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AP US History Terms Flashcards

The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)

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1370471744	Puritan motive	- Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England	0
1370471745	Motive of settling Virginia	- paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England	1
1370471746	First Great Awakening	- led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards	2
1370471747	Deism	- 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs	3
1370471748	Albany Congress, 1754	- led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected	4
1370471749	Legal rights of women	-no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers	5
1370471750	Stamp Act / Stamp Congress	- tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax	6
1370471751	Slavery in pre-independence times	- unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy	7
1370471752	Indentured servants	- extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years	8
1370471753	Proclamation of 1763	- created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve"	9
1370471754	Articles of Confederation	- first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification)	10
1370471755	Bill of Rights	- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government	11
1370471756	Hamilton's economic plans	- national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports	12
1370471757	Shays' Rebellion	- farmers revolt 1786-1787 - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts	13
1370471758	XYZ affair	- France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan	14
1370471759	Marbury v. Madison	- Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck - said his appointment was unconstitutional - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review	15
1370471760	Louisiana Purchase	- Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port	16
1370471761	Hartford Convention	- group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future	17
1370471762	Eli Whitney	- 1793 Eli Whitney invents cotton gin - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle	18
1370471763	Henry Clay's "American System"	- high tariffs on imports (20%-25%) - provide federal funding for internal improvements - support and maintain Bank of the United States	19
1370471764	Monroe Doctrine	- done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy	20
1370471765	Andrew Jackson	- Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank	21
1370471766	Trail of Tears	- 1838 removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot)	22
1370471767	Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations	- South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it - Jackson passes Tariff of 1828 (Abominations) harshly limiting trade - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them	23
1370471768	Transcendentalists	- an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson	24
1370471769	Ralph Waldo Emerson	- transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence	25
1370471770	William Lloyd Garrison	- published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights	26
1370471771	Harriet Tubman	- escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape	27
1370471772	Dred Scott v. Sanford	- 1857 Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court	28
1370471773	Popular Sovereignty	- measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s	29
1370471774	Kansas-Nebraska Act	- 1854 legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise	30
1370471775	Douglas's Freeport Doctrine	- statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty	31
1370471776	Causes of Civil War	- maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery	32
1370471777	Emancipation Proclamation	- 1863 decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free - not effective, simply symbolic - made North the moral side of the war	33
1370471778	Radical Reconstruction	- Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan	34
1370471779	Compromise of 1877	- 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction	35
1370471780	Knights of Labor	- first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886	36
1370471781	Dawes Act	- 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans	37
1370471782	Social Gospel	- Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions	38
1370471783	Populists	- political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry	39
1370471784	Yellow Press	- started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens	40
1370471785	"New Immigration"	- immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions	41
1370471786	Open Door Policy	- European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States	42
1370471787	DuBois & Booker T. Washington	- W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it	43
1370471788	Muckrakers	- term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more	44
1370471789	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	- U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy	45
1370471790	Wilson's 14 Points	- 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization	46
1370471791	Bonus Army	- 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945	47
1370471792	100 Day Congress, New Deal	- passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency	48
1370471793	Civilian Conservation Corps	- FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects	49
1370471794	Cuban Missile Crisis	- 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference	50
1370471795	Brown v. Board of Education	- ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement	51
1370471796	Sputnik	- 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school	52
1370471797	Sit-Ins	- form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point	53
1370471798	Civil Rights Act of 1964	- most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting	54
1370471799	Malcolm "X"	- leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism	55
1370471800	Gulf of Tonkin incident	- said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam	56
1370471801	Watergate	- scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned	57
1370471802	Tet Offensive	- Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks	58
1370471803	Camp David Accords	- 1978 meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high	59

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American Journey - Chapter 24 Terms - The Jazz Age 1919-1929 Flashcards

The American Journey Chapter 24 6th Grade Social Studies

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1017229632	Capitalism	An economic system based on private property and free enterprise. The Bolsheviks encouraged workers to overthrow this system anywhere it existed.	1
1017229633	Anarchists	People who believe there should be no government. These people fanned the fears of "Bolshevism" - the idea of overthrowing capitalism - in the U.S.	2
1017229634	Red Scare	1919-1920; a period when the government went after "Reds," or Communists. Mitchell Palmer and Edgar Hoover ordered the arrest of people suspected of being Communists or anarchists and staged raids on "suspicious" groups. The government deported a few hundred aliens. In time, people realized this "danger" was greatly exaggerated.	3
1017229635	Sacco and Vanzetti	July 1921; two Italian immigrants, Nicola _____ and Bartolomeo _______, were convicted of the crime of robbing a shoe store and killing two people and then sentenced to death. However, neither men had a criminal record, and after their execution, many believed they had nothing to do with the crime. This shows the feelings against foreigners and radicals.	4
1017229636	Red Agitators	The accused steel strikers who demanded higher wages and an eight-hour work day.	5
1017229637	Warren G. Harding	The Republican president in 1920; he created the "Ohio Gang," a group of his friends and political supporters whom he gave jobs in government to. Many of these appointees were unqualified, and some turned out to be corrupt. This president was not directly involved: "I have no trouble with my enemies," he said. "But my friends...they're the ones that keep me walking the floor nights!"	6
1017229638	Teapot Dome Scandal	1922; the biggest scandal in the Harding administration involving Albert Fall. He secretly leased government oil reserves in California and _______ ____, Wyoming to the owners of two oil companies to receive over $400,000 in exchange. He was convicted of bribery and sent to prison, becoming the first cabinet member to go to jail.	7
1017229639	Calvin Coolidge	This VP who took over after Harding's death had a nickname of "Silent Cal" and had a reputation for honesty. He replaced corrupted members of the Ohio Gang with honest officials. He believed that the best government was the least government and did not want the nation to join the League of Nations. Many other Americans supported this policy of isolationism.	8
1017229640	Five-Power Treaty	February 1922; This treaty was signed between the U.S., Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to limit the size of the nations' navies. This marked the first time in modern history that world powers agreed to disarm.	9
1017229641	Kellogg-Briand Pact	August 1928; the U.S. joined 14 other nations in signing the ________-_____ ____ which called for outlawing war. 48 other nations also soon signed this pact, but it lacked any means of enforcing peace.	10
1017229642	Gross national product	1922; the nation's _____ _______ ______ (GNP), the total value of all goods and services produced, was $70 billion. By 1929, it had risen to $100 billion.	11
1017229643	Welfare capitalism	The steps of setting up safety programs that lowered the risk of death/injury, providing health and accident insurance, and encouraging workers to buy stock in the company were designed to link workers more closely to the company they worked for.	12
1017229644	Installment buying	A type of buying where consumers could now buy products by promising to pay small, regular amounts over a period of time. One critic of installment buying called the system "a dollar down and a dollar a week forever." However, this new method boosted consumer spending.	13
1017229645	Henry Ford	The pioneer in the manufacturing of affordable automobiles with his Model T, which was built using assembly line methods. The car was sturdy, reliable, inexpensive, and available only in black. In 1914, he announced that he would pay workers $5 a day. Workers were happy, and Ford had many customers. By 1924, his car sold for less than $300.	14
1017229646	19th Amendment	1920; guaranteed women in all states the right to vote.	15
1017229647	Flappers	Carefree women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, a bold, boyish look, and short skirts. This symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s.	16
1017229648	Mass media	Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.	17
1017229649	Babe Ruth	An idolized baseball player who hit 60 home runs in 1927 - a record that would stand for 34 years.	18
1017229650	Jazz Age	The era in the 1920s in which jazz captured the spirit of many people. It had its roots in the South in A-A work songs and music. It is a blend of ragtime and blues, and it uses dynamic rhythms and improvisations. (Trumpeter Louis Armstrong, pianist and composer Duke Ellington, and singer Bessie Smith)	19
1017229651	Langston Hughes	An A-A writer who joined the growing number of African writers and artists who gathered in Harlem, and A-A section of NY City.	20
1017229652	Harlem Renaissance	This movement was a burst of creativity in the 1920s - a flowering of A-A culture. This movement instilled an interest in African culture and pride in being African American. During this time, many writers wrote about A-A experience in novels, poems, and short stories.	21
1017229653	The Lost Generation	Rootless American writers who were disappointed with American values and were in search of inspiration. These people, called expatriates (people who choose to live in another country) were called ____ ______ ________ by writer Gertrude Stein.	22
1017229654	18th Amendment	1919; this amendment established Prohibition.	23
1017229655	Prohibition	A total ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor throughout the U.S.	24
1017229656	Volstead Act	An act passed by Congress to provide the means of enforcing Prohibition.	25
1017229657	21st Amendment	1933; this amendment repealed the 18th Amendment - Prohibition.	26
1017229658	Nativism	The belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners. With this the Ku Klux Klan took control by pressuring and scaring Catholics, Jews, immigrants, etc.	27
1017229659	Emergency Quota Act	1921; this act established a quota system - an arrangement placing a limit on the number of immigrants from each country. According to the act, only 3% of the total number of people in any national group already living in the U.S. would be admitted each year.	28
1017229660	National Origins Act	1924; a revision of the Emergency Quota Act - it reduced the annual country quota from 3 to 2% and based it on the census of 1890. The law excluded Japanese immigrants completely. Chinese immigrants were already excluded from a previous law.	29
1017229661	Scopes Trial	A highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes deliberately violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. He was convicted of breaking the law and fined $100, but the fundamentalists (saw evolution as a challenge to Christian beliefs) lost the larger battle. Clarence Darrow, in the defense of Scopes, made it seem as it William Jennings Bryan (strong opponent of evolution) wanted to impose his religious beliefs on the entire nation.	30

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AP Psycholology Chapter 13: Personality Flashcards

Psychology Ninth Edition by David Myers. Chapter 13: Personality Vocabulary

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778872231	personality	an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	1
778872232	free association	in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.	2
778872233	psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.	3
778872234	unconscious	according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.	4
778872235	id	contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.	5
778872236	ego	the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.	6
778872237	superego	the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.	7
778872238	psychosexual stages	the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.	8
778872239	Oedipus complex	according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.	9
778872240	identification	the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.	10
778872241	fixation	according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	11
778872242	defense mechanisms	in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.	12
778872243	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.	13
778872244	regression	psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.	14
778872245	reaction formation	psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.	15
778872246	projection	psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.	16
778872247	rationalization	defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.	17
778927534	displacement	psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.	18
778927535	denial	defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.	19
778927536	collective unconscious	Carl Jung's concept of a shared. inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history.	20
778927537	projective test	a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.	21
778927538	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.	22
778927539	Rorschach inkblot test	the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.	23
778927540	terror-management theory	a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.	24
778927541	self-actualization	according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.	25
778927542	unconditional positive regard	according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.	26
778927543	self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "who am I?"	27
778927544	trait	a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.	28
778927545	personality inventory	a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.	29
778927546	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.	30
778927547	empirically derived test	a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.	31
778927548	social-cognitive perspective	views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context.	32
778927549	reciprocal determinism	the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.	33
778927550	personal control	the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.	34
778927551	external locus of control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.	35
778927552	internal locus of control	the perception that you control your own fate.	36
778927553	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.	37
778927554	positive psychology	the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.	38
778927555	self	in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.	39
778927556	spotlight effect	overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).	40
778927557	self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth.	41
778927558	self-serving bias	a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.	42

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Ap Human Geography Chapter 12 Flashcards

Ap Human Geography Chapter 12

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1143164423	Service	Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.	1
1142532408	Settlement	A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.	2
1142532409	Consumer Services	Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services.	3
1142532410	Business Services	Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services.	4
1142532411	Public Service	Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.	5
1142532412	Clustered Rural Settlements	A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.	6
1142532413	Dispersed Rural Settlement	A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.	7
1142532414	Enclosure Movement	During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.	8
1142532415	Urbanization	An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.	9
1142532426	Central Place Theory	A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.	10
1142532427	Central Place	A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.	11
1142532416	Market Area (Hinterland)	The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.	12
1142532417	Range	The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.	13
1142532418	Threshold	The minimum number of people needed to support a service.	14
1142532419	Gravity Model	A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.	15
1142532420	Rank-Size Rule	A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.	16
1142532421	Primate City Rule	A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.	17
1142532422	Primate City	The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.	18
1142532423	Basic Industries	Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement	19
1142532424	Nonbasic Industries	Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.	20
1142532425	Economic Base	A community's unique collection of basic industries.	21

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AP Psych Ch 18 Social Psychology Flashcards

AP Psych Ch 18 Social Psychology

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746638380	People's responses to scary events	anxiety and desire for revenge; love and compassion?
746638381	humans are social animals	depending on who or what influences our thinking, we may assume the best or worst in others
746638382	social psychology	studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
746638383	attribution theory	explaining behavior by crediting the external situation or the person's internal disposition
746638384	dispositional attribution	teacher thinks hostile child reflects an aggressive personaility
746638385	situational attribution	teacher thinks hostile child is abused or reacting to stress
746638386	people have enduring personality traits	quiet in class but talkative at lunch; shy or outgoing?
746638387	fundamental attribution error	tendency for observer to underestimate situation and overestimate disposition
746638388	Napolitan and Goethals	had college students talk with a woman who acted aloof/critical or warm/friendly and told half that her behavior was random and the other half that she was acting... the students disregarded this and attributed her behavior to her personal disposition even THOUGH they were told she was acting situationally
746638389	outside assigned roles	people seem less of what you'd expect, i.e. teachers seem less serious, etc.
746638390	when explaining our own behavior	we are sensitive to how our behavior changes with the situations we encounter
746638391	when explaining others' behavior	particularly after observing them in only one situation, we commit the fundamental attribution error
746638392	those whom we know well	we observe in varied situations and so restrains us from attributing their behaviors to dispositions
746638393	happily married couples	attribute a spouse's sarcasm as situational (having a bad day)
746638394	unhappily married couples	attribute a spouse's sarcasm as dispositional (i married a jerk)
746638395	political conservatives	attribute social problems to dispositions of poor/unemployed...freeloaders, etc
746638396	political liberals/social scientists	blame past and present situations for social problems
746638397	manager attributes worker performance to disposition	coworkers attribute it to situation
746638398	point to remember	our attributions have real consequences
746638399	attitudes	beliefs and feelings that predispose our reactions
746638400	attitudes: BELIEVE, FEEL, ACT	if we BELIEVE someone is mean, we may FEEL dislike for the person, and ACT unfriendly
746638401	1960s studies	challenged ideas that changing attitude can change behavior
746638402	most psychologists believed there is a close connection to	thought and action, character and conduct, private words and public deeds
746638403	attitudes will guide actions IF	-outside influences on what we say and do are minimal (late 2002, most Americans supporting prep for war against Iraq, Democrats expressed support while having private reservations) -the attitude is specifically relevant to the behavior (people profess general attitudes that contradict behavior, proclaim love while yelling at partner, value good health while smoking) (attitudes toward specific act guides action) -we are keenly aware of our attitudes (when we follow habit or expectation, attitude lies dormant, but if we become self-conscious or aware of how we feel, we are truer to it) (repeatedly expressing an attitude makes it come to mind more quickly)
746638404	when we know and are conscious of what we believe	we are usually true to ourselves
746638405	attitudes follow behaviors	foot in the door phenomenon and role playing
746638406	Chinese thought control program	foot in the door; US soldiers in Chinese war camps during Korean War collaborated in activities, made radio appeals and false confessions, leaked info on fellow prisoners and military info. 21 prisoners chose to stay and some came home brainwashed;
746638407	foot in the door phenomenon	tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one start small and build; subjects begin to rationalize behavior, persuading themselves they are justified, saying becomes believing; California Drive Carefully sign, more people said yes to large sign after small one
746638408	racial attitudes follow behavior	after school desegregation and Civil Rights Act 1964, white people expressed less prejuice; moral action strengthens moral convictions
746638409	bottom line	if you act like you like someone, you soon will what we do, we become
746638410	when you adopt a new role	you strive to follow the social prescriptions with it, it may feel like acting at first, but soon becomes normal attitude Stanford Prison exp, Greek military junta torturers
746638411	why do actions affect attitude?	we feel motivated to justify our actions cognitive dissonance theory
746638412	cognitive dissonance	tension felt when we are aware our attitudes and actions don't coincide
746638413	cognitive dissonance theory	the less coerced and more responsible we feel for a troubling act, the more dissonance we feel, then the more motivated we are to find consistency, and thus change our attitude
746638414	if you are down	talk in positive, self accepting ways with fewer self put downs
746638415	point to remember	changing our behavior can change how we think and how we feel
746638416	great lesson	enormous power of social influence on attitudes, beliefs, decisions,and actions seen through conformity, compliance, and group behavior
746638417	clusters	suicides, bomb threats, airplane hijackings, and UFO sightings
746638418	niche conformity	asserting individuality or identifying themselves with others of same niche
746638419	behavior is contagious	giggling, coughing, yawning, stand and look upwards, laughter, seeding tip containers, sickness
746638420	chameleon effect	we are natural mimics, it helps us feel others' feelings; we feel happier around happy people; students worked in a room alongside a confederate who rubbed his face and then a confederate who shook his foot and the students mimicked them, is a part of empathy, the more empathic the more you mimic and are liked
746638421	effects of suggestibility	after Columbine every US state except Vermont had threats of copycat violence
746638422	suicide clusters	suicides increased after following a highly publicized suicide, i.e. after Marilyn Monroe's in August
746638423	suggestibility is a subtle type of conformity	conformity: adjusting behavior or thinking towards a group standard
746638424	Asch's test	sit with 5 people and say which line is equal to a standard line, its clearly line 2 and wait your turn to say it after everyone else, by third trial, the everyone says the answer is line 3, you get tense and insecure, hesitating, and went with group answer
746638425	conditions that strengthen conformity	-one is made to feel incompetent/insecure -the group has at least 3 people -the group is unanimous -group's status and attractiveness is admirable -no prior commitments have been made to any response -others observe the behavior -one's culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
746638426	normative social influence	conforming to avoid social rejection and gain approval; we are sensitive to social norms because the price paid for them is severe (marco lokar Italian during Persian Gulf war who didnt wear US flag on uniform, Toni Smith and National Anthem)
746638427	informational social influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality; Baron's exp: when judgment was made to seem important and difficult, people conformed more when we are unsure of being right, and when being right matters, we conform
746638428	individualistic cultures	lower conformity
746638429	Milgram's experiment	in pre experiment survey, the participants and psychologists predicted people would stop after pain was indicated but with men 20-50, 63% fully complied. obedience was highest when: -the person giving orders was close by and perceived as a legit authority -the authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution (not Yale) -the victim was depersonalized or at a distance -there were no role models of defiance
746638430	obedience in Holocaust	was a minority
746638431	kindess vs obedience	obedience wins
746638432	foot in the door	those who resist something, do so in the early stages (Milgram and Holocaust)
746638433	social facilitation	cyclists faster with other cyclists not clock, winding a fishing reel quickly, go faster at green light with other car behind them; but on tougher tasks people perform less well with others present
746638434	when others observe us	we become aroused and that arousal strengthens most likely response, correct on easy task and incorrect on hard task
746638435	home team advantage	higher for basketball and soccer and lower for baseball and football
746638436	point to remember	what you do well, you are likely to do even better in front of an audience, esp a friendly one
746638437	crowding	comedy records seem funnier in crowds, a good house is a full one, arousal triggered by crowding amplifies rections
746638438	social loafing	less force put on tug of war with group; diminished effort in a group, most common in individualistic cultures
746638439	why social loafing?	people acting as a group feel less accountable and worry less about others thoughts; may view their contribution as dispensable
746638440	deindividuation	presence of others arouses and diminishes feelings of responsibility. uninhibited behavior ranging from a food fight to rioting, abandoning normal restraints to power of group, less self conscious and less restrained; mob mentality occurs when you feel aroused and anonymous, in NYU women dressed like KKK delivered twice as much shocks as did identifiable women, masked tribal men more likely to be violent
746638441	group polarization	first year students at College X are more intellectually oriented than those at College Y, that difference will be amplified by the time theyre seniors, same with political conservatism widening, girls talk more intimately than boys and play and fantasize less aggressively
746638442	group polarization	adolescents at risk for delinquency emerged from such discussions with increased negative behaviors, discussions among like minded people increases pre existing attitudes, same with terrorism; Internet provides new medium
746638443	groupthink	Kennedy's decision to invade Cuba; same with Pearl Harbor, Vietnam War escalation, Watergate coverup, Chernobyl, Challenger explosion, but good things too: Marshall Plan, Kennedy kept Soviets from putting missiles in Cuba
746638444	social control	power of situation
746638445	personal control	power of individual
746638446	if minority did not sway majority	communism would be an obscure theory, christianity would be a small middle eastern sect, rosa parks refusal would not have ignited a movement the railroad seemed like a ridiculous idea to many, the steamboat was called silly, printing press, telegraph, lamp, typewriter
746638447	prejudice	prejudgment; an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group; mixture of beliefs (stereotypes) emotions and predispositions to actions (discriminate)
746638448	saw a white man shoving a black man and called it horsing around	saw a black white shoving a white man and called it violence
746638449	prejudice against women and blacks	has fallen sharply in recent decades
746638450	blatant prejudice wanes	subtle prejudice lingers
746638451	in socially intimate situations	many admit they would feel uncomfortable with someone of another race
746638452	prejudice can be unconscious	-people who deny harboring prejudice may carry negative associations, 9/10 white people took longer to identify pleasant words as good when presented with black faces -white university women grading flawed essays gave higher scores to those they were told were written by black people, showing they maybe patronized them to lower standards -research people accidentally shot targets who were black over white
746638453	prejudice	-states with less black motorists, they are majority of those stopped by police -dentist sold bmw to avoid being stopped by police for being black
746638454	women are more likely to live in poverty	2/3 of children without basic schooling are girls; people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers -south korean male births have exceeded females -china has 20 more boys than girls -india has 26 boys per 1 girl
746638455	most people feel more positively	about women in general than men; nurturance, sensitivity, less aggressiveness
746638456	being a victim of discrimination can produce	self blame or anger

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AP Psych Ch 18 Social Psychology Flashcards

AP Psych Ch 18 Social Psychology

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746638380	People's responses to scary events	anxiety and desire for revenge; love and compassion?
746638381	humans are social animals	depending on who or what influences our thinking, we may assume the best or worst in others
746638382	social psychology	studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
746638383	attribution theory	explaining behavior by crediting the external situation or the person's internal disposition
746638384	dispositional attribution	teacher thinks hostile child reflects an aggressive personaility
746638385	situational attribution	teacher thinks hostile child is abused or reacting to stress
746638386	people have enduring personality traits	quiet in class but talkative at lunch; shy or outgoing?
746638387	fundamental attribution error	tendency for observer to underestimate situation and overestimate disposition
746638388	Napolitan and Goethals	had college students talk with a woman who acted aloof/critical or warm/friendly and told half that her behavior was random and the other half that she was acting... the students disregarded this and attributed her behavior to her personal disposition even THOUGH they were told she was acting situationally
746638389	outside assigned roles	people seem less of what you'd expect, i.e. teachers seem less serious, etc.
746638390	when explaining our own behavior	we are sensitive to how our behavior changes with the situations we encounter
746638391	when explaining others' behavior	particularly after observing them in only one situation, we commit the fundamental attribution error
746638392	those whom we know well	we observe in varied situations and so restrains us from attributing their behaviors to dispositions
746638393	happily married couples	attribute a spouse's sarcasm as situational (having a bad day)
746638394	unhappily married couples	attribute a spouse's sarcasm as dispositional (i married a jerk)
746638395	political conservatives	attribute social problems to dispositions of poor/unemployed...freeloaders, etc
746638396	political liberals/social scientists	blame past and present situations for social problems
746638397	manager attributes worker performance to disposition	coworkers attribute it to situation
746638398	point to remember	our attributions have real consequences
746638399	attitudes	beliefs and feelings that predispose our reactions
746638400	attitudes: BELIEVE, FEEL, ACT	if we BELIEVE someone is mean, we may FEEL dislike for the person, and ACT unfriendly
746638401	1960s studies	challenged ideas that changing attitude can change behavior
746638402	most psychologists believed there is a close connection to	thought and action, character and conduct, private words and public deeds
746638403	attitudes will guide actions IF	-outside influences on what we say and do are minimal (late 2002, most Americans supporting prep for war against Iraq, Democrats expressed support while having private reservations) -the attitude is specifically relevant to the behavior (people profess general attitudes that contradict behavior, proclaim love while yelling at partner, value good health while smoking) (attitudes toward specific act guides action) -we are keenly aware of our attitudes (when we follow habit or expectation, attitude lies dormant, but if we become self-conscious or aware of how we feel, we are truer to it) (repeatedly expressing an attitude makes it come to mind more quickly)
746638404	when we know and are conscious of what we believe	we are usually true to ourselves
746638405	attitudes follow behaviors	foot in the door phenomenon and role playing
746638406	Chinese thought control program	foot in the door; US soldiers in Chinese war camps during Korean War collaborated in activities, made radio appeals and false confessions, leaked info on fellow prisoners and military info. 21 prisoners chose to stay and some came home brainwashed;
746638407	foot in the door phenomenon	tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one start small and build; subjects begin to rationalize behavior, persuading themselves they are justified, saying becomes believing; California Drive Carefully sign, more people said yes to large sign after small one
746638408	racial attitudes follow behavior	after school desegregation and Civil Rights Act 1964, white people expressed less prejuice; moral action strengthens moral convictions
746638409	bottom line	if you act like you like someone, you soon will what we do, we become
746638410	when you adopt a new role	you strive to follow the social prescriptions with it, it may feel like acting at first, but soon becomes normal attitude Stanford Prison exp, Greek military junta torturers
746638411	why do actions affect attitude?	we feel motivated to justify our actions cognitive dissonance theory
746638412	cognitive dissonance	tension felt when we are aware our attitudes and actions don't coincide
746638413	cognitive dissonance theory	the less coerced and more responsible we feel for a troubling act, the more dissonance we feel, then the more motivated we are to find consistency, and thus change our attitude
746638414	if you are down	talk in positive, self accepting ways with fewer self put downs
746638415	point to remember	changing our behavior can change how we think and how we feel
746638416	great lesson	enormous power of social influence on attitudes, beliefs, decisions,and actions seen through conformity, compliance, and group behavior
746638417	clusters	suicides, bomb threats, airplane hijackings, and UFO sightings
746638418	niche conformity	asserting individuality or identifying themselves with others of same niche
746638419	behavior is contagious	giggling, coughing, yawning, stand and look upwards, laughter, seeding tip containers, sickness
746638420	chameleon effect	we are natural mimics, it helps us feel others' feelings; we feel happier around happy people; students worked in a room alongside a confederate who rubbed his face and then a confederate who shook his foot and the students mimicked them, is a part of empathy, the more empathic the more you mimic and are liked
746638421	effects of suggestibility	after Columbine every US state except Vermont had threats of copycat violence
746638422	suicide clusters	suicides increased after following a highly publicized suicide, i.e. after Marilyn Monroe's in August
746638423	suggestibility is a subtle type of conformity	conformity: adjusting behavior or thinking towards a group standard
746638424	Asch's test	sit with 5 people and say which line is equal to a standard line, its clearly line 2 and wait your turn to say it after everyone else, by third trial, the everyone says the answer is line 3, you get tense and insecure, hesitating, and went with group answer
746638425	conditions that strengthen conformity	-one is made to feel incompetent/insecure -the group has at least 3 people -the group is unanimous -group's status and attractiveness is admirable -no prior commitments have been made to any response -others observe the behavior -one's culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
746638426	normative social influence	conforming to avoid social rejection and gain approval; we are sensitive to social norms because the price paid for them is severe (marco lokar Italian during Persian Gulf war who didnt wear US flag on uniform, Toni Smith and National Anthem)
746638427	informational social influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality; Baron's exp: when judgment was made to seem important and difficult, people conformed more when we are unsure of being right, and when being right matters, we conform
746638428	individualistic cultures	lower conformity
746638429	Milgram's experiment	in pre experiment survey, the participants and psychologists predicted people would stop after pain was indicated but with men 20-50, 63% fully complied. obedience was highest when: -the person giving orders was close by and perceived as a legit authority -the authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution (not Yale) -the victim was depersonalized or at a distance -there were no role models of defiance
746638430	obedience in Holocaust	was a minority
746638431	kindess vs obedience	obedience wins
746638432	foot in the door	those who resist something, do so in the early stages (Milgram and Holocaust)
746638433	social facilitation	cyclists faster with other cyclists not clock, winding a fishing reel quickly, go faster at green light with other car behind them; but on tougher tasks people perform less well with others present
746638434	when others observe us	we become aroused and that arousal strengthens most likely response, correct on easy task and incorrect on hard task
746638435	home team advantage	higher for basketball and soccer and lower for baseball and football
746638436	point to remember	what you do well, you are likely to do even better in front of an audience, esp a friendly one
746638437	crowding	comedy records seem funnier in crowds, a good house is a full one, arousal triggered by crowding amplifies rections
746638438	social loafing	less force put on tug of war with group; diminished effort in a group, most common in individualistic cultures
746638439	why social loafing?	people acting as a group feel less accountable and worry less about others thoughts; may view their contribution as dispensable
746638440	deindividuation	presence of others arouses and diminishes feelings of responsibility. uninhibited behavior ranging from a food fight to rioting, abandoning normal restraints to power of group, less self conscious and less restrained; mob mentality occurs when you feel aroused and anonymous, in NYU women dressed like KKK delivered twice as much shocks as did identifiable women, masked tribal men more likely to be violent
746638441	group polarization	first year students at College X are more intellectually oriented than those at College Y, that difference will be amplified by the time theyre seniors, same with political conservatism widening, girls talk more intimately than boys and play and fantasize less aggressively
746638442	group polarization	adolescents at risk for delinquency emerged from such discussions with increased negative behaviors, discussions among like minded people increases pre existing attitudes, same with terrorism; Internet provides new medium
746638443	groupthink	Kennedy's decision to invade Cuba; same with Pearl Harbor, Vietnam War escalation, Watergate coverup, Chernobyl, Challenger explosion, but good things too: Marshall Plan, Kennedy kept Soviets from putting missiles in Cuba
746638444	social control	power of situation
746638445	personal control	power of individual
746638446	if minority did not sway majority	communism would be an obscure theory, christianity would be a small middle eastern sect, rosa parks refusal would not have ignited a movement the railroad seemed like a ridiculous idea to many, the steamboat was called silly, printing press, telegraph, lamp, typewriter
746638447	prejudice	prejudgment; an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group; mixture of beliefs (stereotypes) emotions and predispositions to actions (discriminate)
746638448	saw a white man shoving a black man and called it horsing around	saw a black white shoving a white man and called it violence
746638449	prejudice against women and blacks	has fallen sharply in recent decades
746638450	blatant prejudice wanes	subtle prejudice lingers
746638451	in socially intimate situations	many admit they would feel uncomfortable with someone of another race
746638452	prejudice can be unconscious	-people who deny harboring prejudice may carry negative associations, 9/10 white people took longer to identify pleasant words as good when presented with black faces -white university women grading flawed essays gave higher scores to those they were told were written by black people, showing they maybe patronized them to lower standards -research people accidentally shot targets who were black over white
746638453	prejudice	-states with less black motorists, they are majority of those stopped by police -dentist sold bmw to avoid being stopped by police for being black
746638454	women are more likely to live in poverty	2/3 of children without basic schooling are girls; people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers -south korean male births have exceeded females -china has 20 more boys than girls -india has 26 boys per 1 girl
746638455	most people feel more positively	about women in general than men; nurturance, sensitivity, less aggressiveness
746638456	being a victim of discrimination can produce	self blame or anger

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AP Physics B - Exam Review Flashcards

This a collection of over 200 questions you should be able to answer for the AP Physics-B exam. These are a partially from a document that is a collection of over 100 questions you should know before taking the AP physics exam. I do not know the original author. I have broken up, re-worded and added many questions.
This is a vast amount of information, take the quizzes over and over. Knowing this information will help your speed and recognizing the concepts but it will not guarantee a "5. You need to know how to apply the concepts to solve problems and create a graph from any equation.

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1197615982	What two entities comprise a vector?	Magnitude and direction
1197615983	What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?	Break it up into x and y components using trig, add up the components.
1197615984	How are velocity and speed different?	Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
1197615985	What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?	velocity
1197615986	What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.	The velocity is positive
1197615987	What is acceleration?	How quickly you change velocity.
1197615988	What is the area under the velocity time graph?	Displacement
1197615989	What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?	The initial velocity, (Vo in the formulas)
1197615990	What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?	The CHANGE in velocity.
1197615991	What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?	ZERO
1197615992	What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?	Vertical direction
1197615993	What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?	They fall, vertically, the by the same amount in the same time.
1197615994	What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls "t" seconds after it started moving?	x=(1/2)at^2 Remember, the word "dropped" implies no initial velocity.
1197615995	What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?	x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
1197615996	What equation describes the speed of a dropped object "t" seconds after it started moving?	V=Vo + at ...The word "dropped" means no initial velocity.
1197615997	What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?	Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
1197615998	What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?	Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
1197615999	What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the x direction?	The body is moving at a constant velocity
1197616000	What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?	g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
1197616001	When is sum of force (net force) zero.	When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
1197616002	When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero.	When a body's speed is changing.
1197616003	What force is always present, and what is its equation?	Weight ...w=mg
1197616004	How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?	It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
1197616005	When is a normal force present, what is its direction?	When the body rests on a surface.
1197616006	What is the component of "mg" parallel to a slope?	(mg)sin(angle)
1197616007	What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?	x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
1197616008	In uniform circular motion, how is tangential velocity calculated?	2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
1197616009	What is the direction of the centripetal force?	The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
1197616010	What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?	The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
1197616011	How is the centripetal force represented in a free body diagram?	It is the net force pointing towards the center.
1197616012	A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?	It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.
1197616013	A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?	The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
1197616014	Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?	The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where "a" is the centripetal force.
1197616015	How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?	The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
1197616016	How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?	Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
1197616017	If you double the mass of one planet, triple the mass of another, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction between them?	The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
1197616018	What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and "r" squared?	G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
1197616019	How can total momentum be calculated?	Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
1197616020	What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.	kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
1197616021	What is impulse?	Impulse is the change in momentum
1197616022	How does impulse relate to force?	Impulse is (force)(time)
1197616023	What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?	A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
1197616024	Work is the area under which curve?	The graph of force vs displacement
1197616025	What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?	Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
1197616026	What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?	Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
1197616027	What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?	Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
1197616028	What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates, or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?	W=qV where "W" is the work, "q" is the charge and "V" is the potential difference measured in Volts.
1197616029	What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?	Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
1197616030	What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?	KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
1197616031	What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?	KE=Work
1197616032	What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done, or that energy is used?	Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
1197616033	In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PE and KE at the equilibrium position?	Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
1197616034	In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PES, and K at maximum displacement?	This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
1197616035	What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?	Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
1197616036	What is temperature?	The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
1197616037	What is internal energy?	The motion of the molecules in gas.
1197616038	What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?	A change in the gas' temperature.
1197616039	What is heat?	The transfer of thermal energy
1197616040	What is meant by the terms system and environment?	system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
1197616041	What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?	PV=nRT and PV=kT
1197616042	What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases.	dU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
1197616043	What is an isothermal process, and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?	The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
1197616044	What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?	dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
1197616045	What is an adiabatic process?	An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
1197616046	What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?	Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
1197616047	What is the area under any PV curve?	Work done "BY" the gas.
1197616048	Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?	Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
1197616049	Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?	Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
1197616050	Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?	Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
1197616051	Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?	Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
1197616052	Under what conditions is heat positive?	Heat, (the "Q" variable), is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
1197616053	Under what conditions is heat negative?	Heat, (the "Q" variable), is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
1197616054	How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?	The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
1197616055	What is the second law of thermodynamics?	Statistically speaking, energy flows from hot to cold.
1197616056	Describe the relationship between Qh, Qc, and W in a heat engine?	Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
1197616057	How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?	The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
1197616058	Under what conditions does entropy increase?	Entropy always increases.
1197616059	What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?	The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
1197616060	In electrostatics, what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?	"m" is replaced by "q," and "g" is replaced by "E." W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
1197616061	If you have two charges, and you double one charge and triple the other, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?	According to Coulomb's Law, the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
1197616062	What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?	E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
1197616063	What is the difference between the variable "q" and "Q?"	"q" is a single particle's charge and "Q" is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
1197616064	What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical CONDUCTOR?	Zero.
1197616065	What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?	Something other than zero.
1197616066	What does the term potential difference mean?	Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
1197616067	What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?	V=kq/R
1197616068	What does the term electric potential energy mean?	Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
1197616069	What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?	C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates, decrease the distance between the plates,and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
1197616070	What forces charges to move?	The electric field forces charges to move.
1197616071	What do batteries and generators produce?	A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
1197616072	What is the actual movement of charges, and how is it measured?	The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
1197616073	What causes resistance?	Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
1197616074	How does a wires composition effect resistance?	But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
1197616075	How length effect resistance?	The longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance.
1197616076	How does thickness effect resistance?	The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance.
1197616077	How does temperature effect resistance?	The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
1197616078	What is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance?	Ohm's Law: V=IR
1197616079	What is the relationship between power, voltage and current?	P=IV
1197616080	What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?	Current stays the same for resistors in series.
1197616081	What quantity ADDS for resistors in series	Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
1197616082	What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?	Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
1197616083	What stays the same for capacitors in series?	The charge on each capacitor.
1197616084	What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?	Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
1197616085	What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?	The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
1197616086	How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?	The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
1197616087	What is the work done on a charged particle by the magnetic field? Why?	ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
1197616088	How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?	F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N), B:=magnetic field (T), i=current (A), l=length of wire in the field (m), theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
1197616089	How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?	Open right hand rule
1197616090	What is electromagnetic induction?	Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
1197616091	What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?	Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
1197616092	What is the difference between emf and voltage?	Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
1197616093	What is the formula relating emf and voltage?	V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts), E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts), IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
1197616094	How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?	It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
1197616095	What is the difference between a motor and a generator?	A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
1197616096	What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?	Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
1197616097	Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.	Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave, Transverse Wave: Light wave, "The Wave" in a a crowd at a porting event.
1197616098	What is the relationship between speed, frequency, and wavelength?	wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
1197616099	What is the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength in any wave?	E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
1197616100	How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?	Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
1197616101	How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?	Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
1197616102	What cause an electromagnetic wave, and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?	The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
1197616103	What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?	Radio, Infrared, Visible, UltraViolet, X-Rays, Gamma Rays.
1197616104	What is the order of the visible range electromagnetic spectrum?	ROY-G-BIV: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
1197616105	What is the difference between reflection, refraction, and diffraction?	Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
1197616106	Define reflection	The bouncing of light
1197616107	Define Refraction	The bending of light
1197616108	Define diffraction	Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
1197616109	What is the law of reflection?	The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
1197616110	Define Snell's law.	(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
1197616111	What happens at the critical angle?	The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
1197616112	When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.	LESS to MORE dense, the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
1197616113	When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.	MORE to LESS dense, the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
1197616114	How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?	Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
1197616115	What doesn't change (speed, frequency, or wavelength), when light moves from one medium to another?	frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
1197616116	What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?	Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
1197616117	What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?	A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
1197616118	What shapes are converging lenses?	Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
1197616119	What shape is a diverging lenses?	Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
1197616120	What shape is a converging mirrors?	Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
1197616121	What shape is a diverging mirror?	convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
1197616122	Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?	Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
1197616123	Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?	Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
1197616124	What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?	(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
1197616125	What are the three rules needed for mirrors, since not all three work every time?	(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
1197616126	Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?	Diverging
1197616127	Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image.	Convex
1197616128	Which kind of mirror can show a real image?	Concave
1197616129	Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?	Convex
1197616130	What makes an image "real?"	The light travels through the image.
1197616131	When are f, p, q, ho, hi, and M positive for mirrors?	When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
1197616132	What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?	No image.
1197616133	What kind of mirror has a positive focus?	Concave
1197616134	What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?	In front of the mirror, in the light.
1197616135	What two things must be true for a positive magnification?	(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
1197616136	When is the image negative for mirrors?	When it is on the "dark" side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
1197616137	When is the image negative for a lens?	When it is on the same side as the image?
1197616138	What is Huygen's Principle?	Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
1197616139	State the significance of Young's Experiment.	Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
1197616140	What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?	Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
1197616141	What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?	Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
1197616142	What did Thompson discover?	The electron
1197616143	What did Rutherford discover?	The nucleus
1197616144	What is the Bohr Model of the atom?	That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
1197616145	What is the energy of a photon?	E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J), h = Plank's constant, f=frequency (Hz)
1197616146	What is mass energy equivalence?	Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
1197616147	What does light absorption involve?	The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
1197616148	What does light emission involve?	Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes, a wavelength of light is given off.
1197616149	What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?	The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single, free-floating, molecule. the ionization energy is higher than the wave function.
1197616150	What is the photoelectric effect?	It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
1197616151	What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?	Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons, (protons and neutrons.)
1197616152	How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?	Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
1197616153	What is an isotope?	Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
1197616154	What is the binding energy?	The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
1197616155	What is the strong force?	THe force that holds the nucleus together.
1197616156	What causes radioactivity?	The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
1197616157	What is transmutation?	It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
1197616158	What are the three types of radiation?	Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
1197616159	What comprises alpha radiation?	The release of a Helium nuclei, 4,2 He2+
1197616160	What comprises beta radiation?	The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
1197616161	What comprises gamma decay?	The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
1197616162	Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?	Alpha
1197616163	Which type of radiation has the highest energy?	Gamma
1197616164	What is half life?	It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
1197616165	What is force times the perpendicular distance?	Torque
1197616166	What is force times the parallel diplacement?	Work
1197616167	What is force times time?	Impulse
1197616168	What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?	Moment arm
1197616169	Define mass in terms of density.	m=(rho)V
1197616170	S.I. unit of pressure	Pascal
1197616171	This is the gauge pressure when under water.	(rho)gh
1197616172	Continuity equation	a1v1=a2v2
1197616173	How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?	Speed ups
1197616174	Pressure of an open container at the opening.	atmospheric pressure
1197616175	This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.	Bernoulli's equation
1197616176	Flow Rate	Volume/time
1197616177	Flow Rate	(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
1197616178	Buoyancy	Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
1197616179	The "V" is (rho)Vg	The volume under water
1197616180	Force in terms of pressure	Force= Pressure/Area
1197616181	Condition for no rotation	Sum of the torques equal zero.
1197616182	The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.	initial velocity
1197616183	S.I. unit of torque	N•m
1197616184	S.I. unit of flux	Weber
1197616185	S.I. unit of Flow rate	m^3/s
1197616186	S.I. unit of work	Joule
1197616187	S.I. unit of every kind of energy	Joule
1197616188	S.I. unit of power	Watt
1197616189	S.I. unit of momentum	kg•m/s
1197616190	Unit that means the same thing as Nm	Joule
1197616191	S.I. unit of centripetal force	Newton
1197616192	S.I. unit of frictional force	Newton
1197616193	S.I. unit of gravitational force	Newton
1197616194	S.I. Unit of electric force	Newton
1197616195	S.I. unit of magnetism	Tesla
1197616196	Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.	W = KE:final - KE:initial
1197616197	Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged plates	W=qV
1197616198	Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.	F=qE
1197616199	Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.	E=V/d
1197616200	Unit of electric field	N/C
1197616201	Unit of energy for electricity.	V ... Volt is a Joule/Coulomb
1197616202	Energy of a SINGLE photon	E=hf
1197616203	Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.	KE = (3/2)kT
1197616204	Gauge Pressure	pgh ..thats ("rho")(gravity's acceleration)(height)
1197616205	Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.	V=kq/R
1197616206	Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.	E=kq/R^2
1197616207	Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.	F=kq1q2/R^2

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Chpt 29- Aggregate Supply and Demand, Chpt 30- Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt, Chpt 31- Money and Banking, Chpt 32- Money Creation, and Chpt 33- Interest Rates and Monetary Policy. Flashcards

Notes for Econ Final

Terms : Hide Images

271879686	recessions	periods of falling real incomes and rising unemployment
271879687	depression	severe recessions (very rare)
271879688	business cycle	short-run economic fluctuations
271879689	economic fluctuations	are irregular and unpredicatable
271879690	macroeconomics	most _ quantities fluctuate together
271879691	output falls	unemployment rises as
271879692	aggregate demand and aggregate supply	this model is what most economists use to explain the fluctuations,it is different from the classical economic theories used to explain long run, this is used to explain short run
271879693	classical dichotomy	the separation of variables into to groups; real and nominal
271879694	neutrality of money	changes in the money supply affect nominal but not real variables
271879695	as and ad	model determines the eq'm price and the eq'm output
271879696	ad curve	shows the quantity of all goods and services demanded in the economy at any given price level
271879697	wealth effect	(p and c) suppose p rises- the dollars people hold buy fewer g&s, so real wealth is lower. people feel poorer, result-c falls
271879698	interest rate effect	(p and I) suppose p rises, buying goods and services requires more dollars, to get these dollars people sell bonds or other assets, this drives up interest rates- result-i falls
271879699	exchange rate effect	(p and nx) suppose p rises, us interest rates rise (the interest rate effect, foreign investors desire more US bonds, higher demand for $ in foreign exchange market, US exchange rate appreciates, US exports more expensive to people abroad, imports cheaper to US residents, result- NX falls
271879700	slope of the ad curve	the wealth effect (c falls) the interest rate effect( i falls) the exchange rate effect (nx falls)
271879701	ad shift	any event that changes c,i,g, or nx
271879702	as curve	shows the total quantity of g and s firms produce and sell at any given price level- it is upward sloping in short run and vertical in the long run
271879703	natural rate of output	is the amount the economy produces when unemployment is at its natural rate
271879704	y(n)	is also called potential output, or full employment output
271879705	sticky wage	nominal wages are _ in the short run, they adjust sluggishly, higher p causes higher y- sras curve shifts upward
271879706	theory of liquidity preference	keyne's theory that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance
271879707	fiscal policy	the setting of the level of government spending and taxation by government policymakers
271879708	multiplier effect	the additional shifts in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending- continues after the first round
271879709	marginal propensity to consume	(MPC) is the fraction of extra income that a household consumes rather than saves 1/(1-mpc)
271879710	crowding out effect	negative the offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending- the demand for money goes up
271879711	active for stabilization	government cuts spending fed prints more money balances it out
271879712	automatic stabilizers	changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action most important- is the tax system-don't make as much money- essentially a tax cut
271879713	government spending	is also an automatic stabilizer- more individuals become eligible for transfers
271879714	phillips curve	describes a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment - by expanding aggregate demand, policymakers can choose a point on the this with lower inflation and higher unemployment -short run trade off between inflation and unemployment
271879715	federal funds rate	which banks charge each other on short term loans
271879716	sticky price wage	an unexpected fall in the price level leaves some firms with prices that are temporarily too high, which reduces their sales and causes them to cut back production
271879717	misperceptions theory	an unexpected fall in the price level leads suppliers to mistakenly believe that their prices have fallen, which induces them to reduce production
271879718	stagflation	falling output rising prices, aggregate supply curve shifts to the left, the short run effect
271879719	economic fluctuations	is a shift in aggregate demand- effects consumers
271879720	money demand	(how the interest rate effects rate) a lower price level decreases
271879721	interest rates	(how the interest rate effects rate) a lower money demand decreases
271879722	g and s demanded	(how the interest rate effects rate) a lower interest rate increases the quantity of
271879723	money supply	the fed's policy instrument- controls policy
271879724	shifts ad right	result of fiscal policy that increases g and or decrease t
271879725	downward sloping	of the aggregate demand curve expresses this negative relationship between the price level and the quantity demanded
271879726	crowding out effect	the offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and therefore likely increase their own consumption
271879727	keynes	also felt that government should stimulate ad whenever necessary to keep the economy at full employment
271879728	Y=Yn+a(P-Pe)	what the sticky wage theory, misperceptions theory, and sticky price theory all have in common (formula)
271879729	natural rate hypothesis	the claim that unemployment eventually returns to its natural rate regardless of the inflation rate
271879730	shifts left	which way the demand curve shifts for raising taxes and cutting spending
271879731	shifts right	which way the demand curve shifts for cutting taxes and raising spening
271879732	aggregate demand (AD)	The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Also known as "total spending". The schedule or curve of the amounts of real output that consumers collectively desire to purchase at the different price levels. It's the total demand for final goods and services in the economy at a given time and price level. It is the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be purchased at all possible price levels. This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country when inventory levels are static. It is often cited that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because at lower price levels a greater quantity is demanded. The aggregate demand curve is in fact downward sloping as a result of three distinct effects; Pigou's wealth effect, the Keynes' interest rate effect and the Mundell-Fleming exchange-rate effect.
271879733	Investopedia explains Aggregate Demand	Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: AD = C + I + G + Xn (X-M) C - is consumption (may also be known as consumer spending) = ac + bc(Y − T), I - is Investment, G - is Government spending, Xn = X - M is Net export, X - is total exports, and M - is total imports = am + bm(Y − T).
271879734	four categories of spending that are included in aggregate demand	1. Change in consumer spending (C) a. Consumer wealth b. Consumer expectations c. Household borrowing d. Taxes 2. Change in investment spending (I) a. Interest rates b. Expected returns • Expected future business conditions • Technology • Degree of excess capacity • Business taxes 3. Change in government spending (G) 4. Change in net export spending (Xn) a. National income abroad b. Exchange rates
271879735	three reasons given for the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve	1. Real-Balances Effect A change in the price level produces a real-balances effect. Here is how it works: A higher price level reduces the real value or purchasing power of the public's accumulated savings balances. In particular, the real value of assets with fixed money values, such as savings accounts or bonds, diminishes. Because a higher price level erodes the purchasing power of such assets, the public is poorer in real terms and will reduce its spending. 2. The Interest-Rate Effect aggregate demand curve also slopes downward because of the interest-rate effect. When we draw an aggregate demand curve, we assume that the supply of money in the economy is fixed. But when the price level rises, consumers need more money for purchases and businesses need more money to meet their payrolls and to buy other resources. 3. Foreign Purchases Effect The final reason why the aggregate demand curve slopes downward is the foreign purchases effect. When the U.S. price level rises relative to foreign price levels (and exchange rates do not respond quickly or completely), foreigners buy fewer U.S. goods and Americans buy more foreign goods.
271879736	Real-Balances Effect	A change in the price level produces a real-balances effect. Here is how it works: A higher price level reduces the real value or purchasing power of the public's accumulated savings balances. In particular, the real value of assets with fixed money values, such as savings accounts or bonds, diminishes. Because a higher price level erodes the purchasing power of such assets, the public is poorer in real terms and will reduce its spending.
271879737	Interest-Rate Effect	aggregate demand curve also slopes downward because of the interest-rate effect. When we draw an aggregate demand curve, we assume that the supply of money in the economy is fixed. But when the price level rises, consumers need more money for purchases and businesses need more money to meet their payrolls and to buy other resources.
271879738	Foreign Purchases Effect	The final reason why the aggregate demand curve slopes downward is the foreign purchases effect. When the U.S. price level rises relative to foreign price levels (and exchange rates do not respond quickly or completely), foreigners buy fewer U.S. goods and Americans buy more foreign goods.
271879739	The Keynes effect	is a term used in economics to describe a situation where a change in interest rates affects expenditure more than it affects savings. As prices fall, a given nominal amount of money will become a larger real amount. As a result the interest rate will fall and investment demanded rise. This means that insufficient demand in the product market cannot exist forever.
271879740	Inflation	The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to stop severe inflation, along with severe deflation, in an attempt to keep the excessive growth of prices to a minimum. Investopedia explains Inflation- As inflation rises, every dollar will buy a smaller percentage of a good. For example, if the inflation rate is 2%, then a $1 pack of gum will cost $1.02 in a year. Most countries' central banks will try to sustain an inflation rate of 2-3%.
271879741	Demand-Pull Inflation	A term used in Keynesian economics to describe the scenario that occurs when price levels rise because of an imbalance in the aggregate supply and demand. When the aggregate demand in an economy strongly outweighs the aggregate supply, prices increase. Economists will often say that demand-pull inflation is a result of too many dollars chasing too few goods. Investopedia explains Demand-Pull Inflation- This type of inflation is a result of strong consumer demand. When many individuals are trying to purchase the same good, the price will inevitably increase. When this happens across the entire economy for all goods, it is known as demand-pull inflation.
271879742	Cost-Push Inflation	A phenomenon in which the general price levels rise (inflation) due to increases in the cost of wages and raw materials. Investopedia explains Cost-Push Inflation- Cost-push inflation develops because the higher costs of production factors decreases in aggregate supply (the amount of total production) in the economy. Because there are fewer goods being produced (supply weakens) and demand for these goods remains consistent, the prices of finished goods increase (inflation).
271879743	The Mundell-Fleming model	also known as the IS-LM-BP model, is an economic model first set forth (independently) by Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming. Whereas the traditional IS-LM Model deals with economy under autarky (or a closed economy), the Mundell-Fleming model describes an open economy. The Mundell-Fleming model portrays the short-run relationship between an economy's nominal exchange rate, interest rate, and output (in contrast to the closed-economy IS-LM model, which focuses only on the relationship between the interest rate and output). The Mundell-Fleming model has been used to argue that an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy.
271879744	Monetary Policy	The actions of a central bank, currency board or other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates. Monetary policy is maintained through actions such as increasing the interest rate, or changing the amount of money banks need to keep in the vault (bank reserves). Investopedia explains Monetary Policy- In the United States, the Federal Reserve is in charge of monetary policy. Monetary policy is one of the ways that the U.S. government attempts to control the economy. If the money supply grows too fast, the rate of inflation will increase; if the growth of the money supply is slowed too much, then economic growth may also slow. In general, the U.S. sets inflation targets that are meant to maintain a steady inflation of 2% to 3%.
271879745	Fiscal Policy	Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates and government spending, in an effort to control the economy. Investopedia explains Fiscal Policy- Since the 1980s, most western countries have held a "tight" policy, limiting public expenditure.
271879746	five problems, criticisms, or complications that arise in the implementation of fiscal policy	1. Problems of Timing a. Recognition lag The recognition lag is the time between the beginning of recession or inflation and the certain awareness that it is actually happening. b. Administrative lag The wheels of democratic government turn slowly. c. Operational lag A lag also occurs between the time fiscal action is taken and the time that action affects output, employment, or the price level. 2. Political Considerations a. Fiscal policy is conducted in a political arena. That reality not only may slow the enactment of fiscal policy but also may create the potential for political considerations swamping economic considerations in its formulation. It is a human trait to rationalize actions and policies that are in one's self-interest. Politicians are very human—they want to get reelected. A strong economy at election time will certainly help them. So they may favor large tax cuts under the guise of expansionary fiscal policy even though that policy is economically inappropriate. 3. Future Policy Reversals a. Fiscal policy may fail to achieve its intended objectives if households expect future reversals of policy. Consider a tax cut, for example. If taxpayers believe the tax reduction is temporary, they may save a large portion of their tax cut, reasoning that rates will return to their previous level in the future. They save more now so that they will be able draw on this extra savings to maintain their future consumption levels if taxes do indeed rise again in the future. So a tax reduction thought to be temporary may not increase present consumption spending and aggregate demand by as much as our simple model suggests. 4. Offsetting State and Local Finance a. The fiscal policies of state and local governments are frequently pro-cyclical, meaning that they worsen rather than correct recession or inflation. Unlike the Federal government, most state and local governments face constitutional or other legal requirements to balance their budgets. 5. Crowding-Out Effect a. Another potential flaw of fiscal policy is the so-called crowding-out effect: An expansionary fiscal policy (deficit spending) may increase the interest rate and reduce investment spending, thereby weakening or canceling the stimulus of the expansionary policy. The rising interest rate might also potentially crowd out interest-sensitive consumption spending (such as purchasing automobiles on credit). But since investment is the most volatile component of GDP, the crowding-out effect focuses its attention on investment and whether the stimulus provided by deficit spending may be partly or even fully neutralized by an offsetting reduction in investment spending.
271879747	Aggregate supply	The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising prices are usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "total output". It's a schedule or curve showing the relationship between the price level and the amount of real domestic output that firms in the economy produce. This relationship varies depending on the time horizon and how quickly output prices and input prices can change. Investopedia explains Aggregate Supply- A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by the price level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.
271879748	The Wealth Effect	The premise that when the value of stock portfolios rises due to escalating stock prices, investors feel more comfortable and secure about their wealth, causing them to spend more. For example, economists in 1968 were baffled when a 10% tax hike failed to slow down consumer spending. Later this continued spending was attributed to the wealth effect. While disposable income fell as a result of increased taxes, wealth was rising sharply as the stock market moved up. Undaunted, consumers continued their spending spree. Investopedia explains The Wealth Effect - The wealth effect helps to power economies during bull markets. Big gains in people's portfolios can make them feel more secure about their wealth and their spending. However, the relationship between spending and stock market performance is a double-edged sword as poor stock prices in bear markets hurt economic confidence.
271879749	The Real Balance	is an economics term that refers to the stimulation of output and employment caused by increasing consumption due to a rise in real balances of wealth, particularly during deflation. Wealth was defined by Arthur Cecil Pigou as the sum of the money supply and government bonds divided by the price level. He argued that Keynes' General theory was deficient in not specifying a link from "real balances" to current consumption and that the inclusion of such a "wealth effect" would make the economy more 'self correcting' to drops in aggregate demand than Keynes predicted. Because the effect derives from changes to the "Real Balance", this critique of Keynesianism is also called the Real Balance effect. Investopedia explains the Real Balance Effect- Arthur Pigou, for whom this effect was named, argued against Keynesian economic theory by professing that periods of deflation due to a drop in aggregate demand would be more self-correcting. The deflation would cause an increase in wealth, causing expenditures to rise, and thus correcting the drop in demand.
271879750	3 reasons for changes. ALONG THE LINE	1. Real Balances- (WEALTH ÷ P-Level ↓) 2. Interest Rate - (P-level ↑, $ ↑, i↑, Amt AP ↑) 3. Foreign Purchase - (when our price level goes up, the Xn goes down and AD goes down)
271879751	SHIFT OF THE LINE	C 1. Expectations 2. Taxes 3. Wealth Ig 1. Interest rates 2. Expected returns G G goes up, then aggregate Demand goes up.
271879752	policy options if we are in a recession	Increase G or Decrease T Less Gvt More Gvt Conservative Liberals Lower Taxes T↓ Govt Spending G↑
271879753	Policy options during inflation	Less Gvt More Gvt Conservative Liberals G↓ T↑
271879754	Major Causes of Deficit	- War - Recessions - Fiscal policy - Lack of fiscal discipline
271879755	Fake Concerns of Deficit	1. Bankruptcy a. Refinancing b. Taxation 2. Burdening Future Generations a. No one is handed a bill when they are born b. American to American payment
271879756	reason for deficit spending	1. Recessions Tax↓ Gov↑ 2. War 3. Lack of fiscal discipline
271879757	Real Concerns about DEBT	- Income distribution - Incentives (to grow will be less in the future) - Foreign Owned - Crowding Out (too much public borrowing crowds out public business)
271879758	3 FUNCTIONS OF MONEY	1. Medium of exchange 2. Unit of Account (serves as a unit of account ie. Prices) 3. Store of Value
271879759	Supply of Money- M1	Currency plus checkable deposits.
271879760	Who back the U.S. money?	No one. The only thing that backs our money is the ability of the government to keep the value stable.
271879761	What gives money Value?	1. It's acceptable 2. Legal Tender 3. It's Scarce- if you keep it scarce it keeps its value.
271879762	three factors that affect consumer spending	1. Consumer wealth 2. Consumer expectations 3. Taxes
271879763	two basic factors that affect investment spending	1. Interest rates 2. Expected returns
271879764	three major factors that can cause a shift in aggregate supply	1. Change in input prices 2. Change in productivity 3. Change in legal-institutional environment
271879765	two factors affect the legal-institutional environment	1. Changes in taxes and subsidies 2. Changes in the extent of regulation
271879766	The national debt	is the net accumulated borrowing by the federal government. It's the difference between all the money that our federal government has ever spent and all the revenue that it has ever collected since our nation's inception.
271879767	The annual federal budget deficit	is the amount that our federal government borrows each year. It's the difference between what the federal government spends and the revenue it receives during a particular year.
271879768	FOMC	The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) aids the Board of Governors in conducting monetary policy. The FOMC is made up of 12 individuals: • The seven members of the Board of Governors. • The president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank. • Four of the remaining presidents of Federal Reserve Banks on a 1-year rotating basis
271879769	three functions of the Federal Reserve	1. Acting as fiscal agent 2. Supervising banks 3. Controlling the money supply
271879770	relationship between bank assets, liabilities and net worth	Assets = liabilities + net worth
271879771	reserve ratio	The ratio of the required reserves the commercial bank must keep to the bank's own outstanding checkable-deposit liabilities Reserve Ratio= commercial bank's required reserves / commercial bank's checkable-deposit liabilities
271879772	relationship between actual, required, and excess reserves	Excess reserves = actual reserves - required reserves
271879773	monetary multiplier	Monetary multiplier = 1 / required reserve ratio
271879774	Federal Reserve	- They are responsible for monetary policy (MP- refers to the actions undertaken by the central bank to influence the availability and the cost of money to promote national economic goals) - SM & I - The Federal Reserve has a board of 7 Governors that serve 14 years terms. One leaves every 2 years. They are appointed by the president and he also appoints the president chairman which serves for 4 yrs. There is also a chairwoman. THE PRESIDENT APPOINTS BUT THE SENATE APPROVES. There are 12 districts of the Federal Reserve. - Each of these districts have a president
271879775	3 tools the FED can engage in	1. Open market operations- restrictive(sell bonds) 2. Reserve Ratio (will go up or increase) 3. Discount Rate (lower, trying to slow the economy down) FED uses federal fund rate to tell what they are doing
271879776	HOW DOES THE BANK CONTROL THE SUPPLY OF MONEY?	LOANS
271879777	CONTRIBUTING CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION	- World War I - Isolationism o Post WWI saw a 66% drop in foreign trade o An increase in the average tariff level of 50% (tariff Act of 1930, also called the Smoot-Hawley Tariff) o Trading partners retaliated with trade barriers o "Economists agree the this tariff worsened the Great Depression (International Economics, Appleyard, rt al) - Severe Price Deflation o Depressed prices in the farm industry *Unemployment does not cause economic contractions, it is a symptom" - Gross Private Domestic Investment o 1929-30 Ig dropped 33% o By 31 Ig dropped 58% from 29 o By 32 Ig dropped 87% 1. Industrial Production was down 52% in 3 years - Hoover o Proposed a 1yr moratorium on all intergovernmental debts, reparations (German payments from the war) and relief debts o Standstill Agreement- private banks would not turn in German paper (debt) for payment o $1.5 billion in loans to American banks were now worthless - Hoover and Taxes o Prior to the development of Keynesian economics, the dominant view was that the federal budget should be balanced. (reduce gov't spending during a recession or raise taxes) o 1931 and 1932 budget deficits existed o Marginal Tax rates increased 1. 1.5 to 4% at the bottom of the income scale 2. 25 to 63% at the top of the income scale - The Gold Standard o 1931 Great Britain abandons the gold standard o 1933 US abandons the gold standard o An international run on gold, withdrawing gold and capital investments out of the US o The money supply is tied to the domestic gold supply
271879778	PRIMARY CAUSES OF WHY WE WENT INTO THE GREAT DEPRESSIONS	- Bank Panics - Bank increases reserves - US had to decrease money supply as a result of abandoning the gold standard - Inefficient/inexperienced Federal Reserve
271879779	two types of demand that make up total demand for money	Transactions Demand and Asset Demand
271879780	Transactions Demand	holding money as a medium of exchange to make payments (the level varies directly with nominal GDP)
271879781	Asset Demand	holding money as a store of value instead of other assets such as certificates of deposit, corporate bonds, and stocks
271879782	how does a change in the reserve ratio affects the money supply	It increases or decreases the amount of required reserves a bank is required
271879783	Excess Reserves	Capital reserves held by a bank or financial institution in excess of what is required by regulators, creditors or internal controls. For commercial banks, excess reserves are measured against standard reserve requirement amounts set by central banking authorities. These required reserve ratios set the minimum liquid deposits (such as cash) that must be in reserve at a bank; more is considered excess. Investopedia explains Excess Reserves - Financial firms that carry excess reserves have an extra measure of safety in the event of sudden loan losses or cash withdrawals by customers. This may increase the attractiveness of the company that holds excess reserves to investors, especially in times of economic uncertainty. Boosting the level of excess reserves can also improve an entity's credit rating, as measured by ratings agencies like Standard & Poor's. Reserves need to be in liquid forms of capital such as cash in a vault, which does not create income. Banks will therefore try to minimize their excess reserves by lending the maximun allowable amount to borrowers.
271879784	Stagflation	A condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation. Investopedia explains Stagflation Stagflation occurs when the economy isn't growing but prices are, which is not a good situation for a country to be in. This happened to a great extent during the 1970s, when world oil prices rose dramatically, fueling sharp inflation in developed countries. For these countries, including the U.S., stagnation increased the inflationary effects.
271879785	Federal Funds Rate	The interest rate at which a depository institution lends immediately available funds (balances at the Federal Reserve) to another depository institution overnight. Investopedia explains Federal Funds Rate - This is what news reports are referring to when they talk about the Fed changing interest rates. In fact, the FOMC sets a target for this rate, but not the actual rate itself (because it is determined by the open market).
271879786	Nominal GDP	A gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation. Also known as "current dollar GDP" or "chained dollar GDP". Investopedia explains Nominal GDP- It can be misleading when inflation is not accounted for in the GDP figure because the GDP will appear higher than it actually is. The same concept that applies to return on investment (ROI) applies here. If you have a 10% ROI and inflation for the year has been 3%, your real rate of return would be 7%. Similarly, if the nominal GDP figure has shot up 8% but inflation has been 4%, the real GDP has only increased 4%.
271879787	Demand goes up	Price goes up
271879788	Demand pull inflation is associated with	An increase in the AD
271879789	Higher prices of imported resources will	Shift AS curve to the left
271879790	The main reason to keep the FED or any country central bank- independent of the rest of the govt is to avoid	Inflation
271879791	Money serves as a unit of account when	Price of goods and services are stated in the monetary unit
271879792	Assume the banking system has no excess reserves with a requirement of 20%. The reserve requirement is then dropped to 10% as a result of this reduction	The money supply will increase
271879793	A bank temporarily short of required reserves may remedy the situation by borrowing reserves	in the Federal Funds Market
271879794	The economy is experiencing demand pull inflation . The president wants to increase taxes, Congress wants to cut govt spending. By the time a compromise is reached and legislation is enacted, the economy has cooled off and inflation is no longer a problem. This is an example of	Administrative lag
271879795	Why are excess reserves important to a bank?	The loans a bank can make depend on the bank's excess reserves
271879796	The supply of money increases when	Poof: Banks make loans
271879797	true regarding the burden of national debt	Budget deficits that contribute to the debt lead to higher interest rates resulting in "crowding out" effect
271879798	An attempt to reduce inflation requires ______fiscal policy, which causes real gdp to ______ and the price level to__________.	Contractionary, fall, fall
271879799	If the current interest rate is below the equilibrium rate	The interest rate will rise and the qty of money demanded will decrease
271879800	In pursuing a restrictive monetary policy, the fed will	Sell govt securities to raise interest rates
271879801	Suppose the full employment level of GDP is $250 billion. Currently, aggregate expenditures total $220 billion Which of the following would be in most accord with appropriate fiscal policy?	Reduce tax rates on personal income
271879802	What are the voting members FOMC?	7 board of govs 1NY and 4 other presidents
271879803	Changes in monetary policy are generally communicated by	Changes in the federal funds rate
271879804	Other things equal, if there is an increase in nominal GDP	The interest rate will rise. (Demand for money is dependant on 2 things. Nominal GDP goes up- need more money)
271879805	Will there be Another Great Depression	No, because of FDIC, Securities and Exchange Commission - more restrictive leverage or margin buying, social welfare programs, and a more experienced Federal Reserve- 29 yrs of federal reserve leadership. Paul Volcker 8/1979- 8/1987

202858608	Viability	Capable of becoming practical and useful	1
202858609	Scarcity	The basic economic problem that results from a combination of limited resources and unlimited wants	2
202858610	Innovation	Something new, a change; the act of introducing a new method, idea, device, etc.	3
202858611	Economics	The study of how people, businesses, and societies make decisions to use limited resources to fulfill unlimited wants	4
202858612	Factors of Production	The resources necessary to produce all goods and services: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship	5
202858613	Land	All natural resources; the gifts of Nature	6
202858614	Labor	The work people do to produce goods and services	7
202858615	Capital	The manufactured goods used to produce other goods and services: buildings, tools, machines	8
202858616	Entrepreneurship	The ability of individuals to start new businesses, introduce new products and processes, and improve management techniques	9
202858617	Goods	Tangible products that we use to satisfy our wants and needs	10
202858618	Services	Intangible products: activities that are done for others for a fee	11
202858619	Technology	Any use of land, labor, and/or capital that produces good and services more efficiently	12
202858620	Utilize	To make use of; put to use, especially to good use	13
202858621	Focus	To direct one's attention on something	14
202858622	Wealth	The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts	15

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