| CourseNotes

American Pageant Chapter 12 Flashcards

The American Pageant, 14th Edition

549352148	Problems with American Military in 1812	widespread disunity; no burning national anger; the regular army was very bad and scattered and had old, senile generals, and the offensive strategy against Canada was especially poorly conceived; Americans focused on a three-pronged attack that set out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain, all of which were beaten back
549352149	Oliver Hazard Perry	United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812; said famous quote: "We have met the enemy and he is ours"
549352150	"Mr. Madison's War"	name given to the War of 1812 by pro-British Federalists; war was opposed by the Federalists
549352151	William Henry Harrison	Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe; American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States; first President to die in office
549352152	Battle of Thames (1813)	William Henry Harrison won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh; resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest
549352153	"We have met the enemy and he is ours"	said by Oliver Hazard Perry after defeating British on Lake Erie
549352154	Battle of Lake Erie (1813)	U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain's control of Lake Erie
549352155	Thomas Maconough	challenged the British in 1814 on Lake Champlain and forced the British to retreat in the Battle of Plattsburgh
549352156	Battle of Plattsburgh (1814)	victory of Commodore Thomas McDonough over a British fleet in Lake Champlain; secured US northern border
549352157	"Bladensburg Races" (1814)	Nickname given to the battle at Bladensburg due to Americans running away as fast as they can; however this gave Pres. Madison time to evacuate White House with valuable documents
549352158	Fort McHenry	Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner"
549352159	Francis Scott Key	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; later it became the Star Spangled Banner
549352160	The Star Spangled Banner	national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key; inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry
549352161	Andrew Jackson	seventh President of the United States (1829-1837); general in the War of 1812; defeated the British at New Orleans (1815); opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers
549352162	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians, eradicating all opposition to American westward expansion
549352163	The Battle of New Orleans	General Andrew Jackson quickly rallied his troops and ambushed the British fleet; British army was forced to retreat; This battle was an overwhelming success for the Americans and made General Andrew Jackson a hero; was fought after the peace treaty ending the war of 1812 was signed
549352164	The Constitution ("Old Ironsides")	U.S. warship; rallied American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia
549352165	Tsar Alexander I of Russia	called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe
549352166	Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814)	John Q. Adams & Henry Clay sent as delegates; ended the War of 1812; set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border; "Not one inch of territory ceded or lost"
549352167	"Not one inch of territory ceded or lost"	quote made by John Q. Adams and Henry Clay after Treaty of Ghent was signed
549352168	Congress of Vienna	Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
549352169	John Quincy Adams	delegate sent to help with the Treaty of Ghent; Secretary of State; served as sixth president under Monroe; In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas; The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
549352170	Henry Clay	delegate sent to help with Treaty of Ghent; distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852; strong supporter of the American System; a war hawk for the War of 1812; assists with Missouri Compromise
549352171	Canadian Reaction to Treaty of Ghent	not happy with Americans getting to fish off the Newfoundland Banks; felt betrayed since not even an Indian buffer state had been achieved
549352172	"Blue Light" Federalists	derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners
549352173	Hartford Covention	held in secret by New Englanders who wanted financial assistance form Washington to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment requiring a 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos, except during invasion.; didn't accomplish anything b/c Treaty of Ghent was signed; last movement by Federalists
549352174	North American Review	Intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism
549352175	Result of War of 1812	US gained a bit of respect from the rest of the world; American isolationism; Federalist party died out;
549352176	Second Bank of United States	chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks; Nicholas Biddle put in charge of it; blamed for the panic of 1819; Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency;
549352177	Rush-Bagot Treaty	between the U.S. and Britain provided the world's longest unfortified boundary (5,527 mi.)
549352178	Washington Irving	wrote Rumpelstiltskin, The Knickerbocker Tales (The Legend of Sleepy Hollow); gained international recognition after War of 1812
549352179	James Fenimore Cooper	wrote The Leatherstocking Tales (The Last of the Mohicans); gained international recognition after War of 1812
549352180	Nationalism After War of 1812	American writers, painters, artists, etc became popular with painting & books about America; Washington DC rebuilt and better than ever, army & navy strengthened
549352181	Stephen Decatur	naval hero of the War of 1812 and the Barbary Coast expeditions; famous for his American toast after his return from the Mediterranean: "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong!"
549352182	Tariff of 1816	British competitors dumped their goods onto America at cheap prices; first tariff in U.S. history designed for protection, which put a 20-25% tariff on dutiable imports
549352183	American System	created by Henry Clay; 3 point plan: strong banking system, protective tariff, network of roads and canals, to be funded for by the tariffs; South didn't like this
549352184	James Monroe	5th president; begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri; reigns over the Era of Good Feelings
549352185	Era of Good Feelings	name for President Monroe's two terms; a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion; since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts
549352186	Cumberland Road	first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850; stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois; major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West
549352187	Panic of 1819	1st depression for the US; Biddle cuts off poorly run banks ("wildcat" banks) from federal business; results in all banks left being well run; major cause was over-speculation in land prices, where the Bank of the United States fell heavily into debt
549352188	"The Virginia Dynasty"	between 1789 and 1825, four Virginians held the presidency for thirty-two of thirty-six years: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe
549352189	"wildcat" banks	banks of the western frontier; hit hard by the Panic of 1819; Biddle cut off these banks from federal business
549352190	Land Act of 1820	gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded and slowly got cheap transportation as well
549352191	Tallmadge Amendment	provided that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri; Angry Southerners saw this as a threat figuring that if the Northerners would wipe out slavery in all states; shot down in the Senate
549352192	"the peculiar institution"	nickname that white southerners referred to slavery as, meaning that the institution was odd but that it was distinctive, special, since the South was one of the few places in the Western World where slavery still existed, and isolated the South from the rest of American society
549352193	The Missouri Compromise	proposed by Henry Clay; Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus maintaining the balance; and all new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave states; Jefferson took this as a warning "like a fire bell in the night"
549352194	Chief Justice John Marshall	helped to bolster the power of the government at the expense of the states; die-hard Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power; established judicial review, which allows Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional; gave the Supreme Court its powers and greatly strengthened the federal government
549352195	"like a fire bell in the night"	Jefferson said this about the Missouri Compromise; saw Northern and Southern conflicts increasing
549352196	McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)	federal organizations couldn't be taxed by state institutions
549352197	Marbury vs. Madison (1803)	judicial review
549352198	Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)	if a federal law is in conflict with a state law, then federal law always wins/takes precedence; same as Fletcher vs. Peck
549352199	Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)	only Congress can control interstate commerce, not individual states
549352200	Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)	if a federal law is in conflict with a state law, then federal law always wins/takes precedence; same as Cohens vs. Virginia
549352201	Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)	if you make a written agreement and all parties agree to it, it stands under law no matter how long ago it was made
549352202	Treaty of 1818	put the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel and provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon Territory with Britain, without a surrender of rights and claims by neither Britain nor America
549352203	Adams-Onis Treaty	also known as Florida Purchase Treaty; Spain ceded Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas; U.S. paid $5 million for Florida
549352204	Canning Proposal (1823)	British foreign secretary, George Canning, approached the American minister in London proposing that the U.S. and Britain combine in a joint declaration warning the European despots to keep their hands off of Latin American politics; John Q. Adams sent Monroe Doctrine & pretended he never got the letter about this proposal
549352205	Russo-American Treaty of 1824	treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska; fixed the southernmost border of present-day Alaska
549352206	Monroe Doctrine	a statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere; created by John Q. Adams
549352207	The National Highway	proposed as the first federal highway; construction began in western Maryland in 1811; eventually possible to take the road from Washington all the way to Indiana; extremely durable
549352208	"Butternuts"	nickname for poor southern farmers who moved into the Old Northwest in the 1820's; tried to enact black codes to prevent African American settlers, while escaping the slave owner society of the south.
549352209	"Yankees"	name southerners used for people of the north
549352210	"loose construction"	Constitution is broadly interpreted; belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

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Modern Chemistry (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston): Chapter 4 and 5 Flashcards

Taken from the book Modern Chemistry by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston on Chapters 4 and 5, which deals with electrons and the periodic table. Includes the chapter vocabulary and a few other useful things.

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1066290224	electromagnetic radiation	A form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space (3.00x10⁸ m/s)
1066290225	electromagnetic spectrum	Combination of all the forms of electromagnetic radiation.
1066290226	wavelength	Distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves. Measure in some type of meters (m).
1066290227	frequency	Number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually one second. Measured in Hertz.
1066290228	hertz	One wave per second.
1066290229	photoelectric effect	Emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on a metal.
1066290230	quantum	Minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom.
1066290231	photon	Particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy.
1066290232	ground state	Lowest energy state of an atom.
1066290233	excited state	State in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in it's ground state.
1066290234	Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	States that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle.
1066290235	Quantum Theory	Describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles.
1066290236	orbital	A 3D region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.
1066290237	Quantum Numbers	Specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals.
1066290238	Principle Quantum Number	Denotes the energy level (1, 2, 3, etc.)
1066290239	Angular Momentum Quantum Number	The suborbitals of an atom. (S, P, D, F)
1066290240	Magnetic Quantum Number	Which suborbital. (Py, Px, Pz)
1066290241	Spin Quantum Number	Which way it spins. (up or down)
1066290242	electron configuration	The arrangement of electrons in an atom
1066290243	noble gas	The Group 18 elements (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon)
1066290244	noble gas configuration	An outer main energy level occupied, in most cases, by 8 electrons
1066290245	Aufbau principle	Electrons fill from lowest energy to highest.
1066290246	Hund's Rule	each orbital within a given sublevel gets one electron and then and only then can they have seconds.
1066290247	The Pauli Exclusion Principle	within one orbital, one electron spins up and one spins down.
1066290248	Bohr	electrons travel in orbits (energy levels)
1066290249	deBroglie	everything has a wavelength
1066290250	Schrödinger	made wave equation for deBroglie's statement (mass is relative to wavelength)
1066290251	Electrons are like particles because of what?	photoelectric effect
1066290252	Electrons are like waves because of what?	diffraction (bending of waves) and interference (combination of waves that either cancels out or strengthens the wave).
1066290253	Emission spectrum	the light that something emits
1066290254	Emission signature	individual to every substance; used to identify elements
1066290255	Light	electrons jumping from one energy level to another and then back
1066290256	periodic law	The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
1066290257	periodic table	An arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers so that the elements with similar properties fall in the same column or group.
1066290258	lanthanide	The 14 elements with the atomic numbers 58-71.
1066290259	actinide	The 14 elements with the atomic numbers 90-103.
1066290260	alkali metals	The elements of group 1 of the periodic table.
1066290261	alkaline-earth metals	The elements of group 2 of the periodic table.
1066290262	transition metals	The d-block elements are metals with typical metallic properties.
1066290263	main-group elements	The p-block elements together with the s-block elements.
1066290264	halogens	The elements of group 17 of the periodic table.
1066290265	atomic radius	1/2 the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together.
1066290266	ion	An atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
1066290267	ionization	Any process that results in the formation of an ion.
1066290268	ionization energy	The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom of an element.
1066290269	electron affinity	The energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom.
1066290270	cation	A positive ion.
1066290271	anion	A negative ion.
1066290272	valence electrons	The electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of chemical compounds.
1066290273	electronegativity	A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons from another atom in the compound.

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AP US gov vocab Flashcards

AP US gov vocab

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366264911	Anti federalists	opponents of the American constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption. Argued that the constitution was a class based document, that it would erode fundamental liberties, and that it would weaken the power of the states
366264912	Articles of confederation	first constitution of the US, adopted by congress in 1777 and enacted in 1781. Established a national legislature, continental congress, but most authority in the state legislatures
366264913	Bill of rights	first 10 amendments to the US constitution drafted in response to anti federalist concerns. Define basic liberties like freedom of religion, speech, press, offer protections against arbitrary searches by the police and being held without a lawyer
366264914	Block grants	federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services
366264915	Categorical grants	federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending. Come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions
366264916	Checks and balances	part of madisonian model designed to limit gov power by requiring that power be balanced among different gov institutions. Continually check on another's activities, power v power
366264917	Coercive freedom	choosing political freedom without being forced by another party to behave in an involuntary manner
366264918	Commerce clause	clause in artivle 1 section 8 that empowers congress to regulate interstate commerce with foreign countries and forms the constitutional basis for much federal regulation
366264919	Concurrent powers	authority of congress and the state legislatures to make laws on the same subject matter while working independently of one another
366264920	Confederacy	an alliance between people, parties, states, etc
366264921	Connecticut compromise	compromise reached at constitutional convention that establishes two houses of congress, the house of reps represented by population, and the senate where each state gets two reps
366264922	Consent of the governed	according to john locke, the required basis for gov. declaration reflects his views that gov derives authority from consent of the governed
366264923	conservative	according to john locke, the required basis for gov. declaration reflects his views that gov derives authority from consent of the governed
366264924	constitution	nations basic laws, creates political institutions, assigns or divides power of gov and provides certain guarantees to citizens
366264925	cooperative federalism	system of gov when powers and policy assignments are shared between states and national gov. share costs, administration, and blame for programs that work poorly
366264926	culture war	political conflict based on sets of conflicting cultural backgrounds
366264927	declaration of independence	document approved by reps of American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances vs british monarch and declared independence
366264928	democracy	system of selecting policy makers and of organizing gov so policy represents and responds to peoples preferences
366264929	devolution	to transfer (as of rights, powers, property, or responsibility) to another
366264930	doctrine of interposition	the right of states to proclaim an act of congress unconstitutional, but its never been acknowledged by the courts
366264931	dual federalism	system of gov when both state and national gov remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies
366264932	elastic clause	final paragraph in article 1 section 8 of constitution, authorizing congress to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out enumerated powers
366264933	elite/class theory	final paragraph in article 1 section 8 of constitution, authorizing congress to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out enumerated powers
366264934	enumerated powers	powers of federal gov that are specifically addressed in the constitution, for congress, those powers are listed in article 1 section 8 and include power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes
366264935	extradition	legal process where by an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of 1 state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed
366264936	factions	interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that Madison attacked in the fed 10. Today these groups are what he warned about for instability in gov
366264937	federal preemptions	the invalidation of US state law when it conflicts with federal law
366264938	federalism	way of organizing a nation so two levels of gov have formal authority over some land/people. Shared power between units of gov
366264939	federalist papers	85 articles by Hamilton, jay, and Madison under the name of publius to defend constitution in characterizing the framers intents
366264940	federalists	supporters of US constitution when states were contemplating its adoption
366264941	fiscal federalism	pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in federal systems. Cornerstone of national govs relations with state and local govs
366264942	formula grants	federal categorical grants distributed accordingly to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations
366264943	full faith and credit clause	clause in article 4 section 1 requiting each state to revognize official documents and civil judgments rendered by courts of other states
366264944	general revenue sharing	unrestricted funds (which can be used for any purpose) provided by the federal gov until 1987
366264945	gibbson v ogden	case in 1824 when supreme court interpreted very broadly that the clause in article 1 section 8 that gives congress power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity. Commerce clause has been the constitutional basis for much of congress's regulation of the economy
366264946	government	institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society
366264947	great compromise	mix of the new jersy plan and Virginia plan to have two houses in the legislature, one on equal representation and one on population
366264948	gross domestic product	sum of total of the value of all goods and services produced in a nation
366264949	hyperpluralism	theory contending that small groups are so strong that gov is weakened. Extreme, exaggerated, perverted form of pluralism
366264950	ideology	coherent set of beliefs about public policy and its purpose. Gives meaning to political events, personalities, and policies
366264951	implied powers	powers of the federal gov that go beyond those enumerated in the constitution. States that congress has the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers enumerated in article 1. Many federal policies are justified on the basis of implied powers
366264952	individualism	belief that individuals should be left on their own by the gov. primary reason for the comparatively small scope of American gov is the prominence of this belief in American political thought/practice
366264953	inherent power	an authority possessed without its being derived from another. It's a right/ability/faculty of doing a thing without receiving that right/ability/faculty from another
366264954	judicial review	power of courts to determine whether acts of congress and by implication, the executive, is in accord with the constitution. Established by marshal in Marbury v Madison
366264955	liberal	political ideology whose advocates prefer a gov active in dealing with human needs, support individual rights/liberties, and give higher priority to social needs v military needs
366264956	limited gov	certain things are out of bounds for gov because of natural rights of citizens. Central in locke's philosophy, contrasts with prevailing view of divine rights monarchs
366264957	linkage institution	channels or access points through which issues and peoples policy preferences get on the govs policy agenda. In US, elections, political parties, interest groups,, and the mass media are main linkage institutions
366264958	marbury v madison	1803 case when chief justice marshall and associates asserted right of supreme court to determine the meaning of the constitution, decision established courts power of judicial review over acts of congress
366264959	Mcculloch v maryland	1819 case decision that establishes supremacy of the national gov over state govs. Chief justice marshall and associates held that congress had implied powers and enumerated powers in constitution
366264960	natural rights	rights inherent in humans, not dependent on govs, which include life, liberty, and property. Important to lockes theory on gov, widely accepted by founding fathers, seen in jefferson's wording of the declaration
366264961	necessary and proper clause	congress has power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers
366264962	new jersey plan	proposal that calls for equal representation of each state in congress regardless the population
366264963	parliamentary system	govs like GB that select a political leader from membership in the parliament
366264964	picket fence federalism	policy makers within a specific policy area work as a team across the levels of gov (national, state, local)
366264965	pluralist theory	theory of gov and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for their own preferred policies
366264966	policy agenda	issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given time
366264967	policy gridlock	condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy. Result is nothing many get done
366264968	politics	process in which we select our gov leaders and what policies they pursue, politics produce authoritative decisions about public issues
366264969	positive externalities	group making a decision and doesn't receive the full benefit of the decisions, its less than the benefit of society
366264970	privileges and immunities	clause in article 4 section 2 according citizens of each state most of the privileges of those of another
366264971	public goods	goods such as clean air and water that everyone must share
366264972	project grants	federal grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of application, type of the categorical grant available to states and localities
366264973	public policy	choice that gov makes in response to a political issue. Policy is a course of action taken with regard to a problem
366264974	redistributive tax policy	taxes aimed at redistributing the wealth
366264975	republic	form of gov that derives power directly or indirectly form the people. Those chosen to govern are accountable to those who they govern, in contrast to a direct democracy, in which people themselves make laws, in a republic the people select reps who make laws
366264976	reserved powers	political power that a constitution reserves exclusively to the jurisdiction of a particular political authority
366264977	separation of powers	part of madisonian model that requires each of the three branches to be relatively independent so one cant control the others. Power is shared among these three branches
366264978	shays rebellion	series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by rev war captain shays to block foreclosure proceedings
366264979	supremacy clause	article 6, makes constitution, national laws and treaties supreme over state laws when the national gov is acting within conditional limits
366264980	10th amendment	constitutional amendment stating the powers not delegated to the US by constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states or people
366264981	3/5 compromise	compromise that allows slaves to count in population as 3/5 of a person to raise amount of reps in the house
366264982	unfunded mandates	when federal gov requires state/local action but doesn't provide the funds to pay for it
366264983	unitary gov	way of organizing a nation so that all powers reside in the central gov. most national govs today are this
366264984	virginia plan	proposal calling for representation of each state in congress in proportion to the states share of the US population
366264985	writ of habeus corpus	court ordering jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody
366264986	beats	specific locations for which news frequently mandates, such as congress or the white house. Most top reporters work a particular beat, thereby becoming specialists in what goes on at that location
366264987	broadcast media	tv/radio (compared with print media)
366264988	census	valuable tool for understanding demographic changes. Constitution requires that the gov conduct and actual enumeration of the population every 10 years
366264989	chains	newspapers published by massive media conglomerates that account for almost ¾ of the daily circulation, often control broadcast media too
366264990	civil disobedience	form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer consequences
366264991	demography	the science of population change
366264992	equal time provisions	rule that specifies that radio and tv stations must provide equal opportunities to any opposing candidates to be aired
366264993	exit polls	public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision
366264994	fairness doctrine	required holders of broadcast licenses to present controversial issues of public importance and do so in the commissions view, honest, equitable, and balanced (removed in 1987)
366264995	FCC	regulates nonfederal gov use of the radio/tv/telecommunications
366264996	filtering	restricting info from reaching the public
366264997	gender gap	regular pattern by which women are more likely to support democrats, significantly less conservative v men, more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending
366264998	hard news	intense, quickly reported on news like politics, war, economics, and crime
366264999	high tech politics	politics when the behavior of citizens and policy makers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology
366265000	horse race	journalism that focuses on perception of a candidate instead of their policy
366265001	ideological polarization	public opinion dividing and going to extremes, extreme factions of a political party gaining dominance in a party
366265002	investigative journalism	use of in depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes wich at times puts reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders
366265003	latent opinion	present or potential opinion in public but not evident or active
366265004	mainstream media	media spread via larger distribution channels (newspaper, broadcasting media)
366265005	mass media	tv/radio/newspaper/magazines/other means of popular communication. Key to high tech politics
366265006	media event	events staged purposely for the media that nonetheless look spontaneous. In keeping with politics as theater, media events can be staged by individuals, groups, and gov officials, especially the prez
366265007	minority majority	emergence of non-Caucasian majority, compared with a whine, generally Anglo Saxon majority. Predicted that by 2060, Hispanics, Africans and Asian Americans together will outnumber whites
366265008	narrowcasting	opposed to the traditional broadcasting the appeal to a narrow, particular audience by channels like espn and mtv which focus on a narrow particular interests
366265009	off the record	info that's valuable so sources ensure confidentiality of it before disclosing it. Some journalists don't accept this type of info because it might affect the truth of the report
366265010	on background	thrust of the briefing may be reported but the direct quotes may not be used
366265011	policy agenda	issues that attract serious attention of public officials and people actually involved in politics
366265012	policy entreprenuers	people who invest their political capital in an issue. Could be in or out of gov, in elected or appointed positions, in interest groups or research organizations
366265013	political culture	overall set of values widely shared in society
366265014	political ideology	coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy and public purpose. Helps give meaning to political events, personalities, and policies
366265015	political participation	all activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue. Most common participation in a democracy is voting (protests, civil disobedience, etc)
366265016	political socialization	the process through which an individual acquires his or her particular political orientations, feeling, knowledge, and evaluations regarding his or her political world
366265017	press conference	meetings of public officials with reporters
366265018	priming	theory in which the activation of one thought may trigger related thoughts. Media images stimulate related thoughts in the minds of audiences
366265019	print media	newspapers and magazines compared to broadcasting
366265020	public opinion	distribution of populations beliefs about politics and policy issues
366265021	random sample	technique employed by sophisticated survey researchers, operates on principle that everyone should have and equal probability of being selected for a sample
366265022	random digit dialing	technique used by pollsters to place phone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey
366265023	rapportionment	process of reallocating seats in the house of reps every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census
366265024	sampling error	level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll, the more interviewed, the more confident on can be of the results
366265025	shield laws	reporters privilege, legislation designed to provide a news reporter with the rights to refuse to testify as to info and or sources of info obtained during the news gathering or dissemination process
366265026	soft news	news that isn't very dramatic, entertainment, art, lifestyle...
366265027	sound bites	short video clips of 15 seconds typically all that's shown from a politicians speech or activities on tv
366265028	slant	changed info or stories to please advisors and get public support
366265029	talking heads	shots of peoples faces talking directly to camera, visually unappealing, major commercial networks don't show these very much
366265030	trial balloons	international news leak for the purpose of assessing the political action
366265031	wire service	organization of journalists established to supply news reports to news organizations
366265032	affirmative action	policy designed to give special attention to or conpensatiory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group
366265033	Americans with disabilities act of 1990	requires employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment
366265034	civil liberties	legal constitutional protections vs gov. although layed out in bill of rights, courts/police/legislature define their meaning
366265035	civil rights	policies designed to protect people vs arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by gov officials and individuals
366265036	civil rights act of 1964	racial discrimination vs any group in hotels/motels/restaurants is illegal and forbade forms of job discrimination
366265037	civil war amendments	13, 14, 15 abolish slavery, citizenship of previous slaves was allowed, voting rights for black men
366265038	clear and present danger test	deals with freedom of speech, determines if statements are protected
366265039	commercial speech	communication by advertising can be restricted more than any other type of speech but has been receiving increased protection from supreme court
366265040	comparative worth	issue raised when women are paid less than men for working jobs requiring comparable skill
366265041	de facto	by the law. Real concepts enforced by the law
366265042	de jure	by custom. Not legally stated but is concerned with law
366265043	direct incitement test	advocacy of illegal action protected by 1st amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur
366265044	disenfranchisement	the act of withdrawing certification or terminating a franchise
366265045	double jeopardy	legally forbid you from being tried again on same charges
366265046	due process clause	amendment guaranteeing that people cant be deprived of life/liberty/property by US/state gov without due process of law
366265047	8th amendment	forbids cruel/unusual punishment, but doesn't define what this is. This bill of rights provision applies to states
366265048	equal protection of law	emphasizing that laws must provide equal protection to all people "equal protection of life, liberty, and property" to all state citizens
366265049	equal rights amendment	passed in 1972, stating that equality of rights under law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex. Despite substantial public support and an extended deadline, it failed to acquire necessary support from ¾ of state legislatures
366265050	establishment clause	1st amendment stating that congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion
366265051	exclusionary rule	evidence, no matter how incriminating, cant be introduced into a trial if it wasn't constitutionally obtained. Prohibits use of evidence obtained through unreasonable search/seizure
366265052	15th amendment	extends suffrage to black men
366265053	5th amendment	protects rights of a person accused of crimes including protection vs double jeopardy, self incrimination, and punishment without due process of law
366265054	fighting words	words indicating willingness to fight, insult vs race or ethnicity
366265055	14th amendment	after civil war, no state shall make or enforce laws that abridge the privilages and immunities of citizens of the US nor shall any state deprive any person of life/liberty/property without due process of law, nor deny anyone in its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws
366265056	4th amendment	search and seizure
366265057	free exercise clause	1st amendment provision that prohibits gov from interfering with practice of religion
366265058	gag order	legal order from court to prohibit attorneys/parties from discussing case to media
366265059	grandfather clause	method used in south to deny Africans from voting. In order to exempt illiterate whites from taking a literacy test before voting, clause exempted people whose grandfathers were eligible to vote in 1860, disenfranchising grandchildren of slaves. Unconstitutional in 1915
366265060	hate speech	communication which disparages a person based on characteristics like race/orientation
366265061	incorporation doctrine	legal concept under which the supreme court has nationalized the bill of rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the 14th amendment
366265062	jim crow laws	ways states enforced anti blacks and segregation in south
366265063	lemon test	in establishment clause disputes 1)must have a secular legislative purpose 2)primary effect cant advance/inhibit religion 3)cant foster excessive gov entanglement with religion
366265064	libel	publication of false info/malicious statements that damage someone's reputation
366265065	miller test	obscenity test 1)appeals to prurient interest 2)patently offensive 3)lacks serious educational value
366265066	miranda rights	make you aware of rights (remain silent) to avoid self incrimination
366265067	missouri compromise	allowed Missouri to enter union as a slave state and maine as a free state
366265068	19th amendment	guarantees women the right to vote 1920
366265069	plea bargain	bargain struck between defendants lawyers and prosecutor to the effect that the defendant will plead guilty in a lesser crime in exchange for the state promise not to prosecute the defendant for a more serious crime
366265070	poll tax	small taxes, levied on right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African american sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. Method used in south to exclude blacks from voting. Unconstitutional in 1964
367373826	prior restraint	govs preventing material from being published. common method of limiting press in some nations, but is unconstitutional in US by 1st amendment and near v mn
367373827	probable cause	situation occuring when police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested. in making the arrest, police are allowed legally to search and seize incriminating evidence
367373828	selective incorporation	makes the first 10 amendments of the constitution applicable to the states
367373829	self incrimination	individual accused of a rcrime is compelled to be a witness vs themself in court. 5th amendment forbids
367373830	separate but equal	helped segregation. as long as facilities are equal, its ok to segragate them
367373831	6th amendment	protects people accused of crime. includes right to counsel, confront witnesses. and speedy public trial
367373832	slander	harmful statement/false communication to injure a persons reputation
367373833	strict scrutiny test	must be justified by a compelling gov interest, narrowly tailored to achieve that goal, be the least restrictive means for achieving it
367373834	substantive due process doctrine	courts enforce limits on legislative and executive powers and authority
367373835	symbolic speech	nonverbal communication, with some protection (flag burning/armband)
367373836	13th amendment	after civil war, forbid slavery and involuntary servitude
367373837	24th amendment	1964 poll taxes void
367373838	voting rights act of 1965	helped end formal and informal barriers to african american suffrage. federal registrars were sent to the southern states that had histories of discrimination and many blacks registered and black elected officials increased dramatically
367373839	white primary	discouraged blacks to vote, permitted political parties in the democratic south to exclude blacks form primary elections, depriving them of a vote in the real contests. supreme court declared it unconstitutional in 1944

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American Pageant (13th Edition) - Chapters 23 and 24 - Greenstein Flashcards

Greenstein '12

Terms : Hide Images

323302254	Political Corruption	Business tycoons' and Robber Barons who did favors or bribed workers and immigrants to get votes to stay in power.
323302255	Bloody Shirt	Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency.
323302256	Depression	A long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment.
323302257	Inflation	An increase in the average level of prices of goods and services in the economy.
323302258	Deflation	A decrease in the average price of all goods and services in the economy.
323302259	Jim Crow	The system of racial segregation in the South that was created in the late nineteenth century following the end of slavery. Jim Crow laws written in the 1880s and 1890s mandated segregation in public facilities.
323302260	Credit Mobilier	A construction company. Involved in a scandal when they hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends. When it was found out that government officials were paid stay quiet about the illicit business, some officials were censured.
323302261	Tammany Hall	A political machine, headed by "Boss" Tweed, located in New York that had be known to cheat the city out of over two hundred million dollars during the early 1870s.
323302262	Pendleton Act	Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.
323302263	Chinese Exclusion Act	Passed in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US because the United States thought of them as a threat.
323302264	Plessy vs. Ferguson	The supreme court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"
323302265	Populism	A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite.
323302266	Trusts	Firms or corporations that sit on the same board for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices.
323302267	Monopolies	Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.
323302268	Robber Barons	Nickname for wealthy entrepreneurs and businessmen (Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller) during the "Gilded" Age.
323302269	Factory Towns	Towns that were established and controlled by factories for the factory workers.
323302270	Assembly Line	In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.
323302271	Bessemer Process	Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed manufacturing of steel.
323302272	Social Darwinism	The poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument by the wealthy to counter argue social reforms to help the poor.
323302273	Gibson Girl	The "Gibson Girl" represented the role model for women in the early 1900's. She was pretty, calm, smart, and could overcome any obstacle.
323302274	Horatio Alger	a popular writer of the Post-Civil War time period. Alger was a Puritan New Englander who wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction during his career; the famous "rags to riches" theme.
323302275	Knights of Labor	Labor union founded by Uriah S. Stephens in 1869, that grew out of the collapse of the National Labor Union and was replaced by AF of L after a number of botched strikes.
323302276	American Federation of Labor	A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that was the only labor union that only accepted skilled workers. Used collective bargaining in order to avoid large social issues.
323302277	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal.
323302278	Jay Gould	Investor who cornered the gold market by convincing Grant to issue bad financial proclamations.
323302279	Boss Tweed	Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall.
323302280	Thomas Nast	Political cartoonist who's work exposed the abuses of the Tweed ring, criticized the South's attempts to impede Reconstruction, and lampooned labor unions.
323302281	Horace Greeley	Editor of the New York Tribune; presidential nominee for the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats for the 1872 election; lost to Grant and died a few weeks after his defeat.
323302282	U.S. Grant	U.S. president for two terms who won due to his military honors. He was a drinker and a corrupt politician "on accident".
323302283	Ruther B. Hayes	Ohio governor and President of the United States.
323302284	James Garfield	James Garfield was elected to presidency in 1880. He was assassinated so Stalwarts could be in power in the government. This brought about reforms in the spoils systems.
323302285	Chester Arthur	21st president, Republican, taking office after assassination of Garfield, lead the charge of civil service reform.
323302286	Grover Cleveland	First Democrat since Civil War. Signifies end of "bloody shirt" tactic. Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes
323302287	Benjamin Harrison	Not that important. Wasteful spender. Oh yeah, he was a president.
323302288	J.P. Morgan	Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
323302289	Leland Stanford	One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California.
323302290	Cornelius Vanderbilt	He was a big man with little education. He built a railway that connected New York to Chicago in 1873. He offered superior service at low rates and was extremely successful.
323302291	Cyrus Field	An American financier who backed the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic.
323302292	J.D. Rockefeller	America's oil king, he got the railroads to give him back half of what he paid them for transporting the oil, so he was able to sell oil for much less than his competitors, putting most out of business. Grossly rich but very generous.
323302293	Andrew Carnegie	Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"
323302294	Herbert Spencer	Created the concept of social darwinism.
323302295	Samuel Gompers	He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.
323302296	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
323302297	William Jennings Bryant	The 1896 candidate for president for the Populists and Democrats. He made a speech that asked the government not to hurt the Americans by sticking to a gold standard but instead adding silver to back the dollar.

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RNA: Transcription and Processing Flashcards

1. Explain the general mechanisms and controls of transcription and RNA processing.
2. Define the concept, "central dogma" of molecular biology.
3. Describe how dynamic reorganization of chromatin structure is related to regulation of
gene expression.
4. Define transcription as conversion of the DNA genetic code into an RNA code.
5. Describe the functions of regulatory elements; promoters, enhancers, silencers, a.k.a.
"cis-elements") in the production of RNA.
6. Describe the function of trans-elements or transcription factor proteins, that interact with
DNA regulatory elements.
7. Explain how reversible modification of some transcription factors (e.g. phosphorylation)
can regulate of gene expression / trsaanscription (DNA RNA).
8. Describe the events involved with initiation, elongation and termination of transcription.
9. List some functional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNAs
(polycistronic vs monocistronic, RNA processing or splicing and modifications).
10. Describe introns and exons in the splicing of eukaryotic mRNAs, and th

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856204823	mRNA	message RNA - gene coding sequences
856204824	rRNA	ribosomal RNA - scaffolding and action centers for ribosomes
856204825	tRNA	transfer RNA - adaptor molecule, decodes genetic code on mRNA
856204826	miRNA	micro RNA - gene expression regulators
856204827	snRNA	small nuclear RNA - RNA processing molecules - splicosomes
856204828	Transcription:	Transcription is the conversion of specific regions of DNA into various species of RNA.
856204829	The Central Dogma of molecular biology:	DNA  (transcription)  RNA  (translation)  protein RNA  (reverse transcription)  DNA DNA  (replication)  2X DNA
856204830	Chromatin	occurs in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes but it is much more complicated in Eukaryotic chromosomes. Chromatin must be organized into an appropriate structure in order for gene expression (or replication) to occur.
856204831	heterochromatin)	here are DNA storage structures that sequester away gene sequences preventing their expression
856204832	euchromatin	here are more open structures allowing the protein transcription factors access to the specific DNA sequences
856204833	promoters and enhancers	Once these protein factors bind to their target DNA regulatory sequence elements genes expression (transcription) can begin.
856204834	silencers	Other transcription factors block transcription. These work by binding DNA regulatory elements (silencers) that inhibit gene expression.
856204835	Cis-elements	specific DNA sequences (promoters and enhancers or silencers).
856204836	Trans-elements	iffusible protein factors (transcription factors) that bind to specific DNA sequences (cis-elements) or structures affecting gene expression / transcription.
856204837	A key consideration for gene expression (transcription) involves the competition of chromatin	packing factors with transcription factors for various specific regulatory DNA sequences. This competition can be regulated by environmental factors, allowing environmental factors to control aspects of gene expression (adaptation).
856204838	nucleosome	is the fundamental protein complex for packaging eukaryotic DNA. Several factors affect the dynamic functions of a nucleosome in its reversible binding, packaging and organization of DNA.
856204839	Histone Acetyl Transferase (HAT)	is an enzyme that attaches acetate groups to lysine residues on nucleosomes opening/loosening their interaction with DNA by blocking electrostatic interactions with the phosphoribosyl backbone. Moving the nucleosomes around (remodeling) can uncover specific DNA sequences allowing competition for binding with transcription factors (trans-elements) promoting gene expression.
856204840	Histone Deacetylase (HDAC)	removed from the nucleosome allowing them to condense back together again with a higher affinity for DNA, occluding the cis-elements (promoter sequences), preventing transcription factor binding and leading to gene silencing. Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) is an example of this type of reversible enzyme system. Stabilizing tight chromatin structures with inhibitory transcription factors binding to specific DNA silencer elements is another method of blocking gene expression.

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Civil War Battles Flashcards

for conde's civil war battles test

Terms : Hide Images

66658853	What Happened at Gettysburg	40,000 casualties. Lee is defeated. Pickett's charge= 15k men in one wave. Charge was disaster. Meade did NOT pursue.
66658854	Generals at Gettysburg	N= Meade; S= Lee
66658855	Date and place of Gettysburg	Pennsylvania; July 1-3, 1863
66658856	What Happened at Bull Run (Manassas)	Union retreats; McDowell replaced with McClellan, first major land battle.
66658857	Date and place at Bull Run (Manassas)	July 21, 1861
66658858	Generals at Bull Run (Manassas)	N= McDowell; S= Beauregard
66658859	What Happened at Antietam	N had 100k men; S had 50k. 24k casualties (11k for N, 13k for S). Standoff-kept England out and Emancipation Proclamation.
66658860	Generals at Antietam	N=McClellan; S=Lee
66658861	Date and place at Antietam	Sept 17, 1862

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Civil War Flashcards

The Civil War
A Civil War is a war between opposing groups of citizens from the same country. In 1861, two parts of America went to war against each other. After 4 years, the Union won. Many people died on both sides, and the South suffered terribly.
No one expected the Civil War to be long. It became one of the worst wars in American history.
WAR BEGINS
In April 1861, the Civil War begin at Fort Sumter. The fort belonged to the North, or the Union, but it was in South Carolina-deep in the South.

Terms : Hide Images

1019430109	Abolitionist	A person who worked to end slavery.
1019430110	Slavery	The treatment of people as property. People who are denied freedom in this way are said to be enslaved
1019430111	Secede	separate from Union
1019430112	Civil War	The war that divides America in the 1860s. A war between citizens of the same country.
1019430113	Reconstruction	The period of time after the Civil War in which Southern states were rebuilt and brought back to the Union
1019430114	Union	During the Civil War, the Union came to mean the government and armies of the North
1019430115	Compromise	A way of settling disagreements in which each side gives away a little in its demands (ex. Missouri Compromise, Missouri admitted as slave, Maine as free-kept balance of power in Senate)
1019430116	Confederacy	Another name for the Confederate States of America, made up of the 11 states that seceded from the Union
1019430117	Emancipation Proclamation	A special order by President Lincoln on January 1st, 1863 declaring slaves in Confederate sates to be free
1019430118	13th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1865) that abolished slavery in US (made it illegal)
1019430119	14th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1868) granting citizenship to anyone born in the United States and guaranteeing all citizens equal protection of the law
1019430120	15th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1870) declaring that states cannot deny anyone the right to vote because of race or color, or because the person was a slave
1019430121	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Act passed in 1854 that created Kansas and Nebraska territories and abolished the Missouri Compromise by allowing states to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new territories
1019430122	State's rights	the rights belonging to various states, especially with reference to interpretation of Constitution
1019430123	Battle of Gettysburg	July 1st-3rd (1863) Union leaders defeated General Lee. A turning point battle during the Civil War
1019430124	Dred Scott	former slave who sued for his freedom in the Supreme Court.
1019430125	Abe Lincoln	President during the Civil War
1019430126	Harriet Tubman	She led 300 slaves to freedom, because of her bravery she is the symbol of the Underground Railroad
1019430127	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederacy
1019430128	Ulysses S. Grant	General for the Union, later became 18th President
1019430129	General Robert E. Lee	General for the Confederacy
1019430130	Fort Sumter	South Carolina, April 12-14, 1861, start of the Civil War
1019430131	Bull Run	Virginia, July 1st, 1861, first major land battle of Civil War
1019430132	Antietam	Maryland, September 16-18, 1862, bloodiest single day in American military history, 23,000 died
1019430133	Battle of Gettysburg	Pennsylvania, July 1-3rd, 1863- Union leaders defeated General Lee. Turning point of Civil War. Followed by famous speech by Lincoln to dedicate cemetery.
1019430134	Causes of Civil War	slavery and state's rights
1019499407	Freedman's Bureau	designed to help former slaves with food, clothing, find jobs, medical care, created schools (established 1865)
1019499408	Carpetbagger	Northerns who came to the south for economic reasons after the Civil War-they took advantage of citizens of the south
1019499409	Costly	The Civil war was the most costly war in American History in terms of total devastation.

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Genetics Flashcards

intro to genetics, gen 313

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165419196	prophase	chromosomes start to condense, spindle fibers start to form
165419197	metaphase	chomosomes line up, spindles on opposite sides
165419199	anaphase	sister chromatids separate
165419201	telophase	chomosomes decondense, nuclear envelop begins to form
165419203	prophase I	chromosomes condense, homologous pairs synapse-bivalent titrad-crossing over (1st mechanism generating variation)
165419205	metaphase I	homologous pairs line up at metaphase plate
165419207	anaphase I	homologous pairs separate, random segregation of homologous pairs (2nd mechanism generating variation)
165419209	meiosis II	just like mitosis
165419211	allele	version of a gene
165419213	gene	region of DNA w/ information
165419215	locus	area of chromosome
165419217	chi-square test	(expected-observed)^2/expected
165419219	sex determination genes	located on X and Y chromosomes
165419221	phosphodiester bonds	link nucleotides together 3' to 5' (covalent bond)
165419223	DNA ligase	catalyzes phosphodiester bond between 3'OH and 5' phosphate groups in DNA
165419225	epistasis	get at one locus masks or supresses effects of gene at different locus
165419227	recombination frequencies	1% recombination frequency=cM between gene loci
165419230	conjugation	requires physical contact between cells, one way transfer of DNA, between bacteria
165419231	transformation	donor cell lysed, DNA fragments take up by recipient cell
165419232	transduction	virus infects bacteria, phage transfers DNA from donor cell to recipient cell
165419233	Hfr	have F factor in bacteria genes, when w/ F- -->produces 2 F+ cells, uses conjugation
165419234	F-	no F factor in cell
165419235	F+	has F factor (episome) in cell
165419236	allopolyploidy	addition of set of chromosomes (2N->3N) between different species
165419237	hydrogen bonding	link bases on opposite strands of DNA, AT double bond, GC triple bond
165419239	telomeres	usually contain series of cytosine nucleotides followed by adenine or thymine nucleotides
165419240	nucleosomes	chromatin wrapped around core of 8 histones
165419241	okazaki fragments	appear on lagging strand during replication, occurs because replication only occurs in 5'->3' direction
165419242	promoters	DNA sequence recognized and bound by transcriptional apparatus, determines where to start, which direction and which strand
165419243	5' cap	pre mRNA processing, helps stabalize along with poly(A) tail
165419245	triplet code	most efficient way to encode all 20 amino acids, allows for some overlap w/ 64 possibilites
165419246	positive inducible control	inducer (cofactor) binds to activator to stimulate transcription
165419247	positive repressible control	inducer (cofactor) prevents activator from binding
165419248	negative inducible control	inducer prevents repressor from binding
165419249	negative repressible control	corepressor binds to repressor to allow binding
165419250	lac operon	negative inducible operon (w/o lactose transcription is off), allolactose inducer
165419251	acetylation	activates transcription, part of histone code
165419252	transcription activator proteins	interact w/ basal transcription apparatus
165419253	loss of function mutations	alters structure of protein so that it no longer works correctly or mutation occurs in regulatory regions that affect the transcription, translation, or splicing of the protein
165419254	regulatory genes	encode proteins that control transcription
165419255	nonsense mutationss	specifies STOP codon
165419256	PCR	requires all four nucleotides, primers, thermostable DNA polymerase, and target DNA (NOT LIGASE)
165419257	map based sequencing	build map then sequence, based on rates of recombination, relative location to other genes, FISH, contigs
165419258	shot-gun sequencing	look for overlaps in sequence to put together to build map
165419259	homeotic genes	determine identity of individual segments or parts, mutatoins cause body parts to appear in the wrong places
165419260	Hox genes	gene that contains a homeobox (subset of nucleotides in homeotic genes), encode transcription factors that help determine body regions along anterior-posterior axis
165419261	oncogenes	stimulates cell division, leads to fomration of tumors/cancer, arises from mutated copy of proto-oncogene, associated w/ viruses and retroviruses
165419262	tumor suppressor genes	inhibits cell division, mutations contribute to cancer (p53, RB)
165419264	discontinuous	discrete separable phenotype, varies qualitatively, restricted (blood type, seed coat texture, fly eye color)
165419265	continuous	large continuous range of phenotypes, varies quantitatively, unrestricted (height, weight, seed yield)
165419266	mutation	creates new alleles in gene pool, plays relatively insignificant role in changing allele frequencies, changes allele freq short term->long term equilibrium
165419267	migration	prevents population from becoming genetically distinct, changes allele frequency short term->long term equilibrium
165419268	selection	changes genetic composition, principal force that shifts allele frequency in large population, long term directional selection/overdominance
165419269	allopatric	geographic barrier splits population into 2 groups
165419270	sympatric	species diverge while still together (reproductive isolating mechanism arises)
165419271	prezygotic	prevent gametes from fusing-gametic, mechanical, behavioral,, ecological, temporal
165419272	postzygotic	hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown
165574053	dosage compensation	equalizes amount of protein produced by X-linked genes in the two sexes--double activity on one X chromosome or inactivate one chromosome
165574054	inversion	rearrangement of linear gene order, requires 2 breaks in chromosome and reinsertion of inverted segment
165574055	paracentric inversion	avoids centromere when rearranging genes
165574056	pericentric inversion	includes centromere when rearranging genes
165574057	chromosome rearrangements	duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation
165574058	translocation	movement of one part of chromosome segment to a new location (forms cross like shape when crossing over in prophase II)
165574059	aneuploidy	addition/subtration of single chromosome (2N+/- x) (trisomy 21)
165574060	chromatosome	chromatin+8 histones+H1 histone, separated by linker DNA
165574061	replication initiation	prokaryotes- -10 consensus sequence (pribnow box), -35 consensus sequence eukaryotes- TATA box, regulatory promoter further up stream, enhancers modulate transcription from distance
165574062	I-	no lactose-no repressor lactose-no repressor
165574063	I+	no lactose-no repressor lactose-repressor
165574064	Is	repressor of O+ (consitutive)
165574065	P+	no lactose-no binding of polymerase lactose-polymerase binds
165574066	P-	no lactose-no binding of polymerase lactose-no binding of polymerase
165574067	Oc	no lactose-repressor doesn't bind lactose-repressor doesn't bind
165574068	O+	no lactose-repressor binds lactose-repressor doesn't bind
165574069	structural genes	encode proteins that have various cellular functions

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Mitosis Flashcards

The primary result of mitosis is the transferring of the parent cell's genome into two daughter cells. These two cells are identical and do not differ in any way from the original parent cell. Mitosis occurs in our heart, liver, brain, skin, blood and more. Why is Mitosis so important?

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1019581046	interphase	The name applied to the normal lifetime and metabolic activity of any cell based on the unchanging appearance of the nucleus during this period and followed by the stages of cell division; in the cell cycle it is subdivided into Growth1, S (DNA synthesis), and Growth2 subphases.
1019581047	prophase	The first stage of mitosis (or meiosis) during which the DNA (chromatin configuration) of the cell begins the process of supercoiling to become visible chromosomes, the centrioles move toward the poles of the cell and the nuclear membrane begins to disappear
1019581048	metaphase	The second stage of mitosis (or meiosis) during which the visible chromosomes (maximally supercoiled DNA) line up at the center to form the metaphase or equitorial plate and the spindle apparatus completes its formation and attachment to the chromosomes.
1019581049	anaphase	The third stage of mitosis (or meiosis) during which the chromosomes are moved away from the metaphase or equitorial plate by the spindle fibers and move toward the centrioles at the opposite poles.
1019581050	telophase	The final stage of mitosis (or meiosis) during which the chromosomes of daughter cells have completed their movement toward the poles by the action of the nuclear spindle fibers and new daughter nuclei form; during telophase the chromosomes relax into their chromatin configuration and new nuclear membranes form around them.
1019581051	cytokinesis	Two new nuclei form. Chromosomes appear as chromatin. Mitosis ends.
1019581052	mitosis	Cell division in which the nucleus divides into two nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes with an end result of two identical cells.
1019581053	nucleus	a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
1019581054	spindle fibers	Special microtubules made of proteins which connect to centromeres and pull apart chromosomes.
1019581055	sexual reproduction	A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of female gamete (egg) and male gamete (sperm), which forms a fertilized cell that potentially develops into genetically distinct offspring.
1019581056	meiosis	A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. The process that creates sex cells (eggs and sperm).
1019581057	asexual Reproduction	A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
1019581058	DNA replication	Process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission
1019581059	parent cell	any cell which divides by either mitosis or meiosis, followed by cytokinesis, to produce two or more daughter cells
1019581060	daughter cells	those cells, usually tow in number, which are produced when a parent cell divides by either mitosis or meiosis, followed by cytokinesis
1019581061	chromatin	Combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes. Sometimes used to refer to diffuse and very extended form taken by chromosomes when a eukaryotic cell isn't dividing.
1019581062	chromosomes	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
1019581063	centromere	The most condensed and constricted region of a chromosome, to which the microtubular spindle fiber is attached during mitosis or meiosis; it is also the point on the chromosome where the daughter chromatids are attached to one another; its location varies among different chromosomes in terms of its position along the length of the chromosome.
1019581064	mitotic spindle	The diamond-shaped or fusiform = spindle-shaped cytoskeletal structure characteristic of a dividing cell, consisting of microtubules, some of which become attached to each chromosome at its centromere and provide the mechanism for chromosomal movement; in most animal cells, its formation begins at a centriole. aka - nuclear spindle.
1019581065	metaphase plate = equatorial plane	An imaginary plane, perpendicular to the spindle fibers of a dividing cell, along which chromosomes align in a tight cluster during the second phase of mitosis, metaphase.
1019581066	equatorial division	The typical pattern of cell division in which the formation of the new cell membrane which will divide the daughter cells in the process of cytokinesis forms along the same dimension or axis as did the metaphase plate during nuclear division.
1019581067	cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm of a cell, usually into roughly equal proportions, following the division of the nucleus by mitosis or meiosis to produce to separate daughter cells; in animal cells, it is also called cleavage; at the molecular level, the pinching in of the cytoplasm is achieved by the movements of the cytoskeletal elements powered by ATP hydrolysis
1019581068	cleavage furrow	The pattern of cytokinesis observed in most animal cells in which elements of the cytoskeleton slide in the plane of the metaphase plate slowly pulling the cell membrane inward, creating an appearance of the outer membrane pinching in, to separate the cytoplasm of the mother cell into the two daughter cells; at the molecular level, the pinching in of the cytoplasm is achieved by the movements of the cytoskeletal elements powered by ATP hydrolysis.
1019581069	cell cycle	A description of the time course and events in the life of typical cells, divided into four stages, Growth 1, S Phase (DNA synthesis), Growth 2, and cell division (mitosis or meiosis followed by cytokinesis).
1019581070	G1 = Growth 1	The first portion of the cell cycle before DNA synthesis is begun, usually the longest portion of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows to its mature size and begins to carry out its specific metabolic activities.
1019581071	S-phase = Synthesis phase	The second portion of the cell cycle during which DNA synthesis occurs, usually the shortest portion of the cell cycle; the DNA synthesis which occurs produces copies of all the chromosomes in the nucleus to prepare the cell for a future cell division (mitosis or meiosis followed by cytokinesis).
1019581072	G2 = Growth 2	The third portion of the cell cycle which takes place after DNA synthesis is complete and before nuclear and then cytoplasmic division begin; G2 is of variable length depending on cell type

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Unit 4: Culture, Language, Religion Flashcards

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485765381	Culture	sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared by members of society ex: American culture
485765382	Folk culture	cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities ex: Navajo
485765383	Popular culture	cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western society ex: wearing jeans
485765384	Local culture	group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or community ex: amish
485765385	Material culture	the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people ex: salsa dancing to some hispanic cultures
485765386	Nonmaterial culture	beliefs, practices, aethetics, and values of a group of people ex: fast paced American lifestyle
485765387	Heirarchical diffusion	idea spreads first among the most connected people or places, usually how pop culture spreads ex: fashion-starts with designer ends with public
485765388	Hearth	area when an idea or cultural trait originates ex: fashion in New York
485765389	Assimilate	process through which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture ex: American Indians
485765390	Custom	practice routinely followed by a group of people ex: father walking bride down the aisle
485765391	Cultural appropiation	process in which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit ex: natural pharmacueticals
485765392	Neolocalism	seeking out of a regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world ex: Makah Indians bringing back the whale hunt
485765393	Ethnic neighborhood	neighborhood usually in a larger metropolitan city that is constructed or comprised of a local culture ex: Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn, NY
485765394	Commodification	process through which something is given monetary value ex: tourist buses observing the amish
485765395	Authenticity	accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture and its customs
485765396	Distance decay	effects of distance on interaction ex: Guinness Irish Pubs
485765397	Time-space compression	social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity ex: modern cities will be more connected and ideas are more likely to diffuse here
485765398	Reterritorialization	when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves in the context of their local culture and making it their own ex: hip hop overseas
485765399	Placelessness	loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next ex: landscape with big box stores, gas stations, restaurants
485765400	Global-local continuum	notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale and vice versa
485765401	Glocalization	process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
485765402	Folk-housing regions	region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area ex: New England, Mid Atlantic, and Southern tidewater housing
485765403	Diffusion routes	spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread ex: present cultural landscape where these housing styles spread
485765404	Cultural landscape	the visible imprint of human activity of the environment
485765405	Language divergence	the differentiation of languages over time and space
485765406	Language convergance	people with different languages may meet and the result may be the creation of a different language
485765407	Language replacement	traditional languages are replaced or at least significantly modified by the languages of invaders
485765408	Conquest theory	language diffused from a hearth as on group moved and overpowered earlier inhabitants
485765409	Agricultural theory	language diffused with agriculture from an agricultural hearth
485765410	Nostratic language	ancestral language of Indo-European languages and several other language families
485765411	Hearth	the source area, or the area where the idea, innovation, characteristic originated
485765412	Innovated	person or group responsible for the original idea
485765413	Adopter	a person or group that accepts the idea being spread
485765414	Agent of Diffusion	the method by which the idea is spread
485765415	Barrier	something that prevents or slows the diffusion of an idea -physical: mountain range, desert, ocean -cultural: religion, language -permeable (interrupting): allows the diffusion but slows down -impermeable (absorbing): does not allow for diffusion
485765416	Voluntary exposure or adoption	a person or group of people decide to accept or reject an idea
485765417	Involuntary exposure or adoption	a person or group of people become adopters whether they want to or not
485765418	Relocation	the idea, innovation, characteristics travels with people who migrate to a different location to disseminate from there
485765419	Expansion	the idea, innovation, characteristic remains in the hearth as it moves outwards
485765420	Contagious	nearly all adjacent people are affected ex: disease, Islam
485765421	Hierarchical	diffuses from city to city, and then from city to smaller communities ex: fashions, sushi restaurants
485765422	Stimulus	the basic idea is accepted, but not the exact idea ex: fast food
485765423	Acceptance rate	generally starts diffusing slowly, then speeds up tremendously, and then slows again
485765424	Linguistic diversification	the variation of languages spread throughout the world
485765425	Preliterate societies	speak but do not write their language
485765426	Language families	a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history
485765427	Language subfamily or language branch	collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years
485765428	Language group	a collection of languages within a branch or subfamily that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
485765429	Standard language	one that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught
485765430	Dialects	variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines
485765431	Syntax	the way words are put together to form phrases
485765432	Cadence	the rhythm of speech
485765433	Isogloss	geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
485765434	Mutual intelligibility	two people can understand eachother when speaking
485765435	Dialect chains	a set of contagious dialects which the dialects closer to eachother at any place in the chain or more alike and closely related
485765436	Sound shift	a slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin
485765437	Backward reconstruction	the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language
485765438	Extinct language	a language without any native speakers
485765439	Deep reconstruction	technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language
485765440	Renfrew hypothesis	states that Anatolia (Turkey) diffused Europe's Indo-European languages
485765441	Lingua franca	language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce
485765442	Pidgin language	people speaking two or more languages are in contact with eachother and combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary
485765443	Monolingual states	countries with only one language spoken ex: Japan
485765444	Multilingual states	countries with more than one language is in use ex: Canada
485765445	Official language	language selected to promote internal cohesion
485765446	Global language	common language of trade and commerce used around the world
485765447	Place	uniqueness of a location
485765448	Toponyms	place name
485765449	Religion	sets of traditions and beliefs relating to a god or gods
485765450	Monotheistic religions	worship a single deity, a God or Allah
485765451	Polytheistic religions	worship more than one god
485765452	Animistic religions	centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mountains, boulders, rivers, and trees, possess spirits and should therefore be revered
485765453	Caste system	social segregation of people on the basis of ancestry and occupation
485765454	Pilgrimage	when adherents voluntarily travel to a religious site to pay respects or participate in a ritual site
485765455	Sacred sites	places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning
485777312	Universalizing religion	actively seek converts
485777313	Ethnic religion	does not actively seek converts outside of the group that started the religion

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