| CourseNotes

Brinkley Chapter 25 APUSH Flashcards

739267428	The Great Crash	Oct 29, 1929-stock market crash caused by overspeculating and overly high stock prices built on non-existent credit
739267429	Reparations	payment for damages after World War II.
739267430	Bread Lines	Groups of hungry people waiting outside charitable organizations for free meals during the Great Depression
739267431	"Dustbowl"	a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936.
739267432	Resettlement Administration	April 30, 1935- Tugwell, who held positions in the United States Department of Agriculture, convinced Roosevelt to form an agency that would relocate struggling urban and rural families to communities planned by the federal government. Roosevelt was in control.
739267433	"Okies"	unflattering name given to Oklahomans and others from the rural Midwest, especially those who left the Dust Bowl looking for better lives during the 1930s.
739267434	Black Shirts	a private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.
739267435	Scottsboro Case	Two white girls accused 9 black teenagers of raping them on a train. There was overwhelming evidence that the boys hadn't done anything, but they were convicted anyway. Later, the Supreme Court overturned the case and the boys eventually got their freedom.
739267436	Walter White	a civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for almost a quarter of a century and directed a broad program of legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement. He was also a journalist, novelist, and essayist. He graduated from Atlanta University in 1916 (now Clark Atlanta University). In 1918 he joined the small national staff of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in New York at the invitation of James Weldon Johnson, where he acted as Johnson's assistant national secretary. He later succeeded Johnson as the head of the NAACP, serving from 1931 to 1955. He oversaw the plans and organizational structure of the fight against public segregation. Under his leadership, the NAACP set up the Legal Defense Fund, which raised numerous legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement, and achieved many successes. Among these was the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which determined that segregated education was inherently unequal.
739267437	Chicanos	Mexican Americans who filled same menial jobs in CA and Southwest that blacks traditionally filled in other regions. US hispanic pop rose since 1900s. Depression caused high Mexican unemployment (half million left US in first yrs of Depression).
739267438	Depression Families	Both middle-class and working-class families saw a dramatic change in their previous rising standard of living. Most were unemployed or had reduced incomes, leading to a retreat in consumerism.
739267439	Socialist Party	Political parties formed in the unity of an international organization with a set beliefs inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries.
739267440	Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941)	Walker Evans and James Agee (photographer and writer.) Photograph documentation of Farms in the South during the depression. Making a profit on their lives. Never told the farmer families the reason for them staying. Families found out accidently (were embarrassed and disappointed.) Beautiful photographs, but creeper person. Captured the life of the poor tenants, farm land, and the daily life. After the book was published in 1940s, Evans and Agee didnt continue contact with the families they lived with after the photographs were taken. ashamed to have done the work based on these people, or to be apart of a society for a short period of time that was struggling that desperately.
739267441	The Grapes of Wrath (1939)	John Steinbeck This novel depicted the life of people impacted by the Dust Bowl during the Great Depression.
739267442	Radio	Becomes primary domestic medium, regularized programming begins.
739267443	Soap Operas	Became popular during the Great Depression. Women who were alone in the house during the day liked to listen to these on the radio. Soap companies generally sponsored these complicated stories of romance, intrigue, betrayal, that sometimes included subtle social and political messages.
739267444	Frank Capra	a very influential filmmaker during the 1930s. He was an Italian immigrant. His films spoke to American idealism - there was a virtuous small town hero against corrupt urban shysters.
739267445	Herbert Hoover	The 31st President of the United States. A Republican who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community but couldn't connect with the people and failed to provide relief to Americans and thus costing him a second term.
739267446	Hawley-Smoot Act (1930)	brought the U.S. tariff to the highest protective level in history, amended in the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934.
739267447	"Hoovervilles"	Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name shows how Americans blamed Herbert Hoover for the Depression.
739267448	Depression Culture	Photographers captured the emotion of The Depression, people went to the movies, families crowded around their radio, classic novels such as Gone With the Wind were read.
739267449	Affluence and Consumerism	values that declined in the depression because people could no longer keep of with the high standard of living.
739267450	Robert and Helen Merrell Lynd	sociologists that published study of Muncie, Indiana, in "Middletown," commited to American emphasis on the individual.
739267451	"Success Ethic"	Was the idea that people were in control of their own fate and if they showed sufficient talent, they would succeed.
739267452	"Economic Royalists"	Business people Roosevelt charged with seeking only their own power and wealth by opposing the New Deal.
739267453	Dale Carnegie	In 1936, he published the self-help manual How to Win Friends and Influence People that became one of the best-selling books of the decade. His message was not only that personal initiative was the route to success; it was also that the best way for people to get ahead was to fit in and make other people feel important.
739267454	Documentary Photographers	Captured the harsh realitites of The Great Depression, in most cases depicting extreme poverty.
739267455	Tobacco Road (1932)	Erskine Caldwell About a family of sharecroppers from Georgia and their many tragedies. Tobacco Road was made into a play that ran for several years on Broadway. A "Tobacco Road" is a poor shantytown, usually in the rural South, and usually populated by whites.
739267456	Native Son (1940)	Richard Wright (1908-1960), the grandson of slaves, in this novel tells the story of Bigger Thomas, an African-American of the poorest class, struggling to live in the Chicago, Illinois of the 1930s. His life, however, is doomed from the outset: after Bigger accidentally kills a white woman, he runs from the police, kills his girlfriend and is then caught and tried.
739267457	Walt Disney	United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck.
739267458	Mae West	portrayed herself in a series of successful films as an overtly sexual woman manipulating men through her attractiveness.
739267459	Life Magazine	Photographic journal starting in 1936 had largest reader group in US. It had some articles on politics and economics, but it was known for photos of sports and theater, natural landscapes and public projects. A popular feature was "Life goes to a party" showing the rich and famous.
739267460	The Popular Front	A coalition lead by the American Communist Party; supported Fraklin Roosevelt and The New Deal; mobilized intellectuals towards social critisism.
739267461	"Anti-Fascist"	opposition to fascist ideologies, governments, groups and individuals.It refers to individuals and groups that are dedicated to fighting fascism. Most major resistance movements during World War II were anti-fascist.
739267462	American Communist Party	Harsh and unrelenting critic of American capitalism and the government that ran it. High membership mobilizes writers, artists and intellectuals social criticism.
739267463	Reconstruction Finance Corporation	It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments and banks. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration. Thought the money would trickle down to help the people but the plan didn't work.
739267464	Farmer's Holiday Association	Unhappy farmers in Iowa endorsed the withholding of farm products (strike) Succeeding in blockading markets but ultimately failed.
739267465	Bonus Expeditionary Force	A self-proclaimed group of more than 20,000 WWI veterans that formed when Congress approved paying $1000 bonus to those who had fought in WWI with payments beginning in 1945 (approx. 20 years later); the "Bonus Army"; marched into DC and camped there, vowing to stay until Congress approved legislation to pay the bonus immediately; proposal voted down by Congress, causing only a small portion of the group to leave; those who remained were driven out of the city under order of Hoover by the police at first and then the Army
739267466	General Douglas McArthur	assigned by Hoover to address the Bonus Army, WWI veterans and their families, that were encamped in DC.
739267467	"Brain Trust"	Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the Great Depression.

Powered by Quizlet.com

transport in plants and animals Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1081641901	do small cellular species need an internal transport system?	nope they just diffuse everything in and out of their cell membrane
1081641902	what do transport systems move?	nutrients, waste, and water.
1081641903	how do animals move substance in their transport systems?	with a heart that acts as a pressure source to pump the system.
1081641904	in plants what does the xylem do?	moves water and substance up from the roots.
1081641905	in plants what does the phloem do?	moves sugars made in photosynthesis through the plant.
1081641906	do the xylem and phloem use a pump like animals?	nope the movement of these pathways depend on water potential.
1081641907	study pig heart pictures	sorry can't put picture on here.
1081641908	do the left and right atriums fill with blood at the same time?	yes
1081641909	what is the valve between atrium and ventricle on the right side of the heart?	the tricuspid valve.
1081641910	what is the valve between the atrium and ventricle on the left side of the heart?	bicuspid valve
1081641911	what is the sound made when the bicuspid valve closes?	a lub sound
1081641912	what is the valve from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery?	the pulmonary valve. makes a dub sound
1081641913	what is the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta?	aortic valve
1081641914	systolic pressure	the top part of blood pressure.measure of force of blood against brachial artery wall as left ventricle contracts.
1081641915	diastolic pressure	bottom part of blood pressure. measure of force of blood against brachial artery as left ventricle relaxes.
1083438475	What parts of the heart are associated with electrical events that occur there.	sino-atrial (SA) node atrio-ventricular (AV) node Purkinje fibers
1083438476	What does the SA node do?	it is located in the right atrium and when the SA node depolarizes the an electrical current spreads out from the node and stimulates the muscles of the atria to contract. And also spreads to the AV node.
1083438477	What does the AV node do?	The AV node is located between the right atrium and ventricle and once the elcetrical signal from the SA node reaches the AV node it then passes the signal even farther on to the Purkinje fibers.
1083438478	What doe the Purkinje fibers do?	The Pukinje fibers are located at the bottom of the heart near both ventricles. Once the electrical signal has reached these fibers they contract the ventricular muscles.
1083438479	as the ventricles _________ the atria __________.	depolarize, repolarize
1083438480	What can be seen by an EKG tracing.	depolarization of atria and depolarization and repolarization of ventricles.
1083438481	what are the order of the bumps on the picture.	p wave(small) QRS complex (large) T wave (small)
1083438482	what does the P wave show?	the depolarization of the atria
1083438483	what does the QRS complex show?	the depolarization of ventricles, but also the repolarization of atria occur at this same time.
1083438484	what does the T wave show?	the repolarization of ventricles.
1083438485	what can you find when you measure between the two QRS peaks.	your heart rate.
1083438486	what types of animals did we study their transport systems?	angiosperms
1083438487	what are the two types of angiosperms we studied?	monocots= grass in your lawn, corn, wheat, onions, and irises. eudicots= oks. maples, basswoods, roses, clover, and tomato.
1083438488	what three things distinguish the differences between monocots and eudocots?	Number of embryonic leaves(M=1:E=2) leaf venation(M=parallel:E=netted) flowering plants(M=multiples of 3:E= multiples of 4/5)
1083438489	what monocot is named zea mays, we studied this in lab.	corn
1083438490	what are the portions of the corn root	Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pith, phloem, and xylem.and has a stele(the central cylinder that holds xylem and phloem)
1083438491	What is the herbaceous eudicot root we looked at in lab?	Ranunculus( buttercup)
1083438492	what are the parts of the Ranunculus root we drew.	Stele, cortex, epidermis, endodermis, phloem, and xylem.
1083438493	which plant has the X shaped xylem?	buttercup root.( ranunculus)
1083438494	Is there a clear stele in the monocot stem of zea mays?	no.
1083438495	what are the parts of the stem of zea mays did we label?	vascular bundle, ground tissue, epidermis, phloem, and xylem.
1083438496	Does the herbaceous eudicot stem have a stele?	no
1083438497	what parts of the herbaceous eudicot stem did we label?	vascular bundle, pith , epidermis, cortex, phloem, and xylem
1083438498	What was the name of the woody eudicot we studied in lab?	tilia( basswood)
1083438499	what parts of the basswood (tilia) stem did we label?	phloem and xylem
1083438500	In trees what is farther inside the xylem or phloem?	the xylem.
1083438501	How does water enter and leave the cell?	through the stomata.
1083438502	what controls the size of the stomata?	two guard cells.
1083438503	What parts of the eudicot leaf did we label?	guard cells, epidermis, stoma, phloem, and xylem

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

Substantial emphasis is placed in Chapter 42 on the big picture of animals existing only by virtue of exchanging matter with their environments. In particular, oxygen and carbon dioxide dynamics are explored in a wide variety of animals, with close investigation of the diverse structures and functions involved in gas exchange. The Test Bank questions assess learning across many levels of inquiry, from atomic to organismal.

Terms : Hide Images

1170422269	Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as A) active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. B) carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. C) facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. E) active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.	D
1170422270	Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells. C) communication systems involving only the nervous system. D) having to cushion animals from trauma. E) fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature.	B
1170422271	To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross A) zero membranesoxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. B) one membranethat of the lining in the lungsand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. C) two membranesin and out of the cell lining the lungand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. D) four membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. E) five membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cellto bind with hemoglobin.	E
1170422272	The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is A) the digestive juices. B) the intracellular fluid. C) the blood plasma. D) the cytosol. E) the interstitial fluid.	E
1170422273	Circulatory systems in molluscs A) are open in all species of molluscs. B) are closed in all species of molluscs. C) are open in species of large-sized molluscs and are closed in species of small-sized molluscs. D) are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs. E) are open or closed without regard to body size.	D
1170422274	The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to A) that of birds, with a four-chambered heart. B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber. C) that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation. D) that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment. E) that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow.	B
1170422275	A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.	C
1170422276	Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have A) an open circulatory system. B) a closed circulatory system. C) a gastrovascular cavity. D) branched tracheae. E) hemolymph.	B
1170422277	In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? A) annelids B) molluscs C) fishes D) frogs E) insects	D
1170422278	The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the A) amphibians. B) birds. C) fishes. D) mammals. E) reptiles.	C
1170422279	To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) A) open circulatory system. B) hemocoel. C) lymphatic system. D) two-chambered heart. E) four-chambered heart.	E
1170422280	A portal system is A) an area connecting arterioles to venules. B) a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system. C) a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool. D) a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart. E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.	E
1170422281	Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A) systole of the left atrium B) diastole of the right ventricle C) systole of the left ventricle D) diastole of the right atrium E) diastole of the left atrium	C
1170422282	Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content? A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein B) the veins from the right and left legs C) the pulmonary artery and the vena cava D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta E) the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava	A
1170422283	After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because A) the body needs less oxygen than before. B) the body temperature has increased. C) the stroke volume has increased. D) the cardiac output has decreased. E) the body produces less carbon dioxide than before.	C
1170422284	A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through A) one capillary bed. B) two capillary beds. C) three capillary beds. D) four capillary beds. E) five capillary beds.	B
1170422285	Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals? A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation B) right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit E) right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle	D
1170422286	A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of A) 500 mL/minute. B) 1,000 mL/minute. C) 1,750 mL/minute. D) 2,800 mL/minute. E) 4,800 mL/minute.	D
1170422287	Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans A) is a major contributor to heart attacks. B) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. C) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. E) would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.	D
1170422288	A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of A) 5 L/minute. B) 504 mL/minute. C) 0.5 L/minute. D) 50 L/minute. E) 500 L/minute.	A
1170422289	The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart A) are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. B) are found only on the right side of the heart. C) are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart. D) prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. E) are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart.	D
1170422290	The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is A) fully oxygenated blood. B) plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added. C) a lining of endothelial cells. D) circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles. E) white blood cells and platelets.	D
1170422291	The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is A) the arteries. B) the arterioles. C) the metarterioles. D) the capillaries. E) the veins.	D
1170422292	The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is A) the arteries. B) the arterioles. C) the metarterioles. D) the capillaries. E) the veins.	E
1170422293	An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with A) vasoconstriction. B) vasodilation. C) narrowing of the arteries. D) a reduction in blood flow in that region. E) a decreased amount of blood in the capillaries of that vascular bed.	B
1170422294	Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? A) mouse B) rabbit C) human D) hippopotamus E) giraffe	E
1170422295	Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with A) increased activity of the immune system. B) a broken limb. C) blood sugar that is abnormally high. D) dehydration. E) sodium depletion.	A
1170422296	The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.	E
1170422297	The blood pressure is lowest in the A) aorta. B) arteries. C) arterioles. D) capillaries. E) venae cavae.	E
1170422298	Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because A) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. B) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. C) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. D) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. E) the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.	C
1170422299	If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen. B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.	B
1170422300	What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas D) fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid E) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small	C
1170422301	A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be A) an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. B) an animal with abundant lipid storage. C) a species that has very wide diameter veins. D) an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. E) an animal that makes frequent, quick motions.	D
1170422302	Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because A) even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. B) many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully. C) dialysis removes blood proteins and these weigh more than other blood components. D) dialysis is likely to cause edema and such swelling must be controlled. E) reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain.	A
1170422303	Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. C) loss of fluid from capillaries. D) increased diffusion of CO2. E) increased diffusion of Hb.	B
1170422304	Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is A) lying down after standing up. B) standing up after lying down. C) stressed and secreting stress hormones. D) responding to increased blood pressure. E) having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.	C
1170422305	The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries. B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood. C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets. D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic. E) number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood.	D
1170422306	Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is A) platelets. B) platelets and erythrocytes. C) platelets, erythrocytes, and basophils. D) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, and neutrophils. E) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes.	B
1170422307	In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is A) 24 hours. B) one week. C) one month. D) four months. E) 80 years or more.	D
1170422308	The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. D) epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. E) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively.	B
1170422309	Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin A) I only B) II only C) I and III only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III	C
1170422310	The plasma proteins in humans A) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure. B) transport water-soluble lipids. C) carry out gas exchange. D) undergo aerobic metabolism. E) transport oxygen.	A
1170422311	Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to A) retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned. B) lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell. C) switch to anaerobic metabolism. D) become unable to carry oxygen. E) be unaffected.	E
1170422312	Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets.	D
1170422313	The production of red blood cells is stimulated by A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets.	C
1170422314	The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is A) chymotrypsin. B) fibrin. C) thrombin. D) prothrombin. E) collagen.	B
1170422315	A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the A) production of erythropoietin. B) conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen. C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin. D) increase in platelets. E) synthesis of hemoglobin.	C
1170422316	When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is A) 400 mm Hg. B) 82 mm Hg. C) 40 mm Hg. D) 21 mm Hg. E) 4 mm Hg.	C
1170422317	The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing A) a decrease in its carbon dioxide content. B) a decrease in its oxygen content. C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms. D) a decrease in the water's density. E) a decrease in the movement of the water molecules.	B
1170422318	Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because A) they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. B) they live without need for oxygen. C) they do not produce carbon dioxide. D) countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. E) nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.	E
1170422319	Flying insects do all of the following except A) increase metabolism as much as 200-fold during flight. B) switch from diffusion of tracheal gases to active transport during flight. C) utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscles. D) produce water molecules from oxygen in mitochondria. E) generate carbon dioxide from catabolism of fuel molecules.	B
1170422320	The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is A) talking. B) breathing. C) swallowing. D) yawning. E) sleeping.	C
1170422321	In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the A) trachea. B) larynx. C) bronchi. D) bronchioles. E) alveoli.	E
1170422322	Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because A) water is less dense than air. B) water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume. C) gills have less surface area than lungs. D) gills allow only unidirectional transport. E) gills allow water to flow in one direction.	B
1170422323	Countercurrent exchange is evident in A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. B) the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. C) the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. D) the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart. E) the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary.	A
1170422324	Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize A) endocytosis. B) blood pressure. C) diffusion. D) active transport. E) osmosis.	C
1170422325	Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange A) in their specialized external gills. B) in their specialized internal gills. C) in the alveoli of their lungs. D) across the membranes of their cells. E) across all parts of their thin cuticular exoskeleton.	D
1170422326	An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it A) coats their lungs. B) blocks the openings into the tracheal system. C) interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries. D) clogs their bronchi. E) prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere.	B
1170422327	Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in such conditions is A) 160 mm Hg. B) 16 mm Hg. C) 120/75. D) 21/760. E) 760/21.	A
1170422328	Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. B) the overproduction of surfactants. C) the incomplete development of the lung surface. D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation.	D
1170422329	Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in A) the cerebrum and cerebellum. B) the medulla oblongata and the pons. C) the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. D) the thalamus and the hypothalamus. E) the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe.	B
1170422330	Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. B) the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.	A
1170422331	The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity. B) a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs. C) the contraction of the diaphragm. D) the closure of the epiglottis. E) the expansion of the rib cage.	A
1170422332	As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the A) tidal volume. B) vital capacity. C) residual volume. D) total lung capacity. E) All of the above would be different.	A
1170422333	A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of A) 1,450 mL. B) 4,000 mL. C) 4,450 mL. D) 5,000 mL. E) 5,450 mL.	D
1170422334	During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of A) nitric acid. B) nitrogen. C) oxygen. D) carbon dioxide. E) carbon monoxide.	D
1170422335	Breathing is usually regulated by A) erythropoietin levels in the blood. B) the concentration of red blood cells. C) hemoglobin levels in the blood. D) CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors. E) the lungs and the larynx.	D
1170422336	At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is A) 100 mm Hg. B) 127 mm Hg. C) 151 mm Hg. D) 182 mm Hg. E) 219 mm Hg.	D
1170422337	At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of oxygen is A) 0.2 mm Hg. B) 20.0 mm Hg. C) 76.0 mm Hg. D) 160.0 mm Hg. E) 508.0 mm Hg.	D
1170422338	At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is A) 0 mm Hg. B) 80 mm Hg. C) 160 mm Hg. D) 380 mm Hg. E) 760 mm Hg.	B
1170422339	Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as A) the brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. C) the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. D) stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing. E) the medulla oblongata is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.	B
1170422340	An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes A) hemoglobin to release all bound oxygen molecules. B) an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules. C) hemoglobin to denature. D) an increase in the binding of H+ by hemoglobin. E) hemoglobin to more readily give up its oxygen molecules.	B
1170422341	An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to A) hemoglobin. B) bicarbonate ions. C) carbonic acid. D) actin and myosin. E) myoglobin.	E
1170422342	Hemoglobin and hemocyanin A) are both found within blood cells. B) are both red in color. C) are both freely dissolved in the plasma. D) both transport oxygen. E) are both found in mammals.	D
1170422343	The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in A) the partial pressure of oxygen. B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. C) hemoglobin concentration. D) temperature. E) pH.	E
1170422344	Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid. D) simply dissolved in the plasma. E) bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin.	A
1170422345	Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to A) hemoglobin. B) plasma proteins. C) carbon dioxide. D) carbonic acid. E) plasma buffers.	A
1170422346	The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that A) the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. B) hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. C) hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. D) the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. E) hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.	C
1170422347	In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated. B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles. C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption. D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.	E
1170422348	Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors, as shown in Figure 42.1. Figure 42.1 80) For this unusual capillary bed, A) the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. B) oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries. C) the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. D) the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.	E
1170422349	An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the A) animal had evolved from birds. B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. D) animal was likely an invertebrate animal. E) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure.	B
1170422350	A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of A) the amphibian equivalent of hypertension. B) skin cancer. C) gill abnormalities in the next generation of tadpoles. D) tracheal tube abnormalities. E) diminished absorption of oxygen.	B
1170422351	83) Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply? A) the lungs of a vertebrate B) the gills of a fish C) the tracheal system of an insect D) the skin of an earthworm E) the parapodia of a polychaete worm	C
1170422352	Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the A) vena cava. B) left atrium. C) right atrium. D) left ventricle. E) right ventricle.	B
1170422353	Pulse is a direct measure of A) blood pressure. B) stroke volume. C) cardiac output. D) heart rate. E) breathing rate.	D
1170422354	When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? A) rising O2 B) falling O2 C) rising CO2 D) falling CO2 E) rising CO2 and falling O2	C
1170422355	One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is A) the number of heart chambers. B) the type of gas exchange tissues. C) a complete separation of circuits for circulation. D) the number of circuits for circulation. E) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.	D
1170422356	If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except A) the pulmonary vein. B) an alveolus. C) the trachea. D) the right atrium. E) the right ventricle.	A
1170422357	Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a A) higher PO2. B) higher PCO2. C) greater bicarbonate concentration. D) lower pH. E) lower osmotic pressure.	A
1170422358	Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin) A) Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4 B) Hb(O2)4 → Hb + 4 O2 C) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 D) H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- E) Hb + 4 CO2 → Hb(CO2)4	A

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell 7th Ed. Chapter 43 The Immune System Flashcards

Campbell 7th Ed. Chapter 43

Terms : Hide Images

740225679	ABO blood groups	Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.
740225680	acquired immunity	The kind of defense that is mediated by B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). It exhibits specificity, memory, and self-nonself recognition. Also called adoptive immunity.
740225681	active immunity	Long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of a person's B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogn. Active immunity can develop as a result of natural infection or immunization.
740225682	AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)	The name of the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
740225683	anaphylactic shock	An acute, whole-body, life-threatening, allergic response.
740225684	antibody	A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination; also called immunoglobulin. All antibody molecules have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains joined by disulfide bridges.
740225685	antigen	A macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes.
740225686	antigen presentation	The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.
740225687	antigen receptor	The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating acquired immune responses. The antigen receptors on B cells are called B cell receptors (or membrane immunoglobulins), and the antigen receptors on T cells are called T cell receptors.
740225688	antigen-presenting cell	A cell that ingests bacteria and viruses and destroys them, generating peptide fragments that are bound by class II MHC molecules and subsequently displayed on the cell surface to helper T cells. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells.
740225689	apoptosis	The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.
740225690	autoimmune disease	An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self.
740225691	B cell receptor	The antigen receptor on B cells: a Y-shaped, membrane-bound molecule consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains linked by disulfide bridges and containing two antigen-binding sites; also called a membrane immunoglobulin or membrane antibody.
740225692	B lymphocyte (B cell)	A type of lymphocyte that develops to maturity in the bone marrow. After encountering antigen, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of humoral immunity.
740225693	CD4	A surface protein, present on most helper T cells, that binds to class II MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell.
740225694	CD8	A surface protein, present on most cytotoxic cells, that binds to class I MHC molecules on target cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the target cell.
740225695	cell-mediated immune response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells.
740225696	chemokin	Any of about 50 different proteins, secreted by many cell types near a site of injury or infection, that help direct migration of white blood cells to an injury site and induces other changes central to inflammation.
740225697	class I MHC molecules	A collection of cell surface proteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. Class I MHC molecules are found on nearly all nucleated cells.
740225698	class II MHC molecules	A collection of cell surface proteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. Class II MHC molecules are restricted to a few specialized cell cell types, commonly called antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells).
740225699	clonal selection	The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen. Clonal selection accounts for the specificity and memory of acquired immune responses.
740225700	complement system	The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen. Clonal selection accounts for the specificity and memory of acquired immune responses.
740225701	cytokine	Any of a group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system.
740225702	dendritic cell	An antigen-presenting cell, located mainly in lymphatic tissues and skin, that is particularly efficient in presenting antigens to naive helper T cells, thereby initiating a primary immune response.
740225703	effector cell	A muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's responses to stimuli; responds to signals from the brain or other processing center of the nervous system.
740225704	eosinophil	A type of white blood cell with low phagocytic activity that is thought to play a role in defense against parasitic worms by releasing enzymes toxic to these invaders.
740225705	epitope	A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds; also called an antigenic determinant.
740225706	graft versus host reaction	An attack against a patient's body cells by lymphocytes received in a bone marrow transplant.
740225707	heavy chain	One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region.
740225708	helper T cell	A type of T cell that, when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotonic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens.
740225709	histamine	A substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable during an inflammatory response.
740225710	HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)	The infectious agent that causes AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus.
740225711	humoral immune response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
740225712	immunization	The process of generating a state of immunity by artifical means. In active immunization, a nonpathogenic version of a normally pathogenic microbe is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory. In passive immunization, antibodies specific for a particular microbe are administered, conferring immediate but temporary protection. Also called vaccination.
740225713	immunoglobulin (Ig)	Any of the class of proteins that function as antibodies. Immunoglobulins are divided into five major classes that differ in their distribution in the body and antigen disposal activities.
740225714	inflammatory response	A localized innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue in which changes to nearby small blood vessels enhance the infiltration of white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements that aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens; may also involve systemic effects such as fever and increased production of white blood cells.
740225715	innate immunity	The kind of defense that is mediated by phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, the inflammatory response, and natural killer (NK) cells. It is present before exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth.
740225716	interferon	A protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions. Interferon ? and interferon-??, secreted by virus-infected cells, help nearby cells resist viral infection; interferon-??, secreted by T cells, helps activate macrophages.
740225717	light chain	One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region.
740225718	lymphatic system	A system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood.
740225719	lymphocyte	A type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity. Lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow are called B cells, and those that mature in the thymus are called T cells.
740225720	lysozyme	An enzyme in sweat, tears, and saliva that attacks bacterial cell walls.
740225721	macrophage	A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell.
740225722	major histocompatibility complex (MHC)	A family of genes that encode a large set of cell surface proteins called MHC molecules. Class I and class II MHC molecules function in antigen presentation to T cells. Foreign MHC molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant.
740225723	mast cell	A vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger the inflammatory response.
740225724	membrane attack complex (MAC)	A molecular complex consisting of a set of complement proteins that forms a pore in the membrane of bacterial and transplanted cells, causing the cells to die by lysis.
740225725	memory cell	One of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation. Activated memory cells mount the secondary immune response.
740225726	monoclonal antibody	Any of a preparation of antibodies that have been produced by a single clone of cultured cells and thus are all specific for the same epitope.
740225727	monocyte	A type of white blood cell that migrates into tissues and develops into a macrophage.
740225728	natural killer (NK) cell	A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
740225729	neutrophil	The most abundant type of white blood cell. Neutrophils are phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.
740225730	passive immunity	Short-term immunity conferred by the administration of ready-made antibodies or the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant; lasts only a few weeks or months because the immune system has not been stimulated by antigens.
740225731	phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
740225732	plasma cell	The antibody-secreting effector cell of humoral immunity; arises from antigen-stimulated B cells.
740225733	primary immune response	The initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days.
740225734	Rh factor	A protein antigen on the surface of red blood cells designated Rh-positive. If an Rh-negative mother is exposed to blood from an Rh-positive fetus, she produces anti-Rh antibodies of the IgG class.
740225735	secondary immune response	The acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. The secondary immune response is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune response.
740225736	T cell receptor	The antigen receptor on T cells; a membrane-bound molecule consisting of one ? chain and one ? chain linked by a disulfide bridge and containing one antigen-binding site.
740225737	T lymphocyte (T cell)	A type of lymphocyte, including the helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, that develops to maturity in the thymus. After encountering antigen, T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
740225738	thymus	A small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed.
740225739	vaccination	See immunization.

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell AP Biology | Ch. 25 The History of Life Flashcards

Campbell 9th Edition

Terms : Hide Images

547090871	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution above the species level
547090872	protocells	abiotic precursor of a living cell that had a membrane-like structure and that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings
547090873	vesicles	fluid-filled compartments bounded by a membrane-like structure
547090874	montmorillonite	a soft mineral clay produced by the weathering of volcanic ash and greatly increases the rate of vesicle self-assembly
547090875	ribozymes	RNA catalysts; some ribozymes can make complementary copies of short pieces of RNA if they are provided nucleotide building blocks.
547090876	strata	sedimentary rock layers
547090877	radiometric dating	common technique in determining the "absolute age" of a fossil; based on the decay of radioactive isotopeswhere a radioactive "parent" isotope decays to a "daughter" isotope at a fixed rate
547090878	half-life	expresses rate decay; the time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay
547090879	tetrapods	"four-foot" mammals, amphibians, and reptiles belong to this group of animals
547090880	geologic record	formed from the study of fossils that helps establish Earth's history; divided into three eons: Archaen, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic
547090881	stromatolites	layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together
547090882	endosymbiont theory	theory in which mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells
547090883	plastids	a general term for chloroplasts and related organelles
547090884	endosymbiont	refers to a cell that lives within another cell, called the host cell
547090885	serial endosymbiosis	hypothesis that supposes mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events
547090886	Cambrian explosion	the phenonmenon in which many present-day animal phyla appear suddenly in fossils formed early in the Cambrian period
547090887	plate tectonics	theory in which the continents are part of great plates of Earth's crust that essentially float on the hot, underlying portion of the mantle
547090888	continental drift	plates moving over time because of movements in the mantle
547090889	Pangaea	a supercontinent 250 million years ago formed from the previously separated landmasses due to plate movements
547090890	mass extinction	large numbers of species become extinct throughout Earth
547090891	ocean anoxia	low-oxygen condition from the Permian mass extinction that would have suffocated oxygen-breathers and promoted the growth of anaerobic bacteria that emit a poisonous metabolic by product (hydrogen sulfide gas)
547090892	adaptive radiations	periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles, or niches, in their communities; fuels diversity
547090893	heterochrony	"different-time" an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events
547090894	paedomorphosis	"of a child-formation" if reproductive organ development accelerates compared to other organs, the sexually mature stage of a species may retain body features that were juvenile structures in an ancestral species
547090895	homeotic genes	master regulatory genes that determine basic features
547090896	exaptation	structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function
547090897	species selection	the species that endure the longest and generate the most new offspring species determine the direction of major evolutionary trends

Powered by Quizlet.com

Psychology Chapter 16 Vocabulary Flashcards

Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Chapter 16: Psychological and Biological Treatments "Helping People Change," vocabulary words.

Terms : Hide Images

271693329	Psychotherapy	A Psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives.
271693330	Paraprofessional	Person with no professional training who provides mental health services.
271693331	Insight Therapies	Psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight.
271693332	Free Association	Technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort
271693333	Resistance	Attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses.
271693334	Transference	Projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist.
271693335	Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)	Treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions.
271693336	Humanistic Therapies	Therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive.
271693337	Person-Centered Therapy	Therapy centering on client's goals and ways of solving problems.
271693338	Gestalt Therapy	Therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self.
271693339	Group Therapy	Therapy that treats more than one person at a time.
271693340	Alcoholics Anonymous	Twelve-Step, self help program that provides social support for achieving sobriety.
271693341	Strategic Family Intervention	Family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication.
271693342	Structural Family Therapy	Treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions.
271693343	Behavior Therapist	Therapist who focuses on specific problem behaviors, and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
271693344	Systematic Desensitization	Clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner.
271693345	Exposure Therapy	Therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear.
271693346	Dismantling	Research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment.
271693347	Response Prevention	Technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors
271693348	Participant Modeling	Technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted.
271693349	Token Economy	Method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards.
271693350	Aversion Therapy	Treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors.
271693351	Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies	Treatments that attempt to replace maladapative or irrational cognition with more adaptive, rational cognition.
271693352	Meta-Analysis	Statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature.
271693353	Empirically Supported Treatment (EST)	Intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence.
271693354	Psychopharmacotherapy	Use of medications to treat psychological problems
271693355	Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)	Patients receive brief electrical pluses to the brain that produces a seizure to treat serious psychological problems.
271693356	Psychosurgery	Brain surgery to treat psychological problems

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 10 Flashcards

Photosynthesis

Terms : Hide Images

1200522287	bundle sheath cell	in C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of A leaf.
1200522288	C3 plant	A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
1200522289	Calvin cycle	The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
1200522290	carbon fixation	the incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds, such as in photosynthesis
1200522291	Carotenoid	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, they broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.
1200522292	chlorophyll a	A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.
1200522293	chlorophyll b	An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.
1200522294	cyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2.
1200522295	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)	A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.
1200522296	light reactions	The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.
1200522297	PEP carboxylase	An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis.
1200522298	Photophosphorylation	The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
1200522299	Photorespiration	A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. This process generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.
1200522300	photosystem I (PS I)	One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. NADPH producing
1200522301	photosystem II (PS II)	One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.
1200522302	RubisCO	The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP).
1200522303	Stomata	A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant., the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move
1200522304	Stroma	Within the chloroplast, the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
1200522305	thylakoid	A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. They exist in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
1200522306	light E is converted into chemical E, water molecules are split , E and e- are stored in ATP and NADPH	what are the 3 main characteristics of light dependent reactions?
1200522307	ATP and NADH	what are 2 output (products) in light dependent reactions?
1200522308	grana	what is a stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast?
1200522310	antenna pigments	what are all other pigments in photosystem that capture photon energy and funnel it to reaction center
1200522313	mesophyll cell	In C4 plants, a type of loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.
1200522315	sugar	chemical product of Calvin cycle
1200522317	oxygen and sugar	final chemical products of photosynthesis
1200522319	carbon dioxide and water	chemical reactants of photosynthesis
1200522321	ATP and NADPH	high energy products made by the light reactions and used in the Calvin cycle
1200522323	ADP & P & NADP+	low energy products made by the Calvin cycle and made back into high energy products in the light reactions
1200522326	ATP synthase	protein on thylakoid membrane that makes ATP when hydrogen ions pass through it from thylakoid space to stroma
1200522328	ribulose bisphosphate	molecule that grabs and fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle
1200522329	G3P	molecule that is made in the Calvin cycle; glucose is formed when two of these molecules combine
1200522331	starch	what is made when excess sugar is made in the Calvin cycle
1200522333	Light	Combines with H2O and Mn Center in PSII, releases O2 and H+ and excites electrons
1200522335	Pheophytin	A chlorophyll with 2H+ at the center, that PSII passes electrons to fixed plastoquinone pool then to exchangeable plastoquinone pool, and converted to plastoquinol (QH2)
1200522337	Cytochrome bf complex	(plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase) accepts electrons from plastoquinol and transfers them to Plastocyanin, contains Fe-S complex
1200522338	Plastocyanin	transfers electrons from Cytochrome bf to PS1
1200522339	PSI	light excites electrons which are then transfered to Chlorophyll a, quinone, 4Fe-S complex then Ferrodoxin
1200522340	Ferrodoxin Reductase	reduces ferrodoxin, creating NADPH
1200522341	C4 fixation	used by plants with limited resources, CO2 goes to bundle sheath cells allowing it not to have to compete with O2 for fixation by RubisCO (grasses)
1200522342	CAM fixation	These plants fix CO2 during the night, storing it as the four-carbon acid malate. The CO2 is released during the day, where it is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. stomata remain shut during the day, reducing evapotranspiration common in plants adapted to arid conditions.(pineapple)
1200522343	linear electron flow	Primary Pathway: involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
1200522344	primary electron acceptor	in chloroplasts, an acceptor of electrons lost from chlorophyll a; found in the thylakoid membrane
1200522345	light-harvesting complex	A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.
1200522346	reaction center complex	A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis.
1200522347	action spectrum	Shows the rate of photosynthesis vs. wavelength.
1200522348	absorption spectrum	The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light
1200522349	visible light	That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
1200522350	photons	light particles
1200522351	spectrophotometer	An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.
1200522352	electromagnetic spectrum	arrangement of electromagnetic radiation--including radio waves, visible light from the Sun, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, and microwaves--according to their wavelengths
1200522353	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
1200522354	photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
1200522355	autotrophs	organisms that make their own food
1200522356	heterotrophs	organisms that cannot make their own food
1200522357	photoautotrophs	photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that harness light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Exam Terms Flashcards

AP Biology Exam Terms to know for AP Exam

Terms : Hide Images

377000524	organic compounds	contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs
377000525	functional groups	amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)
377000526	fat	glycerol and three fatty acids
377000527	saturated fats	bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temp.
377000528	unsaturated fats	better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.
377000529	steriods	lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones
377000530	phospholipids	glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors
377000531	carbohydrates	used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods])
377000532	proteins	made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels)
377000533	enzymes	catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
377000534	competitve inhibtion	inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site
377000535	noncompetitive inhibition	inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind
377000536	pH	logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times more acidic than 5
377000537	hydrolysis	breaks down compounds by adding water
377000538	dehydration	two components brought together, producing H2O
377000539	endergonic reaction	reaction that requires input of energy
377000540	exergonic reaction	reaction that gives off energy
377000541	redox	electron transfer reactions
377000542	cell wall	found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes the cell
377000543	plasma membrane	found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what substances enter and leave a cell
377000544	ribosome	found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis; form in nucleolus
377000545	smooth ER	found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
377000546	rough ER	found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
377000547	Golgi	found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
377000548	mitochondria	found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major energy-producing steps of respiration
377000549	lysosome	found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic compounds; serves as cell's stomach
377000550	nucleus	found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for transcription, replication, and DNA
377000551	peroxisome	found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of alcohol
377000552	chloroplast	found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in plants
377000553	cytoskeleton	found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
377000554	vacuole	large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults of cells
377000555	centrioles	found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule separation apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells
377000556	fluid mosaic model	plasma membrane is selectively permeable phosolipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol amoung the phospholipids
378247839	integral proteins	proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
378247840	diffusion	passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentrations)
378247841	osmosis	passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration to the side of high solute concentration
378247842	facilitated diffusion	assisted transport of particles across membrane (no energy input)
378247843	active transport	movement of substances against concentration gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy input)
378247844	endocytosis	phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of vesicles
378247845	exocytosis	process by which particles are ejected from the cell, similar to movement in a trash chute
378247846	aerobic respiration	glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> oxidative phosphorylation -> 36 ATP per glucose molecule
378247847	anaerobic respiration (fermentation)	glycolysis -> regenerate NAD+ -> 2 ATP per glucose molecule
378247848	glycolysis	conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH; occurs in the cytoplasma, and in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; must have NAD+ to proceed
378247849	Krebs cycle	conversion 1 pyruvate molecule into 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, H2O, and CO2; occurs twice for each glucose to yeild double the products above; occurs in the mitochondria
378247850	oxidative phosphorylation	production of large amounts of ATP from NADH and FADH2; occurs in the mitochrondria; requires the presence of oxygen to proceed
378247851	chemiosmosis	coupling of the movement of electrons down the ETC with the formation of ATP using the driving force provided by the proton gradient; occurs in both cell respiration and photosynthesis to produce ATP
378247852	ATP synthase	enzyme responsible for using protons to actually produce ATP from ADP
378247853	fermentation	process that regenerates NAD+ so glycolsis can begin again; occurs in absence of oxygen
378247854	alcohol fermentation	occurs in fungi, yeast, and bacteria; causes conversion of pyruvate to ethanol
378247855	lactic acid fermentation	occurs in humans and animal muscles; causes conversion of pyruvate -> lactate; causes cramping sensation when oxygen runs low in muscles
378247856	photosynthesis	process by which plants use the energy from light to generate sugar; occurs in chloroplasts; light reactions (thylakoid), and Calvin cycle (stroma)
378247857	autotroph	self-nourishing organism that is also known as a producer (plants)
378247858	heterotrophs	organisms that must consume other organisms to obtain energy--consmers
378247859	transpiration	loss of water via evaporation through the stomata
378247860	photophosphorylation	process by which ATP is made during light reactions
378247861	photolysis	process by which water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms (light reactions)
378247862	stomata	structure through which CO2 enters a plant, and water vapor and oxygen leave plant
378247863	pigment	molcule that absorbs light of a particular wavelength (chlorophyll, carotenoid, phycobilins)
378247864	C4 plants	plants that have adapted their photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions
378247865	C4 photosynthesis	process that first converts CO2 into a 4-carbon molcule in the mesophyll cells, converts that product to malate and then shuttles it to the bundle sheath cells, where the malate releases CO2 and rubisco picks it up as if all were normal
378247866	CAM plants	plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis
379400872	binary fission	prokaryotic cell division; double the DNA, double the size, then split apart
379400873	cell cycle	growth 1 -> synthesis -> growth 2 -> mitosis
379400874	cytokinesis	physical separation of newly formed daughter cells of cell division
379400875	cell division control mechanisms	growth factors, checkpoints, density-dependent inhibition, and cyclins and protein kinases
379400876	growth factors	factors then when present, promote growth, and when absent, impede growth
379400877	checkpoints	a cell stops growing to make sure it has the nutrients and raw materials to proceed
379400878	density-dependent inhibition	cell stops growing when certain density is reached
379400879	cyclins and protein kinases	cyclin combines with CDK to form a structure known as MPF that pushes cell into mitosis when enough is present
379400880	haploid (n)	one copy of each chromosome
379400881	diploid (2n)	two copies of each chromosome
379400882	homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and function
379400883	spermatogenesis	the process of male gamete formation (four sperm from one cell)
379400884	oogenesis	the process of female gamete formation (one ovum from each cell)
379400885	life cycles	sequences of events that make up the reproductive cycle of an organism
379400886	human life cycle	zygote (2n) -> multicellular orgainsm (2n) -> gametes (n) -> zygote (2n)
379400887	fungi life cycle	zygote (2n) -> multicellular orgainsm (n) -> gametes (n) -> zygote (2n)
379400888	plants life cycle	zygote (2n) -> sporophyte (2n) -> spores (n) -> gametophyte (n) -> gametes (n) -> zygote (2n)
379400889	source of variation	crossover, 2^n possible gametes that can be formed, random pairing of gametes
379400890	character	heritable feature, such as flower color
379400891	monohybrid cross	cross involving one character (3:1 phenotype ratio)
379400892	dihybrid cross	cross involving two different characters (9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio)
379400893	law of segregation	the two alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes--one to each gamete
379400894	law of indendent assortment	inheritance of one trait does not interfere with the inheritance of another trait
379400895	law of dominance	if two opposite pure-breeding varieties are crossed, all offspring resemble dominant parent
379400896	intermediate inheritance	heterozygous individual shows characterstics unlike either parent
379400897	incomplete dominance	Yy produces a intermediate phenotype between YY and yy
379400898	codominace	both alleles express themselves fully in a Yy individual
379400899	polygenetic traits	traits that are affected by more then one gene (eye color or skin color)
379400900	multiple alleles	traits that correspond to more than two alleles
379400901	epistasis	a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus
379400902	pleiotropy	a single gene has multiple effects on an organism
379400903	sex determination	males are XY, females are XX
379400904	autosomal chromosome	chromosome not involved in gender
379400905	sex-linked traits	passed along the X chromosome; more common in males then females
379400906	X inactivation	one of two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated and remains coiled as a Barr body
379400907	holandric trait	trait that is inherited via the Y chromosome
379400908	linked genes	genes that lie along the same chromsome and do not follow the law of independent assortment
379400909	crossover	a form of genetic recombination that occurs during prophase I of meiosis
379400910	linkage map	genetic map put together using crossover frequencies
379400911	pedigree	family tree used to describe genetic relationships
379400912	autosomal recessive disorders	Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria
379400913	autosomal dominant disorders	Huntington disease and achondroplasia
379400914	nondisjunction	error in which homologous chromosomes do not separate properly
379400915	chromosomal disorders	deletion, inversions, duplications, and translocations
379400916	DNA	contains A, G, C, and T; arranged in double helix of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds
379400917	RNA	contains A, G, C, and U; singled stranded
379400918	mRNA	blueprints for proteins
379400919	tRNA	brings acids to ribosomes
379400920	rRNA	make of ribosomes
379400921	DNA replication	occurs in S-phase, semiconservative, built in 5' to 3' direction
379400922	frameshift mutation	deletion or addition of nucleotides; shifts reading frame
379400923	missense mutation	subsitution of wrong nucleotide into DNA; still produces a protein
379400924	nonsense mutation	subsitution of wrong nucleotide into DNA that produces an early stop codon
379400925	transcription	process by which mRNA is synthesized on a DNA template
379400926	RNA processing	introns (noncoding) are spliced out, exon (coding) glued together
379400927	translation	process by which the mRNA specified sequence of amino acids is lined up on a ribosome for protein synthesis
379400928	codon	triplet of nucleotides that codes for a particular amino acid
379400929	promoter	base sequence that signals start site for transcription
379400930	repressor	protein that prevents the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter site
379400931	inducer	molecule that binds to and inactivates a repressor
379400932	operator	short sequence near the promoter that assists in transcription by interacting with transcription factors
381948756	operon	on/off switch for transcription, allows for production of genes only when needed
381948757	viruses	parastic infectious agent unable to survive outside the host; can obtain DNA or RNA, or have a viral envelope
381948758	lytic cycle	one in which the virus is actively reproducing and kills the host cell
381948759	lysogenic cycle	one in which the virus lie dormant within the DNA of the host cell
381948760	retrovirus	RNA virus that carries with it reverse transcriptase (HIV)
381948761	prion	virus that converts host brain proteins into misshapen proteins
381948762	viroids	tiny plant viruses
381948763	phage	virus that infects bacteria
381948764	bacteria	prokaryotic cell consists of one double strand circular DNA molecule; reproduce by binary fission
381948765	transformation	uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment
381948766	transduction	movement of genes from one cell to another by phages, which incorporated by crossover
381948767	generalized transduction	lytic cycle accidently places host DNA into a phage, which is brought to another cell
381948768	specialized transduction	virus leaving lysogenic cycle brings host DNA with it into phage
381948769	conjugation	transfer of DNA between two bacterial cell connected by sex pili
381948770	restriction enzymes	enzymes that cut DNA at a paticular sequences, creating sticky ends
381948771	vector	mover of DNA from one source to another
381948772	cloning	somewhat slow process by which a desired sequence of DNA is copied numerous times
381948773	gel electrophoresis	technique used to separate DNA according to size. DNA moves from - to +
381948774	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)	produces large quanties of sequence in short amount of time
381948775	modes of evolution	genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection
381948776	genetic drift	change in allele frequencies because of chance events
381948777	gene flow	change in allele frequencies as genes move from one population to another
381948778	mutation	change in allele frequencies due to random genetic change in an allele
381948779	natural selection	process by which characters or traits maintained or eliminated in a population based on their contribution to the differential survival and reproductive succes of their "host" organism
381948780	variation	differences must exist between individuals
381948781	hertiability	the traits to be selected for must be able to be passed along to offspring
381948782	differential reproductive success	there must be variation amoung parents in how many offspring they produce as a result of the different traits that the parent have
381948783	adaption	a trait that, if altered, affects the fitness of an organism
381948784	selection types	directional, stabilizing, disruptive, sexual, and artifical
381948785	directional selection	members at one end of a spectrum are selected against, and the population shifts toward that end
381948786	stabilizing selection	selection for the mean of the population; reduces variation of a population
381948787	disruptive selection	selects for the two extremes of the population; selects against the middle
381948788	sexual selection	certain characters are selected for because they aid in mate acquisition
381948789	artifical selection	human intervention in the form of selective breeding
381948790	mutation	random changes in DNA can introduce new alleles into a population
381948791	balanced polymorphism	the maintainance of two or more phenotypic variants
381948792	allopatric speciation	interbreeding stops because some physical barrier splits the population into two
381948793	sympatric speciation	interbreeding stops even though no physical barrier prevents it
381948794	polyploidy	condition in which individual has higher than normal number of chromosomes sets
381948795	balanced polymorphism	two phenotypic variants become so different that the two groups stop interbreeding
381948796	adaptive radiation	rapid series of speciation events that occur when one or more ancestral species invades a new environment
381948797	Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	p + q = 1, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1; evolution is not occuring; the rules for this are no mutations, no gene flow, no genetic drift, no natural selection, and random mating
381948798	homologous character	traits similar between organisms that arose from a common ancestor
381948799	vestigil character	character contained by organism that is no longer functionally useful
381948800	gradualism	evolutionary change is slow and steady process
381948801	punctuated equilibria	evolutionary change occurs in rapid bursts separated by large periods of no change
381948802	hetertroph theory	theory that describes how life evolved from original heterotrophs
381948803	convergent character	traits similar to two or more organisms that do not share common ancestor; parallel evolution
381948804	convergent evolution	two unrelated species evolve in a way that makes them more similar
381948805	divergent evolution	two related spevies evolve in a way that makes them less similar
381948806	taxonomy	classification of organisms based upon the presence or absence of shared characterstics: kingdom -> phylum -> class -> order -> family -> genus -> species
381948807	five kingdom system	monera -> Protista -> plantae -> Fungi -> animalia
381948808	six kingdom system	Archaebacteria -> Eubacteria -> Protista -> Planae -> Fungi -> Animalia
381948809	endosymbiotic theory	eukaryotes originated from symbiotic partnership of prokaryotic cells
381948810	anatomy of plants	tissue systems are divided into ground, vascular, and dermal
381948811	ground tissue	the body of the plants is divided into collenchyma cells, parenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells
381948812	collenchyma cells	provide flexible and mechanical support; found in stems and leaves
381948813	parenchyma cells	play a role in storage, secrection, and photosynthesis in cells
381948814	sclerenchyma cells	protects seeds and support the plants
381948815	vascular tissue	xylem and phloem
381948816	xylem	transports water and minerals in plants
381948817	phloem	transports sugar in plants
381948818	dermal tissue	protective outer coating for plants: epidermis
381948819	types of roots	taproot system and fibrous root system
381948820	taproot system	dicots; system that divides into lateral roots that anchor the plant
381948821	fibrous root system	anchoring systsem that does not go deep down into the soil
381948822	primary growth	increased length of plants (occurs in region of apical meristem)
381948823	secondary growth	increased width of plant (occurs in region of lateral meristems)
381948824	vascular cambium	gives rise to secondary xylem/phloem; runs entire length of plant
381948825	cork cambium	produces protective covering that replaces epidermis during secondary growth
381948826	plant hormones	abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins
381948827	abscisic acid	inhibits cell growth, helps close stomata
381948828	auxin	stem elongation, gravitrophism, phototropism
381948829	cytokinins	promote cell division, leaf enlargement, slow aging of leaves
381948830	ethylene	ripens fruit and causes leaves to fall
381948831	gibberellins	stem elongation, induce growth in dormant seeds, buds, flowers
381948832	plant trophisms	gravitropism, phototrophism, thigmotropism
381948833	gravitropism	a plant's growth in response to gravity
381948834	phototropism	plant's growth in response to light
381948835	thigmotropism	plant's growth in response to touch
381948836	photoperiodism	response of a plant to the change in length of days
383342765	circulatory system	bloodflow= left side of heart -> aorta -> via arteries to organs and muscles -> into vena cava -> right side of heart -> lungs -> left side of heart
383342766	respiratory pathway	nose/mouth -> pharynx -> larynyx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
383342767	digestive system	digestion begins in mouth, continues in the stomach, and completes in the intestine
383342768	amylase	enzyme that breaks down starches in the diet
383342769	pepsin	main digestive enzyme of the stomach that breaks down proteins
383342770	lipase	major fat digesting enzyme of the body
383342771	trypsin and chymotrypsin	major protein digesting endopeptidases of the small intestine
383342772	bile salts	major emulsifer of fat
383342773	maltase, lactase, and sucrase	carbohydrate digesting enzymes of the small intestines
383342774	small intestine	most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs in the _________
383342775	large intestine	reabsorbs water and packs the indigestible food into feces
383342776	excretory system	kidneys -> minor and major calyces -> renal pelvis -> bladder via the ureter -> out of the body via the urethra
383342777	nephron	functional part of the kidney
383342778	excretory system hormones	ADH and aldosterone
383342779	ADH	controls water absorption in the excretory system
383342780	aldosterone	controls sodium reabsorption in the excretory system
383342781	anterior pituitary hormones	FSH, LH, TSH, STH, ACTH, and prolactin
383342782	FSH	stimulates production of eggs or sperm
383342783	LH	stimulates ovulation, increases estrogen/progesterone release
383342784	TSH	increases release of thyroid hormone
383342785	STH	increases growth
383342786	ACTH	increases secrection of adrenal cortical hormones
383342787	prolactin	controls lactogenesis, decreases secretion of GnRH
383342788	pancreatic hormones	insulin and glucagon
383342789	insulin	increases glycogen formation
383342790	glucagon	increases glycogen breakdown
383342791	parathyroid hormone (PTH)	increases blood Ca2+ involved in bone maintenance
383342792	posterior pituitary hormones	ADH and oxytocin
383342793	oxytocin	stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection
383342794	adrenal gland hormones	aldosterone and cortisol
383342795	aldosterone	regulates blood sodium concentration
383342796	cortisol	chronic stress hormone
383342797	sex hormones	progestrone, estrogen, and testosterone
383342798	progestrone	involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy
383342799	estrogen	made in ovaries; increases release of LH; develops female secondary sex characteristics
383342800	testosterone	stimulates sperm production; develops male secondary sex characterstics
383342801	negative feedback	hormone acts to directly, or indirectly, inhibit further release of the hormone of interest
383342802	positive feedback	horomone acts directly, or indirectly, cause increased secretion of the hormone
383342803	SNS	controls skeletal muscles and voluntary actions
383342804	ANS	controls involuntary activities of body
383342805	cerebellum	controls coordination and balance
383342806	medulla	controls involuntary actions such as breathing
383342807	hypothalamus	regulates hunger, thirst, and temperature
383342808	amygdala	emotion control center
383342809	nonspecific immunity	nonspecific prevention of enterance of invaders into the body
383342810	specific immunity	multilayered defense mechanism-- first line of defense: phagocyctes, macrophages, neutrophils, complement; second line of defense: B cells and T cells
383342811	primary immune response (humoral immunity)	antigen invader -> B cell meets antigen -> B cell differentiates into the plasma cells and memory cells -> plamsa cells produce anitbodies -> antibodies eliminate antigen
383342812	secondary immune response	antigen invader -> memory cells recogize antigen and pump out antibodies much quicker than primary response -> antibodies eliminate antigen
383342813	cell-mediated immunity	involves T cells and direct cellular response to an invasion. defense against viruses
383342814	primary sex characteristics	sexual organs that assist in reproduction
383342815	secondary sex characteristics	physical characteristics that differ men and women
383342816	FSH	stimulate oogenesis in females and spermatogenesis in males; creates follicle that surrounds the primary oocyte during development
383342817	LH	stimulates the ovulation and production of estrogen and progesterone in females; stimulates production of testosterone and sperm in males
383342818	GnRH	causes pituitary to release LH and FSH
383342819	behavioral ecology	the study of interaction between animals and their environment
383342820	ethology	study of animal behavior
383342821	fixed action pattern	preprogrammed response to a stimulus
383342822	habituation	loss of responsiveness to unimportant stimuli or stimuli that provide no feedback
383342823	imprinting	innate behavior learned during critical period early in life
383342824	associative learning	one stimulus is associated with another (classical conditioning)
383342825	operant conditioning	trial-and-error learning
383342826	insight learning	ability to reason through a problem the first time through with no prior experience
383342827	observational learning	learning by watching someone else do it first
383342828	kinesis	change in the speed of movement in response to a stimulus; organisms will move faster in bad environments and slower in good environments
383342829	migration	cyclic movement of animals over long distances according to the time of year
383342830	taxis	reflex movement toward or away from a stimulus
383342831	agnostic behavior	conflict behavior over access to a resource; often a matter of which aniaml can mount the most threatening display and scare the other into submission
383342832	dominance hierarchies	ranking of power amoung the members of a group; subject to change
383342833	territoriality	defense of territory to keep others out
383342834	altruistic behavior	action in which an organism helps another at its own expense
383342835	reciprocal altruism	animals behave altruistically toward others who are not relatives
383342836	foraging	feeding behavior of an individual
383342837	optimal foraging	natural selection favors those who choose foraging strategies that maximize the differential betwen cost and benefits
383342838	inclusive fitness	the ability of individuals to pass their genes not only through the production of their offspring, but also by providing aid to enable closely related individuals to produce offspring
383342839	chemical communication	communication through the use of chemical signals, such as pheramones
383342840	visual communication	communication through the visual cues, such as the tail feather displays of peacocks
383342841	audiotory communication	communication through the use of sound, such as the chirping of frogs in the summer
383342842	tactile communciation	communication through the use of touch, such as a handshake
383342843	population	collection of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic region
383342844	community	collection of populations of species in a geographic area
383342845	ecosystem	community and its environment
383342846	biosphere	communities and the ecosystems of the planet
383342847	biotic components	living organisms of ecosystem
383342848	abiotic components	nonliving players in an ecosystem
383342849	biotic potential	maximum growth rate for a population
383342850	carrying capcity	maximum number of individuals that a population can sustain in a given environment
383342851	limiting factors	factors that keep population size in check
383342852	parasitism	one organism benefits at another's expense
383342853	commensalism	one organism benefits while the other is unaffected
383342854	mutualism	both organisms reap benefits from the interaction
383342855	competition	both species are harmed by the interaction
383342856	predation	one species, the predator, hunts the other, the prey
383342857	cryptic coloration	colring scheme that allows organism to blend into colors of environment
383342858	deceptive markings	patterns that cause an animal to appear larger or more dangerous than it really is
383342859	aposematic coloration	warning coloration adopted by animals that posses a chemical defense mechanism
383342860	Batesian mimicry	animal that is harmless copies the apperance of an animal that is dangerous
383342861	Mullerian mimicry	two aposemetrically colored species have similar coloration pattern
383342862	primary succession	occurs in area devoid of life that contains no soil
383342863	secondary succession	occurs in area that once had stable life but was disturbed by major force fire
383342864	desert	driest land biome
383342865	taiga	lengthy cold, wet winters; lots of conifers
383342866	temperate grasslands	most fertile soil of all biomes
383342867	tundra	permafrost, cold winters, short shrubs
383342868	savanna	grasslands, home to herbivores
383342869	deciduous forest	cold winters and warm summers
383342870	tropical forest	great diversity of species in biomes
383342871	water biomes	freshwater and marine biomes
383342872	trophic levels	hierarchy of energy levels on a planet

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Chemistry Reactions Flashcards

A comprehensive overview of reactions that may appear on the AP Chemistry Test

Terms : Hide Images

362400759	Acetic acid reacts with 1-octanol	CH₃COOH + C₈H₁₇OH → CH₃COOC₈H₁₇ + H₂O organic esterification
362400760	1-propanol is added to acetic acid	C₃H₇OH + CH₃COOH → CH₃COOC₃H₇ + H₂O organic esterification
362400761	ethanol and formic acid (HCOOH) are mixed and warmed	HCOOH + C₂H₅OH → HCOOC₂H₅ + H₂O organic esterification
362400762	methanol and acetic acid are mixed	CH₃OH + CH₃COOH → CH₃COOCH₃ + H₂O organic esterification
362400763	chlorine gas is added to methane	Cl₂ + CH₄ → CH₃Cl + H⁺ + Cl⁻ organic substitution
362400764	propane gas is heated with fluorine	C₃H₈ + F₂ → C₃H₇F + HF organic substitution
362400765	bromine gas is added to ethane	C₂H₆ + Br₂ → C₂H₅Br + H⁺ + Br⁻ organic substitution
362400766	fluorine gas is added to pentane	C₅H₁₂ + F₂ → C₅H₁₁F + HF organic substitution
362400767	hydrogen gas is added to 2-butene	C₄H₈ + H₂ → C₄H₁₀ organic addition
362400768	hydrogen gas is added to 2-pentene	C₅H₁₀ + H₂ → C₅H₁₂ organic addition
362400769	propene gas is mixed with bromine vapor	C₃H₆ + Br₂ → C₃H₆Br₂ organic addition
362400770	ethene gas is bubbled through a solution of bromine	C₂H₄ + Br₂ → C₂H₄Br₂ organic addition
362400771	hydrogen gas is added to ethene	C₂H₄ + H₂ → C₂H₆ organic addition
362400772	excess bromine gas is added to ethyne	C₂H₂ + 2 Br₂ → C₂H₂Br₄ organic addition
362400773	aqueous copper II chloride is electrolyzed	Cu⁺² + 2 Cl⁻ → Cu + Cl₂
362400774	aqueous copper II sulfate is electrolyzed	2 Cu⁺² + 2 H₂O → 2 Cu + O₂ + 4 H⁺ electrolysis of a solution
362400775	the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride	2 Cl⁻ + 2 H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2 OH⁻ electrolysis of a solution
362400776	the electrolysis of sodium sulfate	2 H₂O → 2 H₂ + O₂ electrolysis of a solution
362400777	the electrolysis of aqueous potassium fluoride	2 H₂O → 2 H₂ + O₂ electrolysis of a solution
362400778	the electrolysis of aqueous nickel II nitrate	2 Ni⁺² + 2 H₂O → 2 Ni + 4 H⁺ + O₂ electrolysis of a solution
362400779	the electrolysis of aqueous cesium bromide	2 H₂O + 2 Br⁻ → Br₂ + H₂ + 2 OH⁻ electrolysis of a solution
362400780	the electrolysis of aqueous chromium III iodide	2 Cr⁺³ + 6 I⁻ → 3 I₂ + 2 Cr electrolysis of a solution
362400781	the electrolysis of aqueous magnesium sulfide	2 H₂O → 2 H₂ + O₂ electrolysis of a solution
362400782	The electrolysis of aqueous ammonium chloride	2 Cl⁻ + 2 H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2 OH⁻ electrolysis of a solution
362400783	The electrolysis of aqueous gold III acetate	4 Au⁺³ + 6 H₂O → 4 Au + 3 O₂ + 12 H⁺ electrolysis of a solution
362400784	The electrolysis of aqueous cobalt II bromide	Co⁺² + 2 Br⁻ → Co + Br₂ electrolysis of a solution
362400785	molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed	2 NaCl (l) → 2 Na (l) + Cl₂ (g) electrolysis of molten salt
362400786	Molten magnesium oxide is electrolyzed	2 MgO (l) → 2 Mg (l) + O₂ (g) electrolysis of molten salt
362400787	molten calcium fluoride is electrolyzed	CaF₂ (l) → Ca (l) + F₂ (g) electrolysis of molten salt
362400788	molten aluminum oxide is electrolyzed	2 Al₂O₃ → 4 Al + 3 O₂ electrolysis of molten salt
362400789	molten lithium fluoride is electrolyzed	2 LiF → 2 Li + F₂ electrolysis of molten salt
362400790	Copper II chloride solution is combined with an excess of concentrated ammonia solution	Cu⁺² + 4 NH₃ → [Cu(NH₃)₄]⁺² complex ion (excess concentrated ligand added)
362400791	excess sodium cyanide solution is added to a solution of silver nitrate	Ag⁺ + 2 CN⁻ → [Ag(CN)₂]⁻ complex ion (excess ligand added)
362400792	Excess potassium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of aluminum nitrate	Al⁺³ + 6 OH⁻ → [Al(OH)₆]⁻³ complex ion (excess ligand added)
362400793	Excess sodium hydroxide solution is added to a precipitate of aluminum hydroxide	Al(OH)₃ + 3 OH⁻ → [Al(OH)₆]⁻³ complex ion (excess ligand added with insoluble ppt)
362400794	A piece of copper is immersed in dilute nitric acid	3 Cu + 8 H⁺ + 2 NO₃⁻ → 3 Cu⁺² + 2 NO +4 H₂O transition metal and oxyacid (redox)
362400795	A piece of copper is immersed in concentrated sulfuric acid	Cu + 3 H⁺ + HSO₄⁻ → Cu⁺² + SO₂ + 2 H₂O transition metal and oxyacid (redox
362400796	A piece of silver is placed in dilute nitric acid	3 Ag + 4 H⁺ + NO₃⁻ → 3 Ag⁺ + NO + 2 H₂O transition metal an oxyacid (redox)
362400797	A piece of lead is placed in concentrated sulfuric acid	Pb + 3 H⁺ + HSO₄⁻ → Pb⁺² + SO₂ + 2 H₂O transition metal and oxyacid (redox)
362400798	Solid pieces of manganese are placed in a solution of copper II sulfate	Mn + Cu⁺² → Cu + Mn⁺² transition metal and salt
362400799	A piece of solid nickel is placed in a solution of silver nitrate	Ni + 2 Ag⁺ → 2 Ag + Ni⁺² transition metal and salt
362400800	A bar of zinc is immersed in a solution of silver nitrate	Zn + 2 Ag⁺ → 2 Ag + Zn⁺² transition metal and salt
362400801	Iron filings are placed in a solution of iron III sulfate	Fe + 2 Fe⁺³ → 3 Fe⁺² transition metal and salt
362400802	Lead shot is dropped into hot, concentrated sulfuric acid	Pb + 3 H⁺ + HSO₄⁻ → PbSO₄ + SO₂ + 2 H₂O strong acid and metal (exception)
362400803	Solid copper shavings are added to concentrated nitric acid	3 Cu + 8 H⁺ + 2 NO₃⁻ → 3 Cu⁺² + 2 NO + 4 H₂O strong acid and metal (exception)
362400804	A piece of magnesium was dropped into a beaker of 6 M hydrochloric acid	2 H⁺ + Mg → H₂ + Mg⁺² strong acid and metal
362400805	calcium metal is dropped into a beaker of nitric acid	Ca + 2 H⁺ → H₂ + Ca⁺² strong acid and metal
362400806	Into a beaker of sulfuric acid is placed a piece of zinc	Zn + 2 H⁺ → H₂ + Zn⁺² strong acid and metal
362400807	A piece of strontium is dropped into a beaker of perchloric acid	Sr + 2 H⁺ → H₂ + Sr⁺² strong acid and metal
362400808	Pieces of barium are added to a container of nitric acid	Ba + 2 H⁺ → Ba⁺² + H₂ strong acid and metal
362400809	sodium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of ammonium nitrate	OH⁻ + NH₄⁺ → H₂O + NH₃ strong base and acid salt
362400810	solutions of potassium hydroxide and ammonium chloride are mixed	OH⁻ + NH₄⁺ → H₂O + NH₃ strong base and acid salt
362400811	solid ammonium chloride is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide	OH⁻ + NH₄⁺ → H₂O + NH₃ strong base and acid salt
362400812	a solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a potassium hydroxide solution	OH⁻ + NH₄⁺ → H₂O + NH₃ strong base and acid salt
362400813	excess hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium sulfide	2 H⁺ + S⁻² → H₂S strong acid and basic salt
362400814	solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate are mixed	H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ → H₂CO₃ strong acid and basic salt
362400815	Dilute nitric acid is added to a solution of potassium fluoride	H⁺ + F⁻ → HF strong acid and basic salt
362400816	sodium acetate solution is mixed with excess hydrochloric acid	H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻ → CH₃COOH strong acid and basic salt
362400817	perchloric acid is added dropwise to a solution of sodium sulfite	2 H⁺ + SO₃⁻² → H₂SO₃ strong acid and basic salt
362400818	sulfur trioxide gas is bubbled through water	SO₃ + H₂O → H⁺ + HSO₄⁻ nonmetallic oxide
362400819	sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled through water	SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃ nonmetallic oxide
362400820	solid tetraphosphorus decaoxide is dropped into a beaker of water	P₄O₁₀ + 6 H₂O → 4 H₃PO₄ nonmetallic oxide
362400821	carbon dioxide gas is pumped into water	CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ nonmetallic oxide
362400822	pellets of dinitrogen pentoxide are dropped in a beaker of water	N₂O₅ + H₂O → 2 H⁺ + 2 NO₃⁻ nonmetallic oxide
362400823	solid barium oxide is added to distilled water	BaO + H₂O → Ba(OH)₂ metallic oxide in water
362400824	solid lithium oxide is dropped into a beaker of water	Li₂O + H₂O → 2 LiOH metallic oxide in water
362400825	powdered magnesium oxide is added to a beaker of water	MgO + H₂O → Mg(OH)₂ metallic oxide in water
362400826	sodium oxide is submersed in water	Na₂O + H₂O → 2 Na⁺ + 2 OH⁻ metallic oxide in water
362400827	Solutions of acetic acid and ammonia are mixed	CH₃COOH + NH₃ → CH₃COO⁻ + NH₄⁺ weak acid and weak base
362400828	Solutions of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and analine (C₆H₅NH₂) are mixed	HCN + C₆H₅NH₂ → CN⁻ + C₆H₅NH₃⁺ weak acid and weak base
362400829	Formic acid (HCOOH) is added dropwise to a solution of ethylamine (C₂H₅NH₂)	HCOOH + C₂H₅NH₂ → COOH⁻ + C₂H₅NH₃⁺ weak acid and weak base
362400830	hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is added dropwise to hydroxylamine (HONH₂) solution	HOCl + HONH₂ → OCl⁻ + HONH₃⁺ weak acid and weak base
362400831	A solution of hydrofluoric acid is added to a solution of pyridine (C₅H₅N)	HF + C₅H₅N → F⁻ + C₅H₆N⁺ weak acid and weak base
362400832	A solution of acetic acid is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide	OH⁻ + CH₃COOH → H₂O + CH₃COO⁻ weak acid and strong base
362400833	Solutions of hydrofluoric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed	OH⁻ + HF → H₂O ⁺ F⁻ weak acid and strong base
362400834	Formic acid (HCOOH) is added dropwise to calcium hydroxide	OH⁻ + HCOOH → H₂O + COOH⁻ weak acid and strong base
362400835	a solution of acetic acid is added to a solution of lithium hydroxide	CH₃COOH + OH⁻ → H₂O + CH₃COO⁻ weak acid and strong base
362400836	Solutions of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and sodium hydroxide are mixed	HCN + OH⁻ → H₂O + CN⁻
362400837	solutions of nitric acid and ammonia are mixed	H⁺ + NH₃ → NH₄⁺ Strong acid and weak base
362400838	a solution of hydroxylamine (HONH₂) is added to a solution of perchloric acid	H⁺ + HONH₂ → HONH₃⁺ strong acid and weak base
362400839	solutions of pyridine (C₅H₅N) and hydrochloric acid are mixed	H⁺ + C₅H₅N → C₅H₆N⁺ strong acid and weak base
362400840	An analine (C₆H₅NH₂) is added to a solution of nitric acid	H⁺ + C₆H₅NH₂ → C₆H₅NH₃⁺ strong acid and weak base
362400841	ethylamine (C₂H₅NH₂) is added dropwise to a solution of periodic acid	H⁺ + C₂H₅NH₂ → C₂H₅NH₃⁺
362400842	hydrobromic acid is added dropwise to an ammonia solution	H⁺ + NH₃ → NH₄⁺
362400843	equal volumes of equimolar solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide are mixed	H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
362400844	solutions of hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed	H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
362400845	hydrobromic acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide	H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
362400846	equal volumes of equimolar solutions of sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed	H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
362400847	solid calcium hydride is added to water	CaH₂ + 2 H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + 2 H₂ metal hydride in water
362400848	solid lithium hydride is added to water	LiH + H₂O → Li⁺ + OH⁻ + H₂ metal hydride in water
362400849	distilled water is added to a sample of solid sodium hydride	NaH + H₂O → Na⁺ + OH⁻ + H₂ metal hydride in water
362400850	solid potassium hydride is added to water	KH + H₂O → K⁺ + OH⁻ + H₂ metal hydride in water
362400851	Distilled water is added to a sample of solid magnesium hydride	MgH₂ + 2 H₂O → Mg(OH)₂ + 2 H₂ metal hydride in water
362400852	A piece of sodium is added to distilled water	2 Na + 2 H₂O → 2 Na⁺ + 2 OH⁻ + H₂ alkali metal and water
362400853	A piece of calcium is dropped into a beaker of water	Ca + 2 H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + H₂ alkali earth metal and water
362400854	A piece of potassium is dropped into a beaker of water	2 K + 2 H₂O → 2 K⁺ + 2 OH⁻ + H₂ alkai metal and water
362400855	A piece of barium is dropped into water	Ba + H₂O → Ba(OH)₂ + H₂O alkali earth metal and water
362400856	A chunk of lithium is added to water	2 Li + 2 H₂O → 2 Li⁺ + 2 OH⁻ + H₂ alkali metal and water
362400857	A solution of tin II chloride is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate	5 Sn⁺² + 2 MnO₄⁻ + 16 H⁺ → 5 Sn⁺⁴ + 2 Mn⁺² +8 H₂O complex redox
362400858	A solution of potassium iodide is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate	6 I⁻ + 14 H⁺ + Cr₂O₇⁻² → 3 I₂ + 2 Cr⁺³ + 7H₂O complex redox
362400859	Potassium permanganate solution is added to a concentrated hydrochloric acid	16 H⁺ + 2 MnO₄ + 10 Cl⁻ → 2 Mn⁺² + 8 H₂O + 5 Cl₂ complex redox
362400860	Potassium dichromate solution is added to an acidified solution of sodium sulfite	8 H⁺ + Cr₂O₇⁻² + 3 SO₃⁻² → 2 Cr⁺³ + 3 SO₄⁻² + 4H₂O complex redox
362400861	manganese IV oxide is added to warm, concentrated hydrobromic acid	4H⁺ + MnO₂ + 2 Br⁻ → Mn⁺² + Br₂ + 2 H₂O complex redox
362400862	Solid silver is added to a dilute (6M) nitric acid solution	3 H⁺ + HNO₃ + 3 Ag → 3 Ag⁺ NO + 2 H₂O complex redox
362400863	Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled through an acidified solution of potassium permanganate	2 H₂O + 5 SO₂ + 2 MnO₄⁻ → 5 SO₄⁻² 4 H⁺ + 2 Mn⁺² complex redox
362400864	A solution of tin II ions is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate	3 Sn⁺² + 14 H⁺ + Cr₂O₇⁻² → 3 Sn ⁺⁴ + 2 Cr⁺³ + 7 H₂O complex redox
362400865	A solution of potassium iodide is added to fluorine	2 I⁻ + F₂ → 2 F⁻ + I₂ simple redox
362400866	chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution of potassium bromide	Cl₂ + 2 Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2 Cl⁻ simple redox
362400867	magnesium powder is added to a solution of copper II chloride	Mg + Cu⁺² → Cu + Mg⁺² simple redox
362400868	silver nitrate and aluminum are mixed	3 Ag⁺ + Al → Al⁺³ + 3 Ag simple redox
362400869	A solution of sodium chloride and fluorine water are mixed	2 Cl⁻ + F₂ → 2 F⁻ + Cl₂ simple redox
362400870	solid zinc turnings are added to a solution of lead IV nitrate	Pb⁺⁴ + 2 Zn → 2 Zn⁺² + Pb simple redox
362400871	solutions of calcium nitrate and sodium sulfate are mixed	Ca⁺² + SO₄⁻² → CaSO₄ insoluble salt
362400872	a solution of copper I chloride is added to a solution of sodium sulfide	2 Cu⁺ + S⁻² → Cu₂S insoluble salt
362400873	Solutions of manganese II sulfate and ammonium sulfide are mixed	Mn⁺² + S⁻² → MnS insoluble salt
362400874	Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chromate are mixed	2 Ag⁺ + CrO₄⁻² → Ag₂CrO₄ insoluble salt
362400875	A solution of barium nitrate and sodium hydroxide are mixed	Ba⁺² + 2 OH⁻ → Ba(OH)₂ insoluble salt
362400876	Solutions of calcium chloride and sodium sulfate are mixed	Ca⁺² + SO₄⁻² → CaSO₄ insoluble salt
362400877	A solution of potassium sulfide and nickel II nitrate are mixed	Ni⁺² + S⁻² → NiS insoluble salt
362400878	hexane is burned	2 C₆H₁₄ + 13 O₂ → 12 CO₂ + 14 H₂O combustion
362400879	a solid piece of copper is heated strongly in oxygen	2 Cu + O₂ → 2 CuO combustion
362400880	butanol is burned in air	C₄H₉OH + 6 O₂ → 4 CO₂ + 5 H₂O combustion
362400881	Lithium is burned in air	4 Li + O₂ → 2 Li₂O combustion
362400882	sodium is burned	4 Na + O₂ → 2 Na₂O combustion, synthesis
362400883	methane is burned	CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O combustion
362400884	Aluminum is burned in air	4 Al + 3 O₂ → 2 Al₂O₃ combustion
362400885	A solution of hydrogen peroxide is placed under a bright light	2 H₂O₂ → 2 H₂O + O₂ decomposition
362400886	water is decomposed	2 H₂O → 2 H₂ + O₂ decomposition
362400887	solid calcium carbonate is heated	CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ decomposition
362400888	a piece of solid potassium nitrate is heated	2KNO₃ → 2 KNO₂ + O₂ decomposition
362400889	magnesium nitrate is heated	MgCO₃ → MgO + CO₂ decomposition
362400890	solid calcium sulfite is heated	CaSO₃ → CaO + SO₂ decomposition
362400891	solid potassium chlorate is heated	2 KClO₃ → 2 KCl + 3O₂ decomposition
362400892	Aluminum chloride is electrolyzed	2 AlCl₃ → 2 Al + 3 Cl₂ decomposition
362400893	sodium is burned	4 Na + 2 O₂ → 2 Na₂O synthesis
362400894	magnesium is heated in a container of nitrogen gas	3 Mg + N₂ → Mg₃N₂ synthesis
362400895	a piece of calcium is put into a container of oxygen gas	2 Ca + O₂ → 2 CaO synthesis
362400896	a piece of aluminum is dropped into a beaker of fluorine	2 Al + 3 F₂ → 2 AlF₃ synthesis
362400897	hydrogen gas an oxygen gas are mixed	2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O synthesis
362400898	a piece of lithium metal is dropped into a container of nitrogen gas	6 Li + N₂ → 2 Li₃N synthesis
362400899	solid zinc is heated in chlorine gas	Zn + Cl₂ → ZnCl₂ synthesis
362400900	solid potassium is dropped into a beaker of oxygen	4 K + O₂ → 2 K₂O synthesis

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Chemistry Polyatomic ions Flashcards

AP Chemistry set of polyatomic ions necessary to know

Terms : Hide Images

855661413	Ammonium	NH₄¹⁺
855661414	Acetate	CH₃COO¹⁻ or C₂H₃O₂
855661415	Bicarbonate or hydrogen Carbonate	HCO₃¹⁻
855661416	Carbonate	CO₃²⁻
855661417	Chromate	CrO₄²⁻
855661418	Dichromate	Cr₂O₇²⁻
855661419	Perchlorate	ClO₄⁻
855661420	Chlorate	ClO₃⁻
855661421	Chlorite	ClO₂⁻
855661422	Hypochlorite	ClO⁻
855661423	Bromate	BrO₃⁻
855661424	Iodate	IO₃⁻
855661425	Hydroxide	OH⁻
855661426	Cyanide	CN⁻
855661427	Thiocyanate	SCN¹⁻
855661428	Nitrate	NO₃⁻
855661429	Nitrite	NO₂⁻
855661430	Sulfate	SO₄²⁻
855661431	Sulfite	SO₃²⁻
855661432	Phosphate	PO₄³⁻
855661433	Phosphite	PO₃³⁻
855661434	Oxalate	C₂O₄²⁻
855661435	Permanganate	MnO₄⁻
855661436	Selenate	SeO₄²⁻
855661437	Silicate	SiO₃²⁻

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

Brinkley Chapter 25 APUSH Flashcards

transport in plants and animals Flashcards

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

Campbell 7th Ed. Chapter 43 The Immune System Flashcards

Campbell AP Biology | Ch. 25 The History of Life Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 16 Vocabulary Flashcards

Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 10 Flashcards

AP Biology Exam Terms Flashcards

AP Chemistry Reactions Flashcards

AP Chemistry Polyatomic ions Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org