| CourseNotes

American Pageant Ch 10 Flashcards

541959415	Thomas Jefferson	Secretary of State under Washington
541959416	Alexander Hamilton	Secretary of Treasury under Washington
541959417	Henry Knox	Secretary of War under Washington
541959418	Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio	Three territories where most of the trans-Appalachian settlers settled.
541959419	New York City	Temporary capital of United States
541959420	James Madison	Drafted the Bill of Rights
541959421	Judiciary Act of 1789	Organized the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and an attorney general
541959422	John Jay	First chief justice of the United States
541959423	Assumption Plan	Federal government takes on state debts and pays them off
541959424	Whiskey	Product that was taxed by Hamilton that was so freely traded that it was used for money
541959425	Bank of the United States	Government would be a major stockholder of this bank, and it would print paper money for the country. Supported by Hamilton
541959426	loose construction	Federalist version of interpreting the Constitution, what the Constitution didn't forbid it permitted
541959427	Whiskey Rebellion	Rebellion in Pennsylvania against Hamilton's taxes on whiskey, much like the Stamp Act Rebellions. After crushing it, Washington gained new respect
541959428	Liberty and No Excise	Cry of supporters of the Whiskey Rebellion
541959429	Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and Hamiltonian Federalists	Two political parties after Washington's first administration
541959430	American opinion of the French Revolution	French Revolution at first delighted colonists, but after the Reign of Terror began, colonists grew disgusted of the Revolution. (c)
541959431	Washington's Neutrality Proclamation	Declared that war must be avoided, as the United States was too militarily disjointed to engage in war.
541959432	Citizen Edmond Genêt	French representative who, against the Neutrality Proclamation, gathered armies against Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and Canada.
541959433	Miami Confederacy	An alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans and were given firearms by the British
541959434	Little Turtle	Indian war chief who defeated Generals Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair
541959435	General "Mad Anthony" Wayne	Defeated Miamis at the Battle of Fallen Timbers when British refused to shelter them.
541959436	Treaty of Greenville	Indians give up vast tracts of the Old Northwest (Indiana and Idaho) in this treaty
541959437	Royal Navy impressed American seamen and seized merchant ships, angering Americans.	Royal Navy impressed American seamen and seized merchant ships, angering Americans. (c)
541959438	Jay's Treaty	Treaty in a desperate attempt to avert war with Britain, was not very effective, and much was conceded to Britain
541959439	Pinckney's Treaty of 1795	Spain's hasty treaty with America, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granting America almost everything it wanted
541959440	High Federalists	War faction of the Federalist party
541959441	John Adams	Successor of George Washington, did not really try to conform to the needs of the people
541959442	Talleyrand	French foreign minister
541959443	X, Y, and Z	French go-betweens in negotiations between America and France to discuss the French mistreatment of Americans
541959444	French proposal was ridiculous, and French were rejected. An unofficial war ensued.	French proposal was ridiculous, and French were rejected. An unofficial war ensued. (c)
541959445	John Marshall	One of the negotiators in France, was hailed as a hero upon his return
541959446	Alien Laws	Laws against hostile or dangerous foreign immigrants, gave government power to deport or imprison immigrants in times of hostilities and in times of peace
541959447	Sedition Act	An act that prohibited and called for harsh punishment on whoever falsely defamed government officials or impeded on the policies of the government
541959448	Matthew Lyon	Gained fame by spitting in the face of a Federalist
541959449	compact theory	Stated that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the government, had entered into a contract that allowed the government to rule while states would regulate it. Was used to reject the Alien and Sedition Acts
541959450	Thomas Jefferson	leader of the anti-Federalists
541959451	John Adams	leader of the Federalists
541959452	Excise Tax	Tax on common items, created by Hamilton
541959453	Strict Construction	Anti-Federalist version of interpreting the Constitution, Constitution should be taken word for word.
541959454	Funding at Par	Hamilton's urging the government to take on the entire national debt
541959455	Hamilton Position	Constitution was a broad, "elastic" document, open for interpretation
541959456	Necessary and Proper	One of the most controversial clauses of the Constitution governing the power of the Congress
541959457	Enumerated Powers	Powers granted to Congress by the Constitution
541959458	Implied Powers	Powers granted to Congress through interpretation of the Constitution
541959459	First census of the United States recorded about 4 million people.	First census of the United States recorded about 4 million people. (c)
541959460	Tariff of 1789	A tax on foreign imports of glass and pottery to raise money for the Federal Government and to encourage domestic production of glass and ceramics
541959461	Hamilton's Program	Included three parts: First Report on Public Credit, which involved Federal assumption of State Credit; Second Report of Public Credit which involved the formation of the National Bank, and the Report on Manufactures which involved policies to encourage manufacturing in the United States.
541959462	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Political statements drafted in 1799 and 1798 in which those state legislatures resolved NOT to abide by the Alien and Sedition Acts.
541959463	Elastic Clause vs The 10th Amendment	The 10th amendment which asserts that states retain all power that has not been surrendered is in conflict with the 'elastic clause' (article I, section 8) which states that the federal government can pass any laws it needs to, to fulfill it's constitutional function.
541959464	Doctrine of Nullification	Says that States can declare null and void federal laws they deemed to be unconstitutional.

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American Pageant Cumulative Test 2 Flashcards

apush, american pageant

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38463964	Samuel Slater	sailed to the U.S. under a false name to give Americans the secret of Britain's textile machines	0
38463965	Cotton Gin	a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793	1
38463966	American System	an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	2
38463967	National Road	A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois	3
38463968	Lancaster Turnpike	hard-surfaced highway that ran from Philadelphia to Lancaster; drivers had to pay a toll to use it.	4
38463969	Erie Canal	a 363-mile-long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825	5
38463970	Steamboat	Robert Fulton; 1807; used to go upstream	6
38463971	Telegraph	1837	7
38463972	Steel Plow	Invented by John Deere and was strong enough to cut through the tough prairie sod of the Midwest and the Plains.	8
38463973	Sewing Machine	Elias Howe, Isaac Singer; 1846; easier to make clothing	9
38463974	King Cotton	cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.	10
38463975	Tariff of Abominations	1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high tariffs.	11
38463976	South Carolina Exposition	a pamphlet put out by SC written by John C Calhoun saying the tariff or 1828 was unconstitutional	12
38463977	Nullification Crisis	Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void.	13
38463978	Bank War	Jackson vs. Bank & Biddle; Jackson begins taking out funds and putting them into pet banks, successfully "killing" the bank; leads to fluctuation in economy and eventual panic	14
38463979	Panic of 1837	When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.	15
38463980	Indian Removal Act	Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.	16
38463981	Trail of Tears	The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their home land to indian territory between 1838 and 1839, thousands of cherokees died.	17
38463982	Martin Van Buren	Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836	18
38463983	Independent Treasury Act	1840 - "divorce bill" set up by Martin Van Buren (as a result of the Panic of 1837) to protect federal money from bad loans!	19
38463984	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court	20
38463985	Webster Hayne Debate	Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"	21
38463986	Tariff of 1832	The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered down to 35 percent, a reduction of 10 percent, to pacify these objections.	22
38463987	Missouri Compromise	The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.	23
38463988	Middle Passage	the voyage that brought slaves to america	24
38463989	Denmark Vesey	United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)	25
38463990	Nat Turner	Slave from VA that led group of slaves to kill their slaves holders abd familes. Turner caught and executed on Nov.11, 1831. Slave states stricker control on slave population.	26
38463991	Second Great Awakening	A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.	27
38463992	American Colonization Society	A society which established the colony of Liberia, to which freed blacks were sent from the United States. The colony later declared its independance.	28
38463993	Horace Mann	Education activist who worked towards better funding, longer school years, and higher pay for teachers	29
38463994	Oneida Community	founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York. The community believed that Jesus Christ had already returned in the year 70, making it possible for them to bring about Christ's millennial kingdom themselves, and be free of sin and perfect in this world, not just Heaven (a belief called Perfectionism).	30
38463995	Brook Farm	A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.	31
38463996	New Harmony	This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q	32
38463997	Mormons	church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT	33
38463998	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."	34
38463999	Seneca Falls Convention	Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.	35
38464000	Transcendentalism	a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.	36
38464001	Romanticism	This was the response to the Enlightenment in which they believed that not everything could be measured, because of the passion of emotion	37
38464002	Hudson River School	Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River	38
38464003	German and Irish Immigration	1840s and 1850s	39
38464004	Nativism	the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners	40
38464005	Order of the Star Spangled Banner	Order of the Star Spangled Banner- The noisier American "Nativists" rallied for political action. In 1849 they formed this, which soon developed into the formidable American, or "Know-Nothing," party—a name derived from its secretiveness.	41
38464006	Scabs	Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike	42
38464007	Commonwealth v. Hunt	court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies	43
38464008	Stephen Austin	Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish	44
38464009	Alamo	the mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico	45
38464010	Battle of San Jacinto	(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas	46
38464011	Commodore Perry	Leader who came to Japan and forced them to open up to Western trade and influence	47
38464012	Caroline Incident	An incident where an American steamer was attacked by the British. It caused a rise in tensions between the two countries.	48
38464013	Aroostook War	The result of the conflict over The Caroline ship, which consisted of angry Americans and Canadians, mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the disputed Aroostook River region, causing a violent brawl.	49
38464014	Webster Ashburton Treaty	1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition	50
38464015	John Tyler	elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery	51
38464016	Annexation of Texas	1845. Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits	52
38464017	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.	53
38464018	James Polk	Westward Expansion, expansion of slavery; led expansion of US to south-west through war against Mexico	54
38464019	Manifest Destiny	This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.	55
38464020	Oregon Territory	This territory was at on time jointly occupied by England, the U;.S., Russia, and Spain. Later on, only Britain and the U.S. occupied this territory. A treaty between England and the U.S. in 1846 split the territory at the 49th parallel.	56
38464021	54 40 or Fight	slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.	57
38464022	Columbia River	Was explored by Lewis and Clark	58
38464023	Mexican American War	President Polk sent troops into disputed land between the rio grande and Nueces River. American troops died when Mexican troops fired on them thinking the American were on Mexican land. 1846-1848, war with Mexico	59
38464024	John Slidell	Sent by Polk to Mexico to negotiate Texas independence and purchase of California and New Mexico - was ignored by Mexican Government	60
38464025	Bear Flag Revolt	A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.	61
38464026	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million	62
38464027	California Gold Rush	1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco.	63
38464028	Transcontinental Railroad	Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west	64
38464029	Gadsden Purchase	1853 purchase of more land for purpose of building intercontinental railroad	65
38464030	Clayton Bulwer Treaty	between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881	66
38464031	Ostend Manifesto	a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	67
38464032	Free Soil Party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	68
38464033	Millard Filmore	The Free soil party's candidate for president 1848	69
38464034	William Walker	he tried repeatedly to take control of Nicaragua in the 1850s, backed by an armed force recruited largely in the South, he installed himself as president in July 1856 and promptly legalized slavery	70
38464035	Gag Resolution	Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives	71
38464036	Compromise of 1850	Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession	72
38464037	Fugitive Slave Law	Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.	73
38464038	Panic of 1857	Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads	74
38464039	Franklin Pierce	an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.	75
38464040	Dred Scott	A supreme court Ruling that a slave taken into a free state was not free	76
38464041	Uncle Tom's Cabin	a novel published by harriet be echer stowe in 1852 whichpar trayed slavery as brutal and immoral	77
38464042	Popular Sovereignty	The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free	78
38464043	Bleeding Kansas	: was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" elements that took place in Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1858 attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state.	79
38464044	Beecher's Bibles	Guns provided young men who went to fight for free soil in Kansas.	80
38464045	Topeka Constitution	First attempt to establish a constitution for Kansas Territory. Angered pro-slavery people who claimed it was illegal. Started another dispute and led to "Bleeding Kansas."	81
38464046	LeCompton Constitution	Pro-slave constitution that got voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election	82
38464047	Republican Party	Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers	83
38464048	Lincoln Douglas Debates	1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate	84
38464049	Freeport Doctrine	Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so	85
38464050	Harper's Ferry	John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged	86
38464051	Election of 1860	Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.	87
38464052	Secession	the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War	88
38464053	Border States	in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri	89
38464054	Crittenden Compromise	1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans	90
38464055	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War	91
38464056	Gettysburg	The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.	92
38464057	Emancipation Proclamation	issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free	93
38464058	Antietam	the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation	94
38464059	Bull Run	1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side	95
38464060	Vicksburg	Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.	96
38464061	Appomattox	Lee surrenders here, but Grant offers the Confederacy good surrender terms to try to reunify the country.	97
38464062	Copperheads	a faction of Democrats in the North; opposed the civil war	98
38464063	Pacific Railway Act	1862, provides federal subsidies in land and loans for the construction of a transcontinental railroad	99
38464064	Homestead Act	Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.	100
38464065	Radical Republicans	These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.	101
38464066	10% Plan	This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.	102
38464067	Wade Davis Bill	1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.	103
38464068	Congressional Reconstruction	The return of 11 ex-Confederates to high offices and the passage of the Black Codes by southern legislatures angered the Republicans in Congress so that they adopted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective of freed blacks.	104
38464069	13th Amendment	abolished slavery	105
38464070	14th Amendment	1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts	106
38464071	15th Amendment	citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude	107
38464072	Johnson's Impeachment	violation of the tenure of office act caused this	108
38464073	Tenure of Office Act	In 1867 this Act was passed which limited the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent. Goal was to bar Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton.	109
38464074	Sharecropping	system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops	110
38464075	Freedman's Bureau	provided: food, clothing, jobs, medical care, schools for former slaves and the poor whites	111
38464076	Black Codes	Legal restrictions on blacks, such as cannot serve on juries, no interracial marriage	112
38464077	Force Acts	These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems.	113
38464078	Scalawags	A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners	114
38464079	Carpetbaggers	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;	115
38464080	Ku Klux Klan	White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties	116
38464081	Jacksonian Democrats	1st nationwide pol party, organized by Martin Van Buren. Believed pol parties are inseparable from free govt b/c they check the govt's disposition to abuse power. Generate enthusiasm for pol participation.	117
38464082	Whigs	conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster	118

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AP European History Vocab- Chapter 11 (Spielvogel) Flashcards

Vocabulary from Chapter 11 of Spielvogel's AP European History: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Later 14th Century

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416075915	Little Ice Age	A period of noticeable weather cooling in the late 13th century
416075916	Black Death	mid-14th century pandemic, most devastating natural disaster in European history
416075917	Decameron	Book that describes life in 14th century Italy, captures citizens' reactions to the Black Plague
416075918	Flagellants	people who wandered from town to town, whipping themselves to win the forgiveness of God, whom they thought had sent the plague as punishment for sins
416075919	pogroms	The worst organized massacre of Jews in Germany during the Black Plague
416075920	Statute of Laborers	a set of laws passed by the British Parliament which attempted to limit wages and forbid peasant mobility
416080457	English Peasant Revolt of 1381	A prominent uprising in 1381 against monarchy's imposed taxes upon the peasant population
416080458	Richard II	King who was 14 during the Peasant Revolt of 1381, promised to accept their demands but later arrested the rebels
416080459	Ciompi	Wool workers in Florence's most prominent industry, who revolted in 1378
416080460	Hundred Years' War	Series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 in dispute over the right of succession to the French throne
416080461	Edward III	King of England from 1327 to 1377 who had a claim to the French throne. Quarrel between him and the french king began the Hundred Years' War.
416080462	Philip IV	King of France from 1285 until his death, also known as "the fair." His clashes with Edward III of England began the Hundred Years' War.
416080463	longbow	a bow invented by the Welsh, used by the English in the Hundred Years' War.
416080464	Henry V	King of England from 1413 until 1422, noted for military success in the Battle Agincourt
416080465	Battle of Agincourt	Overwhelming victory for the English against the French in the Hundred Years' war, in 1415.
416080466	Joan of Arc	French peasant girl who led the French army and rallied them against the British.
416206836	Charles VII	Crowned by Joan of Arc, king of France from 1422 until his death
416422695	Isabella	"she-wolf" of France
416422696	Calais	Small, coastal town in France that was captured by the English during the 100 years' war and remained in its possession for an additional century.
417753265	scutage	A payment made to a lord in substitution to military service
429933754	Alexander V	Elected Pope by Council of Pisa
442125641	Boniface VIII	Pope who began the Great Schism, said spiritual authority was superior over secular authority
442125642	Capetian Dynasty	French dynasty that went extinct
442125643	Catherine of Siena	Mystic who convinced Gregory XI to return to Rome
442125644	Charles V	French king who recovered all lands lost to England
442125645	Charles VI	Insane king of France
442125646	Christine de Pizan	Author, women's rights advocate
442125647	Clement V	Pope who moved from Rome to Avignon
442125648	Clement VI	Pope who crushed Flagellant movement
442125649	Clement VII	Pope elected by French, competed against Urban V
442125650	Divine Comedy	Book by Dante Alighieri, describes soul's progression into heaven
442125651	Edward III	English king, overthrew father and had claim to French throne
442791584	Black Prince	Edward, Prince of Wales
442791585	Petrarch	One of Europe's greatest lyric poets
442791586	Geoffrey Chaucer	Wrote Canterbury Tales
442791587	Gerard Groote	Founded Modern Devotion
442791588	Visconti	Dictator of Duchy of Milan
442791589	Grandi	Wealthy rulers of Republic of Florence
442791590	Giotto	Italian painter, forerunner to Italian Renaissance
442791591	Giovanni Boccaccio	Writer of the Decameron
442791592	Giovanni di Dondi	Constructed most accurate clock at the time
442791593	Gregory XI	The last Avignon Pope
442791594	Henry III	English king, gave up all possessions in France except Duchy of Gascony
442791595	Henry IV	Henry of Lancaster, deposed Richard II and made himself king
442791596	Henry V	Renewed 100 years' war, won Battle of Agincourt
442791597	John II	King of France who got captured at Battle of Poitiers
442791598	Marsiglio of Padua	Wrote Defender of the Peace, denied spiritual authority's power over temporal authority
442791599	Martin V	Pope elected by Council of Constance, ended Schism
442791600	Meister Eckhart	founder of mysticism
442791601	Mongols	Created a vast empire, brought the plague from Asia to Europe
442791602	Philip IV	The Fair, died without an heir, quite the failure Captured Boniface VIII

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enduring vision chapter 10-12 Flashcards

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535518731	political democratization	began in 1824. examples: -property requirement for voting is abolished -oral ballots became written -appointed offices became elected -presidential electors were elected public
535518732	henry clay	supporter of the American system, may or may not have been involved in corrupt bargaining during the election of 1824. From Kentucky
535518733	democratic party	candidates was jackson-support states' rights and unversal white male sufferage
535518734	panic of 1837	Van Buren in office, a severe depression due to: -# of banks doubled -value of bank notes tripled -commodity and land prices soared SO states made commitments to build canals 1837: everything comes down, bank suspends specie payments 1839: economy crashes again Bank of US fails, Biddle charged with fraud and theft, specie payments postponed nationally and democrats blame depression on banks and paper money and swung toward hard money
535518735	2nd great awakening	religious revival in Connecticut during 1790s -2nd coming of Jesus -Frontier revivals -Methodists' success on the frontier -EVERYONE can better themselves, you can be individually saved. Different from first great awakening, which only saved an elite group -methodists became america's largest protestant denomination
535518736	charles finney	revivalist techniques: citywide revival for everyone, speedy conversions beliefs: cooperation among Protestants, revivals=human creations, sin is voluntary (not innate), women are important impact: people believed they were being reborn, he dominated evangelical Protestantism, he was successful because he told people what they wanted to hear: that they were in charge of their own destiny
535518737	mormons	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; More controversial than the Unitarians. Led by Joseph Smith. Originated in the US (only religion that is). Protestants thought that Smith was undermining the validity of their scripture. Mormons relocated to Illinois. -Plural marriage
535518738	horace mann	secretary of Massachusetts board of education 1837. Strategies for school reform: -Make states pay for education -School term 10 months -Standardized textbooks -Dividing students into grades based on age and achievement -Compelling attendance
535518739	angelina and sarah grimke	1837: two daughters of a slaveholder, undertook antislavery lecture tour in New England, speaking out publicly against slavery -Criticized for speaking out. women shouldn't order men around. -Women's rights were thought to be secondary to abolition at the time
535518740	lucretia mott	Philadelphia Quaker abolitionist woman, embraced women's rights. Acknowledged sisterhood in oppression with female slaves. Went to antislavery convention, came out a feminist
535518741	elizabeth cady stanton	woman abolitionist, advocated women's rights after attending antislavery conference.
535518742	seneca falls convention	1848: organized by Mott and Stanton. NY. for women's rights. declaration of sentiments was modeled after the declaration of indep. and stated that men and women are equal Results: not much other than awareness
535518743	utopian communities	places that exemplified the reformist belief in the possibility of human perfection. Offered alternative places to go instead of living in competitive cities
535518744	whig party	this party emerged from the National Republican Party. Formed because people didn't like Jackson's policies on federal aid for internal improvements & protective tariffs and opposition to the BUS and nullification (basically opposed everything Jackson did) -Southerners -Native-born Protestant workers Political party that developed a broader base in both the north and the south. It attracted those put off by Jackson's policies (those who supported nullification, those who supported BUS, Southerners who wanted internal improvements that AJ refused to provide). Most social reformers gravitated to Whigs. Also, attracted tie to market economy (bankers, commercial farmers, planters, manufacturers) and also clergy.
535518745	2nd bank of the US	received 21-year charter from Congress in 1816. Creditor to state banks, had a lot of power. Was blamed for starting the Panic of 1819. Was controlled from a distance in Philadelphia, even though it held lots of government money Bank that received a 25 year charter in 1816. As a creditor of state banks, it restrained their printing and lending by its ability to demand the redemption of state bank notes in specie.
535518746	nullification crisis	1832-33: direct clash between Jackson and Calhoun -Calhoun acknowledges authorship of SCEandP, so SC nullifies the tariffs -Jackson says nullification is unconstitutional - states should work together -Jackson offers SC a peace offering & a sword
535518747	spoils system	practice of basing appointments on party loyalty
535518748	democratic party	remnant of the democratic-republican party that still supported states rights' and universal male sufferage-southerners consistantly supported this group
535518749	american temperance society	protestants created this group; the first national temperance organization which followed Beecher's lead in demanding total abstinance. primary strategy was to use moral "suasion" to persuade people to take the pledge - the promise to never consume alcohol
535518750	william lloyd garrison	launched a newspaper called The Liberator- he quickly established himself as the most prominant and provocative white abolitionist. formed the American Antislavery Society- desired immediate emancipation without compensation to slaveholders
535518751	McCormick reaper	eli whitney had stimulated the the southern economy by inventing the cotton gin, a proslavery southerner named cyrus McCormickwould help the North win the Civil war.
535518752	American system of manufacturing	system of manufacturing interchangeable parts. several distint advantages-replacement parts,improved machine tools, increased production
535518753	New York stock exchange	the center of railroad financing shifted to NYC, where the railroad boom of the 1850s helped make wall street the nation's greatest capital market. securities of all the leading railroads were tradd on the floor of the NY stock exchange
535518754	epidemics	despite improvement of living, americans remained vulnerable to disease. the transportation revolution actually imcreased the peril from epidemics by helping them spread from place to place. physicians could not explain the bacteria cauing yellow fever and cholera-> hostility towards profession
535518755	phrenology	the belief that each person was master of his/her own destiny underlay not only evangelical religion and popular health movements; phrenology rested on the idea that the human mind is comprised of 37 distict faculties or "organs" each located in different parts of the brain-personality was determined by bumps/depressions on the head
535518756	penny press	this could rely on masss circulation to turn a profit; it also revolutionized the marketing and content of newspapers. this invention created the modern concept of the "news"- showed political and commercial coverage to human interest
535518757	minstrel shows	featured white performers in burnt-cork blackface who entertained their audiences with songs, dances, and humorous sketches that pretended to mimic back culture
535518758	P. T. Barnum	the father of mass entertainment in the unite states who well understood how to turn the public's demand for entertainment into profit.he was a yankee hustler and idealist rolled into one. he wanted to draw paying costumers in by stimulating public curiosity
535518759	American renaissance	united states experienced a flowing of literature after 1820; leading figures included cooper, emerson, thoreau, fuller, whitman, melville, poe and hawthorne. 2 broad developments- one economic and one philosophical contributed to the cultural efflorescence of the renaissance
535518760	james fenimore cooper	the first important figure in this literary upserge. he introduced an enduringly influential American fictional character, the frontiersman "leatherstocking". he was a spokeman for nature against the relentless advance of civilization
535518761	ralph waldo emerson	emerges as the most influential spokesman for american literary nationalism. he was the leading light of the movement known as transcenddentalism, an american expression of romanticism, emerson believed that our ideas of God and freedom are not learned, but inborn
535518762	henry david thoreau	he fully lived his ideas...he went into seclusion and he realize that one could satisfy his material wants with a few weeks of work each year and preserve the rest of his time examining life's purpose. he said the roblem with america was that people turned themselves into "mere machines" to acquire pointless wealth
535518763	margaret fuller	among the most remarkable figures in emerson's circle, her status as an intellectual woman distanced her from conventional society. she turned transcendentalism into a profession. fuller contented that no woman could achieve intellectual fulfillment promoted by emerson unless she devoted herself to developing her mental abilities without fear of being called "masculine"
535518764	walt whitman	he wrote of himself in his poems because he viewed himself-crude and plain, self taught and passionately democratic- as the personification of the american people
535518765	nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, and edgar allen poe	three of th ebest contributors to the american renaissance; they saw individuals as bundles of dark, internal conflict that might never be resolved. all three writers were more interested in probing the depths of human psychology than the intricacies of social relationship
535518766	hudson river school	this was the center of American landscape painting in the 19th century; the special contribution to American art made by the Hudson river painters was too emphasize emotional effect over illustrative accuracy- popularized the view of nature
535518767	george catlin	he tried to preserve a vanishing America, but his main concern was with the native peoples of the land
535518768	frederick law olmsted	his plan for a central park was chosen by NYC; he wanting to show nothing of the surrounding city->it was to be picturesque
535518769	nat turner	Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation
535518770	frederick douglass	Abolitionist(great public speaker), fugitive slave, recruiter for war, Freedmens Bureau then Minister to Haiti writes The North Star
535518771	upper south	virginia, NC, tennessee, and arkansas- regions of tobacco, vegetables, hemp, and wheat growers, depended far less on great cash crops
535518772	lower(deep) south	SC, georgia, florida, alabama, mississippi, louisiana, and texas-two giant cash crops= cotton and sugar
535518773	old south	slavery forged upper and lower south into a single Old South where is scarred all social relationships: between blacks and whites, among whites, and even among blacks. without slavery there would have been no old south
535518774	cotton kingdom	a broad swath of territoyr that expanded from SC, georgia, and northern florida in the east through alabama, mississippi, central and wester tennessee, and louisiana, and from there on to arkansas and texas
535518775	internal slave trade	the profitability of cotton and sugar increased the values of slaves throughout the entire region and encouraged slvae trade from uppoer to the lower south
535518776	tredegar iron works	industrialization to reduce the south's dependency on northern manufactured goods.the tredegar employed slaves in skilled positions and it was one of the few, large iron roducers in the south
535518777	plantation agriculture	characterized by a high division of labor
535518778	pine barrens people	one of the most controversial groups in the old south was the independent whites of the wooded pine barrens- making up 10% of southern whites, they usually squatted on the land, put up crude cabins, and cleared some acreage for a small garden
535518779	virginia emancipation legislation	rumors of slave rebellion and supposed british invasion made the virginia legislature emancipate its slaves; opposition to slavery gradually weakened not only in virginiabut throughout the region known as the old south
535518780	impending crisis of the south	called on nonslaveholderto abolish slavery in their interest, revealed the persistence of a degree of white opposition to slavery
535518781	george fitzhugh	a virginian, launched another line of attack by contrasting the plight of the northern factory workers, "wage slaves" who were callously discarded by by their bosses when they were to old or too sick to work, with the southern slaves, who were fed and clothed even when old and ill because they were the property of conscientious masters
535518782	southern code of honor	among gentlemen-honor defined as as extraordianary sensitivity to one's reputation, a belief that one's self-esteem depends on the judgement of others
535518783	task system	each slave had a daily or weekly quota to complete(smaller units)
535518784	gang labor	on large cotton and sugar plantations, slaves would occasionallywork under the task system, but more closely supervised and regimented gang labor prevailed
535518785	free blacks	1/3 of free blacks in upper south and more than half in the lower south were urban. they relatively specialized the economies of the cities provided freed color people with opportunities to become carpenters, barrel makers, barbers, and even small traders
535518786	denmark vesey	a south carolina slave won $1500 in a lottery and bought his freedom
535518787	harriet tubman and the underground railroad	a major figure in help slaves escape- she and josiah henson repeated trips back to the south to help others escape. the methos of escape was the use of the underground railroad, supposedly an organized network of safe houses owned by white abolitionists who spirited blacks to freedom in the north and canada
535518788	spirituals	religious songs sang by blacks

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Enduring Vision Chapter 7 Test Flashcards

This is the Federalist Era PowerPoint that Mr. Auger put on X2.

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317250398	Washington's First Order of Business	to create 4 executive departments and become his cabinet of advisers: Department of State-Foreign Affairs -Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state Department of Treasury-Financial Affairs -Alexander Hamilton as secretary of treasury Department of War-Military Affairs -Henry Knox as secretary of war Department of Justice-Legal Affairs -Edmund Randolph as attorney general
318656576	Samuel Osgood	Post Office-Postal System Postmaster General
318560689	Washington's Precedents	What to call the President? Mr. President President set their own personal style Cabinet appointed by President and advises him VP has no official duties President acts independently of Congress Serves two terms and then steps aside
317250399	Judiciary Act of 1789	One of Congress' first acts that established -a Supreme Court with one chief justice (John Jay) and five associate judges (6 justices: 3 from North 3 from South) -SC's ability to determine constitutionality of state court decisions -13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals
318656577	Hamilton's Financial Plan	pay off $80 million debt excise tax: tax placed on manufactured products tariff: a tax on imports establish good credits with foreign nations raise money for government backed by gold and silver
317250400	Hamilton's Financial Plan-3 Parts	Hamilton came up with the following plan: -Pay off the national debt at face value and have the federal government assume the state's war debts -Protect domestic industry by imposing high tariffs (which also generates significant revenue) -Create a Bank of the United States (BUS) to handle government funds and print currency
317250401	Hamilton vs Jefferson	Hamilton's plan was favored by notherners who would benifit directly from the tariffs and stable currency. Jefferson and the southern Anti-Federalists were against it mostly because it would increase costs for farmers and not benefit their states. Hamilton was able to get his plan passed by Congress, but to do so had to negotiate with Jefferson and his supporters. -To gain support for assumption, Hamilton agreed to establish the capital in the South along the Potomac River (currently Washington, DC)-Assumption Act -To gain support for the tariff provision, Hamilton included excises taxes, particularly on the sale of whiskey -Hamilton took a loose interpretation of the Constitution that argued the BUS was "necessary and proper" and the BUS was chartered (but privately owned)
317250402	Foreign Policy-Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)	stated that the US would remain neutral during the French Revolution Jefferson resigns as Secretary of State in protest
317250403	Foreign Policy-"Citizen" Genet	French minister to the US who went throughout America openly disregarding Washington's proclamation and asking Americans to support France
317250404	Foreign Policy-Jay Treaty (1794)	John Jay Sent to England to address forts on frontier and impressment of Americans at sea. -Addressed forts, but not impressment -Stopped Brits from using forts on western frontiers (they agreed to leave) but did not end impressment
317250405	Foreign Policy-Pinckney Treaty (1795)	Spain, concerned that we were rebuilding ties with the British, sought to consolidate their land holdings in North America. -Spain gave US access to the Mississippi River for 5 years -Spain agreed to accept the 31st parallel as the southern boundary between the US and Florida
317250406	Domestic Concerns-The Whiskey Rebellion (1794)	farmers in western PA refused to pay a federal excise tax on whiskey. -Whiskey was made from their excess corn -They began attacking the revenue collectors -Washington sent 15,000 troops under the direction of Alexander Hamilton to put down the rebellion. -The movement collapsed without any bloodshed Many saw this action as needed, however, those in the south and the west saw this as an abuse of Federal power. Formation of political parties Jefferson used this issue to gain support for his Democratic Republican party
318560690	Washington's Farewell Address	in his farewell address he warns against -becoming involved in European affairs -Political parties
318656578	1796 Election	the first election with active political parties Federalists candidate, John Adams got most electoral college votes and became president. Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson became VP over Thomas Pinckney
318656579	Conflicts with France	the French were angry about the Jay Treaty between US and Britain France was at war and began capturing American merchant ships in the West Indies President John Adams sent diplomats to Paris to try and resolve the conflict
318560691	XYZ Affair	By 1797, France had seized 300 American ships and ended diplomatic relations with the US Adams sends diplomats to France who ignore them he sends 3 anonymous agents who get told they need to pay $250,000 just to talk to Tallyrand and then $12 to loan to France wanted and apology from Adams to Tallyrand After that they could talk but might not agree led to Quasi War
318656580	Quasi-War	1798-1800 an unofficial, undeclared naval "Quasi-War" broke out between the US and France was sparked by the XYZ Affair President Adams avoided war but Congress (with Adams) authorized more military spending (more ships only had 3) Merchant ships could have cannons and soon there were 400 armed merchantmen who were privateers US navy were ordered to begin attacking and capturing French ships France lost 85 ships while Americans only lost 1 ship during war
318656581	Fries Rebellion (1799)	John Fries against war taxes
318560694	Convention of 1800	ended the Quasi War when Napolean became leader of France cancelled all previous treaties between France and the US and established the rights of neutral ships to trade without harassment or seizure
318560692	Alien and Sedition Acts	1. Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to imprison (or deport) any alien from an enemy nation 2. Alien Friends Act authorized the president to deport any alien considered dangerous in both war and peacetime 3. Naturalization Act extended the duration of residence required for aliens to become citizens, nearly tripling it from 5 to 14 years 4. Sedition Act made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials
318560693	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	written by Jefferson (Kentucky) and Madison (Virginia) Democratic-Republicans considered the Alien and Sedition Acts a violation of the Constitution Jefferson and Madison led the opposition. They encouraged Kentucky and Virginia to pass legislation that could nullify the acts Nullification advocates believed that states had the right to cancel a federal law in their states if they disagreed with it
318656582	New States Under Washington	Vermont-1791 Kentucky-1792 Tennessee-1796
318560695	Election of 1800	Jefferson won

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The Ferment of Reform and Culture Ch. 15 The American Pageant Flashcards

important figures from chapter fifteen in the 12th edition of The American Pageant for AP US History students

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103779038	Peter Cartwright	Early American preacher; helped begin the Second Great Awakening	0
103779039	Charles Grandison Finney	Evangelist; "America's foremost revivalist"; encouraged women to pray; opposed liquor and slavery	1
103779040	William Miller	American Baptist preacher; Followers were called Millerites and later Adventists; Expected Christ to return to Earth on October 22, 1844	2
103779041	Joseph Smith	Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)	3
103779042	Brigham Young	Second prophet of the Latter-Day Saints; let followers to Utah and created a theocracy	4
103779043	Horace Mann	Humanitarion who advocated for public schools with better teachers, longer school terms, expanded curriculum, and higher pay for teachers; "Father of the American common school"; pushed for reforms for mental health institutions and end to slavery	5
103779044	Noah Webster	"Schoolmaster of the Republic"; Lexicographer; Standardized the American language	6
103779045	William H. McGuffy	McGuffy's Reader was the text for most schools from 1836-1900; contained religious messages	7
103779046	Emma Willard	Women's rights; Founded first women's school of higher education (Troy Female Seminary) and offered new opportunities to women teachers	8
103779047	Dorothea Dix	Activist for the insane-created first mental asylums	9
103779048	Neal S. Dow	"Father of Prohibition"; Sponsored first prohibition law in Maine in 1857	10
103779049	Lucretia Mott	Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer, and advocate of women's rights; co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention	11
103779050	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	President of National Women's Suffrage Association from 1885-1890; drafted the Declaration of Sentiments; Co-organized Seneca Falls Convention	12
103779051	Susan B. Anthony	Women's right's advocate; Founded National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton; arrested and fined for trying to vote in 1872	13
103779052	Elizabeth Blackwell	Abolitionist and women's rights activist; first woman to earn a medical degree; founded the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children	14
103779053	Margaret Fuller	wrote Woman in the Nineteenth Century in 1845 arguing for women's independence	15
103779054	Robert Owen	Idealist Scottish manufacturer who attempted to create a communal society in New Harmony, Indiana	16
103779055	John Humphrey Noyes	utopian socialist who formed the Oneida Community in 1848	17
103779056	John James Audubon	Painted and published Birds of America	18
103779057	Sylvester Graham	Advocate of dietary reform; created Graham Crackers	19
103779058	The Hudson River School	turned out students such as Thomas Coles, Thomas Doughty, and Asher B. Durand, who all painted landscapes of American Wilderness	20
103779059	Gilbert Stuart	One of the greatest portrait painters of all time; painted portraits of Washington	21
103779060	John Singleton Copely	Colonial artist who painted important New England figures	22
103779061	Washington Irving	"Legend of Sleepy Hollow"; "Rip Van Winkle"; along with James Fenimore Cooper, was one of the first American authors to earn acclaim in Europe	23
103779062	James Fenimore Cooper	Leatherstocking Tales-a series of novels about Natty Bumppo; known for Last of the Mohicans	24
103779063	Ralph Waldo Emerson	most notably wrote the Transcendentalist in 1841	25
103779064	Henry David Thoreau	Known for Walden and Civil Disobedience	26
103779065	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Wrote The House of the Seven Gables and The Scarlett Letter	27
103779066	Herman Melville	Moby-Dick	28
103779067	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow	wrote The Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere's Ride, A Psalm of Life, and Evangeline; member of the Fireside poets	29
103779068	James Russell Lowell	founded a literary journal called The Pioneer	30
103779069	Walt Whitman	wrote Leaves of Grass which was praised by Ralph Waldo Emerson	31
103779070	Louisa May Alcott	Little Women; joined the Transcendentalist Club	32
103779071	Edgar Allan Poe	"The Raven"; helped create the genres of detective fiction and crime fiction	33
103779072	Stephen Foster	"Oh! Susanna"; "Camptown Races"	34
103779073	P. T. Barnum	Barnum and Bailey Circus; Ringling Brothers	35

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World History 1 - Semester Exam Review Flashcards

World History Semester Exam Review

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132560352	Neolithic Revolution	When humans went from being nomad/hunter gatherers to settling in one place and farming. Also called: the Agricultural Revolution.
132560353	Theocracy	Government run by religious leaders.
132560354	Hammurabi	King of the Babylon and creator of the Code of Hammurabi, one of the world's oldest codes of law.
132560355	Cultural Diffusion	The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
132560356	Bronze	An alloy of copper and tin.
132560357	Shang Dynasty	Dynasty in china that established the Mandate of Heaven.
132560358	Torah	First five books of the Hebrew Scripture and the first five book of the Christian Bible.
132560359	Socrates	Greek philosopher who developed Socratic Method (questioning). He was sentenced to death for corrupting Athens' young people. Socrates was a teacher of Plato.
132560360	Monotheism	Belief in one God
132560361	Aristotle	Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato, and a tutor of Alexander the Great.
132560362	Harappans	People of Indus vvalley civilization who lived in well planned grid-like cities.
132560363	Oracle Bone	Animal bone or tortoise shell used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods
132560364	Ten Commandments	Laws to live by that were given to Moses
132560365	Covenant	Agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires them to follow the his Ten Commandments
132560366	Diaspora	Scattering of people. (Image above shows the movement of people for New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. This was Diaspora.
132560367	Sparta	Ancient Greek polis known for military might. Ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used Helots (slaves) for agriculture, and discouraged the arts.
132560368	Qin Dynasty	After the Zhou Dynasty in 221 BC (end of the Warring States Period). Founded by Qin Shi Huangdi who helped reorganize China into large provinces; started building the Great Wall; developed strong military; and introduced the census. Terracotta Soldiers were built for Qin Shi Huangdi to command in the after-life.
132560369	Zhou Dynasty	Longest lasting imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC, displaced Shang Dynasty claming the Mandate of Heaven Alliances with regional princes and families (feudal system); overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); Mandarin Chinese language; Confucious (philosopher).
132560370	Mesopotamia	first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture
132560371	Civil Service	Civil examinations based on teachings of Confucius and were held during the Han Dynasty. People who passed those exams could work for the government. They only selected few who were highly educated. Only high class people took these exams because they were the only who knew characters and words. So basically high-class people became part of the government, and this cycle repeated and repeated again.
132560372	Abraham	Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.
132560373	Geography of Greece	Includes about 2000 islands in the Aegean and Ionian seas. Three-fourths of land covered by mountains. Greece had many high, steep rocky mountains, therefore the city-states in Greece are all isolated from one another. There were many islands, used the sea to trade grapes, olives, and nuts. These were grown to trade, even though there was a shortage of farmland.

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The following terms are important to understanding the heroic archetypes often found in literature, movies, television, etc. While not all may be present, the commonalities in heroic characters are undeniable. Other terms are important, yet difficult, names and places valuable to the comprehension of Beowulf. Also included are vocabulary terms appropriate to the study of Anglo-Saxon times and the myth of Beowulf.

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532738754	Unusual birth	Often born in danger or into royalty
532738755	Leaves family	Raised away from family or separated from home
532738756	Traumatic event	The hero's life is changed forever
532738757	Special weapon	Only the hero can access or wield the weapon
532738758	Supernatural help	The hero often has spiritual guidance from an external force
532738759	Proves himself on quest	Performs feats on journey that shows his strength
532738760	Journey and unhealable wound	Hero often travels to a hell-like place and suffers a wounding from an evil force
532738761	Atonement with father	Hero either redeems father's evil deeds or reconciles with father
532738762	Apotheosis	Hero is awarded spiritually at the end of his life
532738763	Departure	Hero leaves or is forced to leave his home for an adventure
532738764	Initiation	Hero undergoes trials and tests to prove his strength or bravery
532738765	Return	Often the hero returns home to bless his family and friends with some reward
532738766	Herald	Additional character who delivers messages to hero
532738767	Mentor	Often gives aid (physical or supernatural) to hero on journey
532738768	Shapeshifter	Someone the hero does not feel he can trust, but the hero still needs him
532738769	The Goddess	Either an actual goddess or a female character taking the characteristics of being worshipped
532738770	The Temptress	Characterized by sensuous beauty, this woman is one to whom the protagonist is physically attracted and who ultimately may bring about his downfall
532738771	Helpers	Those involved with the hero who have a stake in his success or failure
532738772	The Treasure	The "thing" for which the hero has been searching
570033473	Geat	Beowulf's nationality
570033474	Dane	Grendel's victims
570033475	Grendel	Monster attacking Herot Hall
570033476	Beowulf	Geat hero and future king
570033477	Hrothgar	King of the Danes
570033478	Herot	meadhall of the Danes
570033479	Healfdane	Hrothgar's father
570033480	Edgetho	Beowulf's father
570033481	Higlac	Geat king and Beowulf's uncle
570033482	Thane	Title for a feudal lord
570033483	Wulfgar	Dane who greets Beowulf and his men; feudal lord
570033484	Hrethel	Beowulf grandfather; past king of the Geats
570033485	Unferth	Danes greatest warrior; Ecglaf's son
570050598	Brecca	Beowulf's friend; Bonstan's son
570050599	Welthow	Dane's Queen; Hrothgar's wife
570050600	Hrunting	Beowulf's sword
570050601	Wiglaf	Last to fight dragon with Beowulf; Wexstan's son; Geat's next king
570064791	oppression	prolonged cruel or unjust treatment
570064792	repression	subdue someone or something by force
570064793	suppression	the act of forcibly putting an end to something
570064794	allusion	an expression to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly
570064795	epic	a long poem derived from ancient oral tradition
570064796	spawn	produce offspring, typically undesirable
570064797	exile	the state of being barred from one's native country
570064798	sprawled	sit, lie, or fall with one's arms and legs apart in an awkward way
570064799	motif	a distinctive feature or idea in literature
570064800	embellishments	a decorative detail added to something to make it more attractive
570064801	communal	shared by all members of a community for common use
570064802	descents	the origin or background of a person in terms of family or nationality
570064803	depicts	portray in words
570064804	feudal	according to the dominant social system in medieval Europe
570064805	mortal (adj.)	subject to death
570064806	besieged	surrounded by enemies
570064807	lurk	lie in wait, lie in ambush, behave in a sneaky and secretive manner
570064808	ethical	conforming to accepted standards of social or professional behavior
570064809	glorification	a portrayal of something as ideal, the act of glorifying (as in worship)
570064810	bard	a lyric poet

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AP Physics Formulas Flashcards

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65662902	Force of Friction
65662903	First kinematic equation
65662904	Second kinematic equation
65662905	Third kinematic equation
65662906	Net Force
65662907	Centripetal Acceleration
65662908	Gravitational Force
65662909	Gravitational Potential
65662910	Gravitational Potential Energy
65662911	Impulse
65662912	Kinetic Energy
65662913	Momentum
65662914	Period of a Pendulum
65662915	Period-Frequency Relationship
65662916	Power Equation 1
65662917	Power Equation 2
65662918	Force of a Spring
65662919	Period of a Spring
65662920	Potential Energy of a Spring
65662921	Torque
65662922	Work
65662923	Capacitance
65662924	Capacitors in Parallel
65662925	Capacitors in Series
65662926	Potential Energy of Capacitance
65662927	Charge
65662928	Coulomb's Law
65662929	Current
65662930	Electric Field between Two Plates
65662931	Force in Terms of an Electric Field
65662932	Induced EMF
65662933	Induced EMF (special case - rectangular wire)
65662934	Magnetic Field on a Long, Straight Wire
65662935	Magnetic Flux
65662936	Magnetic Force on a Charge
65662937	Magnetic Force on a current
65662938	Ohm's Law
65662939	Potential Energy (electricity)
65662940	Electric Potential
65662941	Electric Power
65662942	Resistance
65662943	Resistors in Parallel
65662944	Resistors in Series
65662945	Average Kinetic Energy
65662946	Bernoulli's Equation
65662947	Buoyant Force (Archimedes Principle)
65662948	Efficiency
65662949	First Law of Thermodynamics
65662950	Efficiency of an Ideal System
65662951	Ideal Gas Law
65662952	Pressure
65662953	Pressure in a Column
65662954	Rate of Heat Transfer
65662955	Thermal Expansion
65662956	RMS of Velocity
65662957	Work in an Isobaric System
65662958	Constructive Interference Point
65662959	Constructive Interference Point for Small Angle
65662960	Focal Length of Spherical Mirror
65662961	Index of Refraction
65662962	Magnification
65662963	Mirror Equation
65662964	Snell's Law
65662965	Total Internal Reflection
65662966	Velocity of a Wave
65662967	de Broglie wavelength
65662968	Energy of a Photon
65662969	Kinetic Energy of Electron Ejected from Metal Surface
65662970	Energy-Mass Equation
65662971	Fluid Flow Continuity
65662972	Index of Refraction
65662973	Gravitational Potential Energy

688829726	potential energy	Energy that is stored and held in readiness
688829727	kinetic energy	the energy an object has due to its motion
688829728	radiant energy	energy contained in light rays or any other form of radiation
688829729	conduction	the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching
688829730	convection	the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
688829731	energy quality	A measure of an energy's source's ability to do useful work.
688829732	First law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
688829733	Second law of thermodynamics	States that with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available to do work.
688829734	seam	a stratum of ore or coal thick enough to be mined with profit
688829735	exploratory well	area drilled and sampled to determine if a fossil fuel reserve exists there
688829736	proven reserve	The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.
688829737	crude oil	petroleum as it comes out of the ground and before it has been refined or processed into useful products
688829738	shale oil	oil extracted from oil shale by heating
688829739	tar sand	rock or sand layers that contain oil
688829740	petroleum	an oily, dark-colored, flammable liquid found in the earth, consisting mainly of a mixture of various hydrocarbons.
688829741	anthracite	a hard natural coal that burns slowly and gives intense heat
688829742	bituminous coal	The most common form of coal; produces a high amount of heat and is used extensively by electric power plants.
688829743	subbituminous coal	A grade of coal, intermediate between lignite and bituminous, that has a relatively low heat value and sulfur content.
688829744	lignite	intermediate between peat and bituminous coal; produces little heat
688829745	underground mining	involves the sinking of shafts to reach underground deposoits. In this type of mining, networks of tunnels are dug or blasted and humans enter these tunnels in order to manually retrieve the coal.
688829746	strip mining	proccess in which rock and soil are stripped from earths surface to expose the underlying materials to be mined
688829747	overburden	the surface soil that must be moved away to get at coal seams and mineral deposits
688829748	subsidence	the settling or sinking of a surface as a result of the loss of support from underlying materials, such as coal or water
688829749	fly ash	a waste product produced by the burning of coal.
688829750	vampire appliance	appliances that consume electricity, even when they are off; these are usually things that are still plugged into electricity and come on immediately (TVs, computers, etc.)
688829751	acid mine drainage	Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.
688829752	fission	the splitting of atoms which releases tremendous amounts of energy and is used to start the chain reaction of an atomic explosion
688829753	nuclear fission	a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
688829754	breeder reactor	Nuclear fission reactor that produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes by converting nonfissionable uranium-238 into fissionable plutonium-239.
688829755	half-life	the time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation an decay products
688829756	fuel rod	a uranium rod that undergoes fission in a nuclear reactor
688829757	NIMBY	"refers to the idea that, while people may be aware of the necessity of some unpleasant realities, such as prisons, landfills, or chemical plants, they insist theses place be located away from where they live"- NOT IN MY BACK YARD
688829758	gasohol	a gasoline substitute consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% grain alcohol from corn
688829759	biodiesel	A diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils), that can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles.
688829760	hydroelectric power	electricity generated by flowing water
688829761	fish ladder	a series of ascending pools providing a passage for salmon to swim upstream past a dam
688829762	passive collection	Systems that do not make use of any externally powered, moving parts, such as circulation pumps, to move heated water or air.
688829763	active collection	A type of system that uses circulating pumps and fans to collect and distribute heat.
688829764	photovoltaic cells	Cells, usually made of specially-treated silicon, that transfer solar energy from the sun to electrical energy
688829765	nacelle	the base of a windmill
688829766	turbine	A machine for producing power in which a wheel or rotor is made to revolve by a fast-moving flow of water, steam, gas, or air.
688829767	wind farm	a power plant that uses wind turbines to generate electricity
688829768	geothermal energy	energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth
688829769	hydrogen cell	a cell that generates electricity from a controlled reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
688829770	CAFE standards	Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards enacted into law in 1975, established fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars and light trucks. The fuel economy ratings for a manufacturer's entire line of passenger cars must currently average at least 27.5 mpg for the manufacturer to comply with the standard.

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