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chapter 5 and 8 sandall Flashcards

Chapter 8
1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism.

Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.

2. Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.

Kinetic energy is associated with the relative motion of objects. Potential energy is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

3. Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own words.

1st Law of Thermodynamics: conservation of energy; energy is transferred and transformed, not created or destroyed.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics: transformation increases entropy (randomness/disorder)

4. List the three main kinds of cellular work. Explain in general terms how cells obtain the energy to do cellular work.

- Chemical work: the pushing of endergonic reactions

- Transport work: the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement.

- Mechanical work: the contraction of muscle cells and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction.

Cells manage their energy resources to do this work through energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

5. Describe the structure of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to which ATP belongs.

ATP contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. ATP is also one of the nucleoside triphosphates used to make RNA.

6. Explain how ATP performs cellular work.

When ATP hydrolyzes there is a release of energy and this energy is used to perform the three types of cellular work.

7. Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems.

An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier, enabling the reactant molecules to absorb enough energy to reach the transition state, even at moderate temperatures.

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208206537List the four major classes of macromolecules.Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids
208206538Distinguish between monomers and polymers.A monomer is a single building block of a substance while a polymer is a long chain of monomers.
208206539Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.Monosaccharides are the simples sugars, can be used for fuel, can be converted into other organic molecules, can be combined into polymers. Disaccharides: consist of two monosaccharides and are joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond) Polysaccharides are polymers of sugar and serve many roles in organisms.
208206540Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage.Maltose is a glucose bonded through glycosidic linkage to bond together with another glucose. Carbohydrates use glycosidic linkage.
208206541Distinguish between the glycosidic linkage found in starch and cellulose. Explain why the difference is biologically important.Starches use glycosidic linkages only. Cellulose uses glycosidic linkages.
208206542Describe the role of symbiosis in cellulose digestion.Symbiosis are two organisms living together (or inside of one another) in which they depend on each other for survival. Bacteria can break down cellulose and they live in the intestines. Host will benefit from bacteria.
208206543Describe the building-block molecules, structure, and biological importance of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.Fats consist of glycerol plus 3 fatty acids, 16-20 carbons in fat chains, some double bonds. Used for energy storage. Phospholipids consist of a phosphate plus 2 fatty acids and are found in cell membranes. Steroids consist of 4 fused rings and are found in hormones and cholesterol.
208206544Identify an ester linkage and describe how it is formed.Ester linkage consists of 3 fatty acids linked with glycerol
208206545Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.Saturated fats have the max number of hydrogen atoms possible and do not have double bonds, they come from animal sources and are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds, are typically found in plants and are liquid at room temperature.
208206546Name the principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals.Carbohydrates
208206547Distinguish between a protein and a polypeptide.A protein is a polymer made of many amino acid monomers. It may have many polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific shape. A polypeptide is a polymer chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
208206548Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids.When 2 amino acids are positioned so the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of another, they join by dehydration reaction through the removal of a water molecule, this is called a peptide bond.
208206549List and describe the four major components of an amino acid. Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group.Amino group, carboxly group, hydrogen atom and R group (rest) and some of the groups of amino acids are polar, nonpolar, or electrically charged.
208206550Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.Protein conformation depends on the physical and chemical conditions of the protein's environment. If things in the protein's environment are altered it goes through a process called denaturation in which the protein unravels and loses it's native shape. When this happens, it becomes biologically inactive.
208206551Explain how the primary structure of a protein is determined.By its specific conformation (shape), determines how it functions, composed of unique sequence of amino acids
208206552Name two types of secondary protein structures. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure.Alphahelix and Beta pleated sheets Hydrogen bonding is between the carboxyl oxygen of one amino acid and the amino hydrogen of another.large number of hydrogen bonds makes them highly stable. As a result, they increase the stability of the molecule as a whole and help define its shape. Supports a particular shape for that part of the protein.
208206553Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure.Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids. A hydrophobic interaction is one type of interaction that contributes to tertiary structure. As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water. Once nonpolar amino acid side chains are close together, Van Der Waals interactions help hold them together. Meanwhile, hydrogen bonds between polar side chains and ionic bonds between positively and negatively charged side chains also help stabilize tertiary structure. The shape of a protein may be reinforced further by covalent bonds called disulfide bridges. Disulfide bridges form where two cysteine monomers, amino acids with sulfhydrul groups (--SH) on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the protein.
208206554List four conditions under which proteins may be denatured.Temperature Acid (pH) Salt content Other aspects of the environment
208206555List the major components of a nucleotide, and describe how these monomers are linked to form a nucleic acid.Pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds with the pentose sugar of another nucleotide to form nucleic acids.
208206556pyrimidine and purine- Pyrimidine has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. The members are cytosine (C) thymine (T) and uracil (U). - Purines are larger with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Purine members are adenine (A) and guanine (G)
208206557nucleotide and nucleoside- A nucleotide is composed of three parts: nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar (pentose), and phosphate group. - A nucleoside is he portion of this unit without the phosphate group.
208206558ribose and deoxyribose- Ribose is the sugar connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of RNA. - Deoxyribose is the sugar connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of DNA.
2082065595' end and 3' end of a nucleotideAdjacent nucleotides are joined by a phosphodiester linkage, which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides. The two free ends of the polymer are different in which one ends has a phosphate attached to a 5' carbon and the other end has a hydroxyl group on a 3' carbon.
208206560Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.Cellular DNA molecules have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis, this forms a double helix. The double helix consists of two antiparallel nucleotide strands. The nitrogenous bases in DNA for hydrogen bonds in a complementary fashion (A → U, C → G)
208206561Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism.Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.
208206562Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.Kinetic energy is associated with the relative motion of objects. Potential energy is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.
208206563Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own words.1st Law of Thermodynamics: conservation of energy; energy is transferred and transformed, not created or destroyed. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: transformation increases entropy (randomness/disorder)
208206564List the three main kinds of cellular work. Explain in general terms how cells obtain the energy to do cellular work.- Chemical work: the pushing of endergonic reactions - Transport work: the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement. - Mechanical work: the contraction of muscle cells and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction. Cells manage their energy resources to do this work through energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
208206565Describe the structure of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to which ATP belongs.ATP contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. ATP is also one of the nucleoside triphosphates used to make RNA.
208206566MetabolismThe totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.
208206567Explain how ATP performs cellular work.When ATP hydrolyzes there is a release of energy and this energy is used to perform the three types of cellular work.
208206568Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems.An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier, enabling the reactant molecules to absorb enough energy to reach the transition state, even at moderate temperatures. This eliminates the need to use heat to speed up the reaction because high temperatures can also denature proteins and kill cells.
208206569Explain how enzyme structure determines enzyme specificity....
208206570Explain the induced-fit model of enzyme functions. Enzyme changes shape to bond with the substrate...
208206571Explain how temperature, pH, cofactors, and enzyme inhibitors can affect enzyme activity.The rate of an enzyme reaction increases with increasing temperature up to a point. After that point, the rate of the reaction will drop. The same thing occurs with pH. The cofactors can be bound tightly or loosely to the enzyme. Coenzymes act as organic helpers and perform a crucial function in catalysis. Competitive inhibitors mimic the substrate. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of the enzyme altering its shape.
208206572Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems.An enzyme acts as a catalyst, which speeds up reactions. Enzymes are proteins in biological systems used to regulate the metabolism.
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American Pageant (13th Edition) - Chapters 19, 20, 21, and 22 - Greenstein Flashcards

Greenstein '11

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301706904YankeeAn American who lives in the North (Union soldiers were called yankees)
301706905RebelUsed by Union Soldiers as a nickname for Confederate soldiers.
301744561UnionNorthern army in the Civil War. Wore blue and fought against the Confederates,
301744562Fort SumpterThis battle in South Carolina marked the beginning of the Civil War. Located in Charleston Harbor, it was here that the Confederates opened fire. The Union surrendered the fort.
301744563Border StatesStates bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
301744564ConscriptionThis law passed by the Union government in 1863 forced all from 20 to 45 to fight, with a $300 buy-out. This law caused rioting all over the north, killing 100s.
301744565Bounty BrokersThose who enticed poor people from Europe to enlist in the Union Army by giving them a bonus sum of money.
301744566Substitute BrokersPeople who were willing to fight in place for wealthy Northerners for a sum of money.
301744567New York Draft RiotsAnti-conscription violence that protested the unfair $300 draft evasion fee that made poor people have to fight the war.
301744568Morrill TariffImports and excise taxes placed on northern manufacturers in order to help fund the Civil War and protect industry.
301744569GreenbacksName for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war.
301850978National Banking SystemNetwork of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds; created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.
301850979InflationPrinting too much money causing prices to increase and the value of money to decrease.
301850980Anaconda PlanThe strategy for the Union army devised by General Winfield Scott which involved choking off the main resources of the Confederate army with 3 main goals: Gain control of the Mississippi River, blockade the Southern ports, and to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond.
301850981The Merrimac and the MonitorIronclad ships. The Merrimac was used by the Confederates while the Union controlled the Monitor.
301850982Bull RunAt Bull Run, a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War.
301850983AntietamThe first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation.
301850984GettysburgThe most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.
301850985VicksburgThe union forces wanted to capture Vicksburg in order to control to Mississippi River. (Union) Gen. Grant surrounded Vicksburg and bombed it for a month. The people and Confederate soldiers starved until they surrendered.
301850986March to the SeaMaj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army in the American Civil War began with his troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 16th. Ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21st.
301850987Emancipation ProclamationIssued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862; it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free, this does not include border states.
301850988CopperheadsLincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads", poisonous snakes waiting to get him.
301850989Appomattox CourthouseThe Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War.
301850990ExodustersAfrican Americans that moved from the post reconstruction south to Kansas to gain free soil in the westward expansion.
301850991CarpetbaggersNortherners who went to the South after the Civil War to profit financially from the unsettled conditions. They also tried to gain political power.
301850992FreedmenFormer slaves freed after the Civil War.
30185099310 Percent PlanIt was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.
30185099413th AmendmentThis amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slave owners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.
30185099514th AmendmentThis amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.
30185099615th AmendmentCitizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
301850997Force ActsThe government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.
301850998ReconstructionThe period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
301850999Freedmen's BureauAgency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
301851000Black CodesSouthern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves. Still oppressed African Americans to a "moderate form of slavery".
301851001ImpeachmentThe political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may impeach the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."
301851002Ku Klux KlanA secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.
301851003Clara BartonNurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross.
301851004Sally TompkinsConfederate nurse who ran a hospital in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War.
301851005Jefferson DavisAmerican statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.
301851006Robert E. LeeConfederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force.
301851007General George McClellanReplaced McDowell. Lincoln's first choice for commander of the Union forces. He prepared and trained the soldiers well but never attacked.
301851008General Ulysses S. GrantWas 18 president and the toughest general ever in the Union Army. He was fearless and won many battles and led the Union to a victory.
301851009General William Tecumseh ShermanIn 1864, heavily relied on by Lincoln. Won brilliantly in Atlanta. Basically destroyed the South. In Sherman's March he took 300-mile march to the sea from Atlanta, destroying everything in his path and freeing slaves. Also ravaged South Carolina.
301851010John Wilkes BoothA southern actor; April 14, 1865; shot Abraham Lincoln to death in Ford's Theater.
301851011Andrew JohnsonAbraham Lincoln's Vice President and the 17th President of the United States; a Democrat; impeached by the House of Representatives, but was found not guilty by a single vote in the senate.
301851012Thaddeus StevensMan behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican in the senate.
301851013William SewardSecretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.
301851014Hiram RevelsBlack Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded.
301851015Winslow HomerUnited States painter best known for his seascapes (1836-1910).
301851016Mathew BradyFamous photographer of the Civil War - brought the war to the people.
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Genetic Research and DNA technology-Campbell 9e AP Bio Chapter 20 Flashcards

Mr. Chandler's compiled list of Chap 20 Genetic Research and DNA tech methods

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682835254Transformation of Plasmidrestriction enzymes fragment DNA allowing genes of interest to be encoded into bacterial DNA for cloning. Advantages: mass production of gene by using a plasmid vector
682835255Nucleic Acid Hybridizationtransferring clones of DNA to a multiwell plate. Clones are hybridized by cDNA (probe) that is tagged w/ a radioactive isotope or fluorescent dye. Advantages: helps identify and track the genes of interest.
682835256Electroporationelectrical impulses create openings in plasma membrane so that DNA can be injected directly into cell's genome. Advantages: a technique to use w/o using a vector.
682835257Expression Vectorsapplication of an active promoter added upstream from the gene to be inserted. Advantge: added to the prokaryotic vector, it allows the host cell to recognize the promoter and express the euk gene
682835258Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)target sequence of DNA can be mass produced by denaturation, annealing, and extension of DNA in vitro. Advantages: method to mass produce a small amount of DNA in a test tube to amplify the gene of interest.
682835259Gel Electrophoresisfragmenting DNA with restriction enzymes, this mixture of DNA fragments is placed on an agarose gel in an electrical field which separates the fragments based on size into bands. Advantages: helps identify fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)
682835260Southern Blottingcombines gel electrophoresis w/ nucleic acid hybridization. Advantages: allows specific detection of genes w/in fragments
682835261Dideoxy Chain Termination Method for sequencing DNAprocess which synthesizes a set of DNA complimentary to the template fragment by incorporating a ddNTP (a modified nucleotide) to the end of the growing chain. Advantages: allows the determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene.
682835262Northern BlottingmRNA is run through gel electrophoresis is followed by blotting on a nitrocellulose membrane w/ a fluorescent probe. Advantages: can show expression of mRNA at different stages of development.
682835263Reverse Transcriptase PCRmRNA transcribed backwards using a reverse transcriptase to DNA. PCR amplification followed by gel electrophoresis. Advantages: quicker than Northern Blotting because it requires less mRNA to run the test.
682835264in situ Hybridizationnucleic acid hybridization using probes with fluorescent dyes on mRNA in an intact organism. Advantages: allows the tracking of genes in tissues.
682835265DNA Microarray Assayssmall amounts of many mRNA fragments transcribed in reverse forming probe cDNA by nucleic acid hybridization. Advantages: to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.
682835266in vitro Mutagenesisintroduction of a mutated gene. Advantages: to alter or destroy the gene product to learn the function of the product (protein)
682835267RNA Interferencea newer method to silence the expression of a gene using RNAi to block the translation of a gene. Advantages:to alter or destroy the gene product to learn the function of the product (protein)
682835268Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SNP- "snips"looking for a single nucleotide marker (snip) ahead of the gene that may be a mutation for a particular gene. Advantages: discoveries of snips may lead to solutions for many diseases
682835269Totipotenta method in which cells can dedifferentiate and give rise to specialized cells. Advantages: method used to clone plants.
682835270Nuclear Transplantationmethod used to transfer a donor nucleus to an enucleated egg cell. Advantages: method used to clone animals
682835271Pluripotent Stem Cellsclassification of embryonic stem cells (ES) because they can differentiate into all types of specialized cells. Advantages: may lead to the advancement and cures of many diseases
682835272Transgenic animalsdesired genes directly inserted into fertilized eggs resulting in offspring expressing traits of the transgene. Advantages: transgenic animals are used as a pharmaceutical factory to make the gene product
682835273Short Tandem Repeats (STR)variations in length of genetic markers. Advantages: used to compare DNA to identify criminals or to settle a question about paternity
682835274Ti Plasmidsa particular plasmid used to introduce new genes into crop plants. Advantages: to help produce plants with desirable traits, resistant to diseases
682835275Genetically Modified (GM)any plant or animal that has been altered by having genes introduced into it by artificial means. Advantages: cautious approaches need to be considered.
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Campbell AP Biology Chapter 16 9th edition vocabulary Flashcards

Campbell AP Biology Chapter 16 9th edition vocabulary

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589868227BacteriaOne of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea.
589868228BacteriophageA virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.
589868229BacteriumMember of the prokaryotic domain Bacteria.
589868230ChromatinThe complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
589868231deoxyriboseThe sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.
589868232DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain).
589868233DNA polymeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in prokaryotes.
589868234Double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.
589868235EuchromatinThe less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.
589868236HelicaseAn enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.
589868237HeterochromatinEukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.
589868238HistoneA small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure.
589868239Lagging strandA discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5'3' direction away from the replication fork.
589868240Leading strandThe new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5'?3' direction.
589868241Mismatch repairThe cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.
589868242NucleaseAn enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides.
589868243NucleoidA dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
589868244Nucleoid regionA dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
589868245NucleosomeThe basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone.
589868246Nucleotide excision repairA repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
589868247Okazaki fragmentA short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.
589868248Origin of ReplicationSite where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
589868249PhageA virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.
589868250PrimaseAn enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
589868251PrimerA short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
589868252PyrimidineOne of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.
589868253Radioactive isotopeAn isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.
589868254Repetitive DNANucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome.
589868255Replication forkA Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.
589868256Semiconservative modelType of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
589868257Single-strand DNA-binding proteinA protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.
589868258TelomeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.
589868259TelomereThe tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule that protects the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. See also repetitive DNA.
589868260Template strandThe DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.
589868261TopoisomeraseA protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
589868262Transformation(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.
589868263X-ray crystallographyA technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.
589868264antiparallelReferring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' ---> 3' directions.)
589868265virusAn infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.
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Famous Scientists Flashcards

who made discoveries pertaining to DNA

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255353356Griffithdead pathogenic cells caused heritable change in healthy cells
255353357Averydiscovered transformation agent was DNA
255353358Hershey and Chaselabeled protein and DNA in bacteria, DNA carries genetic info
255353359ChargaffDNA difference in species, A=T, G=C
255353360Franklinx-ray diffraction photo of dna
255353361Watson and Crickdouble helix, antiparallel, semiconservative
255353362Meselon and Stahlsemiconservative model experiment
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Brock Microbiology Ch. 3 Flashcards

Review of Key Terms

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502118643ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport systemA membrane transport system consisting of three proteins, one of which hydrolyzes ATP; the system transports specific nutrients into the cell
502118644Basal Bodythe "motor" portion of the bacterial flagellum, embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane and wall.
502118645Capsulea polysaccharide or protein outermost later, usually rather slimy, present on some bacteria
502118646Chemotaxisdirected movement of an organism (positive) or away (negative) a chemical gradient
502118647Cytoplasmic membraneThe permeability barrier of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the environment
502118648Dipicolinic acidA substance unique to endospores that confers heat resistance on these structures
502118649EndosporeA highly heat-resistant, thick-walled, differentiated structure produced by certain gram-positive bacteria.
502118650FlagellumA long, thin cellular appendage capable of rotation and responsible for swimming motility in prokaryotic cells
502118651Gas vesiclesGas-filled cytoplasmic structures bounded by protein and conferring buoyancy on cells.
502118652Gram NegativeA bacterial cell with a cell wall containing small amounts of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and other complex macromolecules
502118653Gram PositiveA bacterial cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of peptidoglycan; no outer membrane
502118654Gram StainA differential staining procedure that stains cells either purple (gram positive) or pink (gram negative).
502118655Group TranslocationAn energy dependent transport system in which the substance transported is chemically modified during the process of being transported by a series of proteins.
502118656Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)A combination of lipid with polysaccharide and protein forms the major portion of the outer-membrane in gram negative bacteria.
502118657MagnetosomeA particle of magnetite (Fe3O4) enclosed by a nonunit membrane in the cytoplasm of magnetotactic bacteria
502118658MorphologyThe shape of a cell - rod, coccus, spirillum, and so on
502118659Outer MembraneA phospholipid - and polysaccharide - containing unit membrane that lies external to the peptidoglycan layer in cells of gram negative bacteria.
502118660PeptidoglycanA polysaccharide composed of alternating repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid arranged in adjacent layers and cross linked by short peptides
502118661PeriplasmA gel-like region between the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner surface of the lipopolysaccharide layer of gram-negative bacteria
502118662Peritrichous flagellationHaving flagella located in many places around the surface of the cell
502118663PhototaxisMovement of an organism toward light
502118664PiliThin, filamentous structures that extend from the surface of a cell and, depending on type, facilitate cell attachment, genetic exchange, or twitching motility.
502118665Polar FlagellationHaving flagella emanating from one or both poles of the cell
502118666Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)A common storage material of prokaryotic cells consisting of a polymer of B-hydroxybutyrate or another B-alkanoic acid or mixtures of B-alkanoic acids
502118667S-LayerAn outermost cell surface layer composed of protein or glycoprotein present on some bacteria and archaea
502118668Simple transport systemA transporter that consists of only a membrane-spanning protein and is typically driven by energy from the protein motive force
502118669Teichoic acidA phosphorylated polyalcohol found in the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria
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1860-1900 Flashcards

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239751945Popular SovereigntyThe principle that the settlers of a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there.
239751946Jim Crow LawsPost-Civil War laws and customs designed to discriminate against African Americans.
239751947Social GospelA nineteenth-century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have the responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty. It was led by Christian ministers.
239751948Gospel of WealthBelief that the rich were the guardians of society's wealth and as such had a duty to serve society in humane ways. Andrew Carnegie was the foremost advocate of the Gospel of Wealth.
239751949Social DarwinismRefers to the belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive. Wealthy business and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to justify their success.
239751950Frontier ThesisRefers to the argument by historian Fredrick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic.He especially emphasized the importance of cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.
239751951New immigrantsThe massive wave of immigrants who came to America between 1880-1924.
239751952NativismFavored the interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants.
239751953Know-NothingsThe first nativist political party who directed their hostility against Irish and German Catholic immigrants.
239751954MuckrakersEarly twentieth-century jounralists who exposed legal business practices, social injustices, and corrupt urban political bosses. Some muckraker leaders were Upton Sinclair, Jacobs Riis, and Ida Tarbell.
239751955TaylorismA system of scientific management developed by Fredrick W. Taylor. It sought to develop a disciplined labor force by eliminating wasted motion.
239751956Vertical IntegrationOccurs when a company controls both the production and distribution profits product. For example Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the U.S. steel industry.
239751957Horizontal IntegrationOccurs when one company gains control over other companies that produce the same products.
239751958The Election of 1860Lincoln vs. Douglas vs. Breckinridge. Lincoln accepted slavery where it existed but opposed extension of slavery into the territories. The Democratic party was split between Breckinridge and Douglas.Northerners supported Douglas and popular sovereignty. Southerners supported Breckinidge and the extension of slavery into the territories and the annexation of Cuba. In the end Lincoln won the electoral vote, but not the majority of the popular vote. Led by South Caroline, seven Southern states succeeded from the Union.
239751959Civil War Northern AdvantagesAn extensive railroad network, a strong industrial base, a superior navy, a larger population, and an abundant food supply.
239751960Civil War Northern DisadvantagesA shortage of experienced and skilled military men and a divided population that did not fully support war.
239751961Civil War Southern AdvantagesA defensive war fought on its home territory, a long coastline that would be difficult to blockade, an important cash crop in cotton, a group of experienced and skilled military commanders, and a close economic relationship with Great Britain.
240027891Civil War Southern DisadvantagesA smaller population than the North, a smaller industrial base than the North,
240027892The Importance of Border StatesStrategic location and important industrial and agricultural resources.
240027893Key Border States of the Civil WarKentucky and Maryland
240027894The Battle of AntietamThe Union victory that persuaded England and France to remain neutral. While both European powers saw advantages in a divided America, they followed a cautious policy towards both the North and the South. The Union victory enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
240027895The Emancipation ProclamationLincoln delayed issuing this document because he didn't want to antagonize slave owners in the Border States. The North originally went to war to preserve the Union; this document strengthened the Union's moral cause. It rallied anti-slavery support in England and France. It freed slaves in Confederates states that were in rebellion, however did not free slaves in the Border Slaves.
240027896Congressional Actions during the Civil WarThey established a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency. It chartered two corporations-the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad-to build a transcontinental railroad connecting Omaha, Nebraska, with Sacramento, California. They passed the Homestead Act of 1862, and passed high tariffs to protect American industry from foreign competition.
240027897Homestead Act of 1862Offered cheap-sometimes free-land to people who would settle the West and improve their property.
240027898Expansion of Presidential Power during the Civil WarLincoln found that the war required active and prompt presidential action and suspended the writ of habeas corpus for everyone living between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia.
240027899The Thirteenth AmendmentAbolished slavery an involuntary servitude. It completed the work of the Emancipation Proclamation.
240027900The Fourteenth AmendmentMade the former slaves citizens, thus invalidating the Dred Scott decision. It provided for equal protection of the laws for all citizens and also enforced congressional legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves.
240027901Fifteenth AmendmentThis amendment provided suffrage for Black males and women.
240027902Causes of Radical ReconstructionThe fact that former Confederates were elected to Congress, black codes were enacted in Southern states, race riots broke out in New Orleans and Memphis, and there were attempts in the South to undermine the Fourteenth Amendment.
240027903Programs and Policies of Radical ReconstructionMilitary occupation of the South was permitted, punishment of Confederate leaders became policy, restrictions were placed on the power of President Andrew Johnson, and the House of Reps impeached Johnson because he obstructed enforcement of the Reconstruction Acts.
240027904Achievements of Radical ConstructionPublic school systems in the southern states were improved, and African Americans were elected to the House and Senate.
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AP Biology Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 1 Vocab

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452609159adaptive radiationperiod of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptions allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities
452609160ATP (adenosine triphosphate)an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells
452609161Archaeaone of two prokaryotic domains, lives in Earth's most extreme environments (salty lakes and boiling hot springs)
452609162Archaeanmember of the prokaryotic domain Archaea
452609163Bioinformaticsthe use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets
452609164biologythe scientific study of life
452609165controlled experimentan experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested
452609166datarecorded observations
452609167deductive reasoninga type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
452609168DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)a double-stranded, helixal nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
452609169DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's protein
452609170discovery sciencethe process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature
452609171emergent propertiesnew properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
452609172eukaryathe domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms
452609173eukaryotic cella type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; these organisms (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes
452609174evolutionthe process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today
452609175genomethe genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its non-coding nucleic acid sequences
452609176hypothesisa tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing
452609177inductive reasoninga type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations
452609178inquirythe search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions
452609179modela representation of a theory or process
452609180negative feedbacka primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change
452609181orderin classification, the taxonomic category above the level of family
452609182positive feedbacka physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
452609183prokaryotic cella type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; these organisms (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes
452609184systems biologyan approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
452609185technologythe application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research
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Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion 1890-1909 Flashcards

APUSH Chapter 27

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1209562659josiah stronga popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas
1209562660Captain Alfred T MahanWho was the naval officer who emphasized that a strong navy was one of the main factors in a country's power and urged Americans to improve their navy? (hint: his ideas were supported by Theodore Roosevelt)
1209562661Big SisterAimed to rally Latin American nations behind the United States and open Latin American markets to American traders.
1209562662Twisting the Lions TailPoliticians quickly learned that there was power in the Irish vote; antagonizing England whom the Irish hated;
1209562663Queen Liliuokalanithe Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests
1209562664yellow journalismJournalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
1209562665Dupuy de LomeHe was a Spanish minister in Washington. He wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley and how he lacked good faith. He was forced to resign when Hearst discovered and published the letter. This publishing helped to spark the Spanish-American War.
1209562666USS MaineShip that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War
1209562667Teller AmendmentLegislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war
1209562668Commodore George DeweyAdmiral of the United States Navy and best known for his victory during the Spanish - American War
1209562669Emilio AguinaldoFilipino General - helped US take Philipines during Spanish-American war - helped Philippines gain freedom from US
1209562670Rough RidersThe First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.
1209562671Theodore Roosevelt1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.
1209562672GuamAmericans secured this remote Pacific island from Spain after the war over Cuba. Americans had captured it earlier, before the residents even knew that there was a war going on.
1209562673Puerto RicoA U.S. territory; the U.S. gained it from Spain as a result of the Spanish-American War. People here have U.S. citizenship, and many here would like it to be a U.S. state.
1209562674PhilipinesPlace where the first battle of the Spanish-American War took place.
1209562675Anti-Imperialist Leagueobjected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900
1209562676Rudyard Kipling(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands
1209562677Foraker act of 1900Congress gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and, in 1917, granted them U.S. citizenship
1209562678Insular CasesDetermined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.
1209562679Platt AmendmentLegislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
1209562680Filipino InsurectionFilipinos revolt--Emilio Aquinaldo.
1209562681william h. taft1909-1913, Republican, issue - conservation policies, antitrust laws, tariff, against Bryan
1209562682Secretary of State John Hayex-Lincoln secretary; worked to gain Open Door Notes' acceptance from the major powers
1209562683open door policyA policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
1209562684boxers rebellionThe uprising that took place in response to foreigners' spheres of influence in China
1209562685William Jennings BryanUnited States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
1209562686Panama RevolutionPanamanian businessmen revolt b/c they wanted the US to build the canal, and Colombia, which was in control of the land, said no.
1209562687Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama.
1209562688Roosevelt Corollary(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic
1209562689Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.
1209562690Nobel Prize to Teddy Roosevelt...
1209562691Japanese Gentlemen's Agreement1907-1908 restricted further Japanese immigration
1209562692Great White Fleet16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power
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AP English Review Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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1130614184AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
1130614185AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."
1130614186Antithesisthe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.
1130614187AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point
1130614188ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love; A prayer like address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: rarely on an AP exam, but important when there. ALWAYS Pathos
1130614189AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.
1130614190Caricaturea verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. Example: The pupils of her eyes are small; like a pebble of sand floating atop a can of blue paint.
1130614191ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.
1130614192Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect
1130614193Literary ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising comparison between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense
1130614194ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes
1130614195DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal
1130614196DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. FOR AP EXAMSyou should be able to describe the uthors diction and understand how it compliments his purpose (along iwth imagery syntax, literary devices, etc)
1130614197DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.
1130614198EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT
1130614199Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid
1130614200Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement
1130614201Generic conventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.
1130614202GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genresthemselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies,autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy,comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.
1130614203Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.
1130614204Loose sentence/non-periodic sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, loose sentences create loose style. The opposite of a loose sentence is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.
1130614205Metonymy(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.
1130614206MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.
1130614207ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")
1130614208ParallelismAlso referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms
1130614209ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.
1130614210PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).
1130614211Periodic sentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)
1130614212Proseone of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.
1130614213RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.
1130614214Rhetorical modesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes (often referred to as "modes of discourse") are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional an subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms
1130614215StyleThe consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.
1130614216SyllogismFrom the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men"). Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms
1130614217ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
1130614218TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary, etc. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition.
1130614219Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."
1130614220Witin modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speedof understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.
1130614221Malapropisma word humorously misused: Example, he is the AMPLE of her eye... instead of ' he is the APPLE of her eye,
1130614222EthosAn appeal to credibility, status, or ethics (moral codes); One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. Whenever you encounter this appeal/argument, always ask yourself is the credibility is substantiated and valid. An essay advocating policy changes on drug rehabilitation programs is more powerful is the person is a former addict or customer in a current rehab program.
1130614223Predicate AdjectiveAm adjective that follows a linking web and modifies the subject of the sentence. The gigantic whirlpool was inky black, and there was no moon.
1130614224concrete detailStrictly defined, concrete refers to nouns that name physical objects, -a bridge. a book, or a coat. Concrete nouns are the opposite of abstract nouns (which refer to concepts like freedom and love). However, as used in the essay portion of the AP Language and Composition Exam. this term has a slightly different connotation. The directions may read something like this: "Provide concrete details that will convince the reader." This means that your essay should include details in the passage; at times, you' ll be allowed I() provide details from your own life (readings, obser· vations, experiences, and so forth).
1130614225descriptive detailWhen an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description. Descriptive detail appealing to the visual sense is usually the most predominant, but don't overlook other sensory details. As usual, after you identify a passage's descriptive details, analyze their effect.
1130614226devicesThe figures of speech, syntax, diction, irony, tone, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.
1130614227narrative devicesThis term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding infomlation until a crucial or appropriate momcnt when revealing it creates a desired effect On the essay portion of the exam, this lerm may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.
1130614228stylistic devicesAn essay prompt that mentions stylistic devices is asking you to note and analyze all of the elements in language that contribute to style-such as diction, syntax, tone, attitude, figures of speech, connotations, and repetition.
1130614229synecdocheA figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).
1130614230argument by example (or illustration)picking individual examples and using it to prove a more general conclusion
1130614231concessionAn acknowledgment that ;an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument; it may also be an acknowledgement of a weak part of of your own argument or side.
1130614232verbal ironyDiscrepancy between what is said and what is meant
1130614233ellipsisOmission or suppression of parts of words or sentences
1130614234burlesqueludicrous parody or grotesque caricature; humorous and provocative stage show
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