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American Pageant Chapter 23 Flashcards

American Pageant edition 14 Chapter 23- Key Terms and People to Know

675422093	waving the bloody shirt	the term used to describe how Republicans promoted Grant for president. They recounted his war victories to distract from his lack of competence.
675422094	Tweed Ring	the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper's Weekly
675422095	Credit Mobilier scandal	This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.
675422096	panic of 1873	Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)
675422097	Gilded Age	the term referring to the corrupt political era after Reconstruction. coined by Mark Twain
675422098	patronage	(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
675422099	Compromise of 1877	Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South. It was the end of Reconstruction.
675422100	Civil Rights Act of 1875	Gave blacks the privilege of American citizenship and denied states' the right to restrict blacks of their property, testify in court, and make contracts for their labor. Johnson vetoed this, but Congress voted to override the veto.
675422101	sharecropping	system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops
675422102	Jim Crow	The system of racial segregation in the South that was created in the late nineteenth century following the end of slavery. Jim Crow laws written in the 1880s and 1890s mandated segregation in public facilities.
675422103	Plessy v. Ferguson	a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. established "separate but equal"
675422104	Chinese Exclusion Act	(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
675422105	Pendleton Act	1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons-passed by Charles arthur
675422106	Homestead Strike	1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
675422107	grandfather clause	Said that a citizen could vote only if his grandfather had been able to vote. At the time, the grandfathers of black men in the South had been slaves with no right to vote. Another method for disenfranchising blacks.
675422108	Jay Gould	an American financier who became a leading American railroad developer and speculator. Conned President Grant into ceasing the sale of gold on market to stop inflation and help farmers, but resulted in "Black Friday," Spetember 24,1869
675422109	Horace Greeley	Editor of the New York Tribune; presidential nominee for the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats for the 1872 election; lost to Grant and died a few weeks after his defeat.
675422110	Rutherford B. Hayes	1877-1881, Republican, against Tilden (played role to crush Tweed Ring), ended Reconstruction through Compromise of 1877.
675422111	James Garfield	He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war.As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.
675422112	Chester Arthur	He was the Vice President of James A. Garfield. After President Garfield was assassinated, September of 1881, Arthur assumed the position. He was chosen to run as Vice President, primarily, to gain the Stalwart's vote. Arthur was left in charge of the United States with no apparent qualifications. He, in turn, surprised the public with his unexpected vigor in prosecuting certain post office frauds and wouldn't help the Conklingite cronies when they came looking for favors. He was also in favor of civil service reform.passed the pendleton act
675422113	Grover Cleveland	22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes.
675422114	Thomas B. Reed	Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept Democrats in line.
675422115	Tom Watson	elected to the U.S congress, became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers, and he sponsored and pushed through a law providing for RFD-rural free delivery
675422116	WIlliam Jennings Bryan	This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.
675422117	pools	Usually a secret agreement among competing companies to fix prices and output or to divide up sales territory thus eliminating competition. used by competing railroad companies in the 1870s & 1880 declared illegal by interstate Commerce Act in 1887.
675422118	trust	stockholders of competing companies torn their stock over to a Board of Trustees and Receive trust certificates. The Board gains full control of all companies and thus eliminated competition.Used the oil business. Declared of illegal by the Sherman Anti-trust act in 1890.
675422119	Robber Barons	The person whom makes the money for themselves- cornelius Vaderbult
675422120	Gospel of Wealth	Making money for charities for a good cause.
675422121	Rockafeller	oil industry.
675422122	Monopoly	You can charge shy's the limit if the government would allow it but exception to wells.
675422123	capacious consumption	Showing off your wealth and power spending money for no reason.
675422124	bimetallism	Gold & Silver cause of panic of 1893
675422125	laissez-faire	idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs
675422126	vertical integration	combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing.
675422127	Horizontal integration	which simply meant allying with competitors to monopolize a given market.
675422128	Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890	Forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without distinction between "good" trusts" and bad trusts.The law contained legal loopholes through which cleaver lawyers could wriggle. It was used to curb labor unions or labor combinations
675422129	social Darwinists	these theorists argued that individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents.
676506785	Clayton Antitrust Act 1914	Strengthen the power of the government in fighting monopolies by stating that labor is not a commodity, and therefore, legitimate union activities are not subject to antitrust laws. 2.it sought to outlaw suits against unions as combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade. 3, it prohibited the use of federal injunctions in labor disputes"unless necessary to prevent irreparable injury, 4.prevented federal courts from issuing injunctions indiscriminately 5.guaranteed a trial by jury of persons accused of contempt of court for violating an injuction.
676506786	Sameul Gompers ,the Workings man Manga Carta	Clayton Antitrust Act 1914, In Practice the law helped little: The courts used the" Irreparable injury" clause to Grant injunctions halting many strikes.
676506787	knights of Labor	Founded in 1880 open to all workers, declined after 1886. Disapproved of strikes,supported a broad array of labor reforms. including cooperatives, favored political involvement.
676506788	new immigrants	Came from southern and eastern europe largely illiterate & impoverished. Fears of old immigrants in 1840s-1850s would not or could not assimilate to life in their new land. Melting pot or dumping ground.
676506789	Captains of Industry	Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford, J.P. Morgan and Thomas Edison.
676506790	influence of the Railroads on the West	Traveling by wagon or river from say, St. Louis to Oregon took months. It could be done in a couple of days by rail. Railroads stimulated local economies in all sorts of ways - trains had to regularly take on more water, coal, mail and whatever freight was waiting for it at the station. At the more important stops, such as near a gold strike, hotels would spring up along with saloons, barbershops, brothels, etc. As for migration, that's how the West was ripped from the Native Americans and turned into ranches and farms.
676506791	Homestead Act of 1862	The new land allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres (a quarter section)by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about 30 $. The standard 160 acres, quite inadequate in the well-watered Mississippi basin, frequently proved pitfuly inadequate on the rain-scarce Great Plains.
676506792	The AF of L	Solid but narrow foundations. It was willing to let unskilled laborers, including women and especially blacks, fend for nonpolitical.
676506793	Wasbash, st lous and Pacific Rail road Company V. illinois	Decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce
676506794	The National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry	Better known as the Grange- was organized in 1867.Its leading spirit was Oliver H. Kelly. Kelley's first objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities.
676506795	Coxey	were arrested for walking on the grass.
676506796	William Jennings bryan	The Cross of Gold speech. He forced the free trade issue
676506797	Free silver 16:1	"heaven born ratio" this meant the silver was worth about 50 cents.
676506798	Populist	Out of the Farmers Alliance a new political party emerged in the early 1890s- these frustrated farmers attacked Wall street and the money trust.
676506799	Marcus Hana	Beileved that a prime function of the government was to aid bussiness. he had made a fortune in the iron business and now coveted the role of president maker. Was also apart of the election of 1896 wanted to sponsor the high tarrif as his campaign
676506800	major Strikes of the 19century	Pullman Strike,Railroad strike of 1877,Haymarket square riot 1876, Homestead Strike of 1892
676506801	Mugwamps	Republicans political corruption social or economic reforms. Old ways of the blacks you have factions in your political party
676506802	natives	They took away jobs and were uneducated. Immigrants were suppose to make process with this.
676506803	The Election of 1896	Significance- monetary policy -weather to maintain the gold standard or inflate currency by monetizing the silver. The outcome was to lower silver wadges when McKinely was president.

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Renaissance Flashcards

The renaissance duh

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906812204	Scholasticism	the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe
906812205	Pico	Wrote the Oration on the dignity of man, where he asserted When man philosophizes, he ascends the chain of being towards the angels, and communion with God
906812206	Petrarch	father of renaissance humanism
906812207	Castigilione	Wrote the book of the courtier
906812208	Lorenzo Valla	refuted the donation of Constantine which gave the pope political authority over Rome
906812209	Humanism	View that human beings are valued
906812210	Christian Humanism	the social teachings of Jesus
906812211	Nicolo Machiavelli	Wrote the prince which was a guide on how to be a successful ruler
906812212	Leon Battista Alberti	Humanist who studied ancient scholars
906812213	cristine de pizzan	female poet and scholar who served on the French court, also a feminist
906812214	Issabella d'esta	regent of mantua
906812215	Erasmus	Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, wrote in praise of folly
906812216	Thomas More	English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded, wrote utopia
906812217	Montaigne	French writer "king of relativity" Mr. Endres
906812218	Jan van eyck	Flemish painter of oil painting (1390-1441), disputed father of the renaissance
906812219	Hans Holbein the younger	German artist, made reformation propaganda
906812220	Charles the 8th	French king who invaded Italy to take control of his claim to Naples
906812221	Francis 1	started the French renaissance by commissioning Italian painters
906812222	Albrecht Durer	a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance, illustrated the Gutenberg bible
906812223	Giovanni Medici	the first Medici who started usury and propelled his family to greatness
906812224	cosimo de medici	son of Giovanni, started patronage and took control of Florence
906812225	Lorenzo de medici	liberal ruler of Florence, supported the arts specifically Botticelli
906812226	Donatello	Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures
906812227	Raphael	Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance
906812228	Michelangelo	Florentine sculptor and painter and architect, dark and dull, painted Sistine chapel
906812229	Leonardo da Vinci	polymath, wanted to know how everything works, invented many modern items
906812230	Bosch	Dutch painter, painted the garden of earthly delights, style won't reappear until 1800s
906812231	Pope Julius the second	the warrior pope, first pope to not bankrupt the papacy, lead armies in battle to gain territory
906812232	cesare borgia	brute whose dream was to take control of Italy, banged his sister
906812233	Early renaissance	the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages
906812234	high renaissance	1492 the capital of the renaissance moves to Rome
906812235	the shir	secularism,humanism,individualism,realism

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Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2nd Edition - Chapter 14: Chemical Equilibrium Flashcards

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352865191	reversible	as applied to a reaction, the ability to proceed in either the forward or the reverse direction
352865192	dynamic equilibrium	the point at which the rate of the reverse reaction or process equals the rate of the forward reaction or process
352865193	equilibrium constant (K)	the ratio, at equilibrium, of the concentrations of the products of a reaction raised to their stoichiometric coefficients to the concentrations of the reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients
352865194	law of mass action	the relationship between the balanced chemical equation and the expression of the equilibrium constant
352865195	reaction quotient (Q)	the ratio, at any point in the reaction, of the concentrations of the products of a reaction raised to their stoichiometric coefficients to the concentrations of the reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.
352865196	Le Chatelier's Priniciple	the principle stating that when a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system shifts in a direction that minimizes the disturbance

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Chemical Equilibrium Flashcards

• Characteristics of equilibrium,
• Calculation of the equilibrium constant or concentration
• ICE model
• Le Chatelier's Principle
• Haber's Process
• Effects of heat, pressure, concentration changes and catalysts on the equilibrium
• Solubility products

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409758828	Characteristics of equilibrium	occurs in reversible reactions, there is no nt change in concentrations of reactants and products, forward and reverse rates are the same
409758829	equilibrium constant	K=[C]^c[D]^d/[A]^a[B]^b
409758830	reactant quotient	the ratio of the right side over the left if the system is not at equilibrium
409758831	Value of reactant quotient and how the system shifts to restore equilibrium	If QKeq, the product side is too low and the equilibrium will shift to the right to restore equilibrium
409758832	ICE models	Equilibrium constants and concentrations can often be deduced by carefully examining data about initial and equilibrium concentrations
409758833	Le Chatelier's Principle	when a system in chemical equilibrium is disturbed by a change in temp, pressure, or concentration, the system shifts in equilibrium composition in a way that tends to counteract this change of variable. in other words, if conditions at which equilibrium habe been established change, the position of equilibrium is effected.
409758834	stress	a change imposed on an equilibrium system
409758835	Effect of change in temperature on equilibrium	an increase in temperature causes equilibrium to shift in direction of endothermic reaction
409758836	When temperature is decreased:	equilibrium position shifts toward the exothermic direction
409758837	Effect of change in pressure on equilibrium(gases only)	an increase in pressure causes equilibrium to shift in direction that has fewer # of moles.
409758838	Example of production of ammonia and increasing pressure	N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) <--> 2NH3 (g) H =-92 kJ mol-1 (An increase in pressure results in a an decrease in N2 and H2 and an increase in NH3)
409758839	Effect of change in reactants or products	equilibrium responds in such a way so as to diminish increase. substances on same side of arrow respond in opposite directions. substances on opposite side of arrow move in same direction.
409758840	Example of production of ammonia and increasing reactants	N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) <-->2NH3 (g) An increase in [N2 ] results in a decrease in N2 and H2 and an increase in NH3
409758841	Effect of catalyst on equilibrium	-has no effect on position of equilibrium. or Kc -catalysts affect both the forward and reverse directions equally. -a catalyst does not change the concentrations but reduces the time required for the system to come to equilibrium.
409758842	Kc for reverse reactions	Kc'=1/Kc=Kc^-1
409758843	homogenous equilibria	reactions are all in the same physical phase
409758844	If K>>1	reaction is said to go to completion/equilibrium lies to the right/favors products
409758845	If K<<1	then the reaction had hardly taken place at all/equilibrium lies to the left/favors reactants
409758846	Kc is not altered by	the addition/removal of products/reactants, change in pressure, or the addition of a catalyst
409758847	If product is removed	equilibrium is shifted to the right. more of the reactants will react to replace it.
409758848	Increasing [product]	shifts equilibrium to the left
409758849	in a reaction where reactants are colorless and products are brown, what happens when pressure is increased?	initially darkens the solution, then equilibrium shifts to the left(where there are less molecules, to counteract effect of pressure change on equilibrium) and solution becomes lighter. explanation: it broke down colored products to create colorless reactants
409758850	in a reaction where reactants are colorless and products are brown, what happens when pressure is decreased	Initially lightens the solution, then equilibrium shifts to the right (more molecules) and becomes darker
409768335	Highest yield of ammonia in haber-bosch process is produced using	high pressures(favors less molecules), low temperatures (favors exothermic reaction
409768336	But the economic way to increase rate of haber-bosch process is:	high temperature, high pressure, with catalyst
409768337	3 reasons for Haber's choice of raising temperature:	1)low temp=slow reaction 2)the catalyst used has an optimum operating temp 3)ammonia can be condensed, N2 and H2 are reused and not wasted, so low yield is a small concern
409768338	reasons for Haber's choice of pressure	high pressure already favors production, and for kinetic reasons. but higher pressure reaction vessels are very expensive, so decision is made by balancing the high initial costs against eventual profit of increased yield
409821955	homogeneous equilibrium	all in the same phase
409821956	heterogeneous equilibrium	one or more species in a different phase
409821957	if a pure solid or pure liquid is involved in a heterogenous equilibrium, its concentration-	is not included in the equilibrium constant expression
409821958	solubility product constant, Ksp	product of concentrations of the ions involved in a solubility equilibrium, each raised to their coefficient
409821959	common ion effect	the solubility of a slightly soluble ionic compound is lowered when a second solute that provides a common ion is added to the solution

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A.P. European History - Chapter 14 Terms Flashcards

A list of terms from the textbook The Making of The West for Ms. Beach's A.P. European History class for the 2011-2012 school year.

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206045818	Renaissance	The time in Italy from the 14th to the 16th century, literally "rebirth"; in French. The first person to proclaim this term was Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574). This time was age of rapid change, characterized by self-awareness and self-assertion. One new idea was humanism, which was started by Petrarch and focused on the accomplishments, abilities, and beauty of humans. The liberal arts - (vernacular) literature, philosophy, architecture, music, painting and sculpture - were given new life, while Greek and Roman classics were uncovered and used as inspiration for new art. This age started with the population declining, classic text being rediscovered, and artistic experimentation. Finally, as Spain and France invaded Italy, the Italian Renaissance spread to the rest of Europe.
206045800	Michelangelo Buonarroti	(1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet mainly known for his work on the Sistine Chapel and his sculptures David and the Pieta; career began at the age of 12, was forced to paint by his father; completed many pieces for the Medici Family and Pope Julius II; apprentice to the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio and the sculpture school in the Medici gardens; worked with many other famous artists, who often influenced the style of his work, including Donatello and Leondardo da Vinci; especially known for the way he portrayed the human body in his pieces of art—focused on size, strength, and emotional intensity of a figure and nudeness; remembered for his religious figures and stories; served as the supervising architect of St. Peter's Basilica
206045801	Lorenzo Ghiberti	(1378 - 1455) A Florentine sculptor and goldsmith who taught both Donatello and Filippo Brunelleschi. He is best known for two pairs of bronze doors on the San Giovanni Baptistery in Florence (associated with the Duomo, or Florentine Cathedral). He produced a single, low-relief panel to win a 1401 competition (defeating Brunelleschi among others) for the commission to design the 28 Old and New Testament-themed panels, which used linear perspective to create a sense of depth, for the north side doors of the Florence Baptsitery. After that, he was given another commission to design ten panels for the east doors. This latter work, by far his most famous, was dubbed the "Gates of Paradise" by Michelangelo.
206045802	Filippo Brunelleschi	(1377-1446) A Florentine architect who boldly combined classical and Gothic architecture. He used geometry as the basis for his designs, focusing on spheres and planes. He built the dome on the cathedral in Florence, which was modeled after ancient Roman ruins, starting in 1420, the Oppsedale degli Innocenti (a hospital for the orphans), and the interiors of several Florentine churches. He also is given credit for being the first to understand and use perspective, although it was immediately used more clearly in sculpture and painting.
206045803	Pope Sixtus IV	(1414-1484) born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484. He put Leon Battista Alberti's idea of planning the city of Rome with proportional and aesthetic monumental buildings set in open squares. The Pope started an urban renewel in Rome, transforming the medieval town into a brilliantly-constructed geometrically proportionate town that it once was in its glory days. He founded the Sistine Chapel where the team of artists he brought together introduced the Early Renaissance to Rome with the first masterpiece of the city's new artistic age., pope who granted Ferdinand and Isabella's request to establish an Inquisition in Spain. He also instituted nepotism as a way of life in Rome, and ran the Papacy as a family operation.
206045804	Machiavelli	(1469-1527) He was a political theorist and he wrote "The Prince," the quintessential political treatise of the 16th century, which was the first literature work to discuss the acquisition and exercising of power without reference to an ultimate moral or ethical end. In The Prince, this man recognized the importance of power in founding a state (unified Italy), whose survival ultimately rested on republican virtue. He observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control, stated that politically, "the ends justifies the means," stated that for rulers, "it was better to be feared than to be loved," and rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless. At times rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning and practical). The Prince continued to influence European rulers for centuries, and is considered one of the most influence books ever written.
206045805	Cosimo de Medici	(1388-1464) He was a wealthy as well as ruthless Florentine and an astute statesman, who brought power back to Florence in 1434 when he ascended to power although he didn't hold any formal political office; he controlled the city behind the scenes, and skillfully manipulated the constitution and influenced elections; through his informal, cordial relations with the electoral committee, he was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signoria (the governing body of Florence, composed of 8 councilors); he became head of the Office of Public Debt, and was the grandfather of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
206045806	Lorenzo de Medici	(1467-1492) Also known as "Il Magnifico," he was Cosimo de Medici's grandson. He lived more elegantly than had Cosimo, and enjoyed the spotlight of power immensely. He was a patron to many artists at the time, including Michaelangelo Under his control, the Florentine economy expanded significantly and the lower class enjoyed a greater level of comfort and protection than it had before. During the period of Lorenzo's rule, from 1467 to 1492, Florence became undeniably the most important city-state in Italy and the most beautiful city in all of Europe.
206045807	Pope Alexander VI	(1492-1503) a member of the Borgia family and probably the most corrupt pope to take the throne. He openly promoted the political careers of Cesare Borgia, who became Machiavell's model for a ruthless ruler in The Prince, and Lucrezia Borgia, the children he had before becoming pope, and placed papal policy in tandem with the efforts of his powerful family to secure power in Romagna. When he saw that the French gave him an opportunity to reestablish control over the region, he allied himself with the French. He annulled Louis XII's marriage to Charles VII's sister so Louis could marry Anne of Brittany, a political move intended to keep Brittany French. He also made the archbishop of Rouen (Louis's favorite cleric) a cardinal and agreed to abandon the League of Venice, which made it too weak to resist a French invasion. After the French invasion, he named his son Cesare "duke of Romagna."
206045808	Cesare Borgia	(1498-1507) An illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI who inherited much power and territory from his father, known as Duke Valentino. This "new monarch" reasserted the church authority in the papal lands of Italy. Cesare began uniting the peninsula by conquering and invading the principalities making up the papal states. He is considered by Machiavelli to have been a most capable leader and the embodiment of what a prince should be. Machiavelli suggests that an ambitious prince looking for a recent model to follow should imitate Cesare Borgia. Machiavelli uses many events of Cesare Borgia's life to illustrate how and why he was successful. Machiavelli believes that Cesare Borgia would have succeeded in uniting all of Italy had he not fallen ill. Examining Cesare Borgia's life, Machiavelli concludes that in order for a prince to ultimately succeed, he needs both ability and fortune.
206045809	Richard III	(1483-1485) a king who was in the House of York. He was made Duke of Gloucester in 1461 when his brother Edward IV deposed the Lancastrian king Henry VI as part of the Wars of the Roses. Upon Edward's death in 1483, Richard served as regent to his nephew Edward V, but likely had the boy murdered in the Tower of London that year. Two years later, Richard died at the hands of Henry Tudor's Lancastrian forces at Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses and beginning the reign of Henry VII.
206045810	Henry VII	(1485-1509) The First Tudor king of England after gaining throne by force in the Battle of Bosworth Field from Richard III. He brought England out of War of Roses and restored order and established a strong monarchy. He promoted? many ministers from the middle classes (thereby further undermining nobility), suspended livery and maintenance, encouraged trade, balanced the budget, established the Star Chamber for law & order. He married Elizabeth of York, and secured a hereditary monarchy so that his son and two of his grand-daughters all ruled without war to determine who would inherit the crown, and he created a national feeling that consolidated the Tudor family?
206045811	Isabella of Castile	(1479-1504) She married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 to unite the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Together, they subdued their realms, secured their borders, Christianized Spain and ventured abroad. They conquered the Moors and Granada and Naples in Italy. Also, they limited the privileges of the nobility and won the allegiance of and relied on the Hermandad, a powerful league of cities and towns that served them against stubborn land owners, to enforce justice and on lawyers to staff the royal council. They exercised almost total control over the Spanish church as they placed religion in the service of national unity. They appointed higher clergy and established the Inquisition, brought the reconquista to a close with a final crusade against the Muslims, arranged several anti-French marriage alliances, and promoted overseas exploration by sponsoring Christopher Columbus.
206045812	Ferdinand of Aragon	(1479-1516) He married Isabella of Castile in 1469 to unite the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Together, they subdued their realms, secured their borders, Christianized Spain and ventured abroad. They conquered the Moors and Granada and Naples in Italy. Also, they limited the privileges of the nobility and won the allegiance of and relied on the Hermandad, a powerful league of cities and towns that served them against stubborn land owners, to enforce justice and on lawyers to staff the royal council. They exercised almost total control over the Spanish church as they placed religion in the service of national unity. They appointed higher clergy and established the Inquisition, brought the reconquista to a close with a final crusade against the Muslims, arranged several anti-French marriage alliances, and promoted overseas exploration by sponsoring Christopher Columbus.
206045813	Louis XI	(1461-1483) A French king who resisted the temptation to invade Italy while still keeping is dynastical claims there alive. He was Charles VII's son and successor that turned France into a great power. After Charles the Bold died at the Battle of Nancy, he and Maximillian I divided the conquered Burgundian lands between them. The dissolution of Burgundy allowed him to secure the French monarchy. Also, the acquisition of Burgundian lands as well as his Angevin inheritance allowed him to finish his reign with a kingdom twice the size of the one he inherited. He also inherited most of southern France after the Anjou dynasty died out, fomented rebellion in England, promoted industry and commerce, imposed permanent salt and land taxes, maintained western Europes first standing army, despensed with the meeting of the Estantes General, successfully harnessed the nobility, expanded the trade and industry nurtured by Jacques Coeur, created a national postal system and established a lucrative silk industry at Lyons.
206045819	Auto de fe	Literally meaning "demonstration of faith," it was the act of the court punishing people being accused of heresy (going against accepted religious belief). Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon used this tactic to have Jews accused of heresy punished, Punishments included fines, public confession, burning at the stake, confinement to dungeons, physical abuse and torture, and banishment from public life. Those who didn't confess were burned at the stake without strangulation; those who did confess (under torture) were strangled first.
206045820	Third Rome	This was created as a response to the fall of the Byzantine Empire and Ivan III's desire to make Moscow the new center of the Orthodox Church. The first part of this term was the capital of the Roman Catholic Church and Constantinople. Ivan III used this term as propaganda in order for the Orthodox Church to legitimize his rule and praised Ivan III's autocratic power as the best protector of the faith. Moscow was the Russian Orthodox interpretation of the city's leading role in bringing spiritual light to the world. Moscow was viewed as this term because Moscow was the political and religious center of Russia (replacing Kiev). It was called this after Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.
206045821	Orthodox Christianity	A branch of Christianity that is very similar to Roman Catholicism except that this branch of Christianity didn't split the church and state. It split from the Catholic Church because they did not believe in Pope as supreme ruler of Church. It was the Christianity of the eastern area of the empire; Slavs were converted to this. It had no separation of church and political authority, was centered in Constantinople, and may have stunted the idea of society functioning independently of the state. The Christian church of this branch of Christianity legitimized Ivan III's autocratic power by using propaganda, the Third Rome, to say that Ivan III was the best protector of this branch of Christianity.
206045822	Tsar	This title comes from the Roman Emperor Caesar. It is specifically a Russian title for a monarch with absolute property rights over all lands and subjects, which was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).
206045823	War of the Roses	(1460-1485) A series of wars England and France fought after peace was made between them. Two families began to fight for the English throne: the Lancasters, using a red rose for their emblem, and the Yorks, who used a white rose. The conflict became known as this war because both sides used a rose as their symbol. At first the stockists were successful. However, Edward IV (Yorkist) took the throne and won victories over the Lancastrians. But when Edward died, his son disappeared and Edward's brother, Richard III, became king. Almost as soon as he was crowned the new king, Richard III faced uprisings such as the one led by Duke of Buckingham, who had originally helped Richard III gain the throne. After Richard III's death, a member of the Tudors (family) claimed the throne. Henry Tudor, becoming Henry VII, was related to both sides of the war. As a result of this war, England's economy, particularly the cloth economy, continued to flourish, London merchants assumed greater political prominence in governing and in banking, and England's population increased slowly but steadily.
206045824	Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges	King Charles VII of France put this in place in 1438. It established the superiority of the a general church council control over the papacy by establishing Gallicanism (allowing the King to appoint his own French bishops and to retain ecclesiastical revenues). This term also established. This caused conflict between the popes and French kings that was unresolved until the Concordat of Bologna in 1516.
206045826	Venice, Italy	A rich city-state in northern Italy which is built on a lagoon; like Florence, it was a republic (that upheld humanistic, classically-inspired beliefs), which meant that a civic elite controlled the political and economic life of the state, had an elected duke called a doge but was actually run by a small group of wealthy merchant-aristocrats; had a tremendously profitable maritime trade empire, which benefited citizens of all social classes, and was an international power in Italy. It is known as "The Most Serene Empire" because of its lack of social tension like other republics had at the time.
206045827	Florence, Italy	This was the dominant city in Tuscany, which had 2/3 of the area's wealth, yet less than ¼ of the population. This republic nation-state was in constant agitation, and responsive to political conflicts, new ideas, and artistic styles. Men and women had distinct social roles in the family, and women were viewed as inferior to men in almost every social situation. It was the center of the Renaissance and its cultural development, with the Medici family serving as patrons for important artists and writers, such as Michelangelo. It was also the financial center of Italy, and main place where luxury goods were made. This city was also the center of cloth making, specifically wool manufacturing.
206045828	Papal States, Italy	A series of comprised territories under direct rule of the papacy, which was an uneasy mixture of splendor and religious austerity. At its height it covered most of the modern Italian regions of Rome, Marche, Umbria and Lazio. This governing power is commonly called the temporal power of the Pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. This nation-state represented the trend of developing a centralized power within a state (states such as France and England did this).
206045829	Naples, Italy	At the time, it was the nation-state of rural Southern Italy and Sicily. It was fought over between Rene d'Anjou, a cousin of the king of France, and Alfonso I of Aragon (also known as Alfonso the Magnanimous because of his generous patronage of the arts) until the Aragonese established power in 15th century. Unlike the Papal States, Florence, or Venice, this nation-state was ruled by feudal barons who ruled their estates with authority and taxing power. The nation-state had little enjoyment of the Renaissance. Alfonso I's son, Ferante, continued to successfully rule this nation-state even when the nation-state tried to rebel against him, but failed miserably.
206045831	Ottoman Empire	An empire that spanned from modern-day Hungary, the Black Sea, modern-day Greece, and modern-day Turkey. Under the rule of Sultan Mehmed II, this empire proclaimed a holy war against Christian Europe and attacked Constantinople. After 43 days of fighting, the empire pushed forward and sacked Constantinople because of the certainty of rich spoils and Allah's promise of a final victory over the infidel Rome. During this battle, Constantine Palaeologus, the last Byzantine emperor, died. After the battle, Mehmed II became remembered as "the Conquerer."
206045832	Byzantine Empire	An empire that lasted from 395 to 1453. It's capital city was Constantinople (Istanbul is the modern-day equivalent to the capital). It was the successor to the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. It was artistically creative and active in trade. Its emperors, especially Justinian, tried to revive the heritage of Rome throughout its previous territory but failed. Many centuries of fighting Muslims led to its fall in 1453.
206045830	Burgundy, France	a province in France that rose to power in the early 1400s because of their military might (acquiring land in the Netherlands) and statehood, leading France into turmoil and easy prey for the English armies, and after the end of the war rose to be a major political power. This region is part of the French royal house, ruled over an array of different French-, Dutch-, and German-speaking provinces, was an artificial creation whose coherence completely depended on the skillful exercise of statecraft, developed a corrupt financial bureaucracy and one of the largest standing armies in Europe at the time. Two of the regions dukes were the art-savvy Philip the Good and his courageous son Charles the Bold. The region fell apart when Charles the Bold died without an heir to the throne, which caused the Austrian Habsburgs to seize this region's political and artistic legacy. This region, along with Poland, were examples of regions that didn't build strong, centralized states like England, France, Spain, and Muscovy did.
206045833	Muscovy	(c.1280-c.1500) A former principality in west-central Russia (north of the Black Sea and east of Poland-Lithuania). Centered on Moscow. The principality emerged from their independence from the collapsed Mongol Empire. After the principality's fall, it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory. The first tsar (or czar) of Muscovy was Ivan III, a prince. Ivan II, also known as Ivan the Great, ruled with absolute property rights all lands and subjects, defeated the city-state of Novgorod, abolished the local civic government of this independent city, expanded his territory to the south and east by pushing back the Mongols to the Yolga River. Muscovy was considered by Muscovites to be the Third Rome. Militant Russian Orthodoxy was used to justify autocratic rule. This principality, along with England, France, and Spain, were examples of successful state-building.
206045814	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Portuguese prince whose older brother was Prince Peter. The younger brother was the first European royal to heavily promote discovery and exploration, and he did this by financing many voyages out of the revenues of a noble crusading order, private monies, and Lisbon merchants. He was motivated by mercenary as well as missionary factors. He sought to promote Portuguese economic interests by challenging the Muslim monopoly of gold trade and to further Christian influence. He hoped to find the kingdom of Prester John (a legendary Christian king ruling a wealthy kingdom somewhere in Africa, which was probably a hoax/myth). He also promoted the settlement of islands in the Atlantic and exploration of the African coast and founded the school for navigators at Sagres at the southwestern tip of Portugal.
206045815	Bartholomeu Dias	A Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, the most southern point Africa, and thus found the route to the Indian Ocean. This helped establish an overseas trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies, which provided Europeans with the cargoes of jewels and spices they desired very much.
206045816	Ferdinand Magellan	(1480-1521) A Portuguese navigator. He sailed under the service of the Spanish Crown and tried to find a route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. He led the first expedition to circumnavigate the world. However, he was killed in a battle in the Philippines, but this voyage ended up being the first successful circumnavigation of the earth, ending in 1522.
206045817	Christopher Columbus	An Italian explorer responsible for the European discovery of America in 1492. He had sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain, under the patronage and funding of the king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella, hoping to find a westward route to India. In his first voyage, his ships were the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. He made four voyages to the New World, visiting the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad, Venezuela, and the coast of Central America. He dreamed of reaching the gold and spice-abundant lands of khan (the Mongol Empire), and died thinking he reached the East Indies. After his voyages, Portugal's maritime interests clashed with Spain's. As a solution to this clash, the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas was created with Pope Alexander being the mediator of the Portugal's and Spain's conflict.
206045825	1494 Treaty of Tordesillas	A treaty that was signed by the Portuguese and the Spanish in 1494 that established a dividing line, which was 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, of two lands that Spain and Portugal were allowed to explore. All territory west of the line belonged to Spain, which was almost all of the the Americas, and all the territory east of the line, which was a sliver of eastern South America (which later became modern-day Brazil) and the Indies, belonged to Portugal. It did not include lands already ruled by Christian monarchs. The people in the territory owned by Spain (most of the Americas) were made subjects of Ferdinand and Isabella.

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European History AP - Chapters 13-26 vocabulary Flashcards

all of the words in chapters 13-26

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20082435	Alexander VI	(1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of "The Prince".	0
20082436	Dante Alighieri	Italian poet wrote "Inferno" and "Divine Comedy"	1
20082437	Petrarch	(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.	2
20082438	Boccaccio	Wrote the "Decameron" which tells about ambitious merchants, protrays a sensual and worldly society.	3
20082439	Castiglione	Wrote "The Courtier" which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.	4
20082440	Leonardo Da Vinci	(1452-1519) Artist who made religious paintings and sculptures like The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.	5
20082441	Giotto	(1276-1337) Florentine painter who led the way in the use of realism.	6
20082442	Quattrocento	The 1400's.	7
20082443	Cinquecento	The 1500's.	8
20082444	Botticelli	One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus	9
20082445	Michelangelo Buoharroti	(1475-1564) Worked in Ro0me. Painted the Sistine Chapel. Sculpted the statue of David.	10
20082446	Donatello	(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.	11
20082447	Brunelleschi	(1377-1446) Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence.	12
20082448	Sir Thomas More	(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote "Utopia" which presented a revolutionary view of society. Executed for not compromising his religious beliefs.	13
20082449	Erasmus	(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist, religious education. Wrote "Praise of Folly".	14
20082450	Lorenzo de Medici	r(1469-1492) The Medici's were a great banking family in Florence in the 15th century. Ruled government of Florence from behind the scene.	15
20082451	Miguel De Cervantes	(1547-1616) Spanish writer. Wrote "Don Quixote".	16
20082452	Pico Della Mirandola	Wrote "On the Dignity of Man" which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.	17
20082453	Jacob Fugger	Headed leading banking and trading house in 16th century Europe.	18
20082454	Hans Holbein the Younger	Painter noted for his protraits and religious paintings.	19
20082455	Humanism	Studies the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.	20
20082456	Individualism	Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents.	21
20082457	Julius II	r(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506.	22
20082458	Niccolo Machiavelli	(1469-1527) Wrote "The Prince" which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."	23
20082459	Montaigne	(1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.	24
20082460	New Monarchs	Monarchies that took measures to limit the power of the Roman Catholic Church within their countries.	25
20082461	Pazzi Conspiracy	Conspiracy to overthrow the Medici's.	26
20082462	Rabelais	French Satirical author. "Gargantua" and "Pantagruel".	27
20082463	Renaissance Man	A man that is multitalented and is well educated.	28
20082464	Revival of antiquity	The awakening from the dark ages and the focusing on the Romans.	29
20082465	Friar Girolamo Savonarola	(1452-1498) Dominican friar who attacked paganism and moral vice of Medici and Alexander VI. Burned at the stake in Florence.	30
20082466	Secularism	The belief in material things instead of religious things.	31
20082467	Lorenzo Valla	(1406-1457) "On Pleasure" and "On False Condation of Constantine". Father of modern historical criticism.	32
20082468	Vernacular	Everyday language of a specific nation.	33
20082469	Virtu	The striving for excellence. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance.	34
20082470	Act of Supremacy	Declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England.	35
20082471	Anglicanism	Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I.	36
20082472	John Calvin	Theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote "Institutes of Christian Religion".	37
20082473	Consubstantiation	The bread and wine undergo a spiritual change.	38
20082474	Council of Trent	Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.	39
20082475	Thomas Cranmer	Prepared the First Book of Common Prayer.	40
20082476	Diet of Worms	Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.	41
20082477	Edict of Nantes	1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.	42
20082478	Excommunication	When a person is kicked out of the Catholic Church.	43
20082479	Huguenots	French Calvinists	44
20082480	John Huss	Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation.	45
20082481	Ignatius Loyola	Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, "Spiritual Exercises".	46
20082482	Indulgences	Selling of these was common practice by the Catholic church, corruption that led to reformation.	47
20082483	The Institutes of Christian Religion	Written by John Calvin.	48
20082484	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola.	49
20082485	John Knox	Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin.	50
20082486	Martin Luther	95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.	51
20082487	Simony	The selling of church offices	52
20082488	Usury	The practice of lending money for interest.	53
20082489	Theocracy	A community in which the state is subordinate to the church.	54
20082490	Predestination	Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.	55
20082491	Johann Tetzel	The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.	56
20082492	Thomas Wolsey	Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherin of Aragon.	57
20082493	John Wycliffe	(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked teh corruption of the clergy and questioned the power of the pope.	58
20082494	Ulrich Zwingli	(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.	59
20082495	Baroque	Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550-1700, emphsizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.	60
20082496	Defenestration of Prague	The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.	61
20082497	Peace of Westphalia	Treaty that ended the thirty Years' War (2648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.	62
20082498	St Bartholomew's Day Massacre	Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.	63
20082499	War of the Three Henrys	French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois an Henri of Navarre.	64
20082500	John Cabot	Italian born navigator explored the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Gave England a claim in North America.	65
20082501	Pedro Cabral	Claimed Brazil for Portugal	66
20082502	Entrepot	Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities.	67
20082503	Conquistadores	Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World.	68
20082504	Bartholomew Diaz	(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa.	69
20082505	Sir Francis Drake	English sea captain, robbed Spanish treasure ships: 'singed the king beard'; involved in the armada.	70
20082506	King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella	Monarchs who united Spain; responsible for the reconquista.	71
20082507	Encomienda	Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner but had their own land to work as well.	72
20082508	Vasco da Gama	Sailed from Portugal for India.	73
20082509	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.	74
20082510	Ferdinand Magellan	(1480?-1521) Portuguese navigator. While trying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), there by completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.	75
20082511	Northwest Passage	A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.	76
20082512	Sir Walter Raleigh	(1552?-1618) English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure.	77
20082513	Treaty of Tordesillas	Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	78
20082514	Giovanni de Verrazano	(1485?-1528?) Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America.	79
20082515	Absolutism	When sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler.	80
20082516	Sovereignty	Possessing a monopoly over the instruments of justice.	81
20082517	Totalitarianism	Twentieth century phenomenon that seeks to direct all facets of a state's culture in the interest of the state.	82
20082518	Cardinal Richelieu	Became President of the Council of Ministers and the first minister of the French crown.	83
20082519	Louis XIII	Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state.	84
20082520	Fronde	(1648-1653) Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII	85
20082521	Jules Mazarin	Became a cardinal in 1641, succeeded Richelieu and dominated the power in French government.	86
20082522	Sun King	Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist development.	87
20082523	Louis XIV	King of France who ruled as an absolute monarch, even as a child.	88
20082524	Jean-Babtiste Colbert	An advisor to Louis XIV who proved himself a financial geius who managed the entire royal administration.	89
20082525	Mercantilism	The philosophy that a state's strength depends upon its wealth.	90
20082526	French Classicism	Art, literature, and advancements of the age of Louis XIV.	91
20082527	Nicholas Poussin	French classical painter who painted the Rape of the Sabine Women, known as the greatest French painter of the 17th century.	92
20082528	William of Orange	Dutch prince invited to be king of England after 'The Glorious Revolution'. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.	93
20082529	Louis Pontchartrain	French controller of finance who imposed the capitation of an annual poll tax.	94
20082530	Peace of Utrecht	Ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.	95
20082531	Constitutionalism	Limitation of government by law, developed in times of absolutism.	96
20082532	Leviathan	Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.	97
20082533	William Laude	Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to impose elaborate ritual and rich ceremonies on all churches. Insisted on complete uniformity of the church and enforced it through the Court of High Commission.	98
20082534	Oliver Cromwell	As Lord Protector of England, he used his army to control the government and constituted military dictatorship.	99
20082535	The Restoration	Restored the English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established an Anglican church, courts of law and local government.	100
20082536	John Locke	Believed people were born like blank slates and the environment shapes development (tabula rasa). Wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" and "Second Treatise of Government".	101
20082537	Thomas Hobbes	Leading secular exponenet of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."	102
20082538	Bill of Rights	1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution.	103
20082539	New Model Army	Created by Cromwell.	104
20082540	Petition of Rights	Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not delcare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent.	105
20082541	War of Austrian Succession	Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.	106
20082542	Junkers	Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.	107
20082543	Pragmatic Sanction	Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.	108
20082544	Romanovs	Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917.	109
20082545	Frederick William the Great Elector	Man who made modern Prussia.	110
20082546	Boyars	Land owning aristocracy in early Russia.	111
20082547	Dvorianie	Established by Peter the Great, they received land and control of the peasants.	112
20082548	Muscovy	A former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscos, it was founded c.1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory.	113
20082549	Hohenzollern	German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.	114
20082550	Aristotelian World View	Motionless earh was fixed at the center of the universe, God was beyond.	115
20082551	Francis Bacon	(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. "Novum Organum". Inductive reasoning.	116
20082552	Tycho Brahe	(1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.	117
20082553	Robert Boyle	(1627-1691) Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt.	118
20082554	Andrew Celsius	Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius.	119
20082555	Nicolaus Copernicus	(1473-1543) Plish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres." Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.	120
20082556	Heliocentric Theory	Sun is the center of the universe. Copernican.	121
20082557	Geocentric Theory	Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian.	122
20082558	Descartes	(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.	123
20082559	Deductive Reasoning	Descartes, doubt everything and use reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method.	124
20082560	Inductive Reasoning	Baconian empiricism. Based on speculations on other situations.	125
20082561	Discourse on Methods	Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning.	126
20082562	Empiricism	Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning.	127
20082563	Gabriel Fahrenheit	Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees.	128
20082564	Galileo Galilei	Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter's moons. Wrote "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World".	129
20082565	Gresham College	Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had an honored roll in society; center of scientific activity.	130
20082566	William Harvey	Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body.	131
20082567	Carl Linnaeus	System Nature - developed methods to classify and name plants and animals.	132
20082568	Natural Law	Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.	133
20082569	Isaac Newton	English scientist. 3 Laws of Motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural PHilosophy (1687).	134
20082570	Ptolemy's System	Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to expalin minor irregulatiries in the movement of the planets.	135
20082571	The Royal Society of London	Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences.	136
20082572	Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities	Rousseau, discussed the innocence of man and his corruption by society.	137
20082573	Voltaire	French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote "Candide". Believed enlightened despot best form of government.	138
20082574	Deism	God built the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.	139
20082575	Enlightened despot	Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Breat, Frederick the Great.	140
20082576	Humanitarianism	Promoting human welfare and social reform.	141
20082577	Second Treatise of Governments	Written by Locke, government created to protect life, liberty, and property.	142
20082578	Essay Concerning Human Understanding	Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory.	143
20082579	Rococo	Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portaits.	144
20082580	The Spirit of Laws	Montesquieu, about separation of powers.	145
20082581	The Social Contract	Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis.	146
20082582	Candide	Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe.	147
20082583	Montesquieu	French philosopher. Wrote "The Spirit of Laws". Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate.	148
20082584	Capitalism	Economic theory of maintaining balance of exports and imports. The opposite of socialism and communism.	149
20082585	Cosmopolitanism	Urban growth during the agricultural revolution. It dealt with the migration from rural to urban areas.	150
20082586	General Will	Betterment of the community. Founded by Rousseau, he felt that htis determines a countryps course in economics and politics.	151
20082587	William Hogarth	English painter. Marriage a la Mode.	152
20082588	Natural History	Written by Buffon, discussed scientific matters.	153
20082589	Physiocrats	Opponenets of mercantilism and Colbertism in particular. Led by Francois Quesnay. Felt the need for a strong independent republic.	154
20082590	Adam Smith	Scottish professor of philosophy. Developed the idea of free enterprise, critical of mercantilism. Wrote "Wealth of Nations".	155
20082591	Jethro Tull	English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.	156
20082592	Enclosure movement	18th centure English movement, marked the rise of market oriented estate.	157
20082593	Jean le Rond D'Alembert	Coeditor of the Encyclopedie.	158
20082594	Assignats	Paper currenty, the French churcehs were used as collateral - the first Grench paper currency issued by the General Assembly.	159
20082595	Bastille	Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasancts for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.	160
20082596	Bourgeoisie	Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy.	161
20082597	Revolutionary Calendar	Created by the National Convention, it was established after the French Revolution; day one was the first day of the French Republic.	162
20082598	Committee of Public Safety	Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effor. Instigated the Reign of Terror.	163
20082599	Conspiracy of Equals	Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf, an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction, communistic in nature.	164
20082600	Consulate	Form of government which followed the directory; established by Napoleon; ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.	165
20082601	National Convention	The third estate of the Estates General; broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.	166
20082602	Danton	Led the Mountains with Robespierre, also executed with Robespierre.	167
20082603	David	Napoleon's painter, painted the famous protrain of Napoleon's coronation.	168
20082604	Declaration of the Rights of Man	Written by the National Convention; declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.	169
20082605	Directory	Group fo five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.	170
20082606	Encyclopedie	Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society.	171
20082607	Estates General	Not called since 1614; finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial minister; demanded control over the King's finances; he refused and dismissed them; sat as three segregated groups.	172
20082608	Gabelle	Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France; included in the Estate's list of grievances.	173
20082609	Girondists	One of the two halves of the divided National Convention.	174
20082610	Great Fear	Followed the storming of the Bastille; people were scared of outlaws and reprisals; fanned flames of rebellion.	175
20082611	Guillotine	Fast and relatively humane; used for mass executions.	176
20082612	Intendants	Created by Napoleon; kept watch over their own area of France; allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems.	177
20082613	Levee en Masse	Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army.	178
20082614	Louis XVI	King of France; executed for treason by the National Convention; absolute monarch; husband of Marie Antoinette	179
20082615	Marie Antoinette	Louis XVI's wife; executed.	180
20082616	Robespierre	Member of the National Assembly; led the Mountains; began and led the Committee of Public Safety; began the Reign of Terror.	181
20082617	Sans-culottes	Petty laborers and laboring poor; wore pants not knee breeches; became a major political group in revolutionary France.	182
20082618	Tennis Court Oaths	Taken by the National Assembly; stated that they would not disband until they had made a new constitution. Met here because they were unable to go to their meeting place.	183
20082619	First Estate	Clergy	184
20082620	Second Estate	Nobility	185
20082621	Third Estate	Artisans, etc. Everyone not in the First or Second Estate.	186
20082622	Thermidorean Reaction	A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed.	187
20082623	Ancien Regime	The old order before the Revolution in France.	188
20082624	Regicide	The killing of the king.	189
20082625	Versailles	Site of palace outside Paris. Women marched there to demand action from Louis XVI.	190
20082626	Mary Wollstonecraft	Wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Man" and "A Vindication of the Rights of Women".	191
20082627	Berlin Decree	1806-issued by Napoleon; instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.	192
20082628	Joseph Bonaparte	Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War.	193
20082629	Confederation of the Rhine	League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league colapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.	194
20082630	Continental System	(1806-12) French economic plan to cripple Britain. Russia's refusal to conform led to the Russian campaign.	195
20082631	The Grand Army	Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian camapgn.	196
20082632	Louis XVIII	(1814-1824) tried to issue a Constitutional Charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties.	197
20082633	Napoleonic Code	Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed as reestablishing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat.	198
20082634	Peninsula War	France was forces to invade Spain after the failure of Joseph Bonaparte. Very costly for Napoleon. The Duke of Wellington helped the Spanish.	199
20082635	Plebiscite	A vote of the people.	200
20082636	Rosetta Stone	Founded by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.	201
20082637	Talleyrand	French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.	202
20082638	Saint Helena	South Atlantic island. Napoleon's final home after the battle of Waterloo.	203
20082639	Trafalgar	(October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed by invasion of Britain now became impossible.	204
20082640	Metternich	Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.	205
20082641	Castlereagh	British representative at Congress of Vienna.	206
20082642	The Hundred Days	The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat at Waterloo.	207
20082643	Sir Richard Arkwright	Invented water frame at almost the same time as the spinning jenny was invented.	208
20082644	Jeremy Bentham	Believed that public problems should be dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greated number. Wrote "Principles of Morals and Legislation". Majority rules.	209
20082645	Edmund Cartwright	Inventor of the modern power loom.	210
20082646	Chartism	Agitation against poor laws - working class discontent.	211
20082647	Combination Acts	1799 and 1800; made trade unionism illegal.	212
20082648	The Communist Manifesto	Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; basis of Socialism.	213
20082649	Corn Laws	1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well.	214
20082650	Henry Cort	Refined pig iron, puddling furnace, heavy rolling mills.	215
20082651	Benjamin Disraeli	British Conservative; extended vote to all middle class male workers; needed to broaden aristocratic voter basis.	216
20082652	Friedrich Engels	"Condition of Working Class in England"; society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx.	217
20082653	Factory Act 1833	Created factory workday for children between 9-13, to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9. Factory owners establish schools. Destroyed family unit.	218
20082654	Charles Fourier	French social theorist; criticized capitalism; wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. "Theory of Four Movements".	219
20082655	James Hargreaves	About 1705 invented spinning jenny.	220
20082656	Industrialization	New inventions, cotton and iron, changed small businesses beyond all recognition.	221
20082657	John Kay	Inventor of flying shuttle (1773).	222
20082658	Laissez-faire capitalism	Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs. Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay.	223
20082659	Karl Marx	German; father of socialism; emancipation of women; "Communist Manifesto".	224
20082660	Thomas Newcomen	1705 invented steam engine that used coal; very inefficient.	225
20082661	Robert Owen	Scottish spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony.	226
20082662	Henry Palmerston	Hawkish English Foreign Minister during revolutions of 1848.	227
20082663	A People's Charter	Draft of reform bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections; 6 main points.	228
20082664	Poor Law	1834, gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers.	229
20082665	First Reform Bill	1832, modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs.	230
20082666	Second Reform Bill	1867, Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters.	231
20082667	Tory	Political party in Britain controled by aristocracy.	232
20082668	Utopian Cosialism	Ideal society based on socialist ideals; Louis Blanc and Charles Fourrier.	233
20082669	James Watt	Added a condenser to Newcomen's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power.	234
20082670	Whig	British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.	235
20082671	Alexander II	(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.	236
20082672	Ausgleich, 1867	Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.	237
20082673	"Blood and iron"	Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismark; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".	238
20082674	Bundesrat	The federal council of Austrian government.	239
20082675	Count Camillo Cavour	Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.	240
20082676	Carbonari	A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.	241
20082677	Carlsbad Decrees	1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Mettermich.	242
20082678	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution, written or unwritten.	243
20082679	Ems Dispatch	A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.	244
20082680	Franco-Prussian War	1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.	245
20082681	Frankfurt Assembly	1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.	246
20082682	Giuseppe Garibaldi	(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.	247
20082683	Louis Kossuth	Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.	248
20082684	Leopold II	1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.	249
20082685	Liberalism	The base ideas of liberty and equality.	250
20082686	Magyars	In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry and the minority population.	251
20082687	Giuseppe Mazzini	Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.	252
20082688	Nationalism	Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.	253
20082689	Napoleon III	Original Napoleon's nephew; consolidated conservative gofernment and the ideals of nationalism.	254
20082690	Panslavism	A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.	255
20082691	Pogroms	Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia.	256
20082692	Realpolitik	Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.	257
20082693	Red Shirts	Volunteers in Garibaldi's army.	258
20082694	Reichstag	Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power.	259
20082695	Russification	Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people.	260
20082696	Syllabus of Errors	1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.	261
20082697	Treaty of Frankfurt	The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany.	262
20082698	Otto von Bismarck	(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.	263
20082699	Zemstvos	Local assemblies in Russia.	264
20082700	Zollverein	Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1818 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.	265
20082701	Risorgimento	Italian period of history from 1815 to 1850.	266
20082702	Grossdeutsch	Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans"	267
20082703	Kleindeutsch	Little German Party at the Grankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans"	268
20082704	Volksgeist	Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.	269
20082705	Algeciras Conference	Conference provoked Germany; backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis.	270
20082706	Imperialism	One who dominates the political, social, and economic life of another.	271
20082707	Belgian Congo	Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.	272
20082708	Boer War	English vs. Dutch settlers in South Africa. England won 1899-02, showed that English tactics were no good.	273
20082709	East India Company	Dutch trading company worried about colonizing the world.	274
20082710	Congress of Berlin	Assembly of representatives of Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire.	275
20082711	Fashoda Incident	Conflict in Africa between France and Britain.	276
20082712	Cecil Rhodes	Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.	277
20082713	Protectorate	Relationship between 2 states in which the stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs.	278
20082714	Sphere of Influence	In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.	279
20082715	The White Man's Burden	1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, critical about imperialism.	280
20082716	Heart of Darkness	Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.	281

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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 11 Flashcards

Cell Communication

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896106399	signal transduction pathway	A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response.
896106400	local regulators	A chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity.
896106401	hormones	chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another, long distance signaling
896106402	reception	Target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell
896106403	transduction	in cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
896106404	response	In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell.
896106405	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
896106406	G protein	A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G-protein-linked receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. When such a receptor is activated, it in turn activates the G protein, causing it to bind a molecule of GTP in place of GDP. Hydrolysis of the bound GTP to GDP inactivates the G protein.
896106407	g protein coupled receptor	A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. Also called a G protein-linked receptor.
896106408	ligand-gated ion channel	A protein pore in the plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.
896106409	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by forming dimers and catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. The phosphorylated tyrosines activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.
896106410	protein phosphatases	An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.
896106411	protein kinases	transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, common way for controlling protein activity
896106412	second messengers	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein.
896106413	cyclic AMP	a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons.
896106414	adenylyl cyclase	An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal.
896106415	IP3	One of the products of PIP2 cleavage in the Ca++/phosphoinositide signal pathway. Moves to cytoplasm to trigger Ca++ release from intracellular stores leading to Ca++/calmodulin cascade. Mimicked by calcium ionophores (ionomycin)
896106416	DAG	One of the products of PIP2 cleavage in the Ca++/phosphoinositide signal pathway Lipophillic and remains in plasma membrane to activate protein kinase C (PKC) leading to intracellular phosphorylation cascade Mimicked by phorbol
896106417	scaffolding proteins	A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction.
896106418	apoptosis	programed cell death

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 13: Meiosis And Sexual Life Cycles Flashcards

Chapter 13
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Vocabulary: heredity, variation, genetics, genes, gametes, asexual reproduction, clone, sexual reproduction, life cycle, karyotypes, homologous chromosomes, sex chromosomes, autosomes, diploid cell, haploid cell, zygote, fertilization, meiosis, alternation of generations, sporophyte, spores, gametophyte, meiosis I, meiosis II, synapsis, crossing over, chiasma, recombinant chromosomes, independent assortment
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Relating to cell division involving meiosis (meiosis + cytokinesis):
a. Define meiosis.
b. Explain why meiosis is sometimes considered "reduction division".
c. State what 1 diploid cell becomes after meiosis plus cytokinesis.
d. State the gametes in the human male and human female and describe the role of gametes in the human life cycle.
e. State the reason humans undergo cell division involving meiosis.
f. Define gametogenesis and distinguish between human spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
g. State which cells in humans undergo cell division involving meiosis.
h. Describe the 4 stages of meiosis I and the 4 stages of meiosis II.
2. Define genetic recombination.
3. Explain how recombination leads to genetic variation in a population and how genetic variation relates to evolution.
4. Explain how mating leads to recombination in eukaryotic organisms.
5. Briefly distinguish between the three types of sexual life cycles (p. 252) and their major differences. Use the examples: animal, plants, and multicellular fungi
6. Relating to recombination that occurs as a result of meiosis in eukaryotic organisms:
a. Describe segregation, state when it occurs during meiosis, and explain how it can lead to recombination.
b. Describe independent assortment and explain how it can lead to recombination.
c.

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1026011982	Heredity	The transmission of traits from one generation to the next
1026011983	Variation	Differences between members of the same species
1026011984	Genetics	The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation
1026011985	Concept 13.1	...
1026011986	Genes	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
1026011987	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or a sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
1026011988	Somatic cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursor
1026011989	Locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located
1026011990	Asexual reproduction	Without the fusion of gametes. The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes. In most cases the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
1026011991	Clone	A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells.
1026011992	Sexual reproduction	...
1026011993	What causes the traits of parents to show up in their off spring?	...
1026011994	How do asexually reproducing organisms produce offspring that are genetically identically to each other and to their parents?	...
1026011995	Concept 13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles	...
1026011996	Life cycle	...
1026011997	Karyotope	...
1026011998	Homologous chromosomes	...
1026011999	Sex chromosomes	...
1026012000	Autosomes	...
1026012001	Diploid cells	...
1026012002	Haploid cells	...
1026012003	Fertilization	...
1026012004	Zygote	...
1026012005	Meiosis	...
1026012006	Alternation of generations	...
1026012007	How does the alternation of meiosis and fertilization in the life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms maintain the normal chromosome count for each species?	...
1026012008	Each sperm	...
1026012009	Concept 13.3	...
1026012010	Meiosis I	Homologous chromosomes separate
1026012011	Compare mitosis and meiosis	...
1026012012	How are the chromosomes in a cell at metaphase of mitosis similar to and different from the chromosomes in a cell at metaphase of meiosis II	...
1026012013	Concept 13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution	...
1026012014	Recombinant chromosomes	A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromsome
1026012015	What is the original source of variation among the different alleles of a gene?	...
1026012016	The diploid number for fruit flies is 8, and the diploid number for grasshoppers is 46. If no crossing over took place, would the genetic variation among offspring from a given pair of parents be greater in fruit flies or grasshoppers?	...
1026012017	Independent Assortment	..., Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
1026012018	Independent assortment	One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
1026012019	Meiosis II	sister chromatids separate
1032341513	Haploid	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (half)
1032341514	Diploid	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent
1032341515	Mitosis	A cell splitting to form copies of itself
1041600268	Which life cycle stage is found in plants but not animals?	multicellular haploid
1041600269	Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during	meiosis I.
1041600270	Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that	sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
1041600271	f the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be	2x.
1041600272	How many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n 5 8)?	16

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Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age Flashcards

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47742422	Leland Stanford	One of the Big Four financial brokers of the Central Pacific Railroad-chief financial backers of the enterprise. Ex-governor of California who had useful political connections.
47742423	James J. Hill	idea was to create The Great Northern. Canadian American who was probably the greatest rail road builder of all. He perceived that the prosperity of his railroad depended on the prosperity of the area it served.
47742424	Cornelius Vanderbuilt	Facilitated the Eastern like New York Central. He was "commodore" who had made millions in steam boating and turned to a new career in railroading. He was ill-educated, ungrammatical, coarse, and ruthless however clear visioned. He amassed a fortune of $100 million and it remembered for donating to Vanderbilt University TN.
47742425	"Stock Watering"	One of the favorite devices of the moguls of manipulation. The term originally referred to the practice of making cattle thirsty by feeding them salt and then having them bloat themselves with water before they were weighed in for sale. Using a variation of this technique, railroad stock promoters grossly inflated their claims about a given lines assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the railroad's actual value. Railroad managers were forced to charge extortionate rates and wage ruthless competitive battles in order to pay off the exaggerated financial obligations with which they were saddled.
47742426	Pools	An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.
47742427	The Grange	Patrons of Husbandry, tried to regulate railroads and grain houses. Established 1867.
47742428	Wabash Case	The Supreme Court decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce.
47742429	Interstate Commerce Act	Congress passed in 1887. It prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul that a long one over the same line. Most important, it set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer and enforce the new legislation.
47742430	Alexander Graham Bell	Invented the telephone.
47742431	Thomas Alva Edison	Gifted tinkerer and a tireless worker, not a pure scientist. Invented the phonograph, the mimeograph, the Dictaphone, and the moving picture. His is best known for his perfection of the electric light bulb in 1879.
47742432	Vertical Integration	Combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. To improve efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminating middlemen's fees.
47742433	Horizontal Integration	Allying with competitors to monopolize a given market. Rockefeller was a master of this strategy.
47742434	Trusts	Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. Any large scale business combination.
47742435	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition. By 1877 he controlled 95% f all the oil refineries in the nation.
47742436	Bessemer Process	Process that took iron kettles and blew cold air on the red hot iron which caused the metal to become white-hot by igniting the carbon and thus eliminating impurities. Steel was stronger than iron and replaced it as a building material.
47742437	Andrew Carnegie	Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"
47742438	J.P. Morgan	Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
47742439	U.S. Steel Corporation	Formed by JP Morgan after buying Carnegie steel company.
47742440	John D. Rockefeller	Formed Standard Oil Trust and made millions while monopolizing the oil industry
47742441	Social Darwinism	The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies, particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion
47742442	Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890	Flatly forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any dinstinceion between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts. Bigness, not badness was the sin. The lasw proved ineffectinve with legal loopholes through clever corporations lawyers could wriggle. Contrary to its orginal intent, it was used to curb labor unions or labor combinations that were deemed to be restraining trade.
47742443	Share-Croppers	A person who rents a plot of land from some one else and farms it in exchange for a share of crops
47742444	National Labor Union	First large scale national of labors was the national labor union formed in 1866. In 1868 the NLU persuaded congress to Legalize an 8 hour day for government workers. Some refused to admit African Americans as members in their union.
47742445	Knights of Labor	An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883.
47742446	Haymarket Riot	100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.
47742447	American Federation of Labor	a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955
47742448	Samuel Gompers	United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

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De Blij Chapter 1 Terms Flashcards

First Semester exam review. Definitions mostly from the De Blij text.

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533094966	Geography	Greek for "to write about the Earth". A study concerned with the analysis of the physical and human characteristics of the Earth's surface from a spatial perspective.
533094967	Human Geography	One of the two major divisions of geography. This is the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.
533094968	Physical Geography	One of the two major divisions of geography. This is the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
533094969	Spatial Perspective	Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space.
533094970	Medical Geography	Mapping the distribution of disease in order to find its cause.
533094971	Pandemics	World wide outbreaks of disease.
533094972	Epidemics	Regional outbreaks of disease.
533094973	Globalization	A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders.
533094974	The Five Themes of Geography	Location, Human Environment Interaction, Region, Place, and Movement
533094975	Location	One of the five themse of geography. This term referes to how the geographical position of people and things on Earth's surface affects what happens and why
533094976	Location Theory	An element of contemporary human geography that seeks answers to a wide range of questions -why are viallages, towns, and cities spaced the way they are (for example)
533094977	Human Environment Interaction	One of the five themes of geography. This term refers to how people change their surrounding areas and how these areas change the way people live.
533094978	Region	One of the five themes of geography. This term refers to how human populations are organized into different spaces. (ex. there are some areas that are densely populated and others that have no inhabitatants)
533094979	Place	One of the five themes of geography. This term refers to the unique characteristics that certain places have and the meanings behind them.
533094980	Sense of Place	The term for when people infuse feelings of meaning and emotional connections with a particular area. Generally this is an area that they know well or experience multiple times.
533094981	Perception of Place	The term for when people develop ideas about areas they have never been (usually based on books, movies, stories, etc.)
533094982	Movement	One of the five themes of geography. This term refers to the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet.
533094983	Distance	Spatial interactions between places depend on this. This term can also be defined as the physical space between two places.
533094984	Accessibility	The ease of reaching one location from another
533094985	Connectivity	The degree of linkage between locations in a type of network. q
533094986	Landscape	A core aspcet of geography. This term refers to the material character of a place, the complex natural features, human structures, and other tangible objects that give a place a particular form.
533094987	Cultural Landscape	The visible imprint of human activity on an area.
533094988	Sequent Occupance	A term (coined in 1929 by Derwent Whittlesey) that refers to those sequential imprins of occupants whose impacts are layered one on top of the other.
533094989	Cartography	The art and science of making maps
533094990	Reference Map	This type of map shows locations of places and geographic features.
533094991	Thematic Map	This type of map tells stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon.
533094992	Absolute Location	Precisely on Earth where something is. This type of location is used in the creation of reference maps.
533094993	Global Positioning System	This satellite-based piece of technology (GPS) allows poeople to locate things on the surface of the Earth
533094994	Relative Location	Where a place is in relation to other human and physical features. This type of location changes over time.
533094995	Activity Spaces	Places that we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity. These are more accurate and detailed than mental maps of places we have never been.
533094996	Remote Sensing	A way that geograpers monitor the Earth from a distance using technology that is a distance away from the place being studied. This type of data is collected via satellites and aircrafts usually.
533094997	Geographic Information System	This is a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analuzed ad displayed to the user. Abbreviated GIS.
533094998	Formal Region	This is a type of region that is labeled based on a shared trait. This can be either cultural or physical.
533094999	Functional Region	An area defined by a particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it.
533095000	Perceptual Regions	This is an area defined by intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography. These can include people, their cultrual traits, places and their physical traits, etc.
533095001	Culture	This is a term that refers to all aspects of society. This includes music, literature, art, dress, routine habits, architecture, etc.
533095002	Culture Trait	A single attribute of a societ. Ex. wearing a turban can be a trait of certain Muslim groups.
533095003	Cultural Hearth	An area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse.
533095004	Cultural Diffusion	The process of the dissemination or an idea or innovation from its hearth to other places.
533095005	Time-Distance Decay	The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and space from its point of origin or source.
533095006	Expansion Diffusion	The spread of an idea when the idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward.
533095007	Contagious Diffusion	A type of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected.
533095008	Hierarchical diffusion	A type of diffusion in which the main channel of diffusion is some segement of those who are susceptible to what is being diffused (ex. teens are susceptible to marketing by celebs.)
533095009	Stimulus Diffusion	A type of expansion diffusion in which an idea or practice is adopted by new areas that slightly change or alter them from their original form.
533095010	Relocation Diffusion	A type of diffusion different from expansion diffusion. This diffusioin involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation and who carry it with them to new areas.
533095011	Environmental Determinism	The idea that human behavior, indivually and collectively, is strongely affected by the physical enviroment. Generally this theory is rejected.
533095012	Isotherms	Lines connecting points of equal temperature values
533095013	Possibilism	An idea that was formed as a reaction to Environmental Determinism that says that natural environment merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture. THe choices that a society makes depend on what its members need and on wat technology is availabel to them.
533095014	Cultural Ecology	An area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to and alteration of environment.
533095015	Political Ecology	An area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the envriomental consequences of dominant polical-econokmic arrangements and understandings.

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