APUSH Test 2: Chapters 4, 5, & 6: The American Revolution and New Gov't Flashcards
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| 508609439 | Common Sense | Pamphlet by Thomas Paine criticizing monarchy and blaming colonial problems on the King. It was, he claimed, common sense to break completely with such a corrupt government. This pamphlet was widely distributed and helped change colonial outlook of the war. | |
| 508609440 | Battle of Bunker Hill | Early battle of the Revolutionary War (1775) -- took place in Boston. Patriots were driven from Breed's Hill due to lack of supplies but British casualties outnumbered that of the Patriots. Heaviest British casualties of the entire war. Showed the Patriots were capable of war. | |
| 508629659 | Declaration of Independence | The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence. Written mostly by Thomas Jefferson, with the help of Benjamin Franklin and John Adams. | |
| 508629660 | William Howe | -During the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer. -Occupied the rebel capital Philadelphia, but allowed the Continental Congress to reassemble at York, PA. -Abandoned northern campaign, leaving Burgoyne to fight alone, ultimately leading to loss at Saratoga. | |
| 508704060 | Battle of Saratoga | Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. | |
| 508704061 | Benedict Arnold | One of the early heroes of the war but became a traitor. His plan to betray the Patriot stronghold at West Point on the Hudson River was unraveled and he fled to the safety of the British camp. | |
| 508704062 | Lord Charles Cornwallis | the commander of British troops in the South, best known for his defeat at the Battle of Yorktown | |
| 508704063 | Battle of Yorktown | 1781 - the final battle of the revolution. Cornwallis and his troops marched into Virginia, and were surrounded by the French navy and Washington's troops. Cornwallis was forced to surrender. | |
| 508704064 | Treaty of Paris | Signed by British and Americans on September 3, 1783, when Spain & France agreed to end hostilities. Clear-cut recognition of American independence and a generous cession of territory for colonies. Ended 7 Years War | |
| 508804607 | Religious Groups: Effects of the Revolution | Anglicans: Religious group that suffered the most. Many were Loyalists. Official religion of Virginia and Maryland. Quakers: Widespread unpopularity because of their pacifism. Catholics: Mostly Patriots, Catholic church gains considerable strength. | |
| 508804608 | Slavery & the War | Freedom for some slaves that took advantage of British presence in the South to escape. British enabled many slaves to leave the country. Increased exposure to the concept of LIBERTY | |
| 508804609 | Native Americans & the Revoluion | Most tribes chose to stay out of the war Patriot victories increased white demand for western lands Revealed and deepened Indian divisions that made resistance to the whites difficult Iroquois were unable to act in unison in the Revolution: not all supported British. | |
| 508804610 | Women & the Revolution | With men away at war, women are left in charge of farms + businesses Some women followed male relatives to Patriot camps and performed tasks like cooking, laundry, and nursing. Some women became involved in combat. Emphasis on liberty and rights of man led some women to question their place in society | |
| 508804611 | Albany Plan | a proposal formed by Benjamin Franklin, when delegates from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York and New England met in Albany, (established concept of colonial unity),here they tried to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois, by setting up a general government that would manage relations with Indians, but war was already breaking out and no one in the colonial assembly approved it. | |
| 508804612 | Boston Massacre | British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution. | |
| 508804613 | Boston Tea Party | December 16, 1773: a raid on three British ships in Boston Harbor in which Boston colonists, disguised as Indians, threw the contents of several hundred chests of tea into the harbor as a protest against British taxes on tea and against the monopoly granted the East India Company (Tea Act) | |
| 508804614 | Boycott | refuse to buy a certain good as a means of protest | |
| 508804615 | Coercive/Intolerable Acts | Passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party and applied to Boston only, included: Boston Port Act: Shut down Boston Harbor The Massachusetts Government Act: Disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself) The Quartering Act: Required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers The Administration of Justice Act: Removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers. | |
| 508804616 | Committees of Correspondence | (Organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams) A system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. | |
| 508804617 | Compact Theory | The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, Madison, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority. | |
| 508804618 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | |
| 508804619 | Commerce Clause | The section of the Constitution in which Congress is given the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign countries. | |
| 508804620 | Concurrent Powers | Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. | |
| 508804621 | Constitutional Convention | The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. | |
| 508804622 | Declaratory Act | 1766: After parliament repealed the Stamp Act, the prime minister passed this act that confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever", but the Americans paid little attention to this. | |
| 508804623 | Direct Taxation | Direct = paid straight from income, wealth or profit | |
| 508804624 | Elastic Clause | the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers | |
| 508804625 | Electoral College | the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president | |
| 508804626 | Factions | opposing groups within parties | |
| 508804627 | Federalism | a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states | |
| 508804628 | Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. | |
| 508804629 | Federalist Papers | A series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution | |
| 508804630 | Fort Duquesne | French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict. | |
| 508804631 | French & Indian War (7 Years War) | Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquins, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return. | |
| 508874511 | Great Compromise | the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population). | |
| 508874512 | Hessians | German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty. | |
| 508874513 | Implied Powers | powers that Congress has that are not stated explicitly in the constitution | |
| 508874514 | Indirect Taxation | Indirect = paid on goods and services (sales tax) | |
| 508874515 | Jay Treaty | 1794 Settled the conflict with Britain and helped prevent what had seemed likely to become a war between the 2 nations Established undisputed American sovereignty over the entire NW Satisfactory commercial relationship with GB | |
| 508874516 | Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional | |
| 508874517 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Law that established a plan for dividing the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains | |
| 508874518 | Battle of Lexington and Concord | These two battles occurred on the same day. They were the first military conflicts of the war. Lexington was the first one, in which a shot suddenly rang out as minutemen were leaving the scene at Lexington. Fighting then occurred. The British won the brief fight. In the second battle, Concord, the British had gone onto Concord and, finding no arms, left to go back to Boston. On the bridge back, they met 300 minutemen. The British were forced to retreat, and the Americans claimed victory. | |
| 508874519 | Liberty cap | close-fitting conical cap worn as a symbol of liberty during the French Revolution and in the U.S. before 1800 | |
| 508874520 | Liberty pole | A pole that patriots used to rally for protest | |
| 508874521 | Loyalist | a person who supported the British during the American Revolution | |
| 508874522 | Mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country Export more than import | |
| 508874523 | Navigation Acts | A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies. | |
| 508874524 | New Jersey Plan | Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states. | |
| 508874525 | No taxation without representation | Reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament | |
| 508874526 | Northwest Ordinance | Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states | |
| 508874527 | Parliamentary Sovereignty | In GB, the unwritten constitutional principle that makes the British parliament the supreme lawmaking body; laws passed by Parliament are not subject to judicial review and cannot be rejected by the Crown. | |
| 508874528 | Patriot | A person who supported the colonists during the American Revolution | |
| 508874529 | Pinckney's Treaty | Agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans Direct result of Jay's Treaty | |
| 508874530 | Pontiac's Rebellion | 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. | |
| 508902500 | Proclamation Line of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | |
| 508902501 | Quartering Act | 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. | |
| 508902502 | Quebec Act | Designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America Extended boundaries of Quebec -- resented by colonists because they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763 Granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory -- colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies. | |
| 508902503 | Republican Government | System of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare. | |
| 508902504 | Republican Motherhood | Suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic | |
| 508902505 | Rights of the accused | 5th Amendment: Free from unreasonable search and seizure, right to a speedy trial, right to plead not guilty, right to be represented by an attorney, right to a court-appointed attorney if not able to afford one, right to summon witnesses and evidence in their defense, right to confront and cross-examine any witnesses against them, right to be presumed innocent until PROVEN guilty by a jurge or jury beyond a reasonable doubt. | |
| 508902506 | Salutary Neglect | An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War., | |
| 508902507 | Separation of powers | Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law | |
| 508902508 | Shay's Rebellion | Massachusetts conflict that caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes | |
| 508902509 | Stamp Act | An act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents | |
| 508902510 | Stamp Act Congress | Meeting of representatives of nine of the thirteen colonies held in New York City in 1765, during which representatives drafted a document to send to the king listing how their rights had been violated | |
| 508902511 | Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. | |
| 508902512 | Sugar Act | (1764) British deeply in debt partly due to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. | |
| 508902513 | Tea Act | Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies (no middle man) - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party | |
| 508902514 | Three-fifths Compromise | The agreement by which the number of each state's representatives in Congress would be based on a count of all the free people plus three-fifths of the slaves | |
| 508902515 | Tory | an American who favored the British side during the American Revolution | |
| 508902516 | Townshend Acts | Laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea | |
| 508902517 | Valley Forge | Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778 | |
| 508902518 | Virginia Plan | Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population | |
| 508902519 | Virginia Resolves | In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions. | |
| 508927116 | Virtual Representation | The British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire. | |
| 508927117 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | |
| 508927118 | Writ of habeas corpus | A writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge | |
| 508927119 | Writ of mandamus | Court order directing an official to perform an official duty | |
| 508927120 | John Adams | A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States. | |
| 508927121 | John Dickinson | Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution (urged reconciliation with GB), and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. | |
| 508927122 | Benjamin Franklin | American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. | |
| 508927123 | Horatio Gates | Defeated General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga. | |
| 508927124 | King George III | King of England during the American Revolution | |
| 508927125 | George Grenville | British Prime Minister Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament | |
| 508927126 | Alexander Hamilton | Delegate to the Constitutional Convention and leader of the Federalists; first secretary of the treasury. | |
| 508927127 | John Jay | United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court | |
| 508927128 | Patrick Henry | Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "give me liberty or give me death" speech | |
| 508927129 | Thomas Jefferson | He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. | |
| 508927130 | George Mason | American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights | |
| 508927131 | James Otis | A young lawyer in Boston, argued that colonists should not be taxed by Parliament because they could not vote for members of Parliament. "no taxation without colonist representation" | |
| 508927132 | Writs of Assistance | Legal document that enabled officers to search homes, warehouses, and ships for goods that might be smuggled Part of Townshed Acts | |
| 508927133 | Thomas Paine | Patriot and writer whose pamphlet "Common Sense," published in 1776, convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain. | |
| 508927134 | William Pitt | British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists. | |
| 508927135 | Tecumseh | A famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement | |
| 508927136 | George Washington | He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command. | |
| 508927137 | Noah Webster | American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language. |
