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The American Pageant: Chapters 8-9 Test Flashcards

Battles, people and documents involved in the American Revolution

973162625	Chapter 8- America Secedes from the Empire 1775-1783	...	1
972673665	• Lexington and Concord, April 1775	First armed conflict, victory for the US WON	2
972673666	• Ft. Ticonderoga, May 1775-	Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold capture British forts Ticonderoga and Crown point WON	3
972673667	• Bunker (Breed's) Hill, June 1775- British	British attack three times and the US eventually run out of ammunition, but this is a successful attack for the Continentals as they wipe out the British from the hill WON	4
972673668	• Battle of Long Island, August 1776-	US forces forced to retreat to Manhattan, then to New Jersey LOSS	5
972673669	• Battle of Trenton, December 1776-	Hessian army crushed in Washington's raid across the Delaware River WON	6
972673670	• Battle of Princeton, January 1777-	US recovers New Jersey from British in 10 days. British retreat to New York, where they remain for the rest of the war WON	7
972673671	• Battle of Brandywine Creek and Germantown, September and October 1777-	British seize Philadelphia after these victories LOST	8
972673672	• Battle of Saratoga, October 17th, 1777-	Turning point of the war. British attempted to capture NY and cut off New England. Arnold slowed down Burgoyne who surrendered 5,800 troop to General Gates. Victory led to alliance with France WON	9
972673673	• Battle of Monmouth, June 1778-	US army almost captured British, but cowardice allowed British forces to escape LOST	10
972673674	• Battle of Charleston, December 1779-	British gain control of South with victory here LOST	11
972673675	• Battle of King's Mountain, October 1780-	Battle between the Loyalists (Tories) and the Patriots and was a major Patriot victory WON	12
972673676	• Battle of Yorktown, October 19th, 1781-	Cornwallis surrenders to Washington as French and American naval and land forces trap British on peninsula; British reinforcements arrive too late WON	13
972673677	Privateers	Legalized pirates that Congress allowed to help fight in the war. Privateers secured gold, morale and assorted victories	14
972673678	Hessians	German soldiers who were paid to fight for the British	15
972673679	Loyalists/Tories	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence	16
972673680	Ethan Allen	A solider of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British	17
972673681	Benedict Arnold	United States general and traitor who was paid off to join the British even though he helped with major wins such as Ft. Ticonderoga and Trenton	18
972673682	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer who supported the American colonists' fight for independence and wrote a series of pamphlets called Common Sense that would help convince people as to why it was rational to separate from England. He also wrote pamphlets that raised US soldiers' spirits during the war	19
972673683	Richard Henry Lee	Leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence in America	20
972673684	Lord Charles Cornwallis	The commander of British troops in the South, best known for his defeat at the Battle of Yorktown	21
972673685	William Howe	He lead hundreds of British ships and 32,00 British soldiers to New York and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds which the Americans, of course, rejected	22
972673686	John Burgoyne	British general in the American revolution who captured Ft. Ticonderoga, but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777	23
972673687	Benjamin Franklin	Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe and was also sent over as an ambassador to negotiate the Treaty of Alliance	24
972673688	Nathanael Greene	"The Fighting Quaker" American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army by using geography of land	25
972673689	Joseph Brant	Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution	26
972673690	George Rogers Clark	Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779, secured the Northwest Territory for America. Came up with the brilliant idea to seize scattered British forts down the Illinois area using the element of surprise	27
972673691	Admiral de Grasse	French admiral who fought in the West Indies and offered to help Washington in Yorktown	28
972673692	Commander Rochambeau	Commander in Chief of the French force in the United States. Helped with the victory at Yorktown	29
972673693	George Washington	A wealthy Virginia planter/military man who fought in the French and Indian war and was chosen by the Continental Congress as commander of the American army primarily because of his military abilities and experience	30
972673694	Marquis de Lafayette	Passionate in the US cause, this French general traveled to America to help aid in the war and trained troops at Valley Forge. Was also involved in the Battle of Brandywine	31
972673695	Baron von Steuben	Prussian born drillmaster who was introduced to Washington by Franklin, made the Continentals a professional army at Valley Forge	32
972673696	Thomas Jefferson	Author of an explanatory indictment, signed on July 4thm 1776, that accused George II of establishing a military dictatorship	33
972673697	John Paul Jones	American naval commander who successfully harassed British shipping	34
972673698	John Jay	irst Chief Justice of the United States, involved in Treaty of Paris	35
972673699	Olive Branch Petition, 1775	A document of American colonial grievances addressed to King George III and signed by members of the Continental Congress. When this document was delivered (by Richard Penn), the king refused to see him or the document. It was an effort by the Americans to resolve differences with Britain and to avert the Revolutionary War	36
972673700	Common Sense, 1776	Pamphlet written in America by Englishman Thomas Paine that called for American independence and a union of the American colonies, and as propaganda, it influenced colonists to pursue both in the Revolutionary War	37
972673701	Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 1776	The Congress met in Philadelphia and Henry Lee said, "these united colonies are and ought to be free, independent states." They moved to meet on July 2nd, 1776. The Congress met again in Philadelphia to discuss Thomas Jefferson's document explaining Richard Henry Lee's proposition. Jefferson included what he felt to be natural rights as well as all of the wrong-doings of King George III, which included cutting off trade, imposing taxes and causing a lot of hostility in the recent months and years. All men who signed this document were committing treason and would be hanged if they lost the war	38
972673702	Treaty of Alliance, 1778	The Continental Congress had drafted a treaty in which they were going to propose to France. The colonists were in need of supplies and naval ships in order to stand a chance against the British. Benjamin Franklin, who was well-repsected in Europe, was sent over to negotiate. The French were eager to avenge England after the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) After the Battle of Saratoga, which confirmed their faith in the colonists, the French signed the Treaty of Alliance on February 6th 1778	39
972673703	Treaty of Paris, 1783	Officially ended the American Revolutionary War. John Adams, John Jay and Benjamin Franklin negotiated this. In the Treaty of Paris, Britain recognized the United States as an independent nation. US expands from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River. Also had fishing rights in Newfoundland. David Harley and Richard Oswald represented England. Spain gets Florida in the treaty for being our ally. Spain also controls land west of the Mississippi (Spanish Louisiana), but this is just kind of the way it is. England was very generous in this Treaty because they still wanted a positive trading network in the US	40
973162626	Chapter 9-The Confederation and the Constitution 1776-1790	...	41
973162627	Slavery after the war	o Slavery was first debated in 1775 o Quakers were the first to actively protest against slavery o Many southerners needed slaves as a labor resource o Some Americans had actually come to adopt the mentality that black people were inferior to white people	42
973162628	Women after the war	o Women gain some sort of social equality o Republican Motherhood	43
973162629	Loyalists after the war	o Become big-time Federalists o Some were very important in securing the passage of the Constitution o Do not enjoy social equality	44
973162630	Problems in the 1780s	• No fair trade with England-forced to find new markets • Spain and Indians were hostile • France demanded payments for war debt • Pirates of the Barbary state (poor respect) • Quarrelling amongst the states (poor harmony) • Armed rebellion within the states	45
973162631	Pros of the Articles of Confederation	Set boundaries for future American government, sent negotiators for the Treaty of Paris, kept the country together, could make treaties, could declare war, could establish post offices, could manage Indian affairs, could make laws for commerce	46
973162632	Cons of the Articles of Confederation	Had no centralized power, no national court system, Congress could only ask for money and army enlistment, paper continental dollars were worthless, foreign nations did not respect our territory, took four years to ratify, every state had its own currency, which was a major inconvenience and the greatest weakness was that it was unable to regulate commerce or collect taxes from the sovereign states	47
973162633	Land Ordinance of 1785	• This was a red-letter law which stated that the disputed land of the Old Northwest (today's Midwest) was to be equally divided into townships (6 miles by 6 miles) and sold for federal income • It also promoted education (by reserving section #16 for schools) and ended confusing legal disagreements over land	48
973162634	The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	• This answered the question, "How will new states be made? • It said that sections of land were similar to colonies for awhile, and under the control of the Federal Government • Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 people, then Congress would review its constitution and admit it as a state • Slavery was permitted in the Northwest territories • Plan became a model for other frontier areas	49
973162635	Shays' Rebellion	• Rebellion lead by Daniel Shays, who was an officer in the Continental Army • Farmers still owed mortgage after buying a lot of land during a food demand surplus • Some of these people became "debtors," 80% of prisoners were actually these people • Daniel Shays thought that the courts were in cahoots with the Eastern creditors that were currently fighting with the western farmers • Suggested that courthouses be surrounded by a riot in order to close courthouses and protest the people being arrested as debtors • James Bowden, the governor of Massachusetts, raises money to form a mercenary army to put down the rebellion • Shay raises an armory at the sound of this, military clashes occur here • After the battle, the rebellion disbanded • Caused change in the Articles of Confederation • Motivated people to desire a stronger central government	50
973162636	Constitutional Convention, 1787	• 55 prestigious delegates met in Philadelphia between May and June of 1787 to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation o The delegates quickly decided to totally scrap the Articles and create a new Constitution	51
973162637	The Virginia Plan	Proposed by Governor Edmund Randolph. • A government with three branches: legislative (to make laws), executive (to enforce laws) and judicial (to interpret laws) • A council was to be formed from the executive and judicial branches with the power to veto, or refuse, any law proposed by the legislative branch • A bicameral, or two-house, legislature with membership decided on the basis of a state's population. Thus, the more people who lived in the state, the more power it had	52
973162638	The New Jersey Plan	Proposed by William Patterson. • Three branch government • A unicameral, or one house, legislature. Each state, regardless of size, would have one vote. The states would also hold the power to tax • The executive branch would be led by one person • The judicial branch would have a Supreme Court	53
973162639	George Mason	Expresses the need for a Bill of Rights, wants to protect the American people	54
973162640	Alexander Hamilton	Helps to write The Federalist Papers	55
973162641	James Madison	took notes during the convention and has no intention of ever using the Articles of Confederation ever again and instead proposed the idea for a new government with three branches (executive branch- enforces, upper/lower house- creates and the judiciary branch interprets), and upper house and a lower house, states will represented in proportion to their government...	56
973162642	The Great Compromise	• The Great Compromised was worked out so that Congress would have two houses, the House of Representatives, where representation was based on population (two year terms) and the Senate, where each state got two representatives that served for six years • Three branches of government	57
973162643	Checks and Balances	• This was a principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power	58
973162644	Electoral College	This was a group of electors chosen by the people to elect the president of the United States in every election year. o This system was born alongside the U.S. Constitution. o The reasoning for forming it was that many conservatives simply felt the common man was too ignorant to make wise decisions on such important matters. o An electoral college of educated men would fix this. o This system is a way of speeding up presidential elections and is still in force today. The electors of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in the Electoral College	59
973162645	3/5th Compromise	• Southerners wanted slaves to count as a part of their population to gain more representation in the government • However, if the slaves counted as people, the North could tax them • They decided to count slaves as 3/5th of a person • So, even if the South had more representation, they would have to pay taxes o Extra tax tidbit- government could tax imports, but not exports	60
973162646	Federalists	• The Federalists favored the proposed stronger government o Federalists were more respectable and generally embraced the cultured and propertied groups, and many were former Loyalists. o Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts (at first reluctant), Georgia, South Carolina, New Hampshire and Maryland	61
973162647	Anti-Federalists	• The Anti-Federalists cried that it was drawn up by aristocratic elements and was therefore anti-democratic o Mostly poor farmer, the illiterate and states' rights devotees o They decried the dropping of annual elections of congressional representatives and the erecting of what would become Washington DC o Virginia, North Carolina, New York and Rhode Island were all hesitant	62
973162648	Federalist Papers	These were a series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution. Most famous of these were	63

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American Pageant Chapter 7 Flashcards

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971398537	John Hancock	President of the Continental Congress; first to sign the declaration
971398538	Lord North	British Prime Minister during revolution. He had passed the Coercive Acts and supported the king greatly to the extent that Britain was ruled only by the king.
971398539	Gaspee incident	The burning of the British naval cutter, the Gaspée by the citizens of Providence, Rhode Island on March 22, 1772; example of colonial opposition to the enforcement of the Trade and Navigation Acts.
971398540	George Grenville	British Prime Minister that believed in strict enforcement of laws. He created the Sugar Act 1764 & Stamp Act 1765. He was not liked by the American Colonists
971398541	Samuel Adams	Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
971398542	Charles Townshend	British Finance leader. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.
971398543	John Adams	Lawyer who defended British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trial. He believed in "innocent until proven guilty." In spite of these actions, he supported colonial independence. 2nd Pres
971398544	King George III	King of England during the American Revolution
971398545	Baron Von Steuben	Prussian soldier who helped train American forces at Valley Forge in the American Revolutionary War.
971398546	mercantilism	policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver
971398547	"No taxation without representation"	reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament
971398548	Whigs in Parliament	nigs
971398549	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
971398550	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)
971398551	Deism	The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
971398552	Royal Veto	British right to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial system if it went against Mercantalism. Privy council
971398553	Internal/External Taxation	internal taxations were taxations on personal goods and property, while external taxations dealt with taxing goods that were being imported (townshend acts).
971398554	"virtual" representation	British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members
971398555	boycott	a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies
971398556	Boston Massacre	The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans
971398557	Hessians	German soldiers who fought for the British
971398558	Crispus Attucks	Killed in Boston Massacre, black laborer, only African-American person killed in Boston Massacre
971398559	Sons/Daughters of Liberty	Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.
971398560	Quebec Act	Passed in 1774 by the British Parliament, it extended political and legal concessions to the inhabitants of Quebec and granted them religious freedom.
971398561	Navigation Acts	Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
971398562	Declatory Act	March 1766- repealed Stamp Act, said British law was binding in all cases whatsoever
971398563	First Continental Congress	September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts
971398564	Quartering Act	an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists
971398565	Sugar Act	law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
971398566	Townshend Acts	laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea
971398567	The Association	Effective organization created by the First Continental Congress to provide a total, unified boycott of all British goods
971398568	Stamp Act	an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
971398569	Committees of Correspondence	Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
971398570	admiralty courts	in British law, special administrative courts designed to handle maritime cases without a jury
971398571	Boston Tea Party	demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor
971398572	Loyalists/Tories	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
971398573	Stamp Act Congress	group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent
971398574	Coercive/Intolerable Acts	Applied only to Massachusetts to punish them for Boston Tea Party; closed Boston's port, reduced powers of self-government, allowed royal officers to be tried in England or other colonies, and provided for quartering of British troops in empty houses or barns.
971398575	Second Continental Congress	It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.
971398576	Casmir Pulaski	Polish "Father of the Calvary". Died at the Battle of Savannah.

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AP US History Court Cases Flashcards

Major US court cases on AP US History test.

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84363262	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review
84363263	Fletcher v. Peck (1810, Marshall)	The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts.
84363264	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.
84363265	Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819, Marshall)	New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.
84363266	Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Marshall)	Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce.
84363267	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.
84363268	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.
84363269	Worcester v. Georgia (1832, Marshall)	Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries, i.e. the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive."
84363270	Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837, Taney)	The interests of the community are more important than the interests of business; the supremacy of society's interest over private interest.
84363271	Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)	Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon.
84363272	Scott v. Sanford (1857, Taney)	Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
84363273	Ex parte Milligan (1866)	Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available.
84363274	Civil Rights Cases of 1883. (A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems)	Legalized segregation with regard to private property.
84363275	Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.
84363276	Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890)	Found that Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property.
84363277	Pollock v. The Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. (1895)	Declared the income tax under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff to be unconstitutional.
84363278	U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)	Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.
84363279	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
84363280	"Insular Cases" / Downes v. Bidwell (1901)	Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U. S. From U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."
84363281	Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904)	Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
84363282	Lochner v. New York (1905)	Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.
84363283	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.
84363284	Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)	Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.
84363285	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."
84363286	Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)	Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract.
84363287	Schechter v. U. S. (1936)	Sometimes called "the sick chicken case." Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character.
84363288	Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)	The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.
84363289	Ex parte Endo (1944)	The court forbade the internment of Japanese-Americans born in the U. S. (Nisei)
84363290	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)	Unanimous decision declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional.
84363291	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.
84363292	Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)	Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.
84363293	Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.
84363294	Roe v. Wade (1973)	The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
84363295	U. S. v. Richard Nixon (1974)	The court rejected Richard Nixon's claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process.
84363296	Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978)	Ambiguous ruling by a badly divided court that dealt with affirmative action programs that used race as a basis of selecting participants. The court general upheld affirmative action, but with a 4/4/1 split, it was a very weak decision.
84363297	Clinton v. Jones (1997)	Rejecting an appeal by Pres. Clinton in a sexual harassment suit, the Court ruled that a sitting president did not have temporary immunity from a lawsuit for actions outside the realm of official duties.
84363298	Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)	The Court ruled that the Boy Scouts of America could dismiss a troop leader after learning he was gay, holding that the right to freedom of association outweighed a New Jersey anti - discrimination statute.
84363299	Bush v. Gore (2000)	The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election.

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Cambell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions made by myself will always end in question marks, while vocabulary words will be written alone.

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963710095	Light Microscope (LM)	Visible light is passed through specimen and glass lenses. Lenses refract light to magnify specimen.
963710096	What are the 3 important parameters in microscopy?	Magnification, resolution, and contrast
963710097	Organelles	The membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells
963710098	Electron Microscope (EM)	Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface
963710099	Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	Used for detailed study of topography of a specimen. Beam scans surface of sample, excites electrons on the surface and their pattern is translated onto a video screen. It appears to be 3-D.
963710100	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)	Used to study the internal structure of cells. Beam goes through a thin section of specimen, pattern is displayed. Uses electromagnetic lenses.
963710101	What can we use light microscopy to see?	Frog egg, human egg, most plant and animal cells, nucleus, most bacteria, mitochondrion
963710102	What can we use electron microscopy to see?	Human egg, most plant and animal cells, nucleus, most bacteria, mitochondrion, smallest bacteria, viruses, ribosomes, proteins, lipids
963710103	Microscopes are the most important tools of what scientific study?	Cytology, the study of cell structure
963710104	Cell fractionation	Useful technique for studying cell structure and function, takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other sub-cellular structures from one another
963710105	What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?	Bacteria and archaea
963710106	What domains consist of eukaryotic cells?	Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
963710107	Cytosol	Semi-fluid jelly-like substance in which sub-cellular components are suspended
963710108	What basic features do all cells share?	They all are bounded by a plasma membrane, have cytosol inside, contain chromosomes, and have ribosomes
963710109	Eukaryotic Cell	DNA is mostly stored in the nucleus
963710110	Prokaryotic Cell	DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called the nucleoid
963710111	Nucleoid	Location of DNA in prokaryotic cells
963710112	Cytoplasm	Interior of both cells (Region between nucleus and plasma membrane)
963710113	What is absent in a prokaryotic cell?	Organelles and a true nucleus
963710114	Which cell is larger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?	Eukaryotic
963710115	Plasma Membrane	A selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell
963710116	What is important about the ratio of surface area to volume for cells?	As a cell increases in size, volume grows more than its surface area. A smaller object has a greater ratio of surface area to volume.
963710117	What components are only in animal cells and not plant cells?	Lysosomes, centrosomes with centrioles, flagella
963710118	What components are only in plant cells and not animal cells?	Chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata
963710119	Nucleus	Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell
963710120	Nuclear envelope	Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It is a double membrane and contains pores.
963710121	Nuclear Lamina	Lines the nuclear side of the envelope, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of a nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
963710122	What is the nuclear matrix?	A framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior
963710123	Chromosomes	Discrete units containing organized DNA, DNA are in long molecules with proteins
963710124	What is the role of proteins attached to DNA molecules?	They reduce its length allowing it to fit into the nucleus
963710125	Chromatin	Complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes
963710126	How many chromosomes does a human cell have?	46. Remember chromosomes differ by species.
963710127	Nucleolus	A prominent structure within the non-dividing nucleus. Synthesizes rRNA, beings assembling of ribosomes
963710128	Describe transcription and translation briefly	The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing mRNA according to DNA instructions. mRNA travels out nuclear pore and into cytoplasm, where ribosomes translate the mRNA genetic message into a primary structure of a polypeptide.
963710129	Ribosomes	Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein, cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
963710130	Where do ribosomes synthesize proteins?	While suspended in the cytosol ("free") or while attached the outside of the ER and nuclear envelope ("bound")
963710131	Can ribosomes alternate between "free" and "bound"?	Yes
963710132	What do "free" ribosomes typically make?	Proteins that function in the cytosol, like enzymes
963710133	What do "bound" ribosomes typically make?	Proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within organelles, or export from the cell
963710134	Endomembrane System	Nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, the plasma membrane
963710135	What tasks does the endomembrane system carry out?	Synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles in/out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons
963710136	How are the membranes of this system related?	Through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles
963710137	Vesicles	sacs made of membrane
963710138	Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)	Extensive network of membranes, consists of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
963710139	What is the inner compartment of the ER called?	The ER lumen cavity or cisternal space
963710140	How are the nuclear envelope and ER related?	The ER membrane (and the lumen of the ER) is continuous with the nuclear envelope
963710141	Smooth ER	Outer surface lacks ribosomes, functions include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions
963710142	Rough ER	Studded with ribosomes on the outer surface, functions include creating secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and phospholipids
963710143	Glycoproteins	Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. Carbs are attached to proteins in ER by enzymes.
963710144	Transport Vesicles	Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
963710145	Golgi Apparatus	Receives, sorts, sends, and manufactures. Products of the ER (proteins) are modified, stored, and sent
963710146	What does the golgi apparatus consist of?	Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. The cis face is located near the ER and is where vesicles arrive. The trans face is where vesicles depart. Between the two faces the golgi apparatus modifies the materials.
963710147	What does the golgi apparatus manufacture?	Some macromolecules like polysaccharides
963710148	Lysosome	Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that animal cells use to digest macromolecules (intracellular digestion)
963710149	What is inside a lysosome?	Lysosomal enzymes that work only in the acidic pH of a lysosome. They recycle the cell's own organic material in autophagy.
963710150	How are lysosomes made?	They are manufactured by the rough ER and process through the gogli apparatus
963710151	Phagocytosis	Engulfing smaller organisms or food particles
963710152	Vacuoles	Large vesicles made from the ER and Golgi apparatus
963710153	Food Vacuoles	Formed by phagocytosis and are swallowed up by lysosomes
963710154	Contractile Vacuoles	Pump excess water out of the cell maintaining suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
963710155	Central Vacuole	In plant cells, develops by coalescence of smaller vacuoles. Contains cell sap (the cell's main repository of inorganic ions). Plays major role in cell growth
963710156	Mitochondria	Sites of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels
963710157	Chloroplasts	In plants, sites of photosynthesis, converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds
963710158	Endosymbiont Theory	A eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and over time it evolved into a eukaryotic cell with mitochondria. Mitochondria have two membranes surrounding them, contain ribosomes, and DNA like chloroplasts, and both are somewhat independent in the cell
963710159	Cristae	Infoldings in the inner membrane of mitochondria
963710160	Mitochondrial matrix	The second compartment of mitochondria (first is Intermembrane space). The matrix contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes. Enzymes catalyze cellular respiration
963710161	Thykaloids	Flat interconnected sacs inside the chloroplast
963710162	Granum	A stack of thykaloids inside the chloroplast
963710163	Stroma	Fluid filling the chloroplast
963710164	What are the three compartments of chloroplasts?	Intermembrane space, stroma, and thykaloid space
963710165	Plastid	Plant organelles. Amyloplast stores starch in roots and tubers, chromoplast gives fruits and flowers color
963710166	Peroxisome	Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. Contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. Breaks down fatty acids, detoxify alcohol.
963710167	Cytoskeleton	Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, organizes the structures and activities of the cell, composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
963710168	What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?	Support cell and maintain shape, provides anchorage for organelles, and help movement
963710169	Motor proteins	Work with cytoskeleton to move cell
963710170	Microtubules	Thickest hollow rods constructed from tubulin (alpha tubulin and beta tubulin), can grow longer and disassemble, shape and support cell
963710171	Centrosome	Near nucleus, microtubule organizing center
963710172	Centrioles	Nine sets of triplet microtubules that form a ring
963710173	Flagella and cilia	Microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells, act as locomotor appendages
963710174	What are the different beating patterns of flagella and cilia?	Flagella move like the tail of a fish, cilia like oars
963710175	What is primary cilium?	Signal receiving antenna, crucial to brain function and embryonic development
963710176	Basal body	Anchors microtubule assembly of cilia or flagella
963710177	Dyneins	Composed of polypeptides, flexible cross-linking proteins that are responsible for the bending movements of the organelle
963710178	Microfilaments	Solid rods, built from actin in twisted double chain, form structural networks, bear tension to help support cell shape
963710179	Actin	Globular protein
963710180	Cortex	Outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell
963710181	Myosin	Thicker filaments help movement
963710182	Pseudopodia	Crawls using these cellular extensions
963710183	Cytoplasmic streaming	Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, speeds distribution of materials within cell
963710184	Intermediate filaments	Bear tension, constructed of proteins of keratin family, sturdy
963710185	Cell Wall	extracellular structure of plant cells that protects the cell, maintains shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water as well as holding the plant against gravity
963710186	What is the cell wall composed of?	It's thick and material differs from species to species and cell to cell. Microfibrils made of cellulose are synthesized and in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins
963710187	Primary Cell Wall	From a young plant, a relatively thin and flexible wall
963710188	Middle Lamella	Thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins, between primary walls of adjacent cells
963710189	Secondary Cell Wall	Strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support
963710190	Extracellular Matrix (ECM)	Glycoproteins and carb-containing molecules secreted by cells creates it
963710191	Collagen	Abundant glycoprotein that forms strong fibers outside the cells
963710192	Proteoglycans	Collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven out of this
963710193	Fibronectin	ECM glycoprotein binds to cell-surface receptor proteins
963710194	Integrins	Cell-surface receptor proteins, span the membrane and bind to proteins
963710195	Plasmodesmata	Perforates cell wall, membrane lined channels filled with cytoplasm
963710196	Tight Junctions	Plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other, bound my proteins. Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid.
963710197	Desmosomes	Fasten cells together into strong sheets, intermediate filaments anchor them in the cytoplasm. Attach muscle cells.
963710198	Gap junctions	Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, consist of membrane proteins that surround a pore, necessary for communication between cells

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Biology Cell Structure Review Flashcards

Review of the cell structures and parts of the cell.

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239538150	Nucleus	The cell's managing structure.
239538151	Ribosome	The organelle that helps manufacture proteins.
239538152	Endoplasmic Reticulum	A membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis.
239538153	Golgi Apparatus	A flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles.
239538154	Mitochondria	The organelle that converts fuel particles into usable energy.
239538155	Chloroplast	Organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis.
239538156	Lysosome	The vesicle containing substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles.
239538157	Plasma Membrane	The special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell.
239538158	Cell Wall	A thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, giving the cell support and little protection.
239538159	Vacuole	A sac used to store food, enzymes, and other materials needed by a cell.
239538160	Eukaryotic Cell	A cell containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
239538161	Prokaryotic Cell	A cell without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
239538162	Cell	The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
239538163	Organelle	A specialized structure that carries out specific cell functions.
239538164	Selective Permeability	By which a membrane allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out.
239538165	Phospholipid Bilayer	When two layers of phospholipids are arranged tail-to-tail.
239538166	Cholesterol	Increases the fluidity of the plasma membrane.
239538167	Transport Protein	Proteins that move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane.
239538168	Fluid Mosaic Model	The model of the plasma membrane.
239538169	Cytoplasm	The environment inside the plasma membrane.
239538170	Cytoskeleton	The supporting network of long, thin fibers that form a framework for the cell and provide an anchor for the organelles inside the cell.
239538171	Nucleolus	The site of ribosome production inside the nucleus.
239538172	Centrioles	Organelles made of microtubes that function during cell division.
239538173	Cilia	Short, numerous projections that look like hairs. The motion is similar to an oar of a rowboat. Composed of microtubes.
239538174	Flagella	Longer and more numerous than cilia, these move with a whiplike motion. Composed of microtubes.
239538175	Nucleus	Structure: Double membrane. Has nuclear pores.
239538176	Ribosome	Structure: Not membrane-bound. Mado of RNA and protein.
239538177	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Structure: Has smooth and rough sections. All folded up.
239538178	Golgi Apparatus	Structure: A stack of deflated balloons.
239538179	Mitochondria	Structure: Double membrane
239538180	Chloroplast	Structure: Double membrane. Has thylakoids.
239538181	Lysosome	Structure: Phospholipid Bilayer. Hydrolytic Enzymes.
239538182	Plasma Membrane	Structure: Phospholipid Bilayer. Has trandport proteins, carbohydrate and cholesterol. Is polar/non-polar
239538183	Cell Wall	Structure: Made of cellulose. Forms cube around cell.
239538184	Vacuole	Structure: Enclosed compartment. Filled with water.
239538185	Nucleus	Function: Stores DNA
239538186	Ribosome	Function: Makes protein
239538187	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Function: Smooth side mades lipids. Rough side makes proteins.
239538188	Golgi Apparatus	Function: Packages proteins.
239538189	Mitochondria	Function: "Powerhouse" of the cell. Makes energy.
239538190	Chloroplast	Function: Photosynthesis
239538191	Lysosome	Function: Breaks down substances
239538192	Plasma Membrane	Function: Protects cell. Surrounds cell. Maintains efficiency inside cell.
239538193	Cell Wall	Function: Provides support (NO PROTECTION)
239538194	Vacuole	Function: Stores waste. "Makes it crispy."
239538195	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Nucleus is connected to the...
239538196	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Ribosomes are connected to the...
239538197	Nucleus	The Endoplasmic Reticulum is connected to the... (disclude ribosome)
239538198	Endoplasmic Reticulum	The Golgi Apparatus is connected to the...
239538199	Nothing	What is the mitochondria connected to?
239538200	Nothing	What is chloroplast connected to?
239538201	Golgi Apparatus	Lysosomes are connected to the...
239538202	Ribosomes	The plasma membrane is connected to all organelles except...
239538203	Outside	Where is the Cell Wall compared to the plasma membrane?
239538204	Nothing	What are vacuoles connected to?

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Cells, Endosymbiont Theory (2) Flashcards

Into. to Zoology

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888822853	Cells	The smallest unit of life that can function independently.
888822854	Cell theory	1. All organisms are made of one or more cells 2. The cell is the fundamental unit of all life 3. All cells come from preexisting cells (Although the existence of cells is an undisputed fact, the cell theory is still evolving).
888822855	Light Microscope	Two types: compound and confocal.
888822856	Compound Microscope	Uses two or more lenses to focus visible light through a specimen.
888822857	Confocal Microscope	Enhances resolution by focusing white or laser light through a lens to the object. Computers can take multiple images from these microscopes to produce 3D images.
888822858	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)	Sends a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of a specimen, using a magnetic field rather than a glass lens to focus the beam.
888822859	Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	Scans a beam of electrons over the surface of a metal-coated, 3D specimen. Images are lower resolution than that of TEM, but the advantage is its ability to highlight crevices and textures on the surface of a specimen.
888822860	What all cells have in common	DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and small size (small cell size maximizes the ratio of surface area to volume).
888822861	Prokaryotes	The simplest and most ancient forms of life; organisms whose cells lack nucleus
888822862	Eukaryotes	Cells that contain a nucleus and other membraneous organelles.
888822863	Domains	Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
888822864	Bacteria	The most abundant and diverse organism on Earth. Structurally simple. Rigid cell wall. Usually rod-shaped, round or spiral.
888822865	Flagella	Tail-like appendages that enable bacterial-cells to move. Act as a propellor.
888822866	Archaea	Resemble bacterial cells superficially, but have their own domain because they build their cells out of biochemicals that are different from those in either bacteria or eukaryotes.
888822867	Methanogens	First members of Archaea to be described. Microbes that use carbon dioxide and hydrogen from the environment to produce methane.
888822868	domain Eukarya	humans, animals, yeasts, mushrooms and other fungi, plants, one-celled protists
888822869	Endo-membrane system	Consists of several interacting organelles: the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and cell membrane.
888822870	Vesicles	Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell.
888822871	Nuclear Pores	Holes in the double-membrane nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Highly specialized channels composed of dozens of types of proteins.
888822872	Nuclear Envelope	Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
888822873	Nucleolus	A dense sport inside the nucleus that assembles the components of ribosomes.
888822874	Cytoplasm	Contains a watery mixture of ions, enzymes, RNA, and other dissolved substances (and - in eukaryotes - organelles and the cytoskeleton).
888822875	Cytoskeleton	Arrays of protein rods and tubules.
888822876	Endoplasmic Reticulum	A network of sacs and tubules composed of membranes. Originates at the nuclear envelope and winds throughout the cell.
888822877	rough ER	A section of the network close to the nucleus that is studded with ribosomes making proteins that enter the inner compartment of the ER.
888822878	Smooth ER	Adjacent to the rough ER. Synthesizes lipids and other membrane components. Also house enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons.
888822879	Golgi apparatus	A stack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs that functions as a processing center.
888822880	Lysosomes	Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn-out organelles, and debris.

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American Pageant 15th Edition-Exam 1 Flashcards

American History from the beginning to 1877. Chapters 1-4.

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896977929	Canadian Shield	First part of the North American land mass to emerge above sea level	0
896977930	Incas	Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.	1
896977931	Aztecs	Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.	2
896977932	Nation-States	Political entities that exist simultaneously as sovereign geo-political units and national cultural communities.	3
896977933	Cahokia	c. 1100 AD. Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans.	4
896977934	Three-Sister Farming	Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 AD; maize, beans, and quash were grown together to maximize yields.	5
896977935	Middlemen	In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.	6
896977936	Caravel	Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.	7
896977937	Plantation	Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employed coerced or slave labor. European settlers established plantations in Africa, South American, the Caribbean, and the American South.	8
896977938	Columbian Exchange	The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.	9
896977939	Treaty of Tordesillas	1494. Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.	10
896977940	Conquistadores	Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan Empires.	11
896977941	Capitalism	Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism.	12
896977942	Encomienda	Spanish government's policy to "command," or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of the broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.	13
896977943	Noche Triste	June 30, 1520. "Sad Night," when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds. Cortes laid siege to the city the following years, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.	14
896977944	Mestizos	People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.	15
896977945	Battle of Acoma	Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.	16
896977946	Pope's Rebellion	Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.	17
896977947	Black Legend	False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.	18
896977948	Ferdinand of Aragon	Spanish monarch, unified Spain and fought the Moors. With wife Isabella of Castile funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, leading to his discovery of the West Indies.	19
896977949	Isabella of Castile	Spanish monarch, along with her husband Ferdinand of Aragon,funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, leading to his discovery of the West Indies.	20
896977950	Christopher Columbus	1451-1506 Genoese explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies in 1492 while in search of a new water route to Asia. Columbus made three subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and briefly served as a colonial administrator on the island of Hispaniola, present day Haiti.	21
896977951	Francisco Coronado	1510-1554. Spanish explorer who ventured from Western Mexico through present-day Arizona and up to Kansas, in search of fabled golden cities.	22
896977952	Francisco Pizarro	c. 1475-1541. Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas in 1532 and founded the city of Lima, Peru.	23
896977953	Bartolome de las Casas	1474-1566. Reform-minded Spanish missionary who worked to abolish the encomienda system and documented the mistreatment of Indians in the Spanish colonies.	24
896977954	Hernan Cortes	1485-1547. Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for DSpain.	25
896977955	Malinche (Dona Marina)	c. 1501-1550. Indian slave who served as an interpreter for Hernan Cortes on his conquest of the Aztecs. Malinche later married one of Cortes' soldiers, who took her with him back to Spain.	26
896977956	Moctezuma	1466-1520. Last of the Aztec rulers, who saw his powerful empire crumble under the force of the Spanish invasion, led by Hernan Cortes.	27
896977957	Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)	c.1450-c.1498. Italian explorer sent by England's King Henry VII to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497-1498.	28
896977958	Robert de La Salle	1643-1687. French explorer who led an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680s.	29
896977959	Father Junipero Serra	1713-1784. Franciscan priest who established a chain of missions along the California coast, beginning in San Diego in 1769, with the aim of Christianizing and civilizing native peoples.	30
896977960	Protestant Reformation	16th Century. Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.	31
896977961	Roanoke Island	1585. Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina.	32
896977962	Spanish Armada	1588. Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588.. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.	33
896977963	Primogeniture	Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property of land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.	34
896977964	Joint-Stock Company	Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures.	35
896977965	Virginia Company	English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.	36
896977966	Charter	Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.	37
896977967	Jamestown	First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company.	38
896977968	First Anglo-Powhatan War	1614. Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish.	39
896977969	Second Anglo-Powhatan War	1644-1646. Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.	40
896977970	House of Burgesses	Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, established a precedent for government in the English colonies.	41
896977971	Act of Toleration	1649. Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.	42
896977972	Barbados Slave Code	1661. First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern Plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17t and 18th centuries.	43
896977973	Squatters	Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation of being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.	44
896977974	Iroquois Confederacy	Bound together five tribes--the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas--in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.	45
896977975	Tuscarora War	1711-1713. Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.	46
896977976	Yamassee Indians	Defeated by the South Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies.	47
896977977	Buffer	In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory.	48
896977978	Henry VIII	1491-1547. Tudor monarch who launched the Protestant Reformation in England when he broke away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.	49
896977979	Elizabeth I	1533-1603. Protestant Queen of England, whose forty-five year reign from 1558-1603 firmly secured the Anglian Church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest. Never having married. she was dubbed the "Virgin Queen" by her contemporaries.	50
896977980	Sir Francis Drake	c.1542-1595. English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way.	51
896977981	Sir Walter Raleigh	c.1552-1618. English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina's Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. Once a favorite of Elizabeth I, Raleigh fell out of favor with the Virgin queen after secretly marrying one of her maids of hour. He continued his colonial pursuits until 1618, when he was executed for treason.	52
896977982	James I	1566-1625. Formerly James VI of Scotland, he became James I of England at the death of Elizabeth I. James I supported overseas colonization, granting a charter or the Virginia Company in 1606 for a settlement in the New World. He also cracked down on both Catholics and Puritan Separatists, prompting the latter to flee to Holland and, later, to North America.	53
896977983	Captain John Smith	1580-1631. English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 and ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks, Smith also established ties with Powhatan Indians through the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, who had "saved" Smith from a mock execution the previous year.	54
896977984	Powhatan	c.1540s-1618. Chief of Powhatan Indians and father of Pocahontas. As a show of force, Powhatan staged the kidnapping and mock execution of Captain John Smith in 1607. He later led the Powhatan Indians in the first Anglo-Powhatan War, negotiating a tenuous peace in 1614.	55
896977985	Pocahontas	c.1595-1617. Daughter of Chief Powhatan, Pocahontas "saved" Captain John Smith in a dramatic mock execution and served as a mediator between Indians and the colonists. In 1614, she married John Rolfe and sailed with him to England, where she was greeted as a princess, and where she passed away shortly before her planned return to the colonies.	56
896977986	Lord De La Warr	1577-1618. Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610. A veteran of England's brutal campaigns against the Irish, De La Warr applied harsh "Irish" tactics in his war against the Indians, sending troops to torch Indian villages and seize provisions. the colony of Delaware was named after him.	57
896977987	John Rolfe	1585-1622. English colonist whose marriage to Pocahontas in 1614 sealed the peace of the First Anglo-Powhatan War.	58
896977988	Lord Baltimore	1605-1675. Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics. Baltimore unsuccessfully tried to reconstitute the English manorial system in the colonies and gave cast tracts of land to Catholic relatives, a policy that soon create tensions between the seaboard Catholic establishment and backcountry Protestant Planters.	59
896977989	Oliver Cromwell	1599-1658. Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.	60
896977990	James Olgethorpe	1696-1785. Soldier-statesman and leading founder of Georgia. A champion of prison reform, Oglethorpe established Georgia as a haven for debtors seeking to avoid imprisonment, During the War of Jenkins's Ear, Oglethorpe successfully led his colonists in battle, repelling a Spanish attack on British territory.	61
896977991	Hiawatha	Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century.	62
896977992	Calvinism	Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin, Calvinists believed in predestination--that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.	63
896977993	Predestination	Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect."	64
896977994	Conversion	Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experience conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.	65
896977995	Puritan	English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.	66
896977996	Separatists	Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.	67
896977997	Mayflower Compact	Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.	68
896977998	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Founded 1630. Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.	69
896977999	Great Migration	1630-1642. Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to the Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose--to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world.	70
896978000	Antinomianism	Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.	71
896978001	Fundamental Orders	1639. Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, it state constitution.	72
896978002	Pequot War	1636-1638. Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River Valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.	73
896978003	King Philip's War	1675-1676. Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.	74
896978004	New England Confederation	1643. Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War.	75
896978005	English Civil War	1642-1651. Armed conflict between royalist and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.	76
896978006	Dominion of New England	1686-1689. Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey, Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed resident without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.	77
896978007	Navigation Laws	Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pas through England.	78
896978008	Glorious (Bloodless) Rebellion	1688. Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.	79
896978009	Salutary neglects	1688-1763. Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.	80
896978010	Patroonships	Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.	81
896978011	Quakers	Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.	82
896978012	Blue laws	Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.	83
896978013	Martin Luther	1483-1546. German friar who touched off the Protestant Reformation when he nailed a list of grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517.	84
896978014	John Calvin	1509-1564. French Protestant reformer whose religious teachings formed the theological basis for New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots and members of the Dutch Reformed church. Calvin argued that humans were inherently weak and wicked, and believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God, who predestined select individuals for salvation.	85
896978015	William Bradford	1590-1657. Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims who left England for Holland, and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in Massachusetts. His account of the colony's founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains a classic of American literature and in indispensable historical source.	86
896978016	John Winthrop	1588-1649. First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. An able administrator and devout Puritan, Winthrop helped ensure the prosperity of the newly-established colony and enforce Puritan orthodoxy, taking a hard line against religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson.	87
896978017	Anne Hutchinson	.1591-1643. antinomians religious dissenter brought to trail for heresy in Massachusetts Bay after arguing that she need not follow God's law's or man's, and claiming direct revelation from God. Banished from the Puritan colony, Hutchinson moved to Rhode Island and later New York, where she and her were killed by Indians.	88
896978018	Roger Williams	c.1603-1683. Salem minister who advocated a complete break form the Church of England and criticized the Massachusetts Bay colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians. Banished for his heresies, he established a small community in present-day Rhode island, later acquiring a charter for the colony from England.	89
896978019	Massasoit	c.1590-1661. Wampanoag chieftain who signed a peace treaty with Plymouth Bay settlers in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving.	90
896978020	Metacom (King Philip)	c.1638-1676. Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades.	91
896978021	Charles II	1630-1685. Assumed the throne with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Charles sought to establish firm control over the colonies, ending the period of relative independence on the American mainland.	92
896978022	Sir Edmund Andros	1637-1714. Much loathed administrator of the Dominion of New England, which was created in 1686 to strengthen imperial control over the New England colonies. Andros established strict control, doing away with town meetings and popular assemblies and taxing colonists without their consent. When word of the Glorious Revolution in England reached the colonists, they promptly dispatched Andros back to England.	93
896978023	William III	Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688. William and Mary relaxed control over the American polonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War.	94
896978024	Mary II	Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688. William and Mary relaxed control over the American polonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War.	95
896978025	Henry Hudson	1565-1611. English explorer who ventured into New York Bay and up the Hudson River for the Dutch in 1609 in search of a Northwest Passage across the continent.	96
896978026	Peter Stuyvesant	.1610-1672. Director general of Dutch New Netherland from 1645 until the colony fell to the British in 1664.	97
896978027	Duke of York	1633-1701. Catholic English Monarch who reigned as James II from 1685 until he was deposed during the Glorious Revolution in 1689. When the English seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they renamed it in the Duke's honor to commemorate his support for the colonial venture.	98
896978028	William Penn	1644-1718. Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in 1681. He established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a wide array of settlers to his colony with promises of economic opportunity and ethnic and religious toleration.	99
896978029	Indentured Servants	Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement.	100
896978030	Headright Systems	Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty across of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.	101
896978031	Bacon's Rebellion	1676. Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian Attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter side.	102
896978032	Royal African Company	English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.	103
896978033	Middle Passage	Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high.	104
896978034	Slave Codes	Set of laws defining racial slavery beginning in 1662, including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and legally limiting the rights and learning of slaves.	105
896978035	New York Slave Revolt	1712. Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks.	106
896978036	South Carolina Slave Revolt	1739. Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. The slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia.	107
896978037	Congregational Church	Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church.	108
896978038	Jeremiad	Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah.	109
896978039	Half-Way Covenant	1662. Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans.	110
896978040	Salem Witch Trials	Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts.	111
896978041	Leislers Rebellion	1689-1691. Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structure in the New World.	112
896978042	William Berkeley	1606-1677. Royal governor of Virginia, with brief interruptions, from 1641 until his death. Berkeley, a member of Virginia's seaboard elite, drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks, eventually leading to Bacon's Rebellion.	113
896978043	Nathaniel Bacon	1647-1676. Young Virginia planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks.	114
896978044	Anthony Johnson	?-1670. African slave who purchased his freedom and himself became a slave holder in Virginia, serving a testament to the relative fluidity of early colonial society.	115
908881218	Aztecs	Controlled Mexico until 1521	116
908881219	Cahokia	1100 A.D.	117
908881220	Three-Sister Farming	1000 A.D.	118
908881221	Columbian Exchange	1492	119
908881222	Treaty of Tordesillas	1494	120
908881223	Noche Triste	June 30, 1520	121
908881224	Battle of Acoma	1609	122
908881225	Christopher Columbus	1451-1506	123
908881226	Francisco Coronado	1510-1554	124
908881227	Francisco Pizarro	1475-1541	125
908881228	When did Francisco Pizarro establish the city of Lima, Peru?	1532	126
908881229	Bartolome de Las Casas	1474-1566	127
908881230	Hernan Cortes	1485-1547	128
908881231	Malinche	1501-1550	129
908881232	Moctezuma	1466-1520	130
908881233	Giovanni Caboto	1450-1498	131
908881234	Robert de La Salle	1643-1687	132
908881235	Father Junipero Serra	1713-1784	133
908881236	When did Father Junipero Serra begin his missions in California?	1769	134
908881237	Roanoke Island	1585	135
908881238	Spanish Armada	1588	136
908881239	First Anglo-Powhatan War	1614	137
908881240	Second Anglo-Powhatan War	1644-1646	138
908881241	Act of Toleration	1649	139
908881242	Barbados Slave Code	1661	140
908881243	Tuscarora War	1711-1713	141
908881244	Yamassee Indians	1715-1716	142
908881245	Henry VIII	1491-1547	143
908881246	Elizabeth I	1533-1603	144
908881247	Sir Francis Drake	1542-1595	145
908881248	Sir Walter Raleigh	1552-1618	146
908881249	James I	1566-1625	147
908881250	Captain John Smith	1580-1631	148
908881251	Powhatan	1540s-1618	149
908881252	Pocahontas	1595-1617	150
908881253	Lord De La Warr	1577-1618	151
908881254	John Rolfe	1585-1622	152
908881255	Lord Baltimore	1605-1675	153
908881256	Oliver Cromwell	1599-1658	154
908881257	James Oglethorpe	1696-1785	155
908881258	Massachusetts Bay Colony founded in?	1630	156
908881259	Great Migration	1630-1642	157
908881260	Fundamental Orders	1639	158
908881261	Pequot War	1636-1638	159
908881262	King Philip's War	1675-1676	160
908881263	New England Confederation	1643	161
908881264	English Civil War	1642-1651	162
908881265	Dominion of New England	1686-1689	163

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Louisiana Code I - Family Law Flashcards

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422949219	Article 102 divorce is best used when	The parties are still living together
422949220	Filing requirements for Art 102 divorce	Petition - 180 days, Rule to Show Cause - 180 days, Petition + POS, Rule + POS, Affidavit
422949221	Defenses to Art 102 and 103(1) divorce	Reconciliation and improper procedure
422949222	Defense for Art 103(2) divorce	Reconciliation and mental illness
422949223	Filing requirements for 103(1)	Petitioner, Answer, Default
422949224	What presumptions exist for a disavowal action	Presumption is that child is issue of marriage, or baby is born within 300 days of termination of marriage
422949225	When must mother file her contestation action	Within 180 days of subsequent marriage and within 2 years of child's birth
422949226	In a contestation action what 2 things must mother do to have proper grounds to proceed on contestation	Defeat presumption in favor of present father AND show present H has formally acknowledged the child
422949227	What are the time limits for a child to file a paternity action against pututative father that is still alive	Child can file anytime
422949228	The father in an avowal action has many deadlines to file, however, what is the absolute cut off date before he's preempted	1 yr from date of learn, but no more than 10 yrs from date of birth
422949229	Two rules regarding revoking acknowledgments what are they	Revoke w.in 60 days for any reason, revoke w/in 2 yrs for vices of consent or not bio dad
423671114	What are some factors a court will consider in whether final support is ordered	Income, need, financial obligations, duration of marriage, age, health and earning capacity
423671115	Does uncompensated labor include undercompensated labor	Yes
423671116	What is a declaration of paraphernality	An instrument in which a spouse reserves the fruits and revenues of his separate property as separate
423671117	Under special accession rules for spouses, if one spouse owns the land as separate property who owns the constructions placed thereon	Spouse
423673158	For purposes of establishing domicile for community property issues what is mostly true	A person can have multiple residences but only one domicile
423673899	What are the form requirements for a declaration of paraphernality	(1) authentic act or act under private signature duly acknowledged (2) recordation (3) provide copy to spouse prior to filing
423674429	How does a spouse obtain a court order that would require the other spouse to under a mental health evaluation	Petition court an demonstrate good cause
423674430	What are the filing requirements for a ex parte temporary order of custody	Verified petition or supporting affidavit, immediate and irreparable harm will occur to children before contradictory hearing on isue of custody
423674431	How long is a temporary order of custody good for	30 days, may be extended for good cause
423674432	What document must be filed not more than 30 days after the signing of the exparte order for temporary custody	Rule to show casue
423675038	Would a spouse have a claims against a spouse for money spent on helping the spouse go to college	Yes, the claim would be for the financial contributions made to training and education because it increased earning power and the spouse did not benefit from the increased earnings during the marriage
423804220	What are the 4 types of tutorships	nature, will, and effecto of law, appointment (diative)
423804221	Modifying custody from joint to sole requires the mvoant to satify what standard of proof	Clearing and convincing evidence, sole custody in best interest of children
423804222	Where the initial order of custody was a consent order what 2 elements must be shown to modify custody	need to show material change of circumstances since order and proposed modification is in the child's best interest
423804223	Proof of maternity is	She who gives birth to the child is the mother
423804224	In adult adoption if parties are married what is needed from spouses	Consent
423804225	Adult adoption w/o stepparents require court action what is procedural steps	Joint petition showing best interest
423804226	Who can do adult adoptions without court assistance	Stepparents by authentic act
423804227	When is an adult adoption effective	When filed for registery
423804228	Can adult adopt each other	Yes, but cannot adopt spouse
423804229	Who has standing to initiate a revocation of acknowledgment action	anyone
423804230	If a man want to recant his formal acknowledgment of a child how many days does he get	60 days w/o cause or within 2 yrs if he can prove by clear and convincing evidence
423804231	If a man formally acknowledges he is the father can he inherit from the child	No, must avow
423804232	If a man signs birth certificate or formally acknowledge and it is proven he is not hte bio dad what is the effect	acknowledgement is null
423804233	If parents execute an authentic act formally acknowledging man as faher is that a valid form of acknowledgment	yes
423804234	If putative father signs the birth certificate is he the legal and bio father	Yes
423804235	In LA is an affidavit of parentage a formal acknolwedgment by father	No
423804236	If both spouses are domiciled in LA, but married elsewhere to what proeprty does the community attach to	All after-acquired property since becoming domiciled in LA
423804237	What is LA's hybrid quasi-community property provision	It applies to movable, acquired by nondomiciled spouse where one spose is domiciled at termination and partition is filed in LA
423804238	If both husband and wife do not become domicilaries of LA will the community proeprty regime exist	No
423804239	LA's hybrid-quasi community proeprty providion applies to what immovables, movables or both?	Movable
423804240	Define community property	Property acquired during the existence of the legal regime through effort, skill or industry
423804241	What is the legal regime	community of acquets and gains
423804242	In what circumstances will community proeprty regime not apply directly	both spouses were never domiciled in LA disputed property was acquired at a time when both sposues were not domiciled in LA if its immovable property and situated outside of LA
423804243	When does a couple married outside of LA become subject to LA's community property regime	When they become domociled in LA
423804244	How does one overcome the presumption that all property int he spouses possession is community property	Need to prove that the property was acquired iwththe separate things or with commingled seaprate and community things where the community portion is inconsequential
423804245	If a marriage lacks the element of mutually expressed consent what type of nullity is it if any	relative
423804246	There are 4 elements to removing a curator	Motion, grounds, good clause, and contradictory hearing
423804247	What are the two basic duties of an interdict's curator	Exercise reasonable care diligence and prudence Act int he best interest of the interdict
423804248	If claimant is not award final support, can claimant extend interim support after divorce of so for how many days	Yes, upon a showing of good cause, 180 days
423804249	A claimant must show what to get an extension interim support order beyond the 180 days from rendition of the judgment of divorce	good cause
423804250	How long does civil effects continue to someone under putative marriage doctrine	official declaration of nullity or innocent spouse remarries
423804251	What two elements must exist for the putative marriage doctrine to apply	legal impediment to marriage and good faith spouse
423804252	A marriage is absolute null when the following impediments exist	Legal impediments,no marriage ceremony
423804253	Can costs and attorney's fees be assessed agaisnt a losing party in an interdiction case	Yes
425145825	Who is an absent person	Someone who does not have a representative in LA and cannot be located with diligent efforts
425145826	If an absent person has property in LA what can be done to settle that property	Appointment of a curator
425145827	What are the pleading requirements for appointment of a curator for an absent person	1) absent person 2) curator needed to protect absentee's interest 3) property in LA 4) diligent efforts undertaken to locate person
425145828	How long does tha curator serve for an absent person	untile absentee appoints representative, absentee reappears, absentee is dead or declared dead
425145829	When can you declare a person dead	After 5 years
425145830	Can an absent person recover property if he reappears	He can claw back inherited property, proceeds from property sold, diminutive value in property encumbered

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Chapter 11 - The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812 Flashcards

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525725684	Federalist and Republican Mudslingers	Thomas Jefferson became the victim of one of America's first "whispering campaigns." The Federalists accused him of having an affair with one of his slaves.
525725685	Who pardoned the prisoners of the Sedition Act?	Jefferson
525725686	Albert Gallatin- Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson	believed that a national debt wasn't a blessing; he reduced the national debt with a strict economy.
525725687	Judiciary Act of 1801	passed by the expiring Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices.
525725688	Who repealed the Act of 1801?	The new Republican-Democratic Congress quickly repealed the act and kicked out the 16 newly seated judges.
525725689	What Federalist judge was not removed by the new Republican-Democratic Congress?	Chief Justice John Marshall
525725690	Who shaped the American legal tradition more than any other person?	Chief Justice John Marshall
525725691	How many years did Chief Justice John Marshall serve?	34 years
525725692	Who became the new Secretary of State?	James Madison
525725693	What was the purpose of the Naturalization Law of 1802?	reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years
525725694	Who did away with the excise tax?	Jefferson
525725695	What was Marbury vs. Madison (1803)?	James Madison, the new secretary of state, had cut judge Marbury's salary; Marbury sued James Madison for his pay.
525725696	How did the court rule in Marbury v Madison?	that Marbury had the right to his pay but, the court did not have the authority to force Madison to give Marbury his pay.
525725697	Who was the court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury?	Samuel Chase
525725698	Marbury v Madison showed that who had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution.	the Supreme Court
525725699	Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior	Jefferson preferred to make the military smaller. Jefferson was forced to bend his thoughts of not using military force when the leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the United States. Jefferson sent the new navy to Tripoli and after 4 years of fighting, a deal was reached. The U.S. paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans.
525725700	Who convinced the king of Spain to give Louisiana land area to France in 1800?	Napolean Bonaparte
525725701	The Louisiana Godsend	Not wanting to fight Napoleon and France in western America, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Robert Livingston in Paris in 1803 to buy as much land as he could for $10 million.
525725702	What were the two reasons that Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of a New World Empire?	(1) failed in his efforts to re-conquer the island of Santo Domingo, for which Louisiana was to serve as a source of foodstuffs. (2) Because Britain controlled the seas, he didn't want Britain to take over Louisiana. He wanted the money from the Americans. He also hoped it would help to thwart the ambitions of the British king in the New World.
525725703	Who, along with James Monroe signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million.	Robert Livingston
525725704	Who did Jefferson send to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase	his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark
525725705	Who was Jefferson's first-term vice president?	Aaron Burr
525725706	After being dropped from Jefferson's cabinet, who did Aaron Burr join who plotted the secession of New England and New York	a group of extremist Federalists
525725707	Who uncovered the plot of secession of New England and New York	Alexander Hamilton
525725708	Who challenged the duel between Burr and Hamilton?	Aaron Burr
525725709	Who shot first?	It is stated that Hamilton refused to shoot and he was shot and killed by Burr
525725710	Who made an allegiance with Burr to separate the western part of the United States from the East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida?	General James Wilkinson- the corrupt military governor of Louisiana Territory
525725711	Who betrayed General Wilkinson when he learned that Jefferson knew of the plot to separate the Western part of the United States from the East?	Aaron Burr
525725712	Who acquitted Burr of charges of treason?	Chief Justice John Marshall
525725713	Where did Burr flea to after being acquitted of treason?	Europe
525725714	Who was reelected as President in 1804?	Jefferson, capturing 162 electoral votes, while his Federalist opponent only received 14 votes.
525725715	Who was Jefferson's opponent for Presidency in 1804?	Federalist Charles Pinckney
525725716	Who was the power of the seas?	England
525725717	Who was the power of the land?	France
525725718	Who issued a series of Orders in Council in 1806?	England
525725719	What did the Orders in Council do?	England closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping.
525725720	What did the French do in response to England closing the European ports under French control?	The French ordered the seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.
525725721	Who passed the Embargo Act?	Jefferson
525725722	When was the Embargo Act passed?	1807
525725723	What was the Embargo Act?	It banned the exportation of any goods to any countries.
525725724	Why did Jefferson pass the Embargo Act?	With the act, Jefferson planned to force France and England, who both depended on American trade, to respect America and its citizens, who had been killed and captured by both countries.
525725725	Who did the Embargo hurt?	The embargo significantly hurt the profits of U.S. merchants and was consequently hated by Americans.
525725726	When was the Embargo Act repealed?	1809
525725727	What substitute act was enacted after the Embargo Act was repealed?	The Non-Intercourse Act
525725728	What did the Non-Intercourse Act do?	It opened up trade to every country except France and Britain.
525725729	Why did the Non-Intercourse Act fail?	because Jefferson overestimated the dependence of the 2 countries on America's trade. Britain and France were not as reliant on America as Jefferson had hoped. Britain was able to trade with the Latin American republics and France had enough land in Europe to support itself.
525725730	Who became president on March 4, 1809	James Madison
525725731	What did Macon's Bill No. 2 do?	It reopened American trade with the entire world.
525725732	Who issued Macon's Bill No. 2?	Congress
525725733	Why did Madison reenact the United States's trade embargo, but this time against Britain?	Napoleon convinced James Madison to give Britain 3 months to lift its Orders in Council. Madison did, but Britain chose not to lift its Orders in Council
525725734	What led to the War of 1812?	Macon's Bill No. 2
525725735	Why did the Twelfth Congress meet in 1811?	they wanted to go to war with the British and wanted to eliminate the Indian threats to pioneers.
525725736	Who unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers and allied with the British.	Tenskwatawa- "the Prophet" and Shawnee
525725737	Who defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe?	William Henry Harrison- governor of the Indiana territory
525725738	On what date did Madison asked Congress to declare war on the British and it agreed?	June 1, 1812
525725739	Who support the War of 1812	The Democratic-Republicans
525725740	What did The Democratic-Repulicans feel about the United States?	The "war hawks" felt that the country had to assert American rights to the world.
525725741	Who wanted to invade Canada, the Indians' stronghold, because the Indians were being armed by the British to attack the settlers.	The Democratic-Republicans
525725742	Who was opposed to the War of 1812 and why?	The Federalists because they supported Britain.
525725743	Was the Democratic-Republican Congress able to remove court justice Samuel Chase?	No, they did not have enough votes in the Senate.
525725744	The Americans signed 3 treaties and gotten much land to the west of the Mississippi. How much did they pay for 820,000 square miles?	3 cents

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Variations in Consciousness Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 5

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561986082	Electroencephalograph (EEG)	a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain
561986083	electromyograph (EMG)	a device that records muscle activity and tension
561986084	electrooculograph (EOG)	a device that records eye movements
561986085	biological rhythms	periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning
561986086	circadian rhythms	the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
561986087	REM sleep	sleep involving rapid eye movements
561986088	Non-REM sleep	sleep stages 1 through 4, which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements
561986089	Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)	consists of the afferent fibers running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal
561986090	narcotics/opiates	drugs that are derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain
561986091	insomnia	involves chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
561986092	narcolepsy	a disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
561986093	sleep apnea	reflexive grasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
561986094	night terrors	abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic
561986095	nightmares	anxiety arousing dreams that lead to awakening,usually from REM sleep
561986096	somnamnulism	occurs when a sleeping person arises and wanders about in deep NREM sleep (sleep walking)
561986097	hypnosis	a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility
561986098	dissociation	involves a splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness
561986099	meditation	a family of medical exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a nonanalytical way
561986100	psychoactive drugs	chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning
561986101	slow-wave sleep	sleep stages 3 and 4, in which low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings
561986102	sedatives	drugs that have sleep-inducing and behavioral depression effects
561986103	stimulants	drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and hehavioral activity
561986104	hallucigens	a diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience
561986105	cannabis	the hemp plant from which maijuana, hashish, and THC are derived
561986106	alcohol	a variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol
561986107	tolerance	a progressive decrease in a persons responciveness to a drug
561986108	physical dependence	a condition that exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness
561986109	pyschological dependence	a condition that exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy mental and emotional craving for the drug
561986110	manifest content	Freud's term that refers to the plot of a dream at the surface level
561986111	latent content	Freud's term that refers to the hidden or disguised meaning of events in a dream
561986112	lucid dreams	dreams in which persons are aware that they are dreaming
561986113	MDMA	a drug, also known as ecstacy, compounded from both amphetamine and hallucinogens that produces a short-lived high
561996882	William James	originated the term, "the stream of consciousness"
561996883	Sigmund Freud	argued for the existence of the unconscious and the hidden meaning of dreams
561996884	William Dement	as one of the pioneers in early sleep research, he coined the term REM sleep
561996885	Calvin Hall	After analyzing thousands of dreams, he concluded that their contents are generally quite mundane
561996886	Rosalind Cartwright	proposes a problem-solving view as a reason for dreaming
561996887	Theodore Barber	one of the authors of the rold playing theory of hypnosis
561996888	Ernest Hilgard	A proponent of the altered state (divided consciousness) theory of hypnosis
561996889	J. Alan Hobson	his activation-synthesis model proposes that dreams are only side effects of neural activation

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