | |
| 765605625 | What is the difference between a passive and an active solar heating system? | Active requires energy input to operate fans and pumps | 24 | |
| 765605626 | What is the typical pay-back time for a passive solar system? | 3-7 years | 25 | |
| 765605627 | What are some energy efficient ways to cool a house? | earth tubes, appropriate design, evaporative colors in arid regions | 26 | |
| 765605628 | An acre of lawn is equivalent to how much air-conditioning? | 1 ton | 27 | |
| 765605629 | What is a photovoltaic cell? What are they commonly called? | Solar cells--of semiconductor material where light causes electrons to flow. | 28 | |
| 765605630 | What are the advantages of solar cells? | Fairly high net energy Work on cloudy days Quick installation Easily expanded or moved No CO2 emissions Low environmental impact Last 20-40 yrs Low land use(if on roof) | 29 | |
| 765605631 | What are the disadvantages of solar cells? | 1. Light not 24 hrs/day--need some sort of back up 2. Other buildings/structures may block light 3. Expensive, but costs are coming down with new technologies | 30 | |
| 765605632 | What different types of hydropower are there? | small, large scale, pumped | 31 | |
| 765605633 | What country gets 99% of its electricity from hydropower? | Norway | 32 | |
| 765605634 | What are the pros of hydropower? | -moderate to high net energy -high efficiency (80%) -low-cost electricity -long life span -No CO2 emissions during operation -may provide flood ctrl below dam -provides water for yr-round irrigation | 33 | |
| 765605635 | What are the cons of hydropower? | -High construction costs -High environmental impact -High CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs -Floods natural areas -Converts land habitat to lake habitat -Danger of collapse -Uproots people -Decreases fish harvest below dam -Decreases flow of natural fertilizer (silt) to land below dam | 34 | |
| 765605636 | Where are two large tidal energy facilities? | Rance estuary in France, Bay of Fundy in Canada | 35 | |
| 765605637 | What are the pros and cons of tidal energy? | Works well but good sites are limited | 36 | |
| 765605638 | What is the world's fastest growing energy resource? | Wind power | 37 | |
| 765605639 | What has the Bush administration done RE wind power? | Cut funds for research and development | 38 | |
| 765605640 | What country is the world's largest producer of wind power and manufacturer of wind turbines? | Denmark | 39 | |
| 765605641 | What are the advantages of wind power? | -moderate to high net E -High efficiency -Moderate capital cost -Low electric cost (and falling) -Very low envi impact -No CO2 emissions -Quick construction -Easily expanded | 40 | |
| 765605642 | What are the disadvantages of wind power? | >Steady winds needed >Backup systems when needed winds are low >High land use for wind farm >Visual pollution >Noise when located near populated areas >May interfere in flights of migratory birds and kill birds of prey | 41 | |
| 765605643 | What % of people in developing countries heat and cook with wood or charcoal? | 70% | 42 | |
| 765605644 | What is biogas? | 60% methane, 40% CO2 produce from biomass by bacteria | 43 | |
| 765605645 | How much does it cost to make a biogas generator? | ab $50 including labor | 44 | |
| 765605646 | What is ethanol made from? | sugar and grain crops | 45 | |
| 765605647 | What is methanol made from? | natural gas, organic waste | 46 | |
| 765605648 | What are the pros of using biofuels? | -Large potential supply -Moderate costs -No net CO2 increase if harvested and burned sustainably -Plantation can help restore degraded lands -Can reduce water pollution -Recycles waste products | 47 | |
| 765605649 | What are the *cons* of using biofuels? | -Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably -Moderate to high envi impact -CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably -Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat -Plantation could compete with cropland -Often burned in inefficient and polluting open-fires and stoves | 48 | |
| 765605650 | What is considered the "fuel of the future"? | Hydrogen | 49 | |
| 765605651 | What is geothermal energy? | using high temperatures from the earths interior | 50 | |
| 765605652 | Where is it currently being used? | 22 countries--Iceland, Japan, California, Chile | 51 | |
| 765605653 | What are the *pros* of geothermal energy use? | very high efficiency moderate net E at accessible sites lower CO2 emissionthan fossil fuels low cost at favorable sites low land use low land disturbance moderate envi impact | 52 | |
| 765605654 | What are the cons of geothermal energy use? | -scarcity of suitable sites -depleted if used too rapidly -CO2 emissions -Moderate to high local air pollution -Noise and odor (H2S) | 53 | |
| 765605655 | What is micro power? | Small generating facilities | 54 | |
| 765605656 | What are the advantage of decentralization? | more local control, less problems with terrorism | 55 | |
| 765605657 | We have the technology why aren't we using more energy alternative to nonrenewable fuels? | economics and politics | 56 |
Brian Key
| 1593384790 | Developmental Biology | Organisation of cells into functional units through spatial and temporal gene expression in specific microenvironments L2 | 0 | |
| 1593384791 | Major Driving Force for Development | Differential gene expression in both time and space L2 | 1 | |
| 1593384792 | Repressed State | Default state of genes where genes are present in chromatin consisting of DNA and protein L2 | 2 | |
| 1593384793 | Primary Germ Layers (3) | Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm L2 | 3 | |
| 1593384794 | Induction | Group of cells/tissue become committed - involves inducers L2 | 4 | |
| 1593384795 | Regionalisation | Formation of decentralised tissue regions - involves morphogens L2 | 5 | |
| 1593384796 | Differentiation | Production of specific cell types/phenotypes within regions - involves growth factors L2 | 6 | |
| 1593384797 | C. elegans and Developmental Biology | Highly regulated developmental process results in defined cell number which allows for construction of lineage tree L2 | 7 | |
| 1593384798 | Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) | Widely used technique for couples at genetic risk involving diagnosis and transfer of unaffected embryos generated through in vitro fertilisation (IVF) techniques L2 | 8 | |
| 1593384799 | Blastomere Biopsy | Use needle to remove single blastomere during early development to perform genetic analysis - other blastomeres can replicate to replace it L2 | 9 |
Chapter 33
| 1084427799 | Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) | Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public. | 1 | |
| 1084427800 | Eleanor Roosevelt | FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women | 2 | |
| 1084427801 | Hundred Days Congress | Roosevelt's democratic congress who brought out legislation. Congress gave Roosevelt blank check power, passed many progressive goals, supported public reliability on banks during depression. FDR's "I'm here!" statement. | 3 | |
| 1084427802 | Relief, Recovery, Reform (Three Rs) | Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program. | 4 | |
| 1084427803 | Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act (1933) | This act forbade commercial banks from engaging in excessive speculation, added $1 billion in gold to economy and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). | 5 | |
| 1084427804 | Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | 1933. This unemployment relief act hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc; | 6 | |
| 1084427805 | Father Coughlin | Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal; he grew increasingly anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until the Catholic Church pulled him off the air. At one point he had 40 million radio fans. slogan was "Social Justice" | 7 | |
| 1084427806 | Huey P. ("Kingfish") Long | Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a "Share the Wealth" plan, which planned to give $5000 to all families (by taking from the rich). His ideas attracted a large national following. He was later assassinated. slogan was "make every man a king" | 8 | |
| 1084427807 | Francis Townsend | This man was a critic of the new deal. He developed the Townsend Plan as a way for the elderly to gain a monthly pension of $200 that must be spent within 30 days. | 9 | |
| 1084427808 | Works Progress Administration (1935) | New Deal program that provided relief to the unemployed in fields such as theater, literature, entertainment, and art. One of the largest "alphabet" agencies. | 10 | |
| 1084427809 | Frances Perkins | U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. She took much flak from her contemporaries. | 11 | |
| 1084427810 | National Recovery Act (1933) | This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program. | 12 | |
| 1084427811 | Schechter v. U.S. (1935) | Declared the National Recovery Administration (part of FDR's New Deal) unconstitutional on the basis that the NRA gave the executive branch regulatory powers that belonged exclusively to Congress. | 13 | |
| 1084427812 | Public Works Administration (1933) | Provided funding for numerous projects that created many jobs while improving the nation's infrastructure. | 14 | |
| 1084427813 | 21st Amendment (1933) | This repealed prohibition. | 15 | |
| 1084427814 | Dust Bowl | A horrible natural disaster in which Midwestern dust from millions of acres of dry, arid land (which in-part got that way from the tilling of the area) was blown up into the air and carried as far as Boston. Caused by dry-farming, drought, the cultivation of marginal farmlands on the Great Plains and soil erosion. | 16 | |
| 1084427815 | Securities and Exchange Commission (1934) | Congressional commission created in 1934 to administer the Securities Act requiring full financial disclosure by companies wishing to sell stock, and to prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices. | 17 | |
| 1084427816 | Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933) | It built a hydroelectric network that supplied cheap power while also developing a flood-control system, recreational facilities, and soil conservation program. First federal business to compete with private enterprises. | 18 | |
| 1084427817 | Federal Housing Administration (1934) | Agency that stimulated the housing industry by granting loans to home owners. | 19 | |
| 1084427818 | Social Security Act (1935) | The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers | 20 | |
| 1084427819 | John L. Lewis | United Mine Workers of America leader who organized the coal miners strike | 21 | |
| 1084427820 | Wagner Act (1935) | Created the powerful National Labor Relations board to mediate disputes between labor and business, gave organized labor the legal authority to bargain collectively, reasserted rights to unionize and bargain through representatives. This act also helped spur the creation and development of the Congress of Industrial Workers. | 22 | |
| 1084427821 | National Labor Relations Board | An independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions. | 23 | |
| 1084427822 | Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) | Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955. | 24 | |
| 1084427823 | 20th Amendment (1933) | The major effect of this was to severely cut down the "lame duck" period from the presidency. | 25 | |
| 1084427824 | Court Packing scheme (1937) | Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms. | 26 | |
| 1084427825 | Harry Hopkins | A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans. | 27 | |
| 1084427826 | Harold Ickes | headed the PWA for unemployment relief, sec of interior | 28 | |
| 1084427827 | George W. Norris | Norris sponsored the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933. In appreciation, the TVA Norris Dam and a new planned city in Tennessee were named after him.[1][2] Norris was also the prime Senate mover behind the Rural Electrification Act that brought electrical service to under-served and unserved rural areas across the United States. | 29 | |
| 1084427828 | Alfred M. Landon | ran for president in 1936 vs. FDR. Backed by Hoover. he didnt like social security | 30 | |
| 1084427829 | boondoggling | several work relief programs under the control of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). It is a politically motivated, trivial, wasteful or impractical government project funded with the intent to gain political favor. | 31 | |
| 1084427830 | parity | the price set for a product that gave it the same real value, in purchasing power, that it had enjoyed during the period from 1909-1914. | 32 | |
| 1084427831 | New Deal | the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented. It provided moderate social and economic reform to millions of Americans and probably staved off the rise of socialism in the United States. | 33 | |
| 1084427832 | Brain Trust | small group of reform minded intellectuals who wrote FDR's speeches often and other new deal legislation (often young college professors) | 34 | |
| 1084427833 | Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (1933) | got off to a shaky start (was seen as wasteful in the mass slaughter of pigs) but made available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages. Was criticized across the board. | 35 | |
| 1084427834 | Federal Housing Authority (FHA) | To speed up the recovery of better homes, Roosevelt established the this in 1934. This stimulated small loans to house holders, both improving their dwellings, and competing for new ones. | 36 | |
| 1084427835 | Liberty League | They were a group of wealthy consevatives who had organized in 1934 to fight "socialistic" new deal schemes. This group echoed Hoover's thoughts about Roosevelt's New Deal program. P. 792. | 37 | |
| 1084427836 | Roosevelt coalition | Also known as the New Deal. Established by Roosevelt during the Great Depression, it helped the unemployed and the lost wages due to the panic on wall street. | 38 | |
| 1084427837 | (Herbert) Hoover | lame-duck Republican president who was blamed for the Great Depression. Ran for reelection in 1932 and lost terribly. | 39 | |
| 1084427838 | Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933) | gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened | 40 | |
| 1084427839 | Gold Reserve Act (1934) | United States nationalized gold and prohibited private gold ownership except under license. | 41 | |
| 1084427840 | National Recovery Administration (NRA) | Most complex and far-reaching effort by the New Dealers to combine immediate relief with long range recovery and reform. It prevented extreme competition, labor management disputes, and over-production; federally coordinated consensus of business leaders (Hugh Johnson) to regulate businesses (wages, limits, working conditions) | 42 | |
| 1084427841 | Mary McLeod Bethune | United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans. She was the director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration, and was also the highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt administration. | 43 | |
| 1084427842 | Robert F. Wagner | Senator associated with the National Labor Relations Board Act | 44 | |
| 1084427843 | Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) | created a minimum wage of 40 cents per hour; set up a maximum of 44 hours per week in a number of industries; banned children under the age of 16 from working in some industries | 45 | |
| 1084427844 | Keynesianism | the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment | 46 | |
| 1084427845 | American workers had to be employed to obtain benefits | The most important difference between the American Social Security System and most European social welfare systems was that __________. | 47 |
Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 33 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.
| 1202408874 | Brain Trust | Nickname for FDR's version of the "Kitchen Cabinet," authored many New Deal Programs | 1 | |
| 1202408875 | New Deal | FDR's policy that focused on Relief, Recovery, and Reform | 2 | |
| 1202408876 | Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 | Gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and reopen solvent banks | 3 | |
| 1202408877 | "Fireside Chats" | FDR's weekly radio addresses, gave assurances about safety of banks | 4 | |
| 1202408878 | Glass-Steagall Act | Created the FDIC, ended bank failures and loss of savings for individuals | 5 | |
| 1202408879 | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | Guaranteed a person's savings in the event of a bank failure | 6 | |
| 1202408880 | Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | Provided employment for 3 million men; jobs included firefighting, reforestation, flood control, etc. | 7 | |
| 1202408881 | Federal Emergency Relief Act | Provided $3 billion to states to provide money for jobs through work projects | 8 | |
| 1202408882 | Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) | Provided money to farmers to help meet mortgages, not grow certain crops, later declared unconstitutional | 9 | |
| 1202408883 | Civil Works Administration | Provided temporary jobs such as leaf-raking during the hard hit winter | 10 | |
| 1202408884 | Works Progress Administration | Spent $11 billion on public buildings, bridges, roads, etc. 9 million people were employed | 11 | |
| 1202408885 | National Recovery Act (NRA) | Program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. Established minimum wage | 12 | |
| 1202408886 | Schechter Poultry v. US | Declared that Congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive | 13 | |
| 1202408887 | Public Works Administration (PWA) | Built dams such as the Grand Coulee, helped create electrical power and irrigation for farmland | 14 | |
| 1202408888 | 20th Amendment | Changed inauguration date to Jane 20 to limit "lame duck" time period | 15 | |
| 1202408889 | 21st Amendment | Repealed the 18th amendment, made alcohol legal again | 16 | |
| 1202408890 | Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) | Paid farmers to not grow crops, later declared unconstitutional | 17 | |
| 1202408891 | Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 | Reversed the "Dawes Act" and encouraged Native Americans to establish self-government | 18 | |
| 1202408892 | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | Regulates stock market to ensure it exists as trading market and not gambling casinos | 19 | |
| 1202408893 | Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) | Put 1,000s of people to work and created hydro-electric power; One of larger New Deal programs | 20 | |
| 1202408894 | Social Security Act | Payroll tax that provided security for senior citizens and provided for federal-state unemployment insurance | 21 | |
| 1202408895 | Federal Housing Administration (FHA) | Provided small loans to householders; one of FDR's lasting programs | 22 | |
| 1202408896 | Wagner Act of 1935 | Reasserted the right of labor to organize and collectively bargain | 23 | |
| 1202408897 | Court Packing Plan | FDR's plan to increase size of Supreme Court in order to favor his New Deal policies; he could appoint a new judge for every judge over 70 years of age | 24 |
Chapter 16 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Lectures 18, 19
| 1020909419 | 1910: Thomas H. Morgan | - Genes are on chromosomes - Chromosomes: DNA+protein - Which is genetic material? |  | 1 |
| 1020909420 | 1928: Frederick Griffith | -Heritable factor can "transform" bacteria -What is the heritable factor? |  | 2 |
| 1020909421 | 1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty | "Transforming" agent is DNA | | 3 |
| 1020909422 | 1952: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase: | -DNA, not protein, is the genetic material of bacteriophages |  | 4 |
| 1020909423 | Nucleic acid: | -polymer of nucleotides -Nucleic Acids Are Assembled from Nucleotides | 5 | |
| 1020909424 | Nucleotides have 3 parts: | 1. Nitrogenous base 2. Sugar (5C) 3. Phosphate(s) |  | 6 |
| 1020909425 | Nitrogenous base | Pyrimidine: single 6C ring: -Thymine (T) -Cytosine (C) Purine: fused 5C-6C rings: -Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) |  | 7 |
| 1020909426 | Sugar (5C) | Deoxyribose: lacks 2'-OH |  | 8 |
| 1020909427 | Phosphate(s) | Attached to 5'-C | 9 | |
| 1020909428 | Polynucleotides | -phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides -Sugar-phosphate "backbone" - Nitrogenous base "appendages" - Polarity (directionality) 5'-end = phosphate 3'end = hydroxyl (OH) |  | 10 |
| 1020909429 | Sugar-phosphate "backbone" | Repeating pattern |  | 11 |
| 1020909430 | Nitrogenous base "appendages" | Distinct sequence | | 12 |
| 1020909431 | Polarity (directionality) | 5'-end = phosphate 3'end = hydroxyl (OH) | 13 | |
| 1020909432 | 1952: Edwin Chargaff | DNA Base Composition Varies Between Organisms, but in Regular Ratios 1. Base composition varies between species 2. #A's = #T's, #G's = #C's |  | 14 |
| 1020909433 | Rosalind Franklin (Maurice Wilkins) | DNA Is a Double Helix of Anti-Parallel Strands -Double helix (2 strands) -Uniform diameter, base-spacing -Phosphates out, bases in |  | 15 |
| 1020909434 | Franklin's X ray diffraction of DNA |  | 16 | |
| 1020909435 | James Watson and Francis Crick | A=T, G≡C |  | 17 |
| 1020909436 | DNA Is a Double Helix of Anti-Parallel Strands | *Anti-parallel strands: -Stand W: 5'➞3' - Strand C: 3'➞5' *Sugar phosphate "backbones" *Bases "glue" strands together with H-bonds |  | 18 |
| 1020909437 | Bases "glue" strands together with H-bonds: | A=T, G≡C |  | 19 |
| 1020909438 | DNA Is a Double Helix of Anti-Parallel Strands | -Parent molecule -Strands separate -New strand synthesis |  | 20 |
| 1020909439 | Parent molecule: | Two complementary strands | 21 | |
| 1020909440 | Strands separate: | Each parent can serve as a template for a new complementary strand | 22 | |
| 1020909441 | New strand synthesis: | Nucleotides line up along the template according to base-pairing rules | 23 | |
| 1020909442 | Three Possible Models for DNA Replication | - Conservative - Semiconservative - Dispersive |  | 24 |
| 1020909443 | Conservative | Parents reassociate | 25 | |
| 1020909444 | DNA Is Replicated Semiconservatively | -Parents serve as templates -Produces hybrids: one parent, one new |  | 26 |
| 1020909445 | Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl (1958) |  | 27 | |
| 1020909446 | Dispersive | Each product strand is a mixture of parent and new | 28 | |
| 1020909447 | Origin of replication | - specific sites (sequences) where DNA replication starts - DNA Replication Proceeds Bidirectionally from Specific Sites - E. coli (and other bacteria) & Eukaryotes |  | 29 |
| 1020909448 | Origin of replication in an E. coli (and other bacteria) | 1 | | 30 |
| 1020909449 | Origin of replication in a Eukaryotes | many (faster for larger genomes) |  | 31 |
| 1020909450 | Several Proteins Help Prepare Template Strands for Replication | -Helicase -Single-stranded binding proteins -Topoisomerase -Primase | 32 | |
| 1020909451 | Helicase: | unwinds parental strands | 33 | |
| 1020909452 | Single-stranded binding proteins: | stabilize parental strands, prevent re-annealing | 34 | |
| 1020909453 | Topoisomerase: | relieves strain caused by strand unwinding | 35 | |
| 1020909454 | Primase: | synthesizes RNA primers to be extended | 36 | |
| 1020909455 | DNA polymerase | - Add nucleotides to existing chain - Can only add to the 3' end |  | 37 |
| 1020909456 | Requirement for DNA polymerase | -Existing strand (cannot initiate) -Template | 38 | |
| 1020909457 | DNA polymerase can only add to the 3' end: | Strands can only elongate in the 5'➞3' direction |  | 39 |
| 1020909458 | What are the consequences of DNA polymerase only being able to add to the 3' end of existing DNA strands? | Leading strand: continuous Lagging strand: discontinuous (in fragments) |  | 40 |
| 1020909459 | Leading strand | - Synthesized toward the replication fork - Continuous synthesis (DNA polymerase III) |  | 41 |
| 1020909460 | Lagging strand | - Synthesized away from the replication fork (DNA pol III) - Series of segments (Okazaki fragments) - DNA polymerase I - Ligase |  | 42 |
| 1020909461 | DNA polymerase I: | replaces RNA primers with DNA |  | 43 |
| 1020909462 | Ligase: | seals up gaps | 44 | |
| 1020909463 | Bacterial DNA Replication |  | 45 | |
| 1020909464 | Bacterial DNA Replication 2 |  | 46 | |
| 1020911700 | What happens at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes? Is it possible to synthesize all the way to the end of both strands? | Complete synthesis of linear DNA pieces is not possible with conventional replication machinery |  | 47 |
| 1020911701 | Telomeres: | -non-protein coding repetitive sequence found at the ends of chromosomes -Act as a buffer to protect protein coding genes -Shorten with each replication |  | 48 |
| 1020911702 | Telomerase | Telomerase Maintains Telomere Length In Germ Cells - protein-RNA complex - RNA-directed, DNA synthesis |  | 49 |
| 1020911703 | Various Mechanisms Repair DNA Damage |  | 50 | |
| 1020911704 | Various Mechanisms Repair DNA Damage |  | 51 |
Chapter 33 Vocab from The American Pageant
| 1195540192 | Brain Trust | Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression | 1 | |
| 1195540193 | New Deal | The historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented. | 2 | |
| 1195540194 | Hundred Days | the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months | 3 | |
| 1195540195 | Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act | Government legislation that made 750 million dollars that had once been kept in the governments gold reserves now able to be used in the creation of loans. This allowed the banks to reopen and it gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange. It also took the U.S off the gold standard and introduced FDIC. | 4 | |
| 1195540196 | Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects | 5 | |
| 1195540197 | National Recovery Administration (NRA) | Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. | 6 | |
| 1195540198 | Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) | New Deal farm agency that attempted to raise prices by paying farmers to reduce their production of crops and animals | 7 | |
| 1195540199 | Dust Bowl | Hundred of thousands of "Okes" (people migrants came from Mexico) stremed out of the Dust Dowl of Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, Colorado, where chronic drought and harmful agricultural practices blasted crops and hopes | 8 | |
| 1195540200 | Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) | June 1933. Innovative attempt at regional planning. Series of dams in seven states on the Tennessee river to control floods, ease navigation, and produce electricity. Endures to this day. Relief and Reform | 9 | |
| 1195540201 | Social Security Act | guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health | 10 | |
| 1195540202 | Wagner Act | 1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. | 11 | |
| 1195540203 | Fair Labor Standards Act | 1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor | 12 | |
| 1195540204 | Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) | Group which emerged from the American Federation of Labor in 1938 which became and influential labor group. Merged with the AFL in 1955 | 13 | |
| 1195540205 | Court-packing plan | President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges | 14 | |
| 1195540206 | Keynesianism | the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment | 15 |
Definitions of the terms used in the AP Literature Exam
| 165863943 | asyndeton | commas used w/o conjunction to separate a series of words (i.e. X,Y,Z, not X,Y, & Z) | 0 | |
| 165863944 | apostrophe | calling out to an object or an abstract idea (i.e. the wind) | 1 | |
| 165863945 | assonance | repetition of vowel sounds | 2 | |
| 165863946 | apposition | when elements that are an explanation of the something stated are listed (i.e. my loves: Theo, bunnies, and chocolate) | 3 | |
| 165863947 | juxtaposition | placing two unassociated elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast | 4 | |
| 165863948 | enjambment | the continuation of meaning, without pause or break, from one line of poetry to the next | 5 | |
| 165863950 | restrained | constricted writing | 6 | |
| 165869866 | elegy | a lament over someone's death | 7 | |
| 165869867 | sonnet | a poem w/ a 14-line structure | 8 | |
| 165869868 | colloquialism | a word or phrase used in informal/everyday conversation | 9 | |
| 165869869 | petrarchan/italian rhyme | rhyme scheme of ABBA - ABBA - CDE - CDE | 10 | |
| 165869870 | deference | respectful or courteous regard | 11 | |
| 165869871 | iambic pentameter | a poetic meter that is made up of 5 stressed syllables each followed by an unstressed syllable | 12 | |
| 165869872 | verisimilitude | probability; likelihood | 13 | |
| 165869873 | simple sentences | a sentence having only one clause | 14 | |
| 165869875 | conceit | an elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different | 15 | |
| 165869876 | synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole (i.e. wheels = the whole car) | 16 | |
| 165869878 | couplet | two consecutive rhyming lines of poetry | 17 | |
| 165869879 | quatrains | groups of four lines in a poem | 18 | |
| 165869881 | antithesis | the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance | 19 | |
| 165869883 | syntactic fluency | ability to create a variety of sentence structures | 20 | |
| 165869884 | pragmatic | guided by practical experience and observation rather than theory | 21 | |
| 165869885 | laudable | praiseworthy; commendable | 22 | |
| 165869886 | rationalization | the process of making something seem consistent with or based on reason | 23 | |
| 165869887 | onomatopoeia | a word that imitates the sound it's referencing | 24 | |
| 165869888 | idiom | speech or phrase specific to a particular language or group of people | 25 | |
| 165869889 | in medias res | occurring in the middle of an event/action | 26 | |
| 165869890 | anaphora | repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive phrases | 27 | |
| 165881722 | invocation | calling out to a god or goddess | 28 | |
| 165886222 | allegory | a story or poem in which the characters represent abstract ideas (i.e. Animal Farm) | 29 | |
| 165886223 | allusion | reference to someone or something known from history or literature | 30 | |
| 165886224 | anastrophe | the reversal of the normal order of words for the purpose of rhythm | 31 | |
| 165886225 | anecdote | short story of an amusing or interesting event | 32 | |
| 165886226 | antagonist | villain; opponent against the hero | 33 | |
| 165886227 | antimetabole | repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order (i.e. "One should eat to live, not live to eat.") | 34 | |
| 165886228 | antihero | central character who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes | 35 | |
| 165886229 | anthropomorphism | attributing human characteristics to an animal | 36 | |
| 165886230 | aphorism | a brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life | 37 | |
| 165886231 | static character | one who does not change throughout the story | 38 | |
| 165900024 | chiasmus | a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed (i.e. Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike) | 39 | |
| 165900025 | connotation | the associations and emotional overtones that are attached to a word or phrase | 40 | |
| 165900026 | dialect | a way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain group | 41 | |
| 165900027 | diction | a writer's choice of words | 42 | |
| 165900028 | didactic | a story that teaches a specific lesson or moral | 43 | |
| 165900029 | epanalepsis | device of repetition in which the same word is repeated at the beginning in end of a line (i.e. common sense is not so common) | 44 | |
| 165900030 | epic | poem which recounts the deeds of a hero | 45 | |
| 165900031 | epigraph | quotation at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme | 46 | |
| 165900032 | exposition | writing that is intended to make clear explanation about something | 47 | |
| 165900033 | farce | a type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in far-fetched situations | 48 | |
| 165900034 | hypotactic | a sentence using connecting words btw clauses or sentences to show the relationship btw them (i.e. I am tired b/c it is hot) | 49 | |
| 165900035 | inversion | the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase | 50 | |
| 165900036 | irony | discrepancy btw appearances & reality | 51 | |
| 165900037 | metonymy | substitution of the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (i.e. they counted heads; heads = people) | 52 | |
| 165900038 | motif | a recurring image, word, or idea throughout a work | 53 | |
| 165900039 | parable | a short story that teaches a moral lesson about how to lead a good life | 54 | |
| 165900040 | paradox | a self-contradictory statement that actually contains some truth | 55 | |
| 165900041 | parallel structure/parallelism | the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures (i.e. I like running, swimming, and jumping.) | 56 | |
| 165900042 | parody | a work that makes fun of another by imitating some aspect of the writer's style | 57 | |
| 165900043 | polysyndeton | sentence that uses a conjunction w/ no commas to separate the items of the series (i.e. X and Y and Z) | 58 | |
| 165900044 | protagonist | central character of a story | 59 | |
| 165900045 | pun | play on words based on the multiple meanings on words that sound alike but mean different things | 60 | |
| 165900046 | refrain | a word or phrase that is repeated several times in a poem for effect | 61 | |
| 165900047 | rhetoric | art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse | 62 | |
| 165900048 | satire | the use of humor to emphasize human weaknesses or imperfections in social institutions | 63 | |
| 165900049 | soliloquy | a long speech made by a character who is alone on stage | 64 | |
| 165900050 | syntactic permutation | sentence structures that are extremely complex, often difficult for a reader to follow | 65 | |
| 165900051 | telegraphic sentence | a sentence shorter than five words in length | 66 | |
| 165900052 | vernacular | the language spoken by the people who live in a particular place | 67 | |
| 165904963 | impressionism | a 19th century movement; recorded the artist's personal impressions of the world | 68 | |
| 165904964 | rationalism | movement that began in the 17th century; truth can be obtained through reason, not the church/religion | 69 | |
| 165904965 | transcendentalism | a 19th century movement; every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition | 70 | |
| 165904966 | denotation | the dictionary meaning of a word, as opposed to connotation | 71 | |
| 165904967 | digression | use of material unrelated to the subject of work | 72 | |
| 165904968 | reliability | the quality of some fictional narrators that the reader can trust | 73 | |
| 165904969 | syllogism | a form or reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them (i.e. micro, macro, thus: all tragedies end unhappily; Hamlet is a tragedy; Hamlet ends unhappily" | 74 | |
| 165904970 | blank verse | unrhymed iambic pentameter | 75 | |
| 165904971 | dactyl | a metrical foot of three syllables: an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables | 76 | |
| 165904972 | free verse | poetry not written in traditional meter but is still rhythmical | 77 | |
| 165904973 | iamb | a two-syllable foot with an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable | 78 | |
| 165904974 | English/Shakespearean Rhyme | rhyme scheme of ABAB - CDCD - EFEF - GG | 79 | |
| 165906062 | imperative | the mood of a verb that gives an order (i.e. "Eat your spinach!") | 80 |
Chapter 1 Vocab for AP US History.
| 1156750469 | Marco Polo | An Italian merchant traveler, He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. First Europeans to travel across Asia through China, visiting the Kublai Khan in Beijing. | 1 | |
| 1156750470 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who traveled through much of the Pacific coast of America along Peru. He "discovered" the Incan empire and conquered it brutally and quickly, stealing immense hoards of gold, silver, and other treasures. (1532-1541) | 2 | |
| 1156750471 | Juan Ponce de Leon | Spanish explorer and soldier who was the first European to set foot in Florida. He also established the oldest European settlement in Puerto Rico and discovered the Gulf Stream. Was looking for the fountain of youth. 1513 & 1521 | 3 | |
| 1156750472 | Hernando de Soto | 16th century Spanish explorer arrived in the West Indies as a young man and went on to make a fortune in the Central American slave trade. | 4 | |
| 1156750473 | Montezuma | Was the ninth Aztec emperor, and was killed during the spanish conquest of Mexico after he was captured by Conquistador Hernan Cortes | 5 | |
| 1156750474 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian explorer, and navigator. He completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean and that led to the general awareness of the American Continents. (1492) | 6 | |
| 1156750475 | Hernan Cortes | Led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. | 7 | |
| 1156750476 | Francisco Coronado | Spanish conquistador who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southeastern United States between 1540 and 1542. Hoped to conquer the Seven Cities of Gold. | 8 | |
| 1156750477 | Robert de La Salle | French explorer who explore the great lakes, Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico 1671-1673 | 9 | |
| 1156750478 | Jacques Cartier | French explorer who claim Canada for the French. He also mapped out the St. Lawrence River and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 1534-1542 | 10 | |
| 1156920043 | Giovanni da Verrazano | Florentine explorer of North America. He sought a passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. He was financed by King Francis of France, and concentrated solely on the Atlantic seaboard between the Carolinas and Newfoundland in 1524. | 11 | |
| 1156920044 | John Cabot | An Italian explorer who was known for his exploration of North America in 1497. Under Henry VII's commission, he was the first European to see North America since the Norse Viking expeditions in the eleventh century. He first landed in present-day Newfoundland, a province of Canada. | 12 | |
| 1156920045 | Vasco Nunez Balboa | Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513. Traveled to the New World in 1500 and settled on the island of Hispaniola. | 13 | |
| 1156920046 | Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile | Known for completing the Reconquista which was ordering exile of their Muslim and Jewish subjects and supporting and financing Christopher Columbus' voyage that led to finding the New World. | 14 | |
| 1156920047 | Quetzalcoatl | Aztec deity depicted as a feathered serpent. Montezuma originally thought that Cortez was quetzalcoatl when he landed in Mexico. | 15 | |
| 1156920048 | Bartholomeu Dias | A Portuguese explorer. He was the first person to sail around the southern tip of Africa in 1488. This discovery made it easier for Europeans to trade with India and parts of Asia. | 16 | |
| 1156920049 | Hiawatha | Legendary Native American Leader that thought to unify the Iroquois so he founded the Iroquois confederacy. | 17 | |
| 1156920050 | Bartolome de Las Casas | A 16th century Spanish historian and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas and the first appointed "Protector of the Indians". | 18 | |
| 1156920051 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer who was the first person to circumnavigate the globe during 1519-1522 | 19 | |
| 1156920052 | Vasco da Gama | A very successful Portuguese explorer during the Age of Discovery. He was the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. Landed in India on May 20, 1498 | 20 | |
| 1156920053 | Mestizos | A mixed race when someone is part Native American and other part Spanish. | 21 | |
| 1156920054 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that was signed saying what lands in the new world would belong to Spain and which to Portugal. Lands to the west belonged to the Spanish and the lands to the east were Portuguese. | 22 | |
| 1156920055 | "Three Sister" Farming | The three main crops farmed by native americans. They were squash, beans, and corn. They would grow the beans up the corn stalk and plant squash around the corn. | 23 | |
| 1156920056 | Great Ice Age | Long term reduction in temperature that caused a glacial age. This caused the expansion of the polar ice caps and glaciers in the north. Present day evidence are the natural lakes and rivers carved by the glaciers. | 24 | |
| 1156920057 | Mound Builders | Various Native American people that lived between the fifth and sixteenth centuries. Especially in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valley, they practiced settled agriculture and are known for their often large burial and effigy mounds. | 25 | |
| 1156920058 | Spanish Armada | The great fleet sent by Philip the Second of Spain to defeat the English in 1588 because he wanted Queen Elizabeth to restore England to Catholicism. The fleet was defeated by the English and then scattered by storms off the Hebrides. | 26 | |
| 1156920059 | Black Legend | A false notion spread by the English that said Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. There is a little bit of truth to this, but there were also efforts to Catholicize the Indians. In fact, Queen Isabella of SPAIN said to protect the Indians on her deathbed...for these reasons the amount of truth is still debated today. | 27 | |
| 1156920060 | Conquistadores | The Spanish word for "conqueror". Were Spaniards who conquered the native people of North and South America during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They were not known as nice guys, but they were effective. | 28 | |
| 1156920061 | Aztecs | People who settled in Mexico in the 1300's and very quickly established an empire. Their empire thrived until Hernando Cortes came in 1519 and conquered. The Aztecs were known for their hard work and ability to build temples, pyramids, make jewelry, weapons, and clothing. | 29 | |
| 1156920062 | Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo revolt of 1680 was an uprising of Pueblo Indians against Spanish colonizers in present day New Mexico. 400 Spanish were killed and the remaining 2,000 settlers were driven out of the province. | 30 | |
| 1156920063 | Pueblo Indians | They inhabited the rio grande valley, they had intricate irrigation systems to water there corn. Their name means village in spanish, which is what the spanish called them when the found them because the dwelled in high terraced buildings like these! | 31 | |
| 1156920064 | Iroquois Confederacy | Bound together five indian nations, the mohawks, the oneidas, the onondagas, the cayugas, and the senecas. Them joining together rivaled other bigger tribes, the french, and the english, they were able to control trade prices. It became a pact of six in 1722. | 32 | |
| 1156920065 | Cartography | The study or practice of making maps. This practice allowed sailors to sail across the sea and thus lead to the discoveries the sailors made! | 33 | |
| 1156920066 | Vinland | The name given to an area of North America around 1000-1300 A.D. by Norse Vikings, arguably the first to discover the "New World". | 34 | |
| 1156920067 | St. Augustine, Florida | A city in Northeast Florida and the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement and port in the continental United States. It was named after a Christian Theologian once found in 1565. | 35 | |
| 1156920068 | Spice Islands | Maluku Islands were an archipelago in Indonesia. It was a large producer of rare spices for Asia as some spices were ONLY found there. | 36 | |
| 1156920069 | Moors | North African Muslims from Spain; Their capital was Granada which is known for the 1066 Granada Massacre where a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace and massacred most of the Jewish population. | 37 | |
| 1156920070 | Encomienda | A legal system that was employed in 1512 mainly by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas to regulate Native American labor and autonomy. | 38 | |
| 1156920071 | Malinchista | (Donna Marie) Epithet to describe traitorous behavior in Mexico. A woman named Malinche helped Hernan Cortes interpret the languages the native people spoke, and became his lover. (1519) | 39 | |
| 1156920072 | Dia de la Raza | It is the celebration of the arrival of Christopher Columbus. The day is celebrated on October 12. | 40 |
5/10/2014
| 1463878041 | Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE) | occurs when an individual, having made a personal commitment to abstain from using a substance or to cease engaging in unwanted behavior, has an initial lapse whereby the substance or behavior is engaged in at least once. - Some individuals may then proceed to uncontrolled use. | 1 | |
| 1463878043 | How does alcohol metabolize? | - The first step is the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. - The acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetic acid & finally CO2 & water through the citric acid cycle. - alcohol is detoxified and removed from the blood, preventing the alcohol from accumulating and destroying cells and organs. - A minute amount of alcohol escapes metabolism and is excreted unchanged in the breath and in urine. - Until all the alcohol consumed has been metabolized, it is distributed throughout the body, affecting the brain and other tissues. | 2 | |
| 1463878044 | the most abused substance by *women* | Alcohol | 3 | |
| 1463878045 | On average ___ milligram of Nicotine is absorbed in the bloodstream from smoking a cigarette | 1 | 4 | |
| 1463878046 | 4 categories of volatile substances? | - Volatile Solvents - Aerosols - Gases - Nitrites | 5 | |
| 1463878047 | Volatile Solvents | - liquid or semi-solid solvent that vaporizes at room temperature - depress central nervous system - glues, paint, petrol etc. | 6 | |
| 1463878048 | Aerosols | - contain volatile solvents and propellant gas - depress central nervous system - spray paints, deodorant, hair spray etc. | 7 | |
| 1463878049 | Gases | - depress central nervous system - butane, propane, anesthetics gases- nitrous oxide | 8 | |
| 1463878050 | Nitrites | - vasodilators and muscle relaxants - amyl, butyl | 9 | |
| 1463878051 | Toluene | The psychoactive water-insoluble chemical found in many commonly abused inhalants - glues, paints, thinners & nail polish - can cause heart arrhythmia & damage to kidneys & liver. | 10 | |
| 1463878052 | Toluene is a Volatile Solvent. True/False | true | 11 | |
| 1463878053 | What is the most abused illicit drug? | Marijuana | 12 | |
| 1463878054 | The most potent Cannabinoids? | Hashish - THC levels can be as high as 28% | 13 | |
| 1463878055 | Gateway Drugs | Substances that lead to the use of other stronger drugs | 14 | |
| 1463878056 | A typical progression of drug usage starts with cigarettes and_________ , and then marijuana before moving on to the stronger drugs. | alcohol | 15 | |
| 1463878057 | __________ is absorbed so well into mucous membranes that it *remains in use for surgery in the ear, nose, and throat regions*. | Cocaine - first used in psychiatry and as a local anesthetic. | 16 | |
| 1463878058 | ________________ studied the drug for its potential as a treatment for a variety of ailments including depression and morphine dependence. | Sigmund Freud | 17 | |
| 1463878059 | Some early medical applications used cocaine in eye surgery and _________. | dentistry | 18 | |
| 1463878060 | What form of cocaine is injected? | The powdered form is dissolved into water and injected. | 19 | |
| 1463878061 | Paranoid psychosis is? | a break with reality that includes extreme fear and anxiety associated with delusions. | 20 | |
| 1463878062 | What is a common feature of delusions? | Paranoia - in cases like persecutory delusions where people become convinced that they are under attack or someone is out to get them. | 21 | |
| 1463878063 | What is a *speedball*? | - aka power-balling is a term commonly referring to the hazardous intravenous use of cocaine with heroin or morphine in the same syringe. - can also be taken by insufflation (inhaling). | 22 | |
| 1463878064 | *Amphetamines* are used to treat? | narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) | 23 | |
| 1463878066 | GABA neurotransmitter | - GABA: Referred to as nature's Valium-like substance. - If it is high or low, an excitatory neurotransmitter is firing too often in the brain. - GABA is released to balance this stimulating over-firing. -It is found the CNS & exerts generalized inhibitory functions. - Many sedative drugs enhance GABA inhibition & alcohol tends to have widespread inhibitory effects. | 24 | |
| 1463878067 | It is possible to estimate an individual's blood alcohol content (BAC) by knowing their _______, ______ & _______ of alcohol consumed. | weight, gender, amount | 25 | |
| 1463878068 | The average female has a _______ proportion of body fat & therefore, for a given weight has less volume in which to distribute the alcohol. | higher | 26 | |
| 1463878069 | For an average 100 pound female 1 can of beer would result in a BAC of .045 while a 100 pound male would achieve a BAC of ____. | .037 | 27 | |
| 1463878070 | what drug is most associated with violent crime? | Alcohol - homicide, assault, family violence and suicide | 28 | |
| 1463878072 | alcohol is involved in __________ of all suicides. | one third | 29 | |
| 1463878073 | 4 stages of alcohol withdrawal are? | - tremors - hallucinations - delusions - seizures. | 30 | |
| 1463878074 | Anxiety & Autonomic arousal occur _____ hours after consuming alcohol | 6 - 12 | 31 | |
| 1463878075 | Hallucinations occur ___ hours after consuming alcohol. | 24 | 32 | |
| 1463878076 | Seizures occur _____ hours after consuming alcohol. | 24 - 30 | 33 | |
| 1463878077 | Confusion & disorientation occurs _______ hours after the consumption of alcohol. | 48 - 72 | 34 | |
| 1463878078 | There is considerable evidence supporting the idea that some degree of vulnerability to alcohol dependence might be inherited. True or False? | True | 35 | |
| 1463878079 | Adopted ____ whose biological fathers were alcohol dependent have a much greater than average chance of becoming alcohol dependent than adopted sons of non-alcoholic fathers. | sons | 36 | |
| 1463878080 | The historical progression of tobacco use? | pipes, snuff, chewing, cigars, cigarettes. | 37 | |
| 1463878081 | Smoking tends to inhibit ______ contractions up to one hour. | hunger | 38 | |
| 1463878082 | What drug deadens the taste buds & causes a slight increase in blood sugar levels. | Nicotine | 39 | |
| 1463878083 | What drug affects the release of the neurotransmitter *dopamine* in the reward/pleasure pathways of the brain. | Nicotine | 40 | |
| 1463878084 | Two OTC smoking cessation aids are? | - nicotine gum - nicotine patches | 41 | |
| 1463878085 | Nicotine nasal spray, inhalers & Bupropion are smoking cessation aids which require a? | prescription | 42 | |
| 1463878087 | What is one of the *most popular* OTC drugs? | Aspirin - used for its analgesic, & anti-inflammatory effects. | 43 | |
| 1463878088 | Dietary Supplements are not regulated as OTC drugs. True or False? | True | 44 | |
| 1463878089 | 3 Drug Testing Methods? | - urine - hair - saliva | 45 | |
| 1463878090 | Abused substances or their metabolites can be detected in *urine* for up to? | 5 days | 46 | |
| 1463878091 | Abused substances or their metabolites can be detected in *saliva* for up to? | 1 day | 47 | |
| 1463878092 | Abused substances or their metabolites can be detected in *hair* for up to? | 90 days | 48 | |
| 1463878093 | Who is more likely to use illicit drugs? | American Indian / Alaska Natives | 49 | |
| 1463878094 | What % of *American Indian/Alaska Natives* report recent illicit drug use? | 12.1% | 50 | |
| 1463878095 | What % of *Blacks* report recent illicit drug use? | 8.7% | 51 | |
| 1463878096 | What % of *Whites* report recent illicit drug use? | 8.3% | 52 | |
| 1463878097 | What % of *Latinos* report recent illicit drug use? | 8% | 53 | |
| 1463878098 | Opioids | A group of analgesic, or painkilling, drugs that produce a relaxed, dream-like state. also known as narcotics. Examples: Opium, Morphine, Codeine, Heroine, Methadone, Demerol, Dilaudid, Fentanyl, Percodan, & Talwin | 54 | |
| 1463878099 | Medical Uses of Opioids | Analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-tussives, addict maintenance | 55 | |
| 1463878100 | Effects of Opioids on the body | Euphoria, drowsiness, slowed respiration, nausea | 56 | |
| 1463878101 | Effects of Opioids Overdose | Slow & shallow breathing, clammy skin, constricted pupils, coma, possible death | 57 | |
| 1463878102 | Withdrawal Symptoms of Opioids | Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, tremors, panic, chills & sweating, cramps, nausea Other Opioids include | 58 | |
| 1463878103 | Most common antidepressants | Used to treat symptoms of depression or anxiety disorders by slowing the removal of certain chemicals from the brain. | 59 | |
| 1463878104 | *Tricyclics* are used to treat? | chronic pain disorders | 60 | |
| 1463878105 | (MAOI) Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | The first group of antidepressant drugs - replaced by SSRIs | 61 | |
| 1463878106 | (SSRI) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | most common antidepressants - Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), & Sertraline (Zoloft) | 62 | |
| 1463878107 | The effects of long-term antipsychotic drug usage? | Tardive Dyskinesia - indicated by involuntary twitching movements of the arms, lips, & tongue. - more likely with conventional antipsychotic drugs versus the atypical variety. | 63 | |
| 1463878108 | Historically, as *cocaine use declined*, amphetamine use _________. | increased | 64 | |
| 1463878109 | Who is more likely to smoke? | Men are 5 times more likely to smoke than women. - The gender gap declines with younger age. | 65 | |
| 1463878110 | About ___% of teens smoke. | 20 | 66 | |
| 1463878111 | St. Johns Wort | - aromatic perennial herb ((Hypericum Perforatum). - active compound, Hypericin, has anti-bacterial & anti-inflammatory activity. - Hypericin has monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibiting activity, mimicking the action of antidepressant agents. | 67 | |
| 1463878112 | Kava Kava | - A natural sedative and sleep enhancement. - It is traditionally used as a remedy for nervousness and insomnia. - induce a feeling of relaxation, peace and contentment, along with a sharpening of the senses. - promotes deep and restful sleep. - also a muscle relaxant that can help relieve cramping due to spasms. | 68 | |
| 1463878113 | Harrison Act of 1914 | - criminalizes the non-medical use of drugs. - applied to opium, morphine & its derivatives, coca leaves, (cocaine) & its derivatives. - amphetamines, barbiturates, marijuana, hashish, hallucinogenics were NOT mentioned. | 69 | |
| 1463878114 | The Harrison Tax Act | - based & built upon Harrison act of 1914. - were two taxes. --- One was a tax to be paid by doctors at one dollar per year, & the doctors who would pay the tax, were able to legally prescribe these drugs from the Government as long as they followed the regulations of the statute. --- The second tax was a thousand dollars for every non-medical exchange of these drugs. | 70 | |
| 1463878115 | Phencyclidine (PCP), aka"Angel Dust' | - used as anesthetics/numbing agents - Phencyclidine (PCP) was originally used as a surgical anesthetic. | 71 | |
| 1463878116 | Haldol, aka Haloperidol | - an antipsychotic medication used for treating psychotic disorders including Tourette's syndrome. - blocks dopamine & serotonin type 2 receptors for the neurotransmitters on the nerves. | 72 | |
| 1463878117 | What % of people are addicted to Marijuana? | 10% - it is less addictive then caffeine. - It has no addictive chemicals in it | 73 | |
| 1463878118 | ___% of alcohol consumers & ___% of tobacco smokers exhibit symptoms of drug dependence. | 15, 32 | 74 | |
| 1463878119 | Does the DSM recognize marijuana as having withdrawal symptoms? | No! It does not recognize marijuana withdrawal as a diagnostic category. | 75 | |
| 1463878122 | The drug *Thorazine* introduced in 1950s | changed the face of inpatient mental health to where it was the last decade inpatient hospitals saw a rise in psych patients | 76 | |
| 1463878123 | *Chlorpromazine* is marketed in US under the brand name? | Thorazine. - It is phenothiazine antipsychotic drug synthesized Dec.11, 1950. | 77 | |
| 1463878124 | the first drug developed with a specific antipsychotic action? | Chlorpromazine - Its discovery brought an end to the old therapies used for the treatment of mental ailments such as electro and insulin shocks and psychosurgical. | 78 | |
| 1463878125 | What are *benzodiazepines* used for? | - Used for muscle relaxants, sleeping pills, treatment for convulsive disorders, & preoperative anesthesia. - Long-acting barbiturates or benzodiazepines prevent Alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Examples: Phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), & diazepam (Valium) | 79 | |
| 1463878126 | Disease model relating to AA and alcohol states? | that alcoholism is a progressive illness that cannot be cured, but can be arrested through total abstinence. | 80 | |
| 1463878127 | Alcoholics Anonymous began to have a major influence in the _____________. | 1940s & 1950s | 81 | |
| 1463878128 | the idea that alcohol dependence is a disease goes back at least to the ______. | 1700s | 82 | |
| 1463878129 | By adding barley malt to cereal grains, the barley & grains are malted (starch is changed to sugar & then Hops are added with yeast to give beer its _______. | flavor | 83 | |
| 1463878130 | The alcohol content of most *beer* is around ___%. | 4 | 84 | |
| 1463878131 | The alcohol content of most *wine* is over ___%. | 11 | 85 | |
| 1463878132 | Abstinence syndrome | - Physiologic changes undergone when the drug use is abruptly stopped. - The intensity varies with the drug or chemical. Generally, the effects observed are in an opposite direction from those produced by the drug. - Onset time & severity of the syndrome depend on the rate at which the drug disappears from the body. | 86 | |
| 1463878133 | The withdrawal syndrome from CNS depressants (barbiturates) consists of? | insomnia, restlessness, tremulousness, hallucinations, and, in the extreme, potentially fatal tonic-clonic convulsions. | 87 | |
| 1463878134 | Tolerance | Repeated use of the same dose resulting in diminished effects. | 88 | |
| 1463878135 | The 3 types are drug tolerance? | disposition behavioral pharmacodynamics | 89 | |
| 1463878136 | Disposition Tolerance | caused by more rapid elimination of the drug. | 90 | |
| 1463878137 | Behavioral Tolerance | caused by learned adaptation of the drug. | 91 | |
| 1463878138 | Pharmacodynamics Tolerance | caused by altered nervous system sensitivity. | 92 | |
| 1463878139 | Dose response | The change in effect on the body caused by differing levels of exposure to a stressor after a certain exposure time. - Studying this, & developing dose response models, is central to determining "safe" & "hazardous" levels & dosages for drugs. | 93 | |
| 1463878140 | Potency | The amount of drug that must be given to obtain a particular response. - The smaller the amount needed to get a particular effect, the more potent the drug. | 94 | |
| 1463878141 | The most potent psychoactive drugs? | LSD - potency is many thousands of times smaller than that of other psychoactive drugs. | 95 | |
| 1463878142 | Psychological dependence | - is mental, it involves a strong desire to use the drug or experience its effects. - dependence on a psychoactive substance for the reinforcement it provides. | 96 | |
| 1463878143 | Physical dependence | - there's an actual need to take the drug to avoid physical symptoms. - a state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal result from abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction. - Addiction is a physiological "craving" for something | 97 | |
| 1463878144 | What is the *worst* symptom of alcohol withdrawal? | DT | 98 | |
| 1463878146 | Narcan (aka Naloxone or Nalorphine) | - Reverses effects that are produced by narcotic drugs such as difficult breathing and coma. - Narcotics may be used during surgery to help produce anesthesia and relieve pain, and naloxone can reverse these effects after surgery. | 99 | |
| 1463878147 | Naloxone | used to treat cases of narcotic drug overdose. | 100 | |
| 1463878148 | Toluene | Lipid Soluble and is a large molecule. | 101 | |
| 1463878149 | Alcohol Proof | - a measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) is contained in an alcoholic beverage - Percentage of alcohol by volume x2. --- example, 70 proof whiskey is 35% alcohol. | 102 | |
| 1463878152 | A number of metabolic effects from alcohol are directly linked to the production of an excess of both? | NADH & acetaldehyde | 103 | |
| 1463878153 | The metabolism of alcohol by the liver occurs at a constant rate *not* influenced by body size. True or False? | True - The amount of alcohol metabolized by the liver is about 0.25 to 0.30 ounces per hour. | 104 | |
| 1463878154 | Why is inhalant abuse so hard to control? | Because inhalants are available everywhere | 105 | |
| 1463878155 | What drug *causes the most deaths*? | Nicotine | 106 | |
| 1463878156 | Cannabis withdrawal symptoms? | irritability, restlessness, decreased appetite, weight loss & abnormal sleep | 107 | |
| 1463878157 | Glucosamine & Chondroitin? | Herbal dietary supplements that contribute to joint strength and are used to relieve the discomfort of arthritis. | 108 | |
| 1463878161 | D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is a synthetic substance & is the most potent | - hallucinogens. - It is synthesized from ergot fungus which grows on grain | 109 | |
| 1463878162 | LSD was popularized by the drug culture in the | 1960s | 110 | |
| 1463878163 | Timothy Leary | - well-known psychologist & proponent for the use of LSD in the 1960s. | 111 | |
| 1463878164 | League of Spiritual Discovery | In 1966, Timothy Leary started a religion with LSD as the sacrament. | 112 | |
| 1463878165 | An interesting effect of LSD use is | *Synesthesia* - a "mixing of senses." - examples: Seeing sounds & hearing colors | 113 | |
| 1463878166 | The *physiological* effects of (LSD)? | increase in body temperature, heart rate & blood pressure, sweating & dilation of eye pupils. | 114 | |
| 1463878167 | How long does it takes for lithium to reach effective levels in treatment of schizophrenia? | 10-15 days (few weeks) | 115 | |
| 1463878168 | Percent of adults in the US who have used heroin? | 1.6% - 0.1% reporting use in the past year | 116 | |
| 1463878169 | Time after ingesting THC pill to reach full effect? | feel the effects of Marinol in about 45-60 minutes. | 117 | |
| 1463878170 | Number of days to build tolerance to LSD if taken daily? | less than 24 hours. - Waiting roughly 3-5 days will return tolerance to normal levels | 118 | |
| 1463878172 | Naltrexone | A non-addictive substance, used in the treatment of heroin addiction & opiate overdose. - The opioid antagonist selectively blocks opioid effects, preventing the user from experiencing the reinforcing effects of the abused drug. | 119 | |
| 1463878173 | Free Base | The base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form of cocaine hydrochloride. - It involved extracting cocaine into a volatile organic solvent, such as ether. - very dangerous because the combination of fire and ether fumes is extremely explosive. - is preferred by many users because the cocaine is absorbed immediately into blood via the lungs, reaching the brain in about five seconds. | 120 | |
| 1463878174 | Prior to the 1980s, freebase was a popular way to smoke _________? | cocaine | 121 | |
| 1463878175 | Crack is obtained by mixing cocaine with? | simple household chemicals - baking soda and water, and then drying it, resulting in a lump | 122 | |
| 1463878176 | Barbiturates | are CNS depressants of varying strength. - act on the inhibitory receptor GABA. - Indications for barbiturates: anesthesia & anticonvulsant. | 123 | |
| 1463878178 | Benzodiazepines | are minor tranquilizers - act on the inhibitory receptor GABA - Indications for benzodiazepines: anti-anxiety, muscle relaxant, sleep aid, anticonvulsant, premedication for surgery sedative, Alcohol withdrawal, treatment of mania, & Veterinary uses. | 124 | |
| 1463878179 | the most widely prescribed types of Sedative-Hypnotics? | Benzodiazepines - In 2003, 4 of the top 40 bestselling prescription drugs were benzodiazepines. - They are the most frequently prescribed CNS depressants for anxiety & sleep. | 125 | |
| 1463878181 | The symptoms for withdrawal from any sedative hypnotic are similar to symptoms for alcohol withdrawal. These symptoms include? | anxiety, insomnia, tremulousness, weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, delusions, visual & auditory hallucinations | 126 | |
| 1463878183 | what is a tranquilizer? | Antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychosis without producing drowsiness. - aka neuroleptics. | 127 | |
| 1463878185 | Phenothiazine | Groups of tranquilizing drugs used to treat the symptoms associated with psychosis. - They block D2 Dopamine receptors. - Examples include: chlorpromazine(brand name: Thorazine) | 128 | |
| 1463878187 | *Psychotic symptoms*? | delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, agitation, & violent behavior. | 129 | |
| 1463878189 | Studies show that ___% of patients suffering from acute schizophrenia showed improvement after receiving phenothiazine compared with 23% who received placebos. | 75 | 130 | |
| 1463878191 | Reinforcing drugs | Drugs that reinforce their use by stimulating dopamine neurons in the Mesolimbic system. - Nicotine is a reinforcing drug. | 131 | |
| 1463878193 | The Mesolimbic system | the primary component responsible for the "reward" properties of electrical stimulation of the midbrain or limbic system. - Drugs lead to dependence because they stimulate this reward system. | 132 | |
| 1463878198 | If the supply of the drug is abruptly cut off the result is | physical withdrawal symptoms - wakefulness, nervousness, hallucinations, seizures etc. | 133 | |
| 1463878200 | nicotine is a mild __________ , but it also has relaxant properties. | stimulant | 134 | |
| 1463878201 | smoking during pregnancy causes? | low birth weight | 135 | |
| 1463878202 | when using snuff or chewing tobacco, nicotine is absorbed through the? | mucous lining of the mouth | 136 | |
| 1463878203 | Nicotine patches are also known as? | transdermal | 137 | |
| 1463878205 | 90% of former smokers, report that they quit smoking without? | formal treatment programs | 138 | |
| 1463878207 | Benzodiazepines are classified by? | duration of action | 139 | |
| 1463878208 | withdrawal symptoms are more likely to develop with drugs that leave the system quickly. True or False? | True | 140 | |
| 1463878210 | *Lunesta* is the only drug approved by FDA for long term use in treating? | insomnia | 141 | |
| 1463878212 | the opium plant contains both | morphine and codeine | 142 | |
| 1463878214 | excessive use of either cocaine or amphetamine can result in? | Paranoid psychosis | 143 | |
| 1463878219 | Cocaine use has *declined*, meth has _________? | increased | 144 | |
| 1463878221 | *Nitrous oxide*, known as laughing gas. Has stimulant, hallucinogenic & ___________ effects. | depressant | 145 | |
| 1463878224 | uses for nitrous oxide? | a gaseous anesthetic in medicine. - also a propellant in whipped cream dispensers | 146 | |
| 1463878226 | Which drugs are more likely to produce *psychological* dependence? | rapid onset drugs | 147 | |
| 1463878228 | Cannabis is Schedule? | S1 | 148 | |
| 1463878230 | Heroine is Schedule? | S1 | 149 | |
| 1463878232 | Cocaine is Schedule? | S2 | 150 | |
| 1463878234 | What drug is used to help stop smoking? | Bupropion - an antidepressant used to reduce withdrawal symptoms & is prescribed for 7 to 12 weeks. | 151 | |
| 1463878236 | What drug is used in conjunction with heroine recovery? | Opiate antagonist drugs, such as methadone or Clonidine blocks some withdrawal symptoms. - They act like heroin, but do not provide the same high & are administered in gradually decreasing doses. | 152 | |
| 1463878242 | Congestion Rebound | Occurs after using a nasal spray regularly for longer than the recommended period. - tissues no longer respond & the sinus passages become almost completely obstructed | 153 | |
| 1463878244 | FDA has approved THC for treating? | nausea in cancer patients | 154 | |
| 1463878246 | What does the DSM do? | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders | 155 | |
| 1463878248 | The most dangerous form of alcohol withdrawal is DTs, and occurs in about 1 out of every ___ people who have withdrawal symptoms. | 20 | 156 | |
| 1463878251 | What is DTs (delirium tremens)? | the brain is not able to smoothly readjust its chemistry after alcohol is stopped. - creates a state of temporary confusion and leads to dangerous changes in the way your brain regulates your circulation and breathing. - heart rate or blood pressure can change dramatically or unpredictably, creating a risk of heart attack, stroke or death. | 157 | |
| 1463878253 | What drug comes from a cactus that is used by Native Americans for ceremonies? | peyote | 158 | |
| 1463878254 | Psychotherapeutic drugs | - prescribed by doctors and psychiatrists to control mental problems. - used therapeutically to treat schizophrenia and other major psychotic disorders. - Haloperidol and Clozapine calm psychotic patients and help them control hallucinations and illogical thoughts. - Antidepressants such as Fluoxetine (Prozac) have no perceptible CNS effects in healthy people, but effectively alleviate depression in many depressives. | 159 | |
| 1463878255 | Cosmetic act | To increase drug safety | 160 | |
| 1463878256 | Fermentation | The process by which sugar is converted into alcohol through the biochemical action of yeast. - forms the basis for all alcoholic beverages. - Fruits & grains are fermented to create beverages which include beer & wine. - the alcohol concentration is limited to 15%. - | 161 | |
| 1463878257 | Fermented beverages have existed since approximately? | 6400BC | 162 | |
| 1463878258 | Cocaine is extensively metabolized, primarily in the _______, with only about 1% excreted unchanged in the urine. | liver - metabolism is dominated by hydrolytic ester cleavage, so the eliminated metabolites consist mostly of benzoylecgonine (BE), the major metabolite, and other significant metabolites in lesser amounts such as ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and ecgonine. | 163 | |
| 1463878259 | Methadone | a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by patients with opioid dependency | 164 | |
| 1463878260 | Rohypnol, aka Flunitrazepam | a potent hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, amnestic, and skeletal muscle relaxant drug. - An intermediate acting benzodiazepine, flunitrazepam is prescribed for the treatment of severe insomnia. | 165 | |
| 1463878261 | Ketamine, aka SPECIAL K | hallucinogen pain-killing drug. - effects similar to PCP & is commonly used in veterinary anesthetic. | 166 | |
| 1463878262 | Precursors | The raw materials that neurotransmitters are made from. - circulating in the blood supply & in the brain. | 167 | |
| 1463878263 | Therapeutic Index | The TI is the ratio of LD50 to ED50 which is one indication of the relative safety of a drug for a particular use or effect. - It consists of two parts: --- LD50 indicates the *lethal dose* for 50 percent of test animals. --- ED50 is the *effective dose* for 50 percent of test animals. | 168 | |
| 1463878264 | Serotonin | Adequate amounts of serotonin are necessary for a stable mood & to balance any excessive excitatory neurotransmitter firing in the brain. - regulates other processes such as carb cravings, sleep cycle, pain control & appropriate digestion. | 169 | |
| 1463878265 | Stimulants can cause a __________ of serotonin over time. | depletion | 170 | |
| 1463878266 | Low serotonin levels are associated with? | decreased immune system function, aggression, regulation of body weight, depression, suicide & excessive alcohol consumption. | 171 | |
| 1463878267 | Cross tolerance | When tolerance to one drug reduces the effectiveness of each of the others. - exists among all the Opioids. - repeated use results in decreased effect, which makes it necessary to increase the dose to achieve the same effect. | 172 | |
| 1463878268 | What does Clozapine do? | inhibits white blood cells | 173 |
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