| CourseNotes

A.P. American History: American Moves to the City Flashcards

1207036085	megalopolis	The term given to the new cities of America that were divided into districts and had had many adjacent metropolis's in close proximity
1207036086	settlement house	Modeled after Jane Addam's Hull House, these houses worked to help immigrants assimilate into society, and also served as centres for women's activism and social reform
1207036087	new immigration	The immigration of southern and eastern Europeans, instead of the traditional western and northern Europeans. These immigrants were generally less literate and skilled as the traditional immigrants
1207036088	social gospel	A movement that applied Christian ethics and morals, in hope of fixing the problems of society
1207036089	nativism	The idea that originated in the 1840s, but was reinvigorated in the 1880s believing that Immigrants were culturally and religiously exotic hordes.Believed that the anglosaxon race would be outbred and outvoted with the rise of immigrants.
1207036090	evolution	The idea that higher forms of life developed from lower forms of life, and that the strong prevailed and the weak perished.
1207036091	pragmatism	A book by William James that described how America's greatest contribution to the history of philosophy, that the truth of an idea was to be tested, above all, by its practical consequences.
1207036092	talented tenth	The blacks that W E B Du Bois demanded be allowed into the mainstream of American life.
1207036093	land-grant colleges	Colleges that came from land grants, and aimed at providing certain services.
1207036094	yellow journalism	The name given to Joseph Pulitzer's journals, because of the frequent use of the "Yellow Kid"
1207036095	paperbacks	The nickname given to dime novel's that were read by the youth of America, and depicted the wildness of the west.
1207036096	new morality	The change of morality in America that made divorce more common, and sexual purity less common
1207036097	Macy's Marshall Fields	Department stores that arose in the cities that eliminated the rural lifestyle (in the middle classes) of patching clothes over and over to preserve them as long as they could
1207036099	American Fever	The idea of many Europeans that American was the land of opportunity where they could flourish.
1207036100	Hull House	Started by Jane Addams. It helped immigrants with learning English, child-care, cultural activities.
1207036101	The Origin of Species	Charles Darwin's book that hypothesized that higher forms of life evolved from lower forms of life
1207036102	American Protective Ass.	Revival of the Know-Nothings, this association urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office. Largely backed by organised labour because it helped keep immigrants from taking jobs
1207036103	Salvation Army	A religious denomination that came from England that helped people greatly in America
1207036104	Christian Science	Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. Started by Mary Baker Eddy
1207036105	Chautauqua movement	A movement that gave nationwide public lectures in hope of spreading education to the adults of the country
1207036106	NAACP	An association founded by W E B Du Bois that aimed at complete equality for blacks.
1207036107	Morrill Act	Granted public lands to states for the building of schools
1207036108	Progress and Poverty	Henry George's book that stated the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values, showering unearned profits on owners of land. He believed that a 100 percent tax on these profits would eliminate unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth.
1207036109	Comstock Law	Law's that were designed by Anthony Comstock that aimed at confiscating anything against sexual purity
1207036110	Women's Christian Temperance movement	A movement started that women that aimed at prohibition
1207036111	"Richardsonian"	an ornamental style that included high-vaulted arches, and was started by Louis Sullivan, H. Richardson.

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Final Exam Review Sheet US history 2 NPHS Flashcards

Newbury Park high school US history grade 11 CP history final section 2. ww 2 to present

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596173156	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
596173157	Marshall Plan	a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
596173158	Berlin Wall	In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.
596173159	McCarthyism	The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
596173160	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
596173161	Korean War	The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
596173162	Vietnam War	A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
596173163	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
596173164	Tet Offensive	1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
596173165	My Lai Massacre	1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.
596173166	Vietnamization	President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
596173167	Warsaw Pact	treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
596173168	Sputnik	a Russian artificial satellite
596173169	Bay of Pigs	In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.
596173170	Cuban Missile Crisis	the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba
596173171	McCarthyism	unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty (as by saying they were Communists)
596173172	Baby boom	the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II
596173173	Space race	a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union
596173174	Brown vs. Board of Education	1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
596173176	Montgomery Bus Boycott	In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
596173177	Rosa Park	An African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S. Congress called "the first lady of civil rights", and "the mother of the freedom movement".
596173178	Martin Luther King	one of the main leaders of the American civil rights movement, a political activist, a Baptist minister, and was one of America's greatest orators. In 1964, King became the youngest man to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (for his work as a peacemaker, promoting nonviolence and equal treatment for different races). On April 4, 1968, King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
596173179	Nonviolence/ Civil disobedience	Disobeying laws that do not make sense, and not using violence, but peace.
596173180	1963 March on Washington	was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march.
596173181	Civil Rights Act of 1964	This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
596173182	Voting Rights Act of 1965	a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.
596173183	Malcom X	spread ideas of black nationalism. disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement. minister of the nation of isam. rejected his original name because it was his family's slave name
596173184	Warren Commission	Commission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assasination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren.
596173154	Domino Theory	the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
596173185	Woodstock	3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field
596173186	Lyndon Johnson	36th President of the United States
596173187	Great Society	President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
596173188	Cesar Chavez	Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions
596173189	Richard Nixon	Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States
596173190	Gerald Ford	Took office after the resignation of Richard Nixon, he declared, "Our long national nightmare is over."
596173191	Jimmy Carter	The 39th President who created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.
596173192	OPEC Oil Crisis	Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; When prise of oil per barrel kept going up.
596173193	Camp David Accords	A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel
596173194	Watergate	a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice
596173195	Detente	relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China
596173196	Iranian Hostage crisis	In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.
596173197	Roe vs. Wade	the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.
596173198	Ronald Regan	the president of the US at the end of the cold war who encouraged Americans to mistrust communists
596173199	Iran-Contra Scandal	Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.
596173200	Berlin Wall	In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.
596187716	herbert hoover	Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.
596187717	speculation	risky buying and selling of stocks in the hope of making a quick profit
596187718	stock market crash	Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.
596187719	great depression	the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.
596187720	Bonus Army	Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash
596187721	FDR	Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms
596187722	Eleanor Roosevelt	FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
596187723	New Deal	President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.
596187724	criticisms of the new deal	The New Deal faced criticism from conservatives for its large use of deficit spending, control of business, and socialization of the economy. It was attacked by liberals for not doing enough to help poor fix the economy, and being in favor of big business.
596187725	releif,recovery, reform	The three R's for poor, the economy, and keep the bank crisis for not happening again.
596187726	FDIC	a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions
596187727	TVA	(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.
596187728	CCC	Civilian Conservation Corps. It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.
596187729	Social Security	An act passed in 1935 gave government-payed pensions to American citizens over the age 65 as well as provided help for the unemployed, the disabled, and the needy.
596187730	collective bargaining	Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract
596187731	Dust Bowl	Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
596187732	Okies	the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma
596187733	John Steinbeck	American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.
596187734	packing the Supreme Court	What FDR was most criticized for; He wanted more of his programs to be approved so he tried to increase the number of justice and tried to make them retire by a certain age so that he could replace the more conservative and older justices with younger and more liberal ones.
596187735	Francis Perkins	Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.
596187736	Allies	In World War I, Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain; in World War II, the alliance of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations
596187737	Axis powers	Germany, Japan, Italy
596187738	September 1,1939	Date WWII began with German invasion of Poland
596187739	Neutrality Laws	passed 1935-1937 to guard against conditions that might drag U.S. into future conflicts "Can't loan $ to nations @ war, nor sell weapons"
596187740	Lend-lease program	Act of 1941 that permitted the US to led or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying an increasing likelihood of American involvement in WWII
596187741	December 7,1941	Japanese attack on pearl harbor
596187742	Four Freedoms	Declared by President FDR; 1. Freedom of speech and expression; 2. Freedom of every person to worship in his own way; 3. Freedom from want; 4. Freedom from fear
596187743	second front	the invasion of western Europe by the U.S ,British, and French in 1944. This invasion was to take presure off the Russians and divide the Germans. It was established by the D-Day Invasion.
596187744	D-Day	June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
596187745	Holocaust	the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
596187746	island hopping	the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.
596187747	Japanese internment	Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.
596173153	Iron Curtain	a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
596187748	Issei and Nissei	Both Japanese words. Issei are the japanese people first to immigrate and Nissei are the japanese born in a new country (America)
596187749	Manhattan Project	code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
596187750	Hiroshima and Nagasaki	nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
596187751	Rosie the riveter	Symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war
596187752	Zoot suit riots	A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.
596187753	A. Phillip Randolph	started the brotherhood of sleeping car porters he was a leader of civil rights movement
596173152	Containment	(military) the act of containing something or someone
596201890	Cold war	A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
596201891	George Kennan	He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.
596201892	Huac	The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda,
596201893	Alger Hiss	state department offical. was accused of giving secret government documents to the Soviets
596201894	The Rosenbergs	Liberal Jews who were prosecuted in the 1950's over accused spying for the Soviets. Were convicted and senteced to death, and killed in 1953
596173155	United Nations	International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
596201895	Douglass MacArthur	American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation governemnt of Japan after the War; commanded UN forces during the Korean War
596201896	GI bill of rights	Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business
596201897	Suburban Lifestyle	1) elementary schools, high schools, education for children 2) cookie cut-out houses: spacious, garden 3) franchises like McDonalds
596201898	Billy Graham	One of the most popular evangelical ministers of the era. Star of the first televised "crusades" for religious revival. He believed that all doubts about the literal interpretation of the bible were traps set by Satan. He supported Republicans and a large increase to money in the military.
596201899	Alan Freed	A downtown cleveland Ohio radio disk jockey, won permission to play African American rythym and blues records on air
596201900	NASA	National Aeronautic and Space Administration - a US government agency in charge of the space program
596201901	Dr. Jonas Salk	Developed polio vaccine
596201902	Election of 1960	Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised charisma) won over Nixon (pale and nervous)
596201903	Berlin Wall	a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West
596201904	Peace Corp	volunteer orginization created by JFK for aiding 3rd world nations
596201905	Lee Harvey Oswald	United States assassin of President John F. Kennedy (1939-1963)
596201906	Jack Ruby	killed Lee Harvey Oswald
596201907	Warren Court	time when Earl Warren led the Supreme Court and controversial decisions were made expanding civil rights
596201908	Thurgood Marshall	first African American Supreme Court Justice
596201909	Little Rock	City in which 9 African-American students were integrated into a previousl all white high school in 1957.
596201910	civil disobedience	a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)
596201911	Freedom Summer	In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
596201912	Selma	Beginning city of a march led by MLK demanding voting rights. Was met with violence on national TV.
596201913	Medgar Evers	Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
596201914	Stokely Carmichael	head of the SNCC making a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization
596201915	Black Panther Party	A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.
596201916	Betty Friedan	1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".
596201917	NOW	National Organization For Women
596201918	ERA	Equal Rights Amendment
596201919	Phyllis Schafly	She promoted the Stop ERA campaign because she thought that the Equal rights Amendment would ruin the traditional family.
596201920	A.I.M.	American Indian Movement - Minneapolis, 1968 - Intent: Native American Pride and Self-Defense; Trribes from all over country come to this visit;
596201921	UFW	"United Farm Workers" - organization of Mexican field hands, gained rights for migrant farm workers
596201922	Ralph Nader	Consumer rights activist who in the 60s and 70s attacked corporate Americas unsafe products. Wrote book about the auto industry called Unsafe at Any Speed
596201923	Earth Day	A day created in 1970 about celebrating and caring for the Earth
596201924	counter culture	a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture
596201925	Timothy Leary	United States psychologist who experimented with psychoactive drugs (including LSD) and became a well-known advocate of their use (1920-1996)
596201926	Ho CHi Minh	Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)
596201927	Ngo Dinh Diem	South Vietnamese president that was catholic and strongly opposed communism. His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom
596201928	William Westmoreland	American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968
596201929	Pentagon Papers	Secret government documents published In 1971; revealed that the U.S. government had misled Americans about the Vietnam War.
596201930	Bobby Kennedy	He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after a victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.
596201931	Henry Kissinger	Secretary of State, supported realpolitik, appointed by Nixon as his national Secretary advisor, engaged shuttle diplomacy
596201932	SDS	a student organization that opposed the war in vietnam and held marches
596201933	Kent state	Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles
596201934	Silent Majority	that group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who do their job, respect their country and support gov.; Nixon wants their votes in 1968 and 1972
596201935	southern strategy	Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party
596201936	realpolitik	politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
596201937	CRP	Committee for the re-election of the president headed by John Mitchell. Handled everything to get Nixon re-elected including hiring "plumbers".
596201938	enemies list	people Nixon had something against or had done something to him
596201939	plumbers	people whose job it was to stop leaks of what Nixon was trying to achieve from being let out of the White House
596201940	stagflation	During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.
596201941	Panama Canal Treaties	Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.
596201942	Reaganomics	1980s; Reagan's economic program which cut taxes and government regulation in order to increase productivity, nd eventully increase tax revenue as cash flowed in the economy
596201943	Sandra Day O'connor	first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan
596201944	Star wars	President Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space.
596201945	George Bush	43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001
596201946	Fall of the berlin wall	1989 - Beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union - symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism
596201947	Operation Desert Storm	the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

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Chapter 5 Zumdahl Gases Quiz 1 Flashcards

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251030551	uniformly fills any container	gas
251030552	Gas exerts pressure on its	surroundings
251030553	atomospheric pressure results from the pull of	gravity on the air
251030554	atmospheric pressure actually measures	air's weight
251030555	what device mesaures atmospheric pressure	barometer
251030556	pressure is equal to..	force/unit area
251030557	1 atm is	760 torrs
251030558	PV=K	Boyle's law
251030559	As pressure goes up	volume goes down
251030560	Boyle's law is only true at	constant temperature
251030561	V=bt	Charle's law
251030562	A gas law that strictly obeys boyle's law is called	an ideal gas
251030563	Charles law is only true if	the pressure is constant
251030564	Avogadro's Law says..	the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles
251030565	ideal gas law	PV=nRT

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Out of Many- The Greatest Generation: America and World War II (Chapter 25) Flashcards

This covers IDs from the Out of Many textbook.

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687482623	America First Committee	Committee which defended right to avoid intervention; some were pro-Nazi Germany
687482624	Election of 1940	Roosevelt was the Democratic Candidate and defeated Republican Wendell Willkie; Roosevelt thus became the first President to serve more than two terms
687482625	"Arsenal of Democracy"	FDR's term for used to persuade people to produce war material locally
687482626	Pearl Harbor	A Naval Base in Oahu, Hawaii. Attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy on December 7th, 1941, leading to the US declaring war on Japan.
687482627	War Powers Act	Federal government was reorganized to create agencies to establish programs censoring news and information, curtailing civil liberties.
687482628	National War Labor Board	Mediated disputes between labor and government
687482629	Office of Price Administration	Checked the threat of inflation by imposing price controls.
687482630	Office of War Mobilization	Coordinated operations among all the government agencies, private industries, and military
687482631	Office of War Information	Made information available to press, radio, and film industry
687482632	Office of Strategic Services	Made by Joint Chiefs of Staff, and assessed the enemy's military strength, forerunner to CIA
687482633	War Production Board	Exercised general responsibility for finances and work
687482634	"Rosie the Riveter"	Mascot of the "We Can Do It!" Poster. Named for factory worker Rose Will Monroe, encouraged Americans, especially women, to work
687482635	"Double V" Campaign	Term used by African Americans to achieve both an Allied Victory and equal civil rights
687482636	Executive Order 9906	Order which allowed internment of Japanese Americans on West Coast
687482637	Korematsu vs. US	Court case against Japanese-American Internment in 1944 when Korematsu tried to sue, but was unsuccessful.
687482638	Executive Order 8802	Order which banned discrimination in defense industries & government
687482639	A. Philip Randolph	President of BSCP and NNC; an African American who mobilized against discrimination
687482640	CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)	Civil rights organizations formed by pacifists against Jim Crow laws
687482641	Zoot Suit Riots	Massive assaults led by sailors against Mexican Americans wearing zoot suits on 6/4/1943
687482642	D-Day	Allied Invasion of Normandy Beach in Vichy France, and also called Operation Overlord, Dwight D. Eisenhower (USA) and Bernard Montgomery (UK) had 250,000+ allied soldiers invade Normandy, France, and spread across Western Europe to liberate Axis-held countries, 1944.
687482643	Yalta and Potsdam Meetings	Meetings held by the leaders of the US, UK, and USSR Yalta: 2/45, met to discuss future of Eastern Europe, agreed that USSR would fight Japan once Germany fell and that the UN would be created Potsdam: Meeting where ideas from Yalta were discussed for implication, Truman was present as FDR had died
687482644	Manhattan Project	Project to build the two nuclear bombs, the first, and so far, only examples of nuclear weapons used in warfare. Absolutely covert.
687482645	Election of 1944	Roosevelt was the Democratic Candidate and defeated Republican Thomas Dewey. However, Roosevelt died just three months into his term, and Truman became President.
687482646	Winston Churchill	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the British Empire as whole from 1940-45 before being replaced by Clement Attlee. Again PM from 1951-55.

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Cell Cycle : advanced notes Flashcards

Chapter 12
Cell Division / Mitosis
Vocabulary: gene, cell division, chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, mitotic phase, interphase, centrosome, aster, kinetochore, cleavage furrow, cell plate, mitotic spindle, binary fission, transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define gene as it relates to the genetic material in a cell.
2. Describe the composition of the genetic material in bacteria, in archaea, and in eukaryotic cells.
3. State the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Distinguish between the structure of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
5. Distinguish between the function of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
6. Relating to eukaryotic cells:
a. Describe the centromere region in the genetic material.
b. State the role of cohesins in duplicated genetic material.
c. Describe the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome.
d. State the role of the kinetochores on the chromatids at the centromere of a duplicated
chromosome.
e. Describe spindle fibers and state their role in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
f. Describe the role of centrosomes in the formation of the spindle apparatus.
g. Distinguish between a gene and an allele.
h. Describe homologous chromosomes.
i. Distinguish between an individual's genome and karyotype.
j. State the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells and in human diploid cells.
k. State which cells in humans are haploid, which cells are diploid, and which cells are neither.
7. State the two major parts of the cell cycle.
8. Describe the differences of growth characteristics between a cancerous (transformed) cell and a normal cell.
8. Relating to the prokaryotic cell cycle:
a. State the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell.
b.

Terms : Hide Images

1277081672	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell
1277081673	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.
1277081674	What are the five stages of mitosis?	PPMAT Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
1277081675	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.
1277081676	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
1277081677	Metaphase	The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.
1277081678	Anaphase	The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.
1277081679	Telophase	The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.
1277081680	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.
1277081681	Concept 12.1 Most Cell Division results in genetically identical daughter cells	...
1277081682	Cell Division	The reproduction of cells
1277081683	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence
1277081684	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
1277081685	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope
1277081686	Somatic Cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.
1277081687	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
1277081688	Sister Chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II
1277081689	Centromere	In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)
1277081690	How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?	2
1277081691	12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle	...
1277081692	mitotic (M) phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
1277081693	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.
1277081694	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.
1277081695	Transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer
1277081696	anchorage dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.
1277081697	aster	A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.
1277081698	benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.
1277081699	binary fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.
1277081700	cleavage	(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.
1277081701	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
1277081702	growth factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
1277081703	kinetochore	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
1277081704	malignant tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.
1277081705	Metaphase plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.
1277081706	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.
1277081707	MPF	Maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.
1277081708	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
1277081709	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.
1277081710	transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.
1277081711	Word Roots: ana-	up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell)
1277081712	Word Roots: bi-	two (binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell divides in half)
1277081713	Word Roots: centro-	= the center;
1277081714	Word Roots: chroma-	= colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that form eukaryotic chromosomes)
1277081715	Word Roots: cyclo-	a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically)
1277081716	Word Roots: cyto-	= cell;
1277081717	Word Roots: -kinet	= move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm)
1277081718	Word Roots: gamet-	= a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell)
1277081719	Word Roots: gen-	= produce (genome: a cell's endowment of DNA)
1277081720	Word Roots: inter-	= between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions)
1277081721	Word Roots: mal-	= bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs)
1277081722	Word Roots: meio-	= less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)
1277081723	Word Roots: meta-	between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate)
1277081724	Word Roots: mito-	a thread (mitosis: the division of the nucleus)
1277081725	Word Roots: pro-	before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing)
1277081726	Word Roots: soma-	body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules)
1277081727	Word Roots: telos-	= an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun)
1277081728	Word Roots: trans-	= across; -form shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell)
1277081729	Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis. a plant cell in metaphase. an animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle. a bacterial cell dividing. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis.	a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis.
1277081730	Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of micro-tubules, its effectiveness must be related to inhibition of DNA synthesis. suppression of cyclin production. inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation. disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	disruption of mitotic spindle formation.
1277081731	One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition. are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle. are unable to synthesize DNA. continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. are always in the M phase of the cell cycle.	continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.
1277081732	The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to decreased synthesis of Cdk. the accumulation of cyclin. the destruction of the protein kinase Cdk. the degradation of cyclin. synthesis of DNA.	the degradation of cyclin.
1277081733	In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytoki-nesis. This will result in cells with more than one nucleus. cells lacking nuclei. cells that are unusually small. destruction of chromosomes. cell cycles lacking an S phase.	cells with more than one nucleus.
1277081734	Which of the following does not occur during mitosis? condensation of the chromosomes spindle formation separation of the spindle poles separation of sister chromatids replication of the DNA	replication of the DNA
1277081735	A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in prophase. metaphase. G1. anaphase. G2.	G1.
1277081736	The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? cell elongation during anaphase spindle formation spindle attachment to kinetochores cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis DNA synthesis	cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis
1277081737	asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.
1277081738	How does Mitosis work?	Mitosis makes it possible for organisms to reproduce asexually, by producing cells that carry the same genes as the parent cells. Note that all the chromosomes of the parent cell are replicated and passed on to the offspring cells. An offspring is literally a "chip off the old block" since its cells are genetically identical to those of the parent.
1277081739	What is the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?	Sexual reproduction produces greater genetic variation than asexual reproduction. Each offspring inherits a particular combination of genes from two parents; so many combinations are possible that each offspring is essentially unique, differing from its siblings and both parents.
1277081740	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.
1277081741	diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
1277081742	haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
1277081743	Meiosis	Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.
1277081744	What happens in Meiosis I?	In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up, and each pair separates, producing two haploid cells with their sister chromatids still joined.
1277081745	What happens in Meiosis II?	Meiosis II is like mitosis; sister chromatids separate and four haploid cells are formed. Note that each has half the chromosomes of the parent cell. These cells differ genetically from each other and from the cells of the parents.
1277081746	What happens in Interphase?	During the interphase prior to meiosis, chromosomes replicate.
1277081747	What is Mitosis?	Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells
1277081748	What are the three roles of Mitosis?	Growth Asexual Reproduction Replacement
1277081749	What are the 7 Phases of the Cell Cycle?	Interphase -S- Phase -G2 Phase Mitotic Phase -Mitosis -Cytokinesis G1
1277081750	What happens in the mitotic phase?	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.
1277081751	What happens in the S Phase?	DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.
1277081752	What happens during Interphase?	Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.
1277081753	What happens during mitosis?	This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.
1277081754	What happens during G2?	This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.
1277081755	What happens during G1?	This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.
1277081756	What happens during cytokinesis?	This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.
1277081757	Of what two processes does cell division consist of?	Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes— is divided into five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm splits to form two separate daughter cells.
1277081758	What happens during prophase?	1. The nucleoli disappear 2. Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes. 3. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. 4. Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.
1277081759	What happens during prometaphase?	1. The nuclear envelope breaks into fragments. 2. Some of the spindle fibers reach the chromosomes and attach to kinetochores, structures made of proteins and specific sections of DNA at the centromeres. 3. Nonkinetochore microtubules overlap with those coming from the opposite pole.
1277081760	What happens during metaphase?	1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed 2. The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles.
1277081761	What happens during anaphase?	1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. Once separate, each sister chromatid is considered a full-fledged daughter chromosome. 3. Motor proteins of the kinetochores "walk" the daughter chromosomes along the spindle microtubules toward opposite poles 4. Microtubules shorten. 5. At the same time, the spindle microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen, pushing the two poles farther apart and elongating the cell.
1277081762	What happens during Telophase?	1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell. 2. The chromosomes uncoil 3. Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei. 4. Meanwhile, cytokinesis begins, splitting the cytoplasm and separating the two daughter cells.
1277081763	How is Cytokinesis different in Animal Cells?	In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with the formation of a cleavage furrow. At the site of the furrow, a ring of microfilaments contracts, much like the pulling of drawstrings. The cell is pinched in two, creating two identical daughter cells.
1277081764	How is cytokinesis different in plant cells?	In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when vesicles containing cell-wall material collect in the middle of the cell. The vesicles fuse, forming a large sac called the cell plate. The cell plate grows outward until its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane, separating the two daughter cells. The cell plate's contents join the parental cell wall. The result is two daughter cells, each bounded by its own continuous plasma membrane and cell wall.
1277081765	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
1277081766	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
1277081767	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
1277081768	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.
1277081769	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.
1277081770	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
1277081771	Cell Plate	A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
1277081772	Binary Fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.
1277081773	Compare cytokinesis in animal cells and in plant cells	...
1277081774	What is the function of nonkinetichore microtubules?	...
1277081775	Compare the roles of tubulin and actin during eukaryotic cell division with the roles of tubulin like and actin like proteins during bacterial binary fission	...
1277081776	12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated using a molecular control system	...
1277081777	Cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
1277081778	Checkpoint	A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
1277081779	G0 Phase	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.
1277081780	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.
1277081781	Cyclin-dependent kinases	A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.
1277081782	Growth Factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
1277081783	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
1277081784	Anchorage Dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.
1277081785	How does MPF allow a cell to pass the G2 Phase checkpoint and enter mitosis?	...
1277081786	What phase are most of your body cells in?	Most body cells are in a nondividing state called G0
1277081787	Compare and contrast a benign tumor with a malignant tumor	...
1277081788	Differentiate between the terms Chromosome, Chromatin and chromatid	...
1277081789	In which of the three subphases of interphase and the stages of mitosis do chromosomes exist as a single DNA molecule?	...
1277081790	Explain the significance of the G1, G2, and M checkpoints and the go-ahead signals involved in the cell cycle control system	...
1277081791	The person credited with first recognizing (in the 1860s) that living cells cannot arise spontaneously, but arise only from previously existing cells, is _____. ( Overview) Robert Hooke Rudolf Virchow Louis Pasteur Anton van Leeuwenhoek Watson	Rudolf Virchow
1277081792	The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred)
1277081793	The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of replicated DNA together is called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	a centromere
1277081794	The centromere is a region in which _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase
1277081795	How many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell division? (eText Concept 12.1)	23 Human somatic cells contain a total of 46 chromosomes, half of which are maternally derived.
1277081796	"Cytokinesis" refers to _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	division of the cytoplasm Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that follows the mitotic division of the nucleus.
1277081797	If a somatic human cell is just about to divide, it has _____ chromatids. (eText Concept 12.2)	92 Correct. Human somatic cells have 92 chromatids just prior to cell division due to the replication of the 46 chromosomes that occurred during the S phase.
1277081798	In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	Prophase During prophase, we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus.
1277081799	What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? (eText Concept 12.3)	Cells of benign tumors do not metastasize; those of malignant tumors do.
1277081800	Which of the following is false regarding sister chromatids? ( Concept 12.1) Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. Sister chromatids are attached to one another at the centromere. Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis. Sister chromatids are created when DNA is replicated. Sister chromatids form in the S-phase stage of the cell cycle.	Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. This statement is false. Each of the sisters ends up in a different cell after cell division.
1277081801	The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	chromatin
1277081802	A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____. ( Concept 12.1) 64 chromosomes 32 pairs of chromosomes 64 pairs of chromosomes 16 chromosomes None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct.
1277081803	Chromatids are _____. ( Concept 12.1) found only in aberrant chromosomes composed of RNA identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome held together by the centrioles the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic chromosomes	identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome
1277081804	If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle? ( Concept 12.2) 120 45 60 30 15	30 At the completion of the cell cycle, each daughter cell will have the same chromosomal complement as the parent cell.
1277081805	A biochemist measured the amount of DNA in cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in the cells doubled _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	between the G1 and G2 phases
1277081806	A cell biologist carefully measured the quantity of DNA in grasshopper cells growing in cell culture. Cells examined during the G2 phase of the cell cycle contained 200 units of DNA. What would be the amount of DNA at G1 of the cell cycle in one of the grasshopper daughter cells? (eText Concept 12.2)	100 units
1277081807	During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin
1277081808	DNA replication occurs in _____. ( Concept 12.2) the G1 phase of interphase in reproductive cells only the cytokinesis portion of the cell's life cycle prophase of both mitosis and meiosis the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells metaphase of meiosis only	the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells
1277081809	Down syndrome is characterized by cells having three copies of chromosome 21. As a cell in an individual with Down syndrome prepares to enter mitosis, how many chromatids would be present? ( Concept 12.2) 23 94 46 98 92	94
1277081810	During what phase in the cell cycle would you find the most DNA per cell? (eText Concept 12.2)	G2
1277081811	Binary Fission	More than likely mitosis evolved from Binary Fission

460850814	Founding Fathers of Liberalism	John Locke "Second Treatise on Government" (1689) Emphasis is on the individual and the limited state. Thomas Paine "The Rights of Man"(1791): The war system is constructed to preserve the power and the employment of princes, statesman, soldiers and to bind their tyranny upon the necks of people. Wars provide governments with excuses to raise taxes, expand their bureaucratic apparatus and increase their control over their citizens. The people are peace-loving by nature and plunged into conflict by the whims of their unrepresentative rulers.
460850815	Founding Fathers of Liberalism	Immanuel Kant "Perpetual Peace" (1795) States can develop organizations and rules to facilitate cooperation Suggests a "World Federation" resembling today's U.N. Republics with a legislative branch that can hold the monarch in check will be more peaceful than autocracies. (This is the foundation of "democratic peace theory".) Trade and economic interdependence promotes peace by increasing wealth, cooperation and global well-being.
460850816	Current Liberal Thinkers:	Francis Fukuyama "The End of History and the Last Man" (1992) (neo-Kantian) The collapse of the Soviet Union proved that liberal democracy has no serious ideological competitor. The end of Cold War was "the end of mankind's evolution" and the "final form of human government". "Liberal democracies have transcended their violent instincts and institutionalized norms which pacify relations between them"
460850817	Current Liberal Thinkers:	Doyle : Ways of War and Peace (1997) "Liberal democracies are willing to eschew the use of force in their relations with one another" Why? Institutional constraints on liberal democratic states, such as public opinion, the rule of law, and representative government. Normative preference for compromise and conflict resolution which can be found in liberal democracies.
460850818	Basic Liberal Assumptions	Human nature is basically good, altruistic. People are rational. They can resolve disputes through rational argument. Nature of the International System International System is not fundamentally conflictual Potential for cooperation is high. War is not inevitable. Peace is the normal state of affairs. In Kant's words "War is unnatural and irrational" States can escape from, or at least ameliorate, anarchy. How? International Institutions and Laws.
460850819	Basic Liberal Assumptions	Unlike realists, liberals stress on change and progress, not continuity. Interdependence Democratization. People can learn from mistakes of past. Dominant Actors in IR States, international organizations, transnational organizations, individuals State is no longer as "sovereign" as before: Interdependence New actors and new technologies. Stress on "absolute" not "relative gains". There is no "hierarchy of issues" . Economic issues are as important to states as security issues.
460850820	Liberal Assumptions:	Democratic processes and institutions would break the power of the ruling elites and curb their propensity for violence. The "disease of war" can be successfully treated with the twin medicines of "democracy" and "free trade" Free trade and commerce would overcome the artificial barriers between individuals and unite them everywhere into one community.
460850821	Basic Liberal Assumptions	Liberals have an optimistic view for post-Cold war. Realists such as Waltz & Mearsheimer argue that the collapse of bi-polarity in the 1990s was a cause for concern. Mutual nuclear deterrence maintained a stabilizing balance of power in the world whereas unipolarity would not last, eventually leading to volatility and war. Waltz (Realist): "In international politics, unbalanced power constitutes a danger" Recent conflicts in Balkans, Central Asia, Caucasus are a reminder that the post Cold -War period remains volatile.
460850822	Current Liberal Thinkers:	Rawls, J: The Law of Peoples (1999) Liberal societies are "less likely to engage in war with non-liberal outlaw states, except on grounds of legitimate self defense or to protect human rights. Recent U.S. led wars in Iraq pose significant challenges to the claim that only self-defense and humanitarianism incline liberal-democratic states to war.
460850823	Liberalism & Free Trade:	Free-trade is a more peaceful means of achieving national wealth. Free-trade would break down divisions between states and unite individuals everywhere in one community. Barriers to commerce distort perceptions and relations between individuals which cause international tension. Free trade expand the range of contacts and levels of understanding between people and encourage friendship. Conflicts are often caused by states erecting barriers which distort the natural harmony. J.S.Mill "Free trade is the means to bring about the end of war". But is there a possibility that the relationship is inverse?
460850824	Arguments against Free Trade	Today's industrial nations all have passed through a protectionist era. Free trade argument is an ideology used by developed nations to exploit developing states. IMF, WTO are means of exploitation established by the powerful states. Liberal institutions (IMF &WTO) impose identical prescriptions for economic development on all countries regardless of what conditions prevail locally. Global order is already based on unequal market relations, free trade will help sustain this.
460850825	Liberals and Interdependence :	Conflict between states can be reduced by creating a common interest in trade and economic collaboration among the members. Focus is on "mutual dependence". Rosecrance: The growth of economic interdependency has been matched by a corresponding decline in the value of territorial conquest for states. Liberals say that benefits of trade and cooperation among states exceed military competition and military control.
460850826	Interdependence and Realism	Interdependence means dependence. Interdependence means vulnerability and interdependence is a power relationship. The more interdependent a state is the weaker. It is better to be "independent" than "interdependent", or at least minimize dependency. Ex:Oil. Interdependence is a sort of balance of power. Interdependence may or may not enhance prospects for peace. Conflict could occur just as easily as cooperation. More contact, more conflict.

935147055	Whose idea was communism?	Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, two German social philosophers.
935147056	How did they spread communism?	Marx and Engels published a pamphlet, Communist Manifesto.
935147057	The government and public	According to communist belief, ____ should own the land and means of production.
935147058	Societies in history	There have always been two classes - rich and poor, oppressor and oppressed, opposing one another. This has been an endless struggle. Marx titles them the "haves" and "have nots."
935147059	Bourgeoisie	The middle class in modern, industrialized societies.
935147060	Proletariat	The working class
935147061	Conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat	Marx says that the bourgeoisie exploit, or use, the proletariat in order to enrich themselves.
935147062	Marx's prediction	A revolution would occur, where the proletariat would rise against the bourgeoisie and form a classless society, and the gov't would own everything.
935147063	Europe's outcome in 1800s	History did not follow the prediction of an uprising. The working class rights continued to improve.
935147064	Communist revolutions	Communism appealed to Russia (the first to adopt Communism), China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, etc.
935147065	What is religion?	Marx says, "Religion is the opiate (pain-killing drug) of the masses (people)."
935147066	Religion in Communist countries	Countries that followed communism were atheist. There were no temples, churches, etc. and no God.

678240671	origin	inspired by italian fascism because of German's discontent after WW1 & european anti-semitism Nazi party/Hitler's ideas Later Hitler tried to legitimize his ideologies by: 1. philosophy of superman 2. wagernerianism heroic Romanticism 3. social darwinism 4. machiavellism **All distorted (some romantic dictators molest)
678240673	orientation	radial right
678240674	road to power	1923: Failed attempt to seize power w/ March on Munich-->hitler went to jail for 5 years but got out after 2 because of people's support through Mein Kampf (book written on Nazi ideology) 1925-1933: hitler increased popularity to gain power 1933: hitler chancellor
678240675	building regime	hitler main architect 1933: concordat with vatican; germany withdrew from league of nations and disarmament conference 1934: night of long knives 1935: 1. racial laws of nurenberg 2. rearmament of germany 3. reoccupation of rhine valley 1937: Austria taken over invade czech nov 1938: Kristall Nacht 1939: Czech taken over
678240677	practices	anti-communist propaganda repression, censorship, arrest, surveillance, imprisonment, killing, persecution, **medical experiments, extermination concentration/labor/extermination camps had devotion of most of population, resistance in occupied territories
678240679	leadership	hitler: austrian, had artistic dreams joined war and resented treaty of versailles as humiliation: Politically: forced to give up territories Military: german army reduced economically: war reparations repaid ***represented pre-nazi times 1923: Hitler organized march on munich->jail->book 1925: reorganized party 1933: became chancellor
678240680	3 ideological content	1. superiority of aryan race 2. expand power 3. repress inferior races
678240681	economy	capitalism system party/state economy
678240682	living standards	emphasis on industry after resenting great depression (versailles took everything), aimed at high level of life
678240683	military	progress--core issue of nazism
678240684	politically	one-party dictatorship one-party state
678240685	socially	social dimension originally important defended working class to get on their side, but later subordinated to nationalist/racist aims
678240686	new man	german aryan superior by nature non-german/aryan to be exploited and eliminated morally pure military spirit
678240687	religion	tolerated (protestantism, catholocism) 1933: concordat with vatican
678240688	culture/arts/science	painting and film (Expressionism) education encouraged EXTRAORDINARY scientific progress
678240689	expansion before ww2	germany influenced: austria, hungary, bulgaria, romania, baltic countires, japan [always have big romantic jewelry bags]
678240690	expansion after ww2	illegal neo-nazism later
678240691	timeline	1919/33-1945

771124652	How do Trotsky and Stalin differ?	Stalin wants socialism within one country, Trotsky wants global socialism
771124653	What was the NEP?	Lenin's New Economic Policy, destroyed by stalin
771124654	Who were the Kulaks?	allegedly wealthy peasents
771124655	What was the Stalin revolution?	1929 five year plan and forced collectivization
771124656	What were the April Theses?	Lenin wrote in 1917, abolish provisional government, nationalize land
771124657	Who were the Bolshevicks?	political party, left wing
771124658	Who was Kornilov?	military leader who botches coup of Petrograd soviet
771124659	When was the russian civil war?	1918-1921
771124660	What sides were involved in the Russian civil war?	Red: Lenin and Bolsheviks, White: anti-Bolsheviks
771124661	When does the USSR appear?	1922 after Russian civil war?
771124662	What were the phases of the russian revolution?	February overthrew provisional government, October placed bolsheviks in power
771124663	What was the Duma?	old russian legislature

140343082	Gene	A heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic
140343083	Allele	One specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene
140343084	Genome	The whole of the genetic information of an organism
140343085	Gene mutation	A change in the base sequence of a gene on DNA. This could be by substitution, deletion, or insertion of a base or bases.
140343086	Point mutation	Change in the base sequence of DNA affecting only one base.
140343087	Homologous chromosomes	A pair of chromosomes containing the same linear gene sequences, each derived from one parent
140343088	Genotype	The alleles possessed by an organism
140343089	Phenotype	The characteristics of an organism
140343090	Dominant allele	An allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state. Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles
140343091	Recessive allele	An allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state
140343092	Codominant alleles	Pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in a heterozygote
140343093	Locus	The particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene
140343094	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles of a gene
140343095	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles of a gene
140343096	Carrier	An individual that has a recessive allele of a gene that does not have an effect on their phenotype
140343097	Test cross	Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive
140343098	Sex linkage	Genes found on sex chromosomes are said to be sex linked
140343099	Genetic screening	Testing an individual for the presence or absence of a gene
140343100	Clone	A group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells artificially derived from a single parent cell
140343101	Recombination	The reassortment of genes or characteristics into different combinations from those of the parents. Recombination occurs for linked genes by crossing over and, for unlinked genes, by chromosome assortment due to random alignment during metaphase I and II of meiosis.
140343102	Linkage group	Genes that are located on the same chromosome type and do not assort independently
140343103	Polygenic inheritance	Two more more genes affecting the same character

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