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AP Calculus Flash Cards Flashcards

AP Calculus AB, calculus terms and theorems

Terms : Hide Images
134552694011
134552694102
1345526942Squeeze Theorem3
1345526943f is continuous at x=c if...4
1345526944Intermediate Value TheoremIf f is continuous on [a,b] and k is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number c such that f(c)=k5
1345526945Global Definition of a Derivative6
1345526946Alternative Definition of a Derivativef '(x) is the limit of the following difference quotient as x approaches c7
1345526947nx^(n-1)8
134552694819
1345526949cf'(x)10
1345526950f'(x)+g'(x)11
1345526951The position function OR s(t)12
1345526952f'(x)-g'(x)13
1345526953uvw'+uv'w+u'vw14
1345526954cos(x)15
1345526955-sin(x)16
1345526956sec²(x)17
1345526957-csc²(x)18
1345526958sec(x)tan(x)19
1345526959dy/dx20
1345526960f'(g(x))g'(x)21
1345526961Extreme Value TheoremIf f is continuous on [a,b] then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [a,b]. The global extrema occur at critical points in the interval or at endpoints of the interval.22
1345526962Critical NumberIf f'(c)=0 or does not exist, and c is in the domain of f, then c is a critical number. (Derivative is 0 or undefined)23
1345526963Rolle's TheoremLet f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) and if f(a)=f(b) then there is at least one number c on (a,b) such that f'(c)=0 (If the slope of the secant is 0, the derivative must = 0 somewhere in the interval).24
1345526964Mean Value TheoremThe instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line.25
1345526965First Derivative Test for local extrema26
1345526966Point of inflection at x=k27
1345526967Combo Test for local extremaIf f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)<0, there is a local max on f at x=c. If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)>0, there is a local min on f at x=c.28
1345526968Horizontal Asymptote29
1345526969L'Hopital's Rule30
1345526970x+c31
1345526971sin(x)+C32
1345526972-cos(x)+C33
1345526973tan(x)+C34
1345526974-cot(x)+C35
1345526975sec(x)+C36
1345526976-csc(x)+C37
1345526977Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #1The definite integral of a rate of change is the total change in the original function.38
1345526978Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #239
1345526979Mean Value Theorem for integrals or the average value of a functions40
1345526980ln(x)+C41
1345526981-ln(cosx)+C = ln(secx)+Chint: tanu = sinu/cosu42
1345526982ln(sinx)+C = -ln(cscx)+C43
1345526983ln(secx+tanx)+C = -ln(secx-tanx)+C44
1345526984ln(cscx+cotx)+C = -ln(cscx-cotx)+C45
1345526985If f and g are inverses of each other, g'(x)46
1345526986Exponential growth (use N= )47
1345526987Area under a curve48
1345526988Formula for Disk MethodAxis of rotation is a boundary of the region.49
1345526989Formula for Washer MethodAxis of rotation is not a boundary of the region.50
1345526990Inverse Secant Antiderivative51
1345526991Inverse Tangent Antiderivative52
1345526992Inverse Sine Antiderivative53
1345526993Derivative of eⁿ54
1345526994ln(a)*aⁿ+C55
1345526995Derivative of ln(u)56
1345526996Antiderivative of f(x) from [a,b]57
1345526997Opposite Antiderivatives58
1345526998Antiderivative of xⁿ59
1345526999Adding or subtracting antiderivatives60
1345527000Constants in integrals61
1345527001Identity functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)62
1345527002Squaring functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (o,+∞)63
1345527003Cubing functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)64
1345527004Reciprocal functionD: (-∞,+∞) x can't be zero R: (-∞,+∞) y can't be zero65
1345527005Square root functionD: (0,+∞) R: (0,+∞)66
1345527006Exponential functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (0,+∞)67
1345527007Natural log functionD: (0,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)68
1345527008Sine functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]69
1345527009Cosine functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]70
1345527010Absolute value functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: [0,+∞)71
1345527011Greatest integer functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)72
1345527012Logistic functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (0, 1)73
1345527013Given f(x): Is f continuous @ C Is f' continuous @ CYes lim+=lim-=f(c) No, f'(c) doesn't exist because of cusp74
1345527014Given f'(x): Is f continuous @ c? Is there an inflection point on f @ C?This is a graph of f'(x). Since f'(C) exists, differentiability implies continuouity, so Yes. Yes f' decreases on XC so f''>0 A point of inflection happens on a sign change at f''75

Computer Science Flashcards

Vocabulary for the IB Computer Science class.

Terms : Hide Images
5856173AbnormalData that is totally unexpected. Ex: A string "three" instead of an integer like 3.5856173
5856174AccessorExtracts information from an object without changing it. Usually prefixed with 'get'.5856174
5856175AddressReference to a value or object's memory location.5856175
5856176AlgorithmFinite set of well-defined instructions for accomplishing a task - a Recipe.5856176
5856177AppletGraphical Java program that runs in a web browser or viewer.5856177
5856178ArgumentValue we pass to an object via a parameter.5856178
5856179ArrayType of object used to store groups of similar elements.5856179
5856180AssignmentStoring the right-hand value of a statement in the variable on the left side of =.5856180
5856181AsynchronousData transmitted in small amounts at any time.5856181
5856182AttributesNouns that describe an object like colors, size, name, and position.5856182
5856183BatchProcessing of data with a delay in data collection and actual data entry.5856183
5856184BehaviorsVerbs that denote the actions of an object or what it does - methods.5856184
5856185Binaryordered search method - list is halved until required item is found.5856185
5856186BlockSet of declarations and statements between a set of curly brackets { }.5856186
5856187BooleanData type used to represent a single true or false value.5856187
5856188BranchingSelection based on a given condition with two outcomes, true or false.5856188
5856189BufferTemporary storage location of limited size. holds data waiting to be used.5856189
5856190BusSet of parallel wires that allow bits to be transmitted over one of the wires.5856190
5856191CastingChanging of data type. Ex: int value into a double. Referred to as type conversion.5856191
5856192CharacterData type used for letters, digits 0...9, and punctuation symbols.5856192
5856193ClassTemplate used to create objects which shows features and how they behave.5856193
5856194ClientMakes requests for service on a network - printing, get files, communication.5856194
5856195Commentsused to give helpful information about a code but ignored by a computer.5856195
5856196CompilerConverts high-level language (C++) to low level machine language (1's and 0's)5856196
5856197ConcatenationJoining two o more strings or characters together to form one string.5856197
5856198ConditionLogical expression determined to be true or false - if true execution continues.5856198
5856199ConstructorSpecial method creates an instance of a class executed with "new" command.5856199
5856200Control StatementAllows a program to proceed in a non-sequential matter. Ex: if/else, switch, while.5856200
5856201DataTesting that involves valid and invalid input - range checks.5856201
5856202DeclarationAnnouncement of variable or object - includes data type and identifier.5856202
5856203DotNotation used to externally invoke methods. It is not necessary for internal calls.5856203
5856204EfficiencyThe time and RAM needed to execute an algorithm.5856204
5856205EncapsulationThe term private is used to protect (hide) data or methods which prevents access.5856205
5856206EncryptionProcess of changing data so that it can't be read without a decoding key.5856206
5856207ExceptionsInformation about a problem during compiling or execution.5856207
5856208ExtremeData that lies outside the expected limits.5856208
5856209FieldVariable declared in Class body and outside all Class methods - assigned Default.5856209
5856210FinalDeclaration of constant variables Pi=3.14 that should not be changed.5856210
5856211Floating PointData type used for any signed or unsigned number with a decimal - double.5856211
5856212FormattedNumerical and textual values properly aligned in an output display.5856212
5856213FunctionalTesting of selection constructs like switch and if/else.5856213
5856214Garbage CollectorRemoves stored data from memory at the end of a program's life - Housekeeping.5856214
5856215HertzSpeed of a computer's internal clock - measure of CPU speed in cycles per second.5856215
5856216IdentifierName used to describe classes, methods, variables. Starts with a letter - no spaces.5856216
5856217IncrementIncreases or decreases for a loop counter. Ex: i++, i--, i+=2, or i=2i+1.5856217
5856218InheritanceOne class assumes the method of another superclass or parent.5856218
5856219InitializationSets a variable to a value accomplished with an assignment operator (=) sign.5856219
5856220InstanceAn imprint of an object having its own individual properties - field assignments.5856220
5856221IntegerData type used for any positive or negative number without a decimal point.5856221
5856222InterpreterProgram that reads and executes one line at a time. Ex: Java Virtual Machine.5856222
5856223LocalVariable declared and used only within a method {block} or construct - No default.5856223
5856224LogicError caused by incorrect sequence or choice of condition.5856224
5856225Loopused to execute a block of code repeatedly without writing it multiple times.5856225
5856226MachineCode created by the compiler or interpreter.5856226
5856227MessageInstruction sent to a class or an object to perform a task.5856227
5856228MethodSeqence of instructions an object follows to perform a task. Behavior - Verb.5856228
5856229ModifiersCreate levels of access - public, private, static, final, and abstract.5856229
5856230ModularityProblem broken down into smaller components.5856230
5856231MutatorMethod that alters the attributes of an object. Usually prefixed with 'set'.5856231
5856232NestingPlacing one control statements inside another.5856232
5856233NodeComputer or peripheral (printer) connected to a network. Also element of a tree.5856233
5856234NormalData that lies within the expected range - includes data at the outer limits.5856234
5856235ObjectSet of related variabes and methods that model abstractions of the real-world.5856235
5856236On-lineInteractive processing of data. The system must have access to stored files.5856236
5856237OperatorsSymbols that stand for basic functions (+, -, /, *, %).5856237
5856238OverflowWhen a calculation is made that exceeds the upper limit (largest value).5856238
5856239OverloadingUsing the same method name but different type and number of parameters.5856239
5856240ParameterVariable name that is replaced by an actual value or memory location.5856240
5856241Pass-by-referenceParameters are assigned a memory location or address.5856241
5856242Pass-by-valueParameters are assigned arguments.5856242
5856243PortableCode capable of running on different operating systems - Java Bytecode.5856243
5856244PrecedenceRules that govern the order in which an expression is solved.5856244
5856245PrimitiveData types - byte, short, int, long, float, double, char and Boolean.5856245
5856246PrototypeSemi-functional system used to understand how the real one will work.5856246
5856247QueueData structure that accesses data in a First In - First Out method - ticket line.5856247
5856248Real-timeimmediate processing of data without the intervention of humans - sensors.5856248
5856249RecursionRepetitive behavior which involves a method calling itself.5856249
5856250ReferenceHandle that points to the memory location - address of an object.5856250
5856251Return-typeData type method will send back to user. Ex: int, double, boolean. If none, then void.5856251
5856252RuntimeErrors caused by a compiled program - ÷ by 0, missing file, underflow/overflow.5856252
5856253ScopePortion of program in which variable can be used. Local vs. Field (global).5856253
5856254SequenceAction in an algorithm flow from one step to the next.5856254
5856255SequentialUnordered search method - each element is inspected until required item is found.5856255
5856256ServerResponds to request of service on a network - prints, sends files, internet connect.5856256
5856257ShadowParameter and Class field have the same identifier - use myName or better this.name.5856257
5856258SignatureThe access, return type, function name, and parameters of a method.5856258
5856259SourceCode is created by a programmer in an integrated development environment (BlueJ).5856259
5856260StackData structure that access data in a Last In First Out method - pile of plates.5856260
5856261StaticVariable or method that can be called without instantiating the class.5856261
5856262StringSequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks.5856262
5856263SynchronousData transmitted in larger blocks in a timed manner.5856263
5856264SyntaxErrors caught while compiling - caused by misspellings and wrong punctuation.5856264
5856265TokenizeMethod that returns the next word from current line of text.5856265
5856266TraceRecording expected outcomes (values) of each variable at each step of execution.5856266
5856267TreeSeries of nodes with left (<) and right (>) pointers. Node have max of 2 sub-nodes.5856267
5856268UnderflowWhen a number is close to its lower limit is divided by a number greater than 1.5856268
5856269ValidationCheck data for completeness and accuracy by range, type, and/or format.5856269
5856270VerificationCheck data for errors by proofreading or double entry.5856270
5856271WeightedCheck value created by multiplying each digit and then summing the products.5856271
5856272WhitespaceSpaces, tabs, newline, etc. Removed by compression algorithms.5856272

The Scarlet Letter 2 Flashcards

Vocab list 2

Terms : Hide Images
293772392vivifyto enliven or make animated0
293772393clausea separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will), (in grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence1
293772394tingeto tint/ impart a slight taste or smell to2
293772395uncongenialnot suitable; not agreeable3
293772396thatchedmade of or covered with reeds or straws4
293772397progenitorsancestors5
293772398plebeianone of the common people6
293772399commiserateto express sorrow/ sympathy for something7
293772400talismana trinket or piece of jewelry thought to be a protection against evil8
293772401efficacycapacity or power to produce a desired effect; effectiveness9
293772402russetreddish brown10
293772403imbuedinspired/impregnated/ saturated11
293772404mutabilityliable or subject to change/ alteration12
293772405epochperiod of time13
293772406regimena regulated course, as of diet, exercise, or manner of living, intended to preserve or restore health or to attain some result.14
293772407capricea sudden desire, whim15
293772408infantileindicating a lack of maturity, befitting an infant16
293772409smotestruck/hit17
293772410dearthscarcity/ lack18
293772411gesticulationmotion; gesture19
293772412labyrinthcomplex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost; maze20
293772413amenabledisposed or willing to comply21
293772414enmityhatred22
293772415paternityfatherhood23
293772416ludicrousbroadly or extravagantly humorous; completely devoid of wisdom or good sense; ridiculous24
293772417eminencehigh status/ rank; protruding thing on bone25
293772418pristineextremely clean26
293772419intrinsicbelonging to a thing by its very nature27
293772420imperiousdomineering in a haughty manner; dictatorial; overbearing; urgent28
293772421akinlike/ similar to29
293772422tunicany of a variety of loose fitting cloaks extending to the hips or knees30
293772423wanbecome pale and sickly, lacking vitality/ liveliness31
293772424pallidabnormally deficient in color as suggesting physical or emotional distress, lacking interest emotionally32
293772425dauntlessfearless33
293772426extantstill in existence34
293772427cabalistichaving a secret or hidden meaning35
293772428capera playful leap or hop; a crime (especially a robbery); gay or light-hearted recreational activity for diversion or amusement36
293772429flankedsurrounded on either side37
293772430folioa sheet of any written or printed material (especially in a manuscript or book)38
293772431tomelarge book39
293772432gildedcovered with gold; having a pleasing or showy appearance that conceals something of little worth.40
293772433mail(Middle Ages) flexible armor made of interlinked metal rings41
293772434burnishedpolished until shiny42
293772435panoplya complete and impressive array; complete suit of armor; protective covering43
293772436relinquishlet go/ give up44
293772437subsistenceminimal means for surviving45
293772438annalshistorical records46
293772439antiquatedobsolete; old-fashioned; outdated47
293772440unfeignedlywith sincerity, truly, genuinely48
293772441behesta command or urgent request49
293772442benevolencekindness, generosity, charity50
293772443bedizento dress or adorn in a showy, gaudy, or tasteless manner.51
293772444albeitalthough; even though52
293772445warilycautiously, with great care53
293772446piousdevoutly religious54
293772447imbibeto drink/ to absorb or soak up (knowledge, ideas, beer)55
293772448amisswrong; out of order; not right56
293772449emaciatedunnaturally thin, wasted away57
293772450mountebanka trickster or swindler; a charlatan58
293772451boona gift or blessing59
293772452unobtrusivenot readily noticed or seen; inconspicuous60
293772453chargerformerly a strong horse ridden into battle61

Circulatory, Lymphatic and Immune System Test - A&P Flashcards

Questions relating to the circulatory system, lymphatic system, immune system

Terms : Hide Images
1050925319What are the functions of the circulatory system?Brings blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, Transports CO2 and other wastes away from cells, Helps stabilize pH and ionic in body fluids, Regulates body temperature, Fights Infection1
1050925320What are the components of the circulatory system?Heart - Strongest muscle in the body, Blood, Vessels2
1050925321List the four chambers of the heartLeft Atrium, Right Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle3
1050925322The heart is divided into left and rights halves, what is the name of the divider?Septum4
1050925323What is the PericardiumA protective sac of connective tissue that surrounds the heart5
1050925324What is MyocardiumCardiac muscle layer that forms the bulk of the heart and is responsible for contractions6
1050925325Where does the myocardium (heart muscle)get its blood supplyCoronary arteries, from first branch of the aorta.7
1050925326Characteristics of Atria (left and right atrium)Thin wall, Receives blood from veins and sends it to the ventricles8
1050925327Characteristics of VentriclesThick wall, Receive blood from atria and pumps it out through the arteries9
1050925328Name the four valves in the heart and where they are locatedbicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve10
1050925329Tricuspid Valve LocationLocated between the right atrium and the right ventricle11
1050925330Bicuspid / Mitral ValveLocated between the left atrium and the left ventricle12
1050925331Pulmonary ValveLocated between the right ventricle and the Pulmonary artery13
1050925332Aortic ValveLocated between the left ventricle and the Aortic artery14
1050925333What is the function of Chordae Tendinease (Heart Strings)Connects papillary muscles to valves to prevent valve inversion15
1050925334What are papillary musclesSmall muscles that anchor the heart strings or cords.16
1050925335What are the two parts of a cardiac cycle (one heartbeat)Diastole, Systole17
1050925336DiastoleThe period of time when the heart relaxes after a contraction18
1050925337SystoleContraction of the heart muscle19
1050925338Describe the Cardiac Cycle from heart to the lungs and back to the heartRight Atrium --> Tricuspid Valve --> Right Ventricle --> Pulmonary valve --> Pulmonary Artery --> Lungs (to be oxygenated)-->Pulmonary Vein -->Left Atrium20
1050925339Describe the Cardiac Cycle from heart to the body and back to the heartLeft Ventricle-->Aortic Valve -->Aortic Artery -->Body -->Vena Cava -->Right Atrium21
1050925340What type of blood do arteries carryArteries carry oxygenated blood with the exception of the Pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs22
1050925341What type of blood do veins carryVeins carry deoxygenated blood with the exception of the Pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs23
1050925342Which side of the heart carries oxygen rich bloodLeft side24
1050925343Which side of the heart carries oxygen poor bloodRight Side25
1050925344Which is the biggest vein in the bodyVena Cava26
1050925345Which is the biggest arteryAorta / Aortic Artery27
1050925346On average, how many times per minute does a heart beat when at rest72 times28
1050925347Which body system controls heart rateNervous system29
1050925348How long does one blood cell take to travel a circuit20 seconds30
1050925349What are atrioventricular valvesThe tricuspid and bicuspid valves31
1050925350What is the difference between the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cavaThe superior vena cava carries blood from the top of the body and the inferior vena cava carries blood from the bottom32
1050925351A heart beat has a lub dub sound, when does each sound occur - Lub sound occurs-When the atrioventricular valves close33
1050925352A heart beat has a lub dub sound, when does each sound occur - Dub sound occursWhen the aortic and pulmonary valves close34
1050925353When does the heart rate increasewhen more food or oxygen is needed35
1050925354What is the name of the system that increases the heart ratesympathetic system36
1050925355What is the name of the system that decreases the heart rateparasympathetic system37
1050925356Name the parts of the cardiac conduction systemSinoatrial Node (SA), Atrioventricular Node (AV), Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibres.38
1050925357Where do arteries branch offFrom the Aorta into smaller and smaller vessels until they become capillaries39
1050925358What is the function of the SA node and where is it locatedCauses a wave of contractions in the Atria, which sends blood to the ventricles. It is located high on the right atrium40
1050925359What is the function of the AV node and where is it locatedCarry the electrical impulse from the SA Node to the fibre bundles in the ventricles, which causes them to contract. Is located in the inter-atrial septum41
1050925360Which side of the heart does pulmonary circulation takes placeRight side42
1050925361Which side of the heart does systemic circulation takes placeLeft Side43
1050925362What is the name of the circulation that takes place on the left side of the heartSystemic circulation44
1050925363What is the name of the circulation that takes place on the right side of the heartPulmonary circulation45
1050925364Arterymuscular, thick walls, elastic, has connective tissue, has smooth muscles,46
1050925365Arteriolemuscular, little connective tissue47
1050925366CapillaryEndothelial layer, no muscle, one cell thick48
1050925367VenuleThin walls, some smooth muscle49
1050925368VeinSome connective tissue, smooth muscle, thin walls, flaccid50
1050925369What is systolic pressureMaximum pressure exerted in the arteries during ventricular contraction51
1050925370What is diastolic pressureMinimum pressure exerted when ventricles relax52
1050925371Explain the effect of VasoconstrictionNarrows blood vessels and increase blood pressure53
1050925372Explain the effect of VasodilationBlood vessels become wider after smooth muscles relax54
1050925373What percentage of the body is blood8%55
1050925374What are the three cellular components of bloodRed Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets56
1050925375Another name for Red Blood CellsErythrocytes57
1050925376Another name for White Blood CellsLeukocytes58
1050925377Another name for PlateletsThrombocytes59
10509253784 Types of white blood cellsMonocytes, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Basophils60
105092537945. Describe the steps to heal blood vessel injuryPlatelets clump at the injury site, they release thromboblastin, which results in the production of fibrin, the fibrin strands help to clog the vessel opening.61
1050925380What are the 3 antigens associated with blood typesA, B, O62
1050925381If a person has A antigen, what blood type can they receiveType A, and Type O63
1050951887What are the two semi-independent parts of the Lymphatic SystemLymphatic vessels and Lymphoid tissues and organs64
1050951888What are the functions of the lymphatic systemTransport fluids back to the blood, Aids in body defence and resistance to disease65
1050951889What is a lymphExcess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels66
1050951890What is returned to the blood via lymphwater, blood cells, proteins67
1050951891What harmful materials are filtered from the lymphBacteria, viruses, cancer cells, cell debris68
1050951892What is the shape of the lymphkidney shaped or pea shaped69
1050951893What is the outer arc of the lymph called and what does it containCortex, contains follicles70
1050951894What is the inner arc of the lymph called and what does it containMedulla, contains phagocyte macrophages71
1050951895What is EdemaExcess accumulation of fluids in tissue spaces72
1050951896Describe the flow of lymph through nodesLymph enters the convex side (cortex) through afferent lymphatic vessels, then flows through sinuses inside the node before exiting through efferent lymphatic vessels from the medulla.73
1050951897What is the purpose of the lymph nodesFilter and eradicate harmful substances from lymph before it is returned to the blood74
1050951898MacrophagesEat and destroy foreign substances75
1050951899Lymphocytesprovide immune response to antigens (makes defence substances)76
1050951900List four other lymph organsSpleen, Thymus, Tonsils, Peyer's patches77
1050951901Peyer's patches and tonsils are examples of what types of lymphatic tissueMALT Mucosa-Associated Lyphatic Tissue78
1050951902What is the purpose of MALTsacts as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive tracts79
1050951903What is the immune systemThe body's defence against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles80
1050951904Second line of defence is to innate immunity as third line of defence is toAdaptive immunity81
1050951905What component is found in both innate and adaptive immunityComplement82
1050951906List 4 components of innate immunityMacrophages, Granulocytes, Natural killer cells, Complement, chemical components: HCL, Lysozyme83
1050951907List 4 components of Adaptive immunityT-Cells, B-cells, antibodies, complement84
1050951908Explain 3 characteristics of innate immunityAction is immediate, Response is non-specific, Response is not enhanced by repeat exposure to pathogen85
1050951909Name 5 items in the first line of defenceEpidermis of the skin, mucus in the respiratory system, cilia, saliva, stomach acid86
1050951910Explain 3 characteristics of adaptive immunityAction requires days to develop, Response is specific, Response is enhanced on repeated exposure to pathogen87
1050951911White blood cells eat foreign articles, what happens afterwardsIt breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called lysosomes88
105095191210. How do viruses react when they enter body cellsThey hijack their organelles and multiple until the cell burst releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells.89
1050951913Two characteristics of natural killer cellsCan break down and kill cancer cells, Can destroy virus-infected cells90
1050951914What is interferonChemical released by virus-infected body cells to interfere with the viruses ability to attack other body cells91
1050951915What is the name of the chemical that starts the inflammatory processHistamine92
1050951916What are the four cardinal signs of inflammationRedness, heat, swelling, pain93
105095191715. What are the two divisions of adaptive immune systemCell-mediated immune system and antibody-mediated immunity94
1050951918What is immunityResistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance95
1050951919Active ImmunityThe body produces the antibodies because your body has been exposed to the pathogen96
1050951920Passive ImmunityThe body didn't produce the antibodies ; It was passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or exposure (medical profession)97
1050951921How long does active immunity lastIt depends on the antigen98
1050951922List the steps in the production of antibodiesWBCs eat invading particles and break them up, They show the particle pieces to T-Cells, who identifies them and presents them to the B-cells for antibody production, B-Cells create specific defence antibodies for that type of particle99
1050951923A complement is a group of2 plasma proteins; it damages foreign cell surfaces100
1050951924The third line of defence is an immunity controlled byantibodies101
1050951925If an infection makes it past the first and second line of defenceit will trigger the production of antibodies102

Ch 15: Reconstruction and the New South Flashcards

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46216105ReconstructionWhat was the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union?46216105
46216106RadicalWhat political "label" was extreme and believed in revolutionary and total change?46216106
46216107LiberalWhat political "label" was less extreme and believed in reform and that change is good?46216107
46216108ModerateWhat political "label" like slow and gradual change and would only change if they had to?46216108
46216109ConservativeWhat political "label" would not change and wanted to stick to the status quo?46216109
462161101865-1877Years of Reconstruction46216110
46216111Abraham LincolnPresident that started Reconstruction46216111
46216112Andrew JohnsonLincoln's Vice President and became the next President46216112
46216113Charles SumnerMass Senator that wanted to end slavery in the south46216113
46216114Thadeus StevensPA Representative that believed slavery was evil and that hated the south46216114
46216115Nathan ForrestStarted the KKK46216115
46216116protection, political participation, education, and landFour things in the African-American's definition of freedom46216116
46216117they wanted their own self government, to restore traditional "aristocracy", maintain white supremacy, and freedom from Northern controlWhite southerner's definition of freedom?46216117
46216118Oliver O. HowardDirector of the Freedmen's Bureau46216118
46216119to ease the transition from slavery to freedomPurpose of the Freedmen's Bureau46216119
46216120schools, land distributionWhat was the greatest achievement and greatest failure of the Freedmen's Bureau?46216120
46216121Lincoln and JohnsonBelieved that the south were still states because secession is not legal and that it was just a "rebellion of individuals"46216121
46216122commander-in-chief and power to pardonWhat two reasons did the executive branch have for the authority to reconstruct?46216122
46216123power to govern all territories and organize & admit new statesTwo reasons did the legislative branch have for the authority to reconstruct?46216123
46216126LincolnWhat plan was called the 10% Plan?46216126
46216127Lincoln's and the Wade-DavisWhat plan(s) protected the Republican party?46216127
46216128Wade-DavisWhat plan did Lincoln pocket-veto?46216128
46216129Wade-Davis and JohnsonWhat plans repudiated the debt and secession, and had a provisional government?46216129
46216130JohnsonWhat plan had no set majority to take the loyalty oath, and had states ratify the 13th Amendment?46216130
46216131Lincoln and JohnsonWhat plans granted amnesty to everyone except high leaders of the confederacy and anyone who abused P.O.W.s?46216131
46216132LincolnWhat plan had 10% majority to take the loyalty oath to reorganize state governments?46216132
46216133elected numerous ex-confederate leaders to hold political offices, the Black Codes were adopted, Race riots occured, the KKK was formed, and states refused to ratify the 14th AmendmentWhat did the southern states do that drove moderate republicans to side more with the radicals?46216133
46216134keep African-Americans in an inferior position--socially, economically, and politicallyPurpose of the Black Codes46216134
46216135defined citizenship, gave civil rights, and est. Fed. as protectorWhat were the 3 main points of the 14th Amendment?46216135
46216137to accuseWhat does impeach mean?46216137
46216138the House of RepresentativesWho begins the process of impeachment by impeaching the president?46216138
46216139the SenateWho tries the president of impeachment and needs a 2/3 majority vote to remove him?46216139
46216140Chief JusticeWho presides over the impeachment trial ?46216140
46216141treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanorsWhat three things can any civil official be impeached for?46216141
46216142Edwin StantonWho was the Tenure of Office Act passed to protect?46216142
46216143Tenure of Office ActWhat Act said that the president could not remove any government official that was appointed and approved by Congress earlier without Congress approval?46216143
46216144oneHow many votes saved Johnson from being impeached from office?46216144
46216145it preserved the Constitutional principle of checks and balances, Radical influence declined, and it weaked presidency for many yearsWhat was the significance of the Impeachment trial?46216145
46216146carpetbaggers, scalawags, and FreedmenThe coalition of what 3 groups made up the Radical Regimes?46216146
46216147carpetbaggersWho were Northern whites that went to the South to gain business or political status?46216147
46216148scalawagsWhite southerners who supported the Reconstruction governments?46216148
46216150sharecroppingWhat type of farming did landowners supply all of the tools, seed, and equipment; the cropper provides labor; rent/labor was paid with a share of the crop; and there was a lot of control by the landowner?46216150
46216153South was more democratic than it had ever been, the expansion of education, economic advancements for Blacks, rebuilt family structure, created black institutes, and the 14th and 15th Amendments were establishedWhat were the 6 achievements of Radical Reconstruction?46216153
46216154segregated system emergedWhat was the negative aspect of Radical Reconstruction?46216154
46216155GrantWho was the Union's "hero of the Civil War"?46216155
46216156GrantWhich US president was very incompetent and corrupt?46216156
46216157Credit Mobilier, "Whiskey Ring", and "Indian Ring"3 Grant Scandals46216157
46216158Credit MobilierWhat scandal involved greedy corporate directors and politicians, including Thomas Durant, that cheated taxpayers and shareholders out of millions of dollars in building the transcontinental railroad?46216158
46216159"Whiskey Ring"Which scandal defrauded the government of over a million dollars in revenue taxes?46216159
46216160"Indian Ring"scandal involved the Sec. of War taking bribes to retain a certain Indian post trader's contract46216160
46216162greenbacksPaper money not backed by gold or silver called46216162
46216163inflationWhat is it called when the price of goods goes up and the value of money goes down; when there is a lot of money in circulation?46216163
46216164deflationWhat is it called when the value of money is high and the price of goods is less; there is a limited amount of money in circulation?46216164
46216165debtorsWho preferred inflationary policies because it was easier to pay off debts?46216165
46216166creditorsWho preferred deflationary policies because tight money has a higher value?46216166
46216170National Greenback PartyWhat was formed to continue to fight for an inflationary policy?46216170
46216171William SewardWho was the Sec. of State who purchased Alaska for the US?46216171
46216172fur trade and it was a strategic outpost on the Northern PacificWhy was Alaska purchased?46216172
46216174Treaty of WashingtonWhat treaty settled the Alabama Claims by making Britain pay $15.5 million in damages?46216174
46216175Southern RedemptionWhat was the period of time when the traditional Southern Democrats reclaimed control over the state governments called?46216175
46216176North tired of Reconstruction, Southern Resistance, and the disputed election of 1876What were the 3 reasons for the Southern Redemption46216176
46216177Social DarwinismWhat is the belief that if someone is poor, it is their own fault and that it is the "survival of the fittest"?46216177
46216178HayesWho one the Presidential election between Tilden and Hayes?46216178
46216179Compromise of 1877What officially ended Reconstruction46216179
46216180the PresidencyUnder the Compromise of 1877, what did the Republicans get?46216180
46216181Compromise of 1877As a result of what, the Democrats got the removal of all federal troops, Southerners in Hayes's cabinet, control of patronage in the south, and federal money for infrastructure?46216181
46216182Emancipation ProclamationWhat did Lincoln write that helped free the slaves in the south?46216182
4621618313th AmendmentWhich amendment freed the slaves?46216183
4621618415th AmendmentWhich amendment guaranteed the right to vote to all males?46216184
46216185April 14, 1865When was President Lincoln assassinated?46216185
46216186John Wilkes BoothWho assassinated President Lincoln?46216186
46216187Enforcement ActWhat Act punished the KKK and protected the African-Americans by reinstating military rule where the blacks were being denied their rights?46216187
46216188Atlanta Compromisespeech given by Booker T. Washington that outlined his ideas concerning African American self-improvement through vocational education to achieve economic goals, seen as accomodation46216188
46216189Booker T. Washingtonfounded the Tusegee Institute and NAACP-national association for the advacement of colored people46216189
46216190Plessy v. Fergusonsupreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal46216190
46216191RedeemersSouthern political movement that sought and did return "home rule" to the southern states during reconstruction46216191
46216487crop-lienSouthern farmers accept loans of goods/material for a share of their crop46216487
46216488KKKTerrorist group of White Supremacists in South46216488
46216489Grantisma common term for corruption and greed during grant's presidency46216489
46245704lynchinghanging a person to death by mob action without due process of law46245704
46245705literacy testsliteracy requirement (understanding of the constitution) as a condition of voting, used to disenfranchise freedmen46245705
46245706poll taxtax per person payable as a requirement to vote46245706
46245707Henry Gradyeditor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth.46245707

Who is? ♣ APWH Unit 6 Tradition and Encounters Part 7 (Ch33-35 ex 36-39) Flashcards

This set is not finished but is open for anyone to edit. Please use the same format and comment in the discussions of your changes. Password: APWH
Set created by: Hansel Wei

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1393247058Who is *Francis Ferdinand?* (Start of Ch 33)His assassination on 28 June 1914 brought the tensions between the Austro-Hungarian empire and Serbia, leading to The Great War in 1914.1
1393247059Who is *Alfred von Schlieffen*?He developed a strategy that later became the basis for German's plan to avoid war on two fronts.2
1393247060Who is *Bertrand Russell*?He was a British philosopher who observed that the average Englishman wanted war.3
1393247061Who is *Alain-Fournier*?He was a French author and soldier who noted *"this war is fine and just and great."* (In the capitals of Europe people danced in the streets when war was declared)4
1393247062Who is *Gavrilo Princip*?He was 19 when he shot a revolver on 28 June 1914 which ignited the greatest war in human history up to that date. (Archduke Ferdinand & Sophia died)5
1393247063Who is *Czar Nicholas II*?He was the last emperor of Russia and ordered mobilization on 29 July 19146
1393247064Who is *Kaiser Wilhelm II*?He was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and Prussia (1888-1918).7
1393247065Who is *Winston Churchill*?He was the first lord of the Admiralty, suggested that an Allied strike against the Ottomans could hurt the Germans.8
1393247066Who is *Ibn Ali Hussain*?He led the major contributor towards the independence from the Ottoman state in 1916, creating a unified Arab nation.9
1393247067Who is *John Reed*?He was an US journalist who described the November Revolution as "ten days that shook the world."10
1393247068Who is *Vladimir Iliac Lenin*?He lead of the Bolsheviks and in 1917 convinced the Central committee of Bolshevik parts to organized armed workers, soldiers, and sailors to storm Winter Palace.11
1393247069Who is *Woodrow Wilson*?He was a chief advocate of national self-determination, an American president, father of the League of Nations, and the author of the "Fourteenth Points."12
1393247070Who is *Gertrude Stein*? (Start of Ch 34)He was an American writer who noted "You are all a lost generation," the dilution that characterized the US and Europe after the Great War.13
1393247071Who is *Oswald Spengler*?A retired schoolteacher who published "The Decline of the West," proposed that all societies pass through a life cycle of growth and decay. (Yeah exactly like Biology)14
1393247072Who is *Arnold J. Toynbee*?He was a historian who wrote a 12 volume classic: "A Study of History" and was inspired by the shock of war in England (yeah...I think he was a nerd...he probably won the spelling-*bee*)15
1393247073Who is *Karl Barth*?He was one of the most notable Christian theologians who published "Epistle to the Romans," in which attacked the liberal Christian theology (belief that human improvement as the realization of God's purpose).16
1393247074Who is *Niokolai Berdiaev*?He was a Russian orthodox thinker who summed up these sentiments: "Man's *historical* experience had been one of *steady failure* and there are no grounds for supposing it will be ever anything else."17
1393247075Who is *José Ortega y Gasset*?He wrote the widely read essay "Revolt of Masses" which promoted anti-democracy and warn readers about the destruction of Western society.18
1393247076Who is *Albert Einstein*?He was the first to show that it no longer made sense to speak of space and time as absolutes, suggesting science reached its limits. (Hint: He was better known for E=mc²)19
1393247077Who is *Werner Heisenberg*?He published "About the Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical Relationships," which established the "uncertainty principle."20
1393247078Who is *Sigmund Freud*?He advanced in physics were in the development of psychology, experimented with dreams and created the theory of psychoanalysis.21
1393247079Who is *Edgar Degas*?He was a French impressionist who studied visual angles, asymmetrical compositions, and encouraged Europeans to take liberties in paintings.22
1393247080Who is *Pablo Picasso*?He was the leading proponent of cubism and displayed the influence of African art forms.23
1393247081Who is *Charles Richet*?He was a French Nobel-winning physician who insisted that removing women from the workforce would solve the problem of male unemployment and increase the nation's low birthrates.24
1393247082Who is *John Steinbeck*?He was a U.S. writer who captured the official heartlessness and rising political anger inspired by the Great Depression.25
1393247083Who is *John Maynard Keynes*?He was the most influential economist of the twentieth century. He wrote the solution of the Great Depression in his novel: "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money."26
1393247084Who is *Franklin Delano Roosevelt*?He was the U.S. president after WWII, guaranteed minimum wages, social security, and provide reforms called the *"New Deal"*27
1393247085Who is * Vladimir Ilyich Lenin?*He was the most influential Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He pulled Russia out of the war, influenced a revolution in which he became a dictator of the working class, the Bolsheviks.28
1393247086Who is *Joseph Stalin*?He was known as a Russian nationalist, the "man of steel," and promoted the idea of socialism in one's country.29
1393247087Who is *Benito Mussolini*?He established the "Fasci Italiani di Combattimento" (Italian Combat Veteran League), resulted from the use of violence against socialists by fascist squads known as Black shirts.30
1393247088Who is *Adolf Hitler*?He consolidated power as a dictator of Germany who created the Nazi party, and the start of Anti-Semitism.31
1393247089Who is *Paul von Hindenburg*?He was the second German president who appointed Hitler chancellorship, in which Hitler promised an "empire that would endure a thousand years."32
1393247090Who is *Shanfei*? (Start of Ch 35)She was a daughter of the Chinese gentry, guided by *tradition and privileges.* Her father later died, and mother ripped her bandages off her feet. She then became an activist away from traditions: joining communist youth, gave up her fiancé for the man she loved.33
1393247091Who is *Mohandas K. Gandhi*?He was a leader of Indian Nationalism who studied law in London, spent 25 years in South Africa, and became a political and spiritual leader called the Mahatma ("Great Soul").34
1393247092Who is *Muhammad Ali Jinnah?*He was brilliant lawyer who was in charge of the*Muslim League,* warned that the unification of India was a treat to the Muslim faith and the Indian community and proposed *Pakistan*.35
1393247093Who is *Puyi*?He was the Xuantong Emperor who was forced to renounce the throne (still a child), because of a revolution in 1911. He was the last emperor of the Qing Empire.36
1393247094Who is *Dr. Sun Yatsen*?A leading opponent or of the old regime who proclaimed a Chinese republic in 1912, briefly assumed the office of president.37
1393247095Who is *Mao Zedong*?He emerged as leader and the principal of the Chinese communist movement and came up with a Chinese form of Marxist-Leninism.38
1393247096Who is *Inukai Tsuyoshi*?He was the Prime Minister of Japan who was assassinated by right-wing (preserve traditions) assassins that targeted business and political leaders.39

AP Physics B Exam Review Flashcards

This a collection of over 200 questions you should be able to answer for the AP Physics-B exam. These are a partially from a document that is a collection of over 100 questions you should know before taking the AP physics exam. I do not know the original author. I have broken up, re-worded and added many questions.
This is a vast amount of information, take the quizzes over and over. Knowing this information will help your speed and recognizing the concepts but it will not guarantee a "5. You need to know how to apply the concepts to solve problems and create a graph from any equation.

Terms : Hide Images
422803741What two entities comprise a vector?Magnitude and direction1
422803742What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?Break it up into x and y components using trig, add up the components.2
422803743How are velocity and speed different?Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.3
422803744What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?velocity4
422803745What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.The velocity is positive5
422803746What is acceleration?How quickly you change velocity.6
422803747What is the area under the velocity time graph?Displacement7
422803748What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?The initial velocity, (Vo in the formulas)8
422803749What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?The CHANGE in velocity.9
422803750What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?ZERO10
422803751What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?Vertical direction11
422803752What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?They fall, vertically, the by the same amount in the same time.12
422803753What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls "t" seconds after it started moving?x=(1/2)at^2 Remember, the word "dropped" implies no initial velocity.13
422803754What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.14
422803755What equation describes the speed of a dropped object "t" seconds after it started moving?V=Vo + at ...The word "dropped" means no initial velocity.15
422803756What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.16
422803757What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.17
422803758What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the x direction?The body is moving at a constant velocity18
422803759What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?g=zero so h=(Vyo)t19
422803760When is sum of force (net force) zero.When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.20
422803761When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero.When a body's speed is changing.21
422803762What force is always present, and what is its equation?Weight ...w=mg22
422803763How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.23
422803764When is a normal force present, what is its direction?When the body rests on a surface.24
422803765What is the component of "mg" parallel to a slope?(mg)sin(angle)25
422803766What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^226
422803767In uniform circular motion, how is tangential velocity calculated?2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period27
422803768What is the direction of the centripetal force?The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.28
422803769What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)29
422803770How is the centripetal force represented in a free body diagram?It is the net force pointing towards the center.30
422803771A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.31
422803772A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.32
422803773Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where "a" is the centripetal force.33
422803774How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)34
422803775How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)35
422803776If you double the mass of one planet, triple the mass of another, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction between them?The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.36
422803777What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and "r" squared?G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^237
422803778How can total momentum be calculated?Adding the momentum of all the bodies.38
422803779What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v39
422803780What is impulse?Impulse is the change in momentum40
422803781How does impulse relate to force?Impulse is (force)(time)41
422803782What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)42
422803783Work is the area under which curve?The graph of force vs displacement43
422803784What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body44
422803785What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.45
422803786What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)46
422803787What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates, or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?W=qV where "W" is the work, "q" is the charge and "V" is the potential difference measured in Volts.47
422803788What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial48
422803789What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant49
422803790What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?KE=Work50
422803791What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done, or that energy is used?Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.51
422803792In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PE and KE at the equilibrium position?Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.52
422803793In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PES, and K at maximum displacement?This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.53
422803794What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.54
422803795What is temperature?The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.55
422803796What is internal energy?The motion of the molecules in gas.56
422803797What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?A change in the gas' temperature.57
422803798What is heat?The transfer of thermal energy58
422803799What is meant by the terms system and environment?system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.59
422803800What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?PV=nRT and PV=kT60
422803801What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases.dU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment61
422803802What is an isothermal process, and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.62
422803803What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.63
422803804What is an adiabatic process?An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.64
422803805What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings65
422803806What is the area under any PV curve?Work done "BY" the gas.66
422803807Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.67
422803808Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.68
422803809Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)69
422803810Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)70
422803811Under what conditions is heat positive?Heat, (the "Q" variable), is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.71
422803812Under what conditions is heat negative?Heat, (the "Q" variable), is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.72
422803813How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.73
422803814What is the second law of thermodynamics?Statistically speaking, energy flows from hot to cold.74
422803815Describe the relationship between Qh, Qc, and W in a heat engine?Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh75
422803816How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.76
422803817Under what conditions does entropy increase?Entropy always increases.77
422803818What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.78
422803819In electrostatics, what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?"m" is replaced by "q," and "g" is replaced by "E." W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.79
422803820If you have two charges, and you double one charge and triple the other, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?According to Coulomb's Law, the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.80
422803821What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.81
422803822What is the difference between the variable "q" and "Q?""q" is a single particle's charge and "Q" is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...82
422803823What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical CONDUCTOR?Zero.83
422803824What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?Something other than zero.84
422803825What does the term potential difference mean?Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.85
422803826What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?V=kq/R86
422803827What does the term electric potential energy mean?Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE87
422803828What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates, decrease the distance between the plates,and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.88
422803829What forces charges to move?The electric field forces charges to move.89
422803830What do batteries and generators produce?A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.90
422803831What is the actual movement of charges, and how is it measured?The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.91
422803832What causes resistance?Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.92
422803833How does a wires composition effect resistance?But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.93
422803834How length effect resistance?The longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance.94
422803835How does thickness effect resistance?The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance.95
422803836How does temperature effect resistance?The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.96
422803837What is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance?Ohm's Law: V=IR97
422803838What is the relationship between power, voltage and current?P=IV98
422803839What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?Current stays the same for resistors in series.99
422803840What quantity ADDS for resistors in seriesResistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...100
422803841What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.101
422803842What stays the same for capacitors in series?The charge on each capacitor.102
422803843What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?Parallel. Because the plates are shared.103
422803844What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB104
422803845How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)105
422803846What is the work done on a charged particle by the magnetic field? Why?ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)106
422803847How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N), B:=magnetic field (T), i=current (A), l=length of wire in the field (m), theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.107
422803848How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?Open right hand rule108
422803849What is electromagnetic induction?Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt109
422803850What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.110
422803851What is the difference between emf and voltage?Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.111
422803852What is the formula relating emf and voltage?V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts), E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts), IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)112
422803853How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.113
422803854What is the difference between a motor and a generator?A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.114
422803855What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.115
422803856Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave, Transverse Wave: Light wave, "The Wave" in a a crowd at a porting event.116
422803857What is the relationship between speed, frequency, and wavelength?wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)117
422803858What is the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength in any wave?E=hf=hc/(wavelength)118
422803859How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2119
422803860How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4120
422803861What cause an electromagnetic wave, and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.121
422803862What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?Radio, Infrared, Visible, UltraViolet, X-Rays, Gamma Rays.122
422803863What is the order of the visible range electromagnetic spectrum?ROY-G-BIV: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet123
422803864What is the difference between reflection, refraction, and diffraction?Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.124
422803865Define reflectionThe bouncing of light125
422803866Define RefractionThe bending of light126
422803867Define diffractionBends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.127
422803868What is the law of reflection?The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.128
422803869Define Snell's law.(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)129
422803870What happens at the critical angle?The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)130
422803871When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.LESS to MORE dense, the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.131
422803872When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.MORE to LESS dense, the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.132
422803873How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.133
422803874What doesn't change (speed, frequency, or wavelength), when light moves from one medium to another?frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)134
422803875What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf135
422803876What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.136
422803877What shapes are converging lenses?Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.137
422803878What shape is a diverging lenses?Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.138
422803879What shape is a converging mirrors?Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.139
422803880What shape is a diverging mirror?convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.140
422803881Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?Converging lenses have a positive focal length.141
422803882Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.142
422803883What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.143
422803884What are the three rules needed for mirrors, since not all three work every time?(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.144
422803885Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?Diverging145
422803886Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image.Convex146
422803887Which kind of mirror can show a real image?Concave147
422803888Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?Convex148
422803889What makes an image "real?"The light travels through the image.149
422803890When are f, p, q, ho, hi, and M positive for mirrors?When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.150
422803891What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?No image.151
422803892What kind of mirror has a positive focus?Concave152
422803893What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?In front of the mirror, in the light.153
422803894What two things must be true for a positive magnification?(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.154
422803895When is the image negative for mirrors?When it is on the "dark" side of the mirror. Opposite the light.155
422803896When is the image negative for a lens?When it is on the same side as the image?156
422803897What is Huygen's Principle?Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.157
422803898State the significance of Young's Experiment.Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.158
422803899What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.159
422803900What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.160
422803901What did Thompson discover?The electron161
422803902What did Rutherford discover?The nucleus162
422803903What is the Bohr Model of the atom?That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.163
422803904What is the energy of a photon?E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J), h = Plank's constant, f=frequency (Hz)164
422803905What is mass energy equivalence?Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.165
422803906What does light absorption involve?The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.166
422803907What does light emission involve?Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes, a wavelength of light is given off.167
422803908What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single, free-floating, molecule. the ionization energy is higher than the wave function.168
422803909What is the photoelectric effect?It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.169
422803910What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons, (protons and neutrons.)170
422803911How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?Atomic mass number minus atomic number.171
422803912What is an isotope?Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14172
422803913What is the binding energy?The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.173
422803914What is the strong force?THe force that holds the nucleus together.174
422803915What causes radioactivity?The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.175
422803916What is transmutation?It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.176
422803917What are the three types of radiation?Alpha, Beta, and Gamma177
422803918What comprises alpha radiation?The release of a Helium nuclei, 4,2 He2+178
422803919What comprises beta radiation?The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.179
422803920What comprises gamma decay?The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.180
422803921Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?Alpha181
422803922Which type of radiation has the highest energy?Gamma182
422803923What is half life?It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.183
422803924What is force times the perpendicular distance?Torque184
422803925What is force times the parallel diplacement?Work185
422803926What is force times time?Impulse186
422803927What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?Moment arm187
422803928Define mass in terms of density.m=(rho)V188
422803929S.I. unit of pressurePascal189
422803930This is the gauge pressure when under water.(rho)gh190
422803931Continuity equationa1v1=a2v2191
422803932How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?Speed ups192
422803933Pressure of an open container at the opening.atmospheric pressure193
422803934This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.Bernoulli's equation194
422803935Flow RateVolume/time195
422803936Flow Rate(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)196
422803937BuoyancyForce lifting a body when it is in a fluid.197
422803938The "V" is (rho)VgThe volume under water198
422803939Force in terms of pressureForce= Pressure/Area199
422803940Condition for no rotationSum of the torques equal zero.200
422803941The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.initial velocity201
422803942S.I. unit of torqueN•m202
422803943S.I. unit of fluxWeber203
422803944S.I. unit of Flow ratem^3/s204
422803945S.I. unit of workJoule205
422803946S.I. unit of every kind of energyJoule206
422803947S.I. unit of powerWatt207
422803948S.I. unit of momentumkg•m/s208
422803949Unit that means the same thing as NmJoule209
422803950S.I. unit of centripetal forceNewton210
422803951S.I. unit of frictional forceNewton211
422803952S.I. unit of gravitational forceNewton212
422803953S.I. Unit of electric forceNewton213
422803954S.I. unit of magnetismTesla214
422803955Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.W = KE:final - KE:initial215
422803956Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged platesW=qV216
422803957Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.F=qE217
422803958Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.E=V/d218
422803959Unit of electric fieldN/C219
422803960Unit of energy for electricity.V ... Volt is a Joule/Coulomb220
422803961Energy of a SINGLE photonE=hf221
422803962Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.KE = (3/2)kT222
422803963Gauge Pressurepgh ..thats ("rho")(gravity's acceleration)(height)223
422803964Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.V=kq/R224
422803965Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.E=kq/R^2225
422803966Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.F=kq1q2/R^2226

AP Physics B Formulas Flashcards

All the formulas for the AP Physics B test. Kinematics and Forces, Energy and Momentum, Circular and Oscillations, Heat and Fluids, Static Electricity, Electric Circuits, Magnetism, Light, and Modern

Terms : Hide Images
339704504v = v₀ + atKinematic with Velocity, Acceleration, and Time1
339704505x = x₀ + v₀t + ½at²Kinematic with Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, and Time2
339704506v² = v₀² + 2a(x-x₀)Kinematic with Velocity, Acceleration, and Displacement3
339704507∑F = maNetwon's Second Law4
339704508F(friction) ≤ µNForce of Friction5
339704509W = F∆rcosθWork6
339704510P(avg) = W/∆tPower from Energy7
339706075F(spring) = -kxForce of Spring8
339706076F(gravity) = -(Gm₁m₂/r²)Force of Gravity9
339713807p = mvMomentum10
339713808J = F∆t = ∆pImpulse11
339713809K = ½mv²Kinetic Energy12
339713810∆U(gravitational) = mghGravitational Potential Energy on Earth13
339713811U(spring) = ½kx²Spring Potential Energy14
339713812U(gravitational) = -(Gm₁m₂/r)Gravitational Potential Energy Anywhere15
339713813P = FvcosθPower from Force16
339713814a(centripetal) = v²/rCentripetal Acceleration17
339713815τ = rFsinθTorque18
339713816T(spring) = 2∏√m/kPeriod of Mass/Spring Oscillator19
339713817T(period) = 2∏√l/gPeriod of a Pendulum20
339713818T = 1/fPeriod in General21
339713819P = P₀ + pghPressure from Depth22
339713820F(buoy) = pVgArchimedes Principle/Bouyancy23
339713821A₁V₁ = A₂V₂Continuity24
339713822P + pgy + ½pv² = const.Bernoulli Principal25
342172103∆l = αl₀∆THeat Expansion/Contraction26
342172104H = (kA∆T)/LThermal Conductivity27
342172105P = F/AGeneral Pressure28
342172106PV = nRT = NkTIdeal Gas Law29
342172107K = (3/2)kTAverage Molecular Kinetic Energy30
342172108v = √(3RT)/M = √(3KT)/µAverage Speed of each Molecule31
342172109W = -P∆VWork in a Heat Engine32
342172110∆U = Q + WFirst Law of Thermodynamics33
342172111e = abs(W/Q)Efficiency of a Heat Engine34
342172112e = (T(hot) - T(cold))/T(hot)Efficiency of an Ideal Engine35
342172113F = (1/4...36

Earth Systems Unit Exam Review Flashcards

AP Environmental Science

Terms : Hide Images
992666694Requirements for lifesource of energy, complex chemistry, liquid solvent, protection from UV light1
992666695Properties of waterhydrogen bonds, heat capacity, universal solvent, cohesive and adhesive, low solid state density2
992666696"Big six" macronutrientscarbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur3
992666697Macronutrientselements required in large amounts by all forms of life4
992666698Micronutrientselements required in small amounts by all life or in moderate amounts by some forms of life but not others5
992666700limiting factorwhen there is not the right amount of the right element in the right concentration at the right time. Can prevent growth of an individual, population, or species. Can cause extinction.6
992666701Macromoleculeslarge molecules constructed of smaller organic compounds7
992666703Carbohydratesmacromolecule that stores energy, provides structural support, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio8
992666706Lipidsmacromolecule composed of carbon & hydrogen that provides barriers, stores energy, and is present in fats, oils, and waxes9
992666708Proteinsmacromolesule that transports substances, speeds up reactions, makes hormones, includes amino acids, and makes up 15% of body mass10
992666709Nucleic acidsmacromolecule that stores and transmits genetic information11
995363450subductionThe process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary12
995363451convectionProcess by which, in a fluid being heated, the warmer part of the mass will rise and the cooler portions will sink.13
995363452mantle85% of Earth's volume; slowly flowing liquid (molten rock) that is composed of silicate rock rich in magnesium/iron. 1800 miles thick14
995363453inner coresolid portion of Earth's core with a radius of ~760 miles. spins at different speed than other portion of core, creating the magnetic field around the Earth.15
995363454outer coreliquid portion of Earth's core; composed of nickel-iron alloy; approx 1355 miles thick16
995363455accretionaccumulation of matter; growth produced by adding from the outside. Process that produces heat inside the Earth.17
995363456lithospherecontains ocean basins and continents ranging from 3 to 46 miles deep (deepest parts beneath continents)18
995363457lithosphere composition32% iron, 30% oxygen, 15% silicon, 14% magnesium, 3% sulfur, 2% nickel, <1% calcium, aluminium, other19
995363458greenhouse effectNatural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases20
995363459Coriolis effectAn effect that causes the prevailing winds to blow diagonally rather than along strict north-south or east-west lines.21
995363460easterliesGlobal winds that flow from the east to the west.22
995363461westerliesGlobal winds that flow from the west to the east.23
995363462weatheringgradual breakdown of rock24
995363463weathershort-term changes in temperature, pressure, cloudiness, precipitation, winds25
995363464climaterefers to average weather conditions over long periods of time (seasons, decades, etc)26
995363465atmospheric convection cellsdivisions by latitude determined by movement of winds (easterlies vs. westerlies)27
995402465aeresolsdroplets of liquid in the atmosphere28
995402466atmospheric composition78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, .9% argon, .03% carbon29
995402467troposphereA layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth, extending up to approximately 16 km (10 miles) and containing most of the atmosphere's nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor30
995402468tropopauseThe boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.31
995402469stratosphere2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase.32
995402470stratopauseboundary between stratosphere and mesosphere33
995402471mesosphere3rd layer of the atmosphere, 50 to 80 km, meteors burn up in this layer of the atmosphere, shooting stars, temperature decreases.34
995402472mesopausethe transition between the mesosphere and the thermosphere35
995402473thermosphereFourth layer of the atmosphere, as altitude goes up, temperatures go up and can reach 1,700 degrees C36
995402474pressureForce per unit area.37
995402475barometric pressureThe pressure (force per unit area) of the atmosphere against a surface.38
995402476tectonic cyclecreation and destruction of the lithosphere39
995402477divergent boundaryplates that are moving away from each other and making new crust40
995402478convergent boundaryplates that are moving towards each other/colliding; involves subduction; can create coastal mountain ranges41
995402479biogeochemical cyclecomplete path a chemical takes through Earth's four major components: atmopshere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere essential process for long-term maintenance of Earth42
995402480hydrosphereAll the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans43
995402481biosphereAll the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of all Earth's ecosystems44
995402482transform faultplates sliding along/across each other. where earthquakes happen!45
995402483rock cycleDescribes how one type of rock can change into another type.46
995402484igneous rockA type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface47
995402485sedimentary rockA type of rock that forms when particles of weathered rock or organic material are compacted and cemented together48
995402486metamorphic rockA type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.49
996563171hydrogen bondsVery weak bond created by the attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule50
996563172hydraulic cyclethe continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth through the processes: evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff.51
996563173plate tectonicsThe theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle.52
996563174permeabilityAbility of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it53
996563175nutrients in soilnitrogen (N) to make proteins, vitamins, DNA/RNA phosphorus (P) to make DNA/RNA, ATP potassium (K) involved in reactions such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, etc)54
996563176humusorganic, dark material remaining after decomposition of living organisms55
996563177sandA loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral 0.05 to 2.0 mm in diameter56
996563178siltA mixture of fertile soil and tiny rocks that can make land ideal for farming57
996563179claySmallest soil particle, yellow or red type of soil that holds water well and contains nutrients.58
996563180capillary actionA proccess powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant.59
996563181water holding capacityHow well soil can retain water (sand→low, clay→high)60
996563182soilA mixture of mineral particles and organic material that covers the land, and in which terrestrial plants grow.61
996563183O horizona soil layer that consists primarily of organic matter, which serves as a precursor for soil formation62
996563184A horizonsecond layer of soil, also called topsoil. consists of humus and mineral materials that leach down to lower horizons.63
996563185E horizona soil layer from which minerals are leached as water percolates through the soil in a process called eluviation64
996563186B horizonalso known as subsoil; general zone of accumulation for leached material65
996563187C horizonLocation of weathered bedrock or parent material; referred to as Regolith; Horizon not affected by biological activity and generally not affected by soil operations; absence of clays66
996563188R horizonThe bottommost layer of soil in a typical soil profile, consisting of bedrock.67
996563189pedalfersoil of humid regions characterized by the accumulation of iron oxides and aluminum-rich clays in the B horizon68
996563190pedocalsoil associated with drier regions and characterized by an accumulation of calcium carbonate in the upper horizons. typically composed of less clay and more sand.69
996563191lateritea hard red soil that results from intense chemical weathering of the surface in tropical regions70
996750835terracingCarving small, flat plots of land from hillsides to use for farming71
996750852contour farmingPlowing and planting across the changing slope of land, rather than in straight lines, to help retain water and reduce soil erosion.72
996750853soil erosionmovement of soil components from one place to another caused by wind and/or water, typically leads to loss of fertility/nutrients and water pollution73
996750855harmful runoffwhen eroded soil carries harmful chemicals, or fertilizers that add nitrate to soil, into natural bodies of water74
996750856dead zonesareas in bodies of water that are completely devoid of oxygen; caused by agricultural runoff75
996750857salinizationprocess where topsoil because too salty due to irrigation and erosion; because water is a solvent, it carries dissolved substances, such as salt, across land76
996750858earthquakeenergy released by portions of the crust breaking as tectonic plates move or shift. occur most frequently near transform faults77
996750859seismic wavesvibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake78
996750860P wavesFirst wave to arrive at the seismograph station. Compress and expand like an accordion79
996750861S wavesSecondary seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. Travel in transverse waves, only through solid material.80
996750862body wavesseismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior81
996750863surface wavesA type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach the Earth's surface82
996750864volcanoopening in the crust that connects to the mantle and releases molten rock/lava. formed by friction between plates that forces up rifts of magma.83
996750865viscosityA measure of a fluid's thickness or resistance to flow.84
996750866shield volcanoA low, flat, gently sloping volcano built from many flows of fluid, low-viscosity lava85
996750867cinder cone volcanoA steep, cone-shaped hill or small mountain made of volcanic ash, cinders, and bombs piled up around a volcano's opening86
996750868composite volcanoA tall, explosive, cone-shaped volcano formed by layers of silica-rich lava and ash.87
996750869cambrian explosionA burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.88
996750870eonthe longest division of geological time89
996750871erasecond longest division of geological time90
996750877periodsections of geologic time that compose eras91
996750891epochsmallest unit of geological time92
996750894Holocene EpochThe present epoch of geologic time, approx the last 10,000 years.93
996750895paleozoic erathe part of geologic time 570-245 million years ago ; invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees were dominant94
996750896mesozoic erathe part of geologic time roughly 245-65 million years ago; dinosaurs rose to prominence and became extinct95
996750897cenozoic erathe latest of the four eras into which geologic time is subdivided; 65 million years ago to the present96
996750898precambrian era90% of Earth's history, life appears and exists only in the sea, most life was unicellular and hardly any oxygen was present97
996750899ordovician extinctionThe first great mass extinction event when according to the fossil record, 60% of both terrestrial and marine life worldwide were exterminated.98
996750900devonian extinction2nd mass extinction event. 3/4 of all species died out99
996750901permian extinctiona mass extinction that claimed 96% of marine species, 70% of land species, likely caused by rapid climate change100
996750904triassic extinction2-3 phases of extinction combining to cause mass extinction; caused by climate change, basalt explosion, asteroid impact101
996750905KT extinction65 million years ago; dinosaurs and other animals of the time went extinct102

Psychology of Women Chapter 11 Flashcards

Women and Physical Health

Terms : Hide Images
1359872685health psychologyan interdisciplinary area in psychology that focuses on the causes of illness, the treatment of illness, illness prevention, and health improvement1
1359872687chronic health problemlong lasting health problem that cannot be cured2
1359872688mammogramx-ray over the breast-a picture of breast tissue while the breast tissue is flattened between two plastic plates3
1359872689lumpectomysurgery that removes the cancerous lump and the immediate surrounding breast tissue4
1359872690cervical canceraffects the lower portion of the uterus5
1359872691pap smear testtest administered during routine gynecology examinations-sample of cells from the cervix to see whether they are normal, precancerous, or cancerous6
1359872692hysterectomysurgical removal of the uterus7
1359872693osteoperosisbones become less dense and more fragile, especially common in older women8
1359872694disabilityrefers to a physical or mental impairment that limits a person's ability to perform a major life activity in the manner considered normative9
1359872695ableismrefers to discrimination on the basis of disability10
1359872696Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)viral disease spread by infected semen, vaginal secretions, or blood; this disease destroys the body's normal immune system and is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus11
1359872697Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)The virus that causes AIDS12
1359872698alcohol abuserefers to a pattern of alcohol use that repeatedly leads to significant impariment13
1359872699fetal alcohol syndromechildren born to alcoholic mothers are likely to have this; characterized by facial abnormalities, retarded physical growth, psychological abnormalities, and mental retardation14
1359872700binge drinkingfive or more drinks for men, four or more drinks for women15
1359872701morbiditygeneralized poor health or illness...women in US and Canada have a disadvantage16
1359872702female genital mutilation(female genital cutting)involves cutting or removing a section of the female genitals, usually part of all of the clitoris17
1359872703cardiovascular diseaseincludes heart attacks and other disorders of the heart, as well as clots and other disorders of the blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death for US Women18
1359872704disability studiesis an interdisciplinary field that examines disabilities from the perspective of social sciences, natural science, that arts, the humanities, education, and media studies.19
1359872705chlamydiacommon in young women; often no symptoms, but may cause painful urination, vaginal discharge, and infertility; curable Can lead to infertility. Can be passed on to newborn during delivery.20
1359872706genital herpesPainful genital blisters, several attacks per year; can be treated, but is not currently curable can lead to cervical cancer, which may lead to death. Can be passen on to newborn during delivery21
1359872707gonorrheaMay produce vaginal discharge and pelvic pain but may not have visible symptoms; curable Can lead to infertility. Can be passed on to newborn during delivery.22
1359872708syphillisPainless sores; may produce rash on the body, but may not have visible symptoms; curable23
1359872709HPV (genital warts)caused by various strains of the human papiloma virus; small, often painless swellings in the genital area; very common in young women; can be treated and sometimes curable. can lead to cervical cancer, which may lead to death. Can be passed on to newborn in delivery.24
1359872710three major reasons why health problems are important to look at in terms of genderGender makes a difference in the kinds of health problems that people experience; Gender makes a difference in the way a disease is diagnosed; Illness is an important part of many women's experience.25
1359872711What percentage of women 55 and older have at least one chronic health problem?80%26
1359872712What are the biases that operate in health care with regard to women:women have often been neglected in medicine and in medical research; gender stereotypes are common in medicine; medical care provided to women is often inadequate or irresponsible; physician-patient communication patterns often make women feel relatively powerless27
1359872713What is the one cluster of women's health problems that has received abundant attention?breast cancer???28
1359872714What are the explanations why women have a greater life expectancy than men:biological, social, and environmental factors, women visit their health-care providers more often than men do29
1359872715What are some of the explanations in your text for the gender difference in morbidity:women live longer than men, so they are more likely to have nonfatal illnesses associated with old age, morbidity is usually assessed by self-report, women are the primary victims of rape, 22 million women are physically abused, economic factors30
1359872716In cultures where genital mutilation is practiced, what is the reasoning behind it?100 million have experienced it; Africa, the middle east, and Asia. However, many have emigrated to US, Canada, and Europe. According to those that perform the procedure, it makes the genitals cleaner, reduces sexual activity outside marriage, women experience less sexual pleasure31

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