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AP Bio Chapter 6 Flashcards

573338097	central vacuole	A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
573338098	centriole	A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.
573338099	centrosome	Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.
573338100	chloroplast	An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
573338101	chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
573338102	chromosome	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. (A bacterial chromosome usually consists of a single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region, which is not membrane bounded.) See also chromatin.
573338103	contractile vacuole	A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists.
573338104	crista	An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase).
573338105	cytoplasm	The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.
573338106	cytosol	The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
573338107	endomembrane system	The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
573338108	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
573338109	eukaryotic cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.
573338110	food vacuole	A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.
573338111	Golgi apparatus	An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.
573338112	granum	A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
573338113	lysosome	A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.
573338114	mitochondrial matrix	The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle.
573338115	mitochondrion	An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
573338116	nuclear envelope	The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
573338117	nuclear lamina	A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
573338118	nucleoid region	A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
573338119	nucleolus	A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly. See also ribosome.
573338120	nucleus	The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell.
573338121	organelle	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
573338122	peroxisome	An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen (H2) from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
573338123	phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells).
573338124	plasma membrane	The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition.
573338125	Plastid	One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts). Plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic organisms.
573338126	prokaryotic cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.
573338127	ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes.
573338128	ribosome	A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. See also nucleolus.
573338129	rough ER	That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
573338130	Smooth ER	That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
573338131	stroma	Within the chloroplast, the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
573338132	thylakoid	A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids exist in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
573338133	transport vesicle	A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
573338134	vacuole	A membrane-bounded vesicle whose function varies in different kinds of cells.
573338135	vesicle	A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm.

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AP Bio- Chapter 7 Vocab Flashcards

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440731274	active transport	The movement of a substance across a cell membrane, with an expenditure of energy, against its concentration or electrochemical gradient; mediated by specific transport proteins.
440731275	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
440731276	amphipathic	Having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
440731277	aquaporin	A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal, or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of water across the membrane.
440731278	carbohydrate	A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).
440731279	concentration gradient	A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
440731280	diffusion	The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient, from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.
440731281	electrochemical gradient	The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
440731282	electrogenic pump	An ion transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane.
440731283	endocytosis	Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
440731284	exocytosis	The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.
440731285	facilitated diffusion	The spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins.
440731286	flaccid	Limp. Lacking in stiffness or firmness, as in a plant cell in surroundings where there is no tendency for water to enter the cell.
440731287	gated channel	A transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.
440731288	glycolipid	A lipid with covalently attached carbohydrate(s).
440731289	glycoprotein	A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.
440731290	hypertonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water.
440731291	hypotonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.
440731292	integral protein	Typically a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on either side of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein).
440731293	ion channel	A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to flow across the membrane down its concentration gradient.
440731294	isotonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell.
440731295	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.
440731296	low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	A particle in the blood made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. LDL carries more cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, HDL, and high LDL levels in the blood correlate wi
440731297	membrane potential	The difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell's plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.
440731298	model	A representation of a theory or process.
440731299	myosin	A type of protein filament that acts as a motor protein with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
440731300	osmoregulation	Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism.
440731301	osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
440731302	passive transport	The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.
440731303	peripheral protein	A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
440731304	phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells).
440731305	pinocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
440731306	plasma membrane	The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition.
440731307	plasmolysis	A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.
440731308	proton pump	An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.
440731309	receptor-mediated endocytosis	The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.
440731310	selective permeability	A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances.
440731311	sodium-potassium pump	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
440731312	tonicity	The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.
440731313	transport protein	A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.
440731314	turgid	Swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a greater solute concentration than its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.)

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Brinkley Chapter 4 Terms Flashcards

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219945058	salutary neglect	An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
219945059	townshend duties	Popularly referred to as the Townshend Duties, the Revenue Act of 1767 taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire.
219945060	Representation virtual vs direct	(Virtual); was the British argument that the American colonies were represented in parliament, since the members of parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire. (Direct); a system of choosing delegates to a representative assembly in which citizens vote directly for the delegates who will represent them
219945061	Franklin's Albany Plan	a plan by which Parliament would set up in America "one general government" for all the colonies. Each colony would retain its present constitution but would grant the new general gov such powers as the authority to govern all relations w/ Indians. The central gov would have a president general and a legislature.
219945062	Internal and External Taxation	Internal taxations were taxations on personal goods and property, while external taxations dealt with taxing goods that were being imported (Townshend Acts).
219945063	Nature of Sovereignty	Americans believed that powers should be divided between leading governing force and smaller forces while the British believed that all governing power should be under one single leader and the parliament.
219945064	French and Indian War	Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.
219945065	Boston Massacre	The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans
219945066	General Braddock	British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed and his army defeated in a battle at the intersection of the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers, known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers. After his death, his colonial second-in-command, Col. George Washington, temporarily lead the British forces.
219945067	Iroquois Confederacy	An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.
219945068	Gaspee Affair	The colonists thought that there was a conspiracy against them. Seizing their opportunity to destroy the hated vessel (HMS Gaspee), a group of colonists disguised as Native Americans ordered the British crew ashore and then set fire to the ship.
219945069	Ohio Valley	The land area that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation.
219945070	Tea Act (1773)	Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party
219945071	William Pitt	The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war. He ended the Seven Years War.
220184685	Fort Duquesne	French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.
220184686	Paxton Boys	They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
220184687	Boston Tea Party	demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor
220184688	Women in resistance activities	women led efforts to boycott tea after Tea Act happened, wrote anti-British pieces of literature, and created daughters of liberty to protest British actions.
220184689	Battle of Quebec	a battle won by the British over the French, and the turning point in the French and Indian War
220184690	Peace of Paris	aka Treaty of Paris. This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America.
220184691	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
220184692	Stamp Act Crisis	Tax on stamps and printed materials in colonies to pay for keeping troops there and paying off war debts angered many colonists because of taxation without representation and led to protesting and violence; often by the Sons of Liberty. (1765)
220184693	Coercive/Intolerable Acts	Acts passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers.
220184694	Sugar Act 1764	An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.
220184695	Patrick Henry, Virginia Resolves	There were 7 solutions to Stamp Act that he came up with. These started "conservative" but by 6 & 7 became very radical & the last two weren't published
223781966	Quebec Act	Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed
223781967	Taxation-Indirect and Direct	Indirect-from out of state taxation direct-in state taxation
223781968	Stamp Act Congress	group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent
223781969	First Continental Congress	September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts
223781970	Samuel Adams	American Revolutionary leader and patriot
223781971	Declaratory Act	Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.
223781972	Quartering Act of 1765	Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.
223781973	Suffolk Resolve	Drafted by representatives of Boston area and approved by First Continental Congress; more radical statements in response to Coercive Acts; claimed they were no longer subject to British rule because they had been violated.
223781974	Committees of Correspondence	Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
223781975	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
227523026	Great War for Empire	Another name for the French and Indian War

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Chapter 15 Geologic Resources: Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources Flashcards

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733031033	mineral resource	Concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in or on the earth's crust in a form and amount such that extracting and converting it into useful materials or items is currently or potentially profitable. Mineral resources are classified as metallic (such as iron and tin ores) or nonmetallic (such as fossil fuels, sand, and salt).
733031034	identified resource	Deposits of a particular mineral-bearing material of which the location, quantity, and quality are known or have been estimated from direct geological evidence and measurements
733031035	undiscovered resource	Potential supplies of a particular mineral resource, believed to exist because of geologic knowledge and theory, although specific locations, quality, and amounts are unknown.
733031036	reserves	Resources that have been identified and from which a usable mineral can be extracted profitably at present prices with current mining technology.
733031037	other resources	Identified and undiscovered resources not classified as reserves.
733031038	ore	Part of a metal-yielding material that can be economically and legally extracted at a given time. An ore typically contains two parts: the ore mineral, which contains the desired metal, and waste mineral material (gangue).
733031039	surface mining	Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit found fairly close to the earth's surface.
733031040	overburden	Layer of soil and rock overlying a mineral deposit. Surface mining removes this layer.
733031041	open-pit mining	Removing minerals such as gravel, sand, and metal ores by digging them out of the earth's surface and leaving an open pit.
733031042	dredging	Type of surface mining in which chain buckets and draglines scrape up sand, gravel, and other surface deposits covered with water. It is also used to remove sediment from streams and harbors to maintain shipping channels.
733031043	area strip mining	Type of surface mining used where the terrain is flat. An earthmover strips away the overburden, and a power shovel digs a cut to remove the mineral deposit. After removal of the mineral, the trench is filled with overburden, and a new cut is made parallel to the previous one. The process is repeated over the entire site.
733031044	contour strip mining	Form of surface mining used on hilly or mountainous terrain. A power shovel cuts a series of terraces into the side of a hill. An earthmover removes the overburden, and a power shovel extracts the coal, with the overburden from each new terrace dumped onto the one below.
733031045	mountaintop removal	Type of surface mining that uses explosives, massive shovels, and even larger machinery called draglines to remove the top of a mountain to expose seams of coal underneath a mountain.
733031046	subsurface mining	Extraction of a metal ore or fuel resource such as coal from a deep underground deposit.
733031047	smelting	Process in which a desired metal is separated from the other elements in an ore mineral.
733031048	depletion time	The time it takes to use a certain fraction, usually 80%, of the known or estimated supply of a nonrenewable resource at an assumed rate of use. Finding and extracting the remaining 20% usually costs more than it is worth.
733031049	reserve-to-production ratio	Number of years reserves of a particular nonrenewable mineral will last at current annual production rates.
733031050	net energy	Total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource or energy system over its lifetime, minus the amount of energy used (the first energy law), automatically wasted (the second energy law), and unnecessarily wasted in finding, processing, concentrating, and transporting it to users.
733031051	crude oil (petroleum)	Gooey liquid consisting mostly of hydrocarbon compounds and small amounts of compounds that contain oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. It is extracted from underground and sent to refineries where it is converted to heating oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, tar, and other materials.
733031052	petrochemicals	Chemicals obtained by refining (distilling) crude oil. They are used as raw materials in manufacturing most industrial chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines, and many other products.
733031053	natural gas	Underground deposits of gases consisting of 50-90% by weight methane gas (CH4) and small amounts of heavier gaseous hydrocarbon compounds such as propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10).
733031054	liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)	Mixture of liquefied propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) gas removed from natural gas and used as a fuel.
733031055	liquefied natural gas (LNG)	Natural gas converted to liquid form by cooling to a very low temperature.
733031056	coal	Solid, combustible mixture of organic compounds with 30-98% carbon by weight, mixed with various amounts of water and small amounts of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. It is formed in several stages as the remains of plants are subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years.
733031057	breeder nuclear fission reactors	Nuclear fission reactor that produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes by converting nonfissionable uranium-238 into fissionable plutonium-239

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Olive Branch Petition- Treaty of Paris (1783) Flashcards

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114812656	Olive Brach Petition	request that the king repeal the intolerable Act in exchange for an assurance of colonial loyalty to Britain
114812657	Second Continental Congress	The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. Three delegates added to the Congress were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. The Congress took on governmental duties. (United all the colonies for the war effort.) They selected George Washington as Commander in Chief. They encouraged the colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. The Congress ended March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by the Articles of Confederation took over.
114812658	George Washington	Had desire to further unite colonies, General Commander of the colonial army during the Revolutionary War. He was elected the 1st president of the U.S. in 1789. commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) Appointed George Washington from Virginia as commander
114812659	Thomas Jefferson	Also Had the desire to further unite colonies , 3rd President of the United States. chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)
114812660	Green Mountain Boys	Group who was led by Ethan Allen and captured at Fort Ticonderoga
114812661	Continental Army	the American army during the American Revolution
114812662	Colonial Advantages	Good commanders. Defending Army. Determined to win. Owned good rifles. Guerilla Warfare.
114812663	Colonial Disadvantages	Not all of soldiers wanted to rebel. Poorly organized. Untrained army No navy. Law on money, weapons and gun powder. Could not fight British army Napolionicaly.
114812664	Colonial Advantages : How they played out throughout the war	They had good commanders: washington learned from mistakes... example is he switched from napolionic to Guerilla warfare they had a defending army knew the land did not have to wait for more troops or supplies did not have to conquer all the land they were determined to win they wanted independence and would not give up Owned good rifles had better shot could kill more people easier they used Guerilla Warfare and were good what is and the british were bad at Guerilla warfare
114812665	Colonial Disadvantage: How they played out throughout the war.	Some colonist especially in south were loyalists. Not all were enlisted in the army. Forming a new army, while British were best in world.
114812666	British Advantages	Highly Trained. Highly experienced. Most powerful country in New World. Best Navy in world. Suppourted by some colonists.
114812667	British Disadvantages	Invading Army. Vulnerable in countryside. Fought v.s US&french. Risked attacks.
114812668	British Advantages: How they played out throughout the war.	Most trained and experienced troops who were best in world. Some colonists from south joined british because they were loyalists.
114812669	British Disadvantages: How they played out throughout the war.	Far from home, took a long time to get supplies/troops. Had to conquer all of the colonies to win. Long travel. Vulnerable in countryside: not by ships.
114812670	Battle of Bunker Hill	the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) EX. the British defeated the colonial forces. , First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed's Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed's Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.
114812671	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809), Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
114812672	"Common Sense"	By 1776 colonists believed Parliament did not have the right to make laws for the 13 colonies. Argued with colonists stating that they had their own elected legislatures. however colonists still felt a "bond" of loyalty with Britain. Thomas Paine set out to change the colonists attitudes towards Britain. He stated that colonists did not owe loyalty to George III or any monarch. Having kinds/queens was wrong. The colonists also did not owe anything to Britain. If british were helping colonists it was only for self benefit and profit. Sticking with Britain would only hurt the colonists more.
114812673	Declaration Of Independence	American idea of good gov't. the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, July 4, 1776. This document stated that because the English king had broken the social contract, the colonists had the right to rebel. It includes a list of the king's abuses as well as a description of natural rights. With this document, Enlightenment ideas were put into practice., This document was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 colonies as independent states, from free rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document. John Locke's ideas regarding natural rights and the purpose of government are echoed in this U.S. document. simply: 5 parts (formal essay format)
114812674	Patriots	Colonists who wanted independence from Britain
114812675	Loyalists	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
114812676	Battle of Long Island	A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured, Washington and the Patriots had fewer than 20,000 troops. They still wanted to fight. Defeat against the British occured., George Washington and his army are badly beaten at this battle on August 27, 1776. Sorely outnumbered and surrounded at Brooklyn Heights, the 9,500 troops that survived retreated under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan.
114812677	Battle Of Trenton	George washington crossed Delaware river several times fleeting back and forth in effort to trick british and in end surprise attacking on christmas after a night of joy and party. The Americans surprised the Hessian troops guarding Trenton and took most of them prisoner; the Americans won., On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians., December 25th. Washington crosses Deleware River and takes advantage of he Hessains. Becuase they were celebrating Christmas. He takes the Hessains by suprise and its a victory for the Continental Army.
114812678	Battle Of Princeton	A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they suprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale., The Americans', led by George Washington, surprise attack on British troops at Trenton, New Jersey. Washington and his men crossed the icy Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1776, and attacked the next day, completely surprising the British. It was the first American victory of the war, and helped to restore American morale. Princeton= On January 3, 1777, George Washington again crossed into New Jersey, this time outflanking British forces in Princeton. The American army, reduced to 1, 200 men, attacked disorganized British troops at Princeton with modest success. The victories at Trenton and Princeton helped outmaneuver the British conquest of northern New Jersey and marked the turning point of the Revolutionary War.
114812679	Washington's Improvement as General	Washington's Improvement as a General 1. He started out fighting Napolionically but changed to Guerilla- The British are the bet in the world at fighting Napolionically, so there was a small chance of the untrained and unprofessional colonial army could beat them. They lost in Bunker Hill which taught them to change their style of fighting to guerilla which ultimately helps them win. 2. Washington made it through the long, cold, harsh, winter at Valley Forge. 3. Washington gave back his sword when the war was over.
114812680	Burgoyne's Three Prong Attack	Burgoyne's Three Pronged Attack They wanted to have control of Albany, so they attacked from three different directions. Controlling Albany would give Britain the Hudson River which would cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. Many radicals live there so it would cut off solider and supplies. General Howe would march to Albany from NYC, but he wanted to capture Philadelphia 1st. He captured it, but after he stayed there for the winter instead of going to Albany. BarrySt. Leger marched from Canada, but the Americans sent him back. Only Burgoyne made it to Albany, but was defeated
114812681	Battle Of Saratoga	a battle during the American Revolution (1777) the British under Burgoyne were defeated, Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
114812683	French Intervention	phase three of thirty years war fighting for fear of hapsburgs, french want to weaken british empire; french military and finances HELP americans win battle, - Yorktown: navy traps British
114812685	Valley Forge	Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778 a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops Washington retreated to this place in Pennsylvania for the winter after the Battle of Trenton
114812687	Battle Of Monmouth	a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces, ended contest for the North (Clinton occupied NY, protected by Royal Navy, watched by Washington) ended contest for the North (Clinton occupied NY, protected by Royal Navy, watched by Washington)
114812689	Battle Of Springfield	- Knyphausen leads troops into NJ to test reports that they were giving up and might abandon the struggle if encouraged - goal was to take Morristown - expected to meet little resistance but the New Jerseyans were hostile and ready to fight - higher ground at Hobart Gap was essential to the stopping of the British - British torched Connecticut Farms as they retreated
114812691	Colonial Strategy in the South	Colonial Strategy in the South Henry Clinton and the British knew many loyalists live in the southern backcountry. He thought if he and his army marched through loyalist would join them. The Americans strategy was to split up into two groups. One was lead by Nathanael Green which lead to the Battle of Yorktown and the other was lead by Daniel Morgan which lead to the Battle of Cowpens. Green faced Cornwallis and Morgan faced Tarletan. America won both.
114812693	Battle of Cowpens	battle in the American Revolution, In January 1781, General Morgan won an important victory at Cowpens, South Carolina. Morgan used a clever tactic to defeat the British. He divided his soldiers into a front line and a rear line. He ordered the front line to retreat after firing just two volleys. The British, thinking the Americans were retreating, charged forward—straight into the fire of Morgan's second rank. In this way, the Americans won the Battle
114812694	Francis Marion	South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution., Was a guerilla commander who chased the British around in South Carolina with a group of 25 men; helped to wear out British forces; called the "Swamp Fox" for his ability to get away Previously an Indian fighter, he was given command of Fort Sullivan in 1776. Commanding the 2nd South Carolina, he fought at Savannah, and escaped capture when the British recaptured Charleston. From there, he fought a successful guerilla campaign against British troops, forcing Cornwallis to appoint Colonel Banastre Tarleton to eliminate him. Tarleton's frustration at the task led to the remark "But as for this damned old fox, the devil himself could not catch him," creating his nickname of "Swamp Fox." Promoted to brigadier general in 1781, and later given command of the North and South Carolina militias, he fought the British at Eutaw Springs.
114812696	Battle Of Yorktown	Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. , a siege that ended in October 1781 when Washington trapped 8,000 British soldiers on a peninsula in Virginia after a British campaign in the southern colonies; this defeat caused the British to cease large-scale fighting in America and to start negotiations, which eventually led to the colonies' independence. Because of their lack of succes in suppressing the Revolution in the Northern Colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful and the British decided to return to New York city. While marching from Virginia to New York, British Commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by Degrasse, locked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on Oct 19, 1781 which ended all major fighting in the revolutionary War
114812699	Reason for American Victory	Reasons for American Victory 1. They had help from other European countries- French money helped pay for supplies, French military aid provided vital support. Without the soldiers they might not have won The Battle of Yorktown. 2. America's Patriotism They all were driven to become an independent country. 3. They were the defending army- They British (invading army) needed to conquer all of the land to win, while the colonists just needed to defend it. They also knew the land. 4. They also had good commanders- Washington ex. switched from napolionic to Guerilla warfare.
114812701	Treaty Of Paris (1783)	Treaty of Paris (1783) The world especially the British recognized that the 13 colonies is an independent nation free from Britain. Their land was from the Atlantic on to the Mississippi RIver up to the Great Lakes but, all except for Florida (Spain). It was ratified on 11/15/1783 by congress, and almost 8 years after Lexington and Concord. The Americans agreed to ask state legislature to pay loyalist for property they lost in war.

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Olive Branch Petition- Treaty of Paris (1783) Flashcards

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114812656	Olive Brach Petition	request that the king repeal the intolerable Act in exchange for an assurance of colonial loyalty to Britain
114812657	Second Continental Congress	The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. Three delegates added to the Congress were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. The Congress took on governmental duties. (United all the colonies for the war effort.) They selected George Washington as Commander in Chief. They encouraged the colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. The Congress ended March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by the Articles of Confederation took over.
114812658	George Washington	Had desire to further unite colonies, General Commander of the colonial army during the Revolutionary War. He was elected the 1st president of the U.S. in 1789. commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) Appointed George Washington from Virginia as commander
114812659	Thomas Jefferson	Also Had the desire to further unite colonies , 3rd President of the United States. chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)
114812660	Green Mountain Boys	Group who was led by Ethan Allen and captured at Fort Ticonderoga
114812661	Continental Army	the American army during the American Revolution
114812662	Colonial Advantages	Good commanders. Defending Army. Determined to win. Owned good rifles. Guerilla Warfare.
114812663	Colonial Disadvantages	Not all of soldiers wanted to rebel. Poorly organized. Untrained army No navy. Law on money, weapons and gun powder. Could not fight British army Napolionicaly.
114812664	Colonial Advantages : How they played out throughout the war	They had good commanders: washington learned from mistakes... example is he switched from napolionic to Guerilla warfare they had a defending army knew the land did not have to wait for more troops or supplies did not have to conquer all the land they were determined to win they wanted independence and would not give up Owned good rifles had better shot could kill more people easier they used Guerilla Warfare and were good what is and the british were bad at Guerilla warfare
114812665	Colonial Disadvantage: How they played out throughout the war.	Some colonist especially in south were loyalists. Not all were enlisted in the army. Forming a new army, while British were best in world.
114812666	British Advantages	Highly Trained. Highly experienced. Most powerful country in New World. Best Navy in world. Suppourted by some colonists.
114812667	British Disadvantages	Invading Army. Vulnerable in countryside. Fought v.s US&french. Risked attacks.
114812668	British Advantages: How they played out throughout the war.	Most trained and experienced troops who were best in world. Some colonists from south joined british because they were loyalists.
114812669	British Disadvantages: How they played out throughout the war.	Far from home, took a long time to get supplies/troops. Had to conquer all of the colonies to win. Long travel. Vulnerable in countryside: not by ships.
114812670	Battle of Bunker Hill	the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) EX. the British defeated the colonial forces. , First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed's Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed's Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.
114812671	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809), Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
114812672	"Common Sense"	By 1776 colonists believed Parliament did not have the right to make laws for the 13 colonies. Argued with colonists stating that they had their own elected legislatures. however colonists still felt a "bond" of loyalty with Britain. Thomas Paine set out to change the colonists attitudes towards Britain. He stated that colonists did not owe loyalty to George III or any monarch. Having kinds/queens was wrong. The colonists also did not owe anything to Britain. If british were helping colonists it was only for self benefit and profit. Sticking with Britain would only hurt the colonists more.
114812673	Declaration Of Independence	American idea of good gov't. the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, July 4, 1776. This document stated that because the English king had broken the social contract, the colonists had the right to rebel. It includes a list of the king's abuses as well as a description of natural rights. With this document, Enlightenment ideas were put into practice., This document was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 colonies as independent states, from free rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document. John Locke's ideas regarding natural rights and the purpose of government are echoed in this U.S. document. simply: 5 parts (formal essay format)
114812674	Patriots	Colonists who wanted independence from Britain
114812675	Loyalists	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
114812676	Battle of Long Island	A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured, Washington and the Patriots had fewer than 20,000 troops. They still wanted to fight. Defeat against the British occured., George Washington and his army are badly beaten at this battle on August 27, 1776. Sorely outnumbered and surrounded at Brooklyn Heights, the 9,500 troops that survived retreated under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan.
114812677	Battle Of Trenton	George washington crossed Delaware river several times fleeting back and forth in effort to trick british and in end surprise attacking on christmas after a night of joy and party. The Americans surprised the Hessian troops guarding Trenton and took most of them prisoner; the Americans won., On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians., December 25th. Washington crosses Deleware River and takes advantage of he Hessains. Becuase they were celebrating Christmas. He takes the Hessains by suprise and its a victory for the Continental Army.
114812678	Battle Of Princeton	A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they suprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale., The Americans', led by George Washington, surprise attack on British troops at Trenton, New Jersey. Washington and his men crossed the icy Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1776, and attacked the next day, completely surprising the British. It was the first American victory of the war, and helped to restore American morale. Princeton= On January 3, 1777, George Washington again crossed into New Jersey, this time outflanking British forces in Princeton. The American army, reduced to 1, 200 men, attacked disorganized British troops at Princeton with modest success. The victories at Trenton and Princeton helped outmaneuver the British conquest of northern New Jersey and marked the turning point of the Revolutionary War.
114812679	Washington's Improvement as General	Washington's Improvement as a General 1. He started out fighting Napolionically but changed to Guerilla- The British are the bet in the world at fighting Napolionically, so there was a small chance of the untrained and unprofessional colonial army could beat them. They lost in Bunker Hill which taught them to change their style of fighting to guerilla which ultimately helps them win. 2. Washington made it through the long, cold, harsh, winter at Valley Forge. 3. Washington gave back his sword when the war was over.
114812680	Burgoyne's Three Prong Attack	Burgoyne's Three Pronged Attack They wanted to have control of Albany, so they attacked from three different directions. Controlling Albany would give Britain the Hudson River which would cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. Many radicals live there so it would cut off solider and supplies. General Howe would march to Albany from NYC, but he wanted to capture Philadelphia 1st. He captured it, but after he stayed there for the winter instead of going to Albany. BarrySt. Leger marched from Canada, but the Americans sent him back. Only Burgoyne made it to Albany, but was defeated
114812681	Battle Of Saratoga	a battle during the American Revolution (1777) the British under Burgoyne were defeated, Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
114812683	French Intervention	phase three of thirty years war fighting for fear of hapsburgs, french want to weaken british empire; french military and finances HELP americans win battle, - Yorktown: navy traps British
114812685	Valley Forge	Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778 a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops Washington retreated to this place in Pennsylvania for the winter after the Battle of Trenton
114812687	Battle Of Monmouth	a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces, ended contest for the North (Clinton occupied NY, protected by Royal Navy, watched by Washington) ended contest for the North (Clinton occupied NY, protected by Royal Navy, watched by Washington)
114812689	Battle Of Springfield	- Knyphausen leads troops into NJ to test reports that they were giving up and might abandon the struggle if encouraged - goal was to take Morristown - expected to meet little resistance but the New Jerseyans were hostile and ready to fight - higher ground at Hobart Gap was essential to the stopping of the British - British torched Connecticut Farms as they retreated
114812691	Colonial Strategy in the South	Colonial Strategy in the South Henry Clinton and the British knew many loyalists live in the southern backcountry. He thought if he and his army marched through loyalist would join them. The Americans strategy was to split up into two groups. One was lead by Nathanael Green which lead to the Battle of Yorktown and the other was lead by Daniel Morgan which lead to the Battle of Cowpens. Green faced Cornwallis and Morgan faced Tarletan. America won both.
114812693	Battle of Cowpens	battle in the American Revolution, In January 1781, General Morgan won an important victory at Cowpens, South Carolina. Morgan used a clever tactic to defeat the British. He divided his soldiers into a front line and a rear line. He ordered the front line to retreat after firing just two volleys. The British, thinking the Americans were retreating, charged forward—straight into the fire of Morgan's second rank. In this way, the Americans won the Battle
114812694	Francis Marion	South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution., Was a guerilla commander who chased the British around in South Carolina with a group of 25 men; helped to wear out British forces; called the "Swamp Fox" for his ability to get away Previously an Indian fighter, he was given command of Fort Sullivan in 1776. Commanding the 2nd South Carolina, he fought at Savannah, and escaped capture when the British recaptured Charleston. From there, he fought a successful guerilla campaign against British troops, forcing Cornwallis to appoint Colonel Banastre Tarleton to eliminate him. Tarleton's frustration at the task led to the remark "But as for this damned old fox, the devil himself could not catch him," creating his nickname of "Swamp Fox." Promoted to brigadier general in 1781, and later given command of the North and South Carolina militias, he fought the British at Eutaw Springs.
114812696	Battle Of Yorktown	Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. , a siege that ended in October 1781 when Washington trapped 8,000 British soldiers on a peninsula in Virginia after a British campaign in the southern colonies; this defeat caused the British to cease large-scale fighting in America and to start negotiations, which eventually led to the colonies' independence. Because of their lack of succes in suppressing the Revolution in the Northern Colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful and the British decided to return to New York city. While marching from Virginia to New York, British Commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by Degrasse, locked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on Oct 19, 1781 which ended all major fighting in the revolutionary War
114812699	Reason for American Victory	Reasons for American Victory 1. They had help from other European countries- French money helped pay for supplies, French military aid provided vital support. Without the soldiers they might not have won The Battle of Yorktown. 2. America's Patriotism They all were driven to become an independent country. 3. They were the defending army- They British (invading army) needed to conquer all of the land to win, while the colonists just needed to defend it. They also knew the land. 4. They also had good commanders- Washington ex. switched from napolionic to Guerilla warfare.
114812701	Treaty Of Paris (1783)	Treaty of Paris (1783) The world especially the British recognized that the 13 colonies is an independent nation free from Britain. Their land was from the Atlantic on to the Mississippi RIver up to the Great Lakes but, all except for Florida (Spain). It was ratified on 11/15/1783 by congress, and almost 8 years after Lexington and Concord. The Americans agreed to ask state legislature to pay loyalist for property they lost in war.

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Biology 9 Ecology Recycling of matter Flashcards

Biology 9 Ecology Recycling of Matter Winnacunnet

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319136051	Precipitation	the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
319136052	Evaporation	Liquid to Gas
319136053	Transpiration	the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through openings in their leaves known as stomata
319136054	Condensation	when water cools and changes from a gas to a liquid
319136055	Runoff	rainfall not absorbed by the soil that runs into streams and rivers
319136056	Infiltration	The seepage of water into soil or rock
319136057	Ground water	Water that filters into the ground from the surface; the source of water for springs or wells
319136058	Cellular respiration	process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide, water and energy is released
319136059	Decomposition	the breakdown of dead organisms by bacteria or fungi
319136060	Fossil fuels	coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals
319136061	Climate change	..., The change in global climate patterns apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards, attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
319136062	Photosynthesis	..., process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy (Sun) to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose
319136063	Nitrogen fixation	process by which certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonia
319136064	Ammonia	..., A pungent gas compounded of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH₃) Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into Ammonia through ammonification
319136067	Nitrification	process by which bacteria in the soil take up ammonia and convert it into nitrites (NO2) and nitrates (NO3)
319136068	ammonification	decomposers break down the corpses and wastes of organisms releasing the nitrogen as ammonia
319136069	Carbon dioxide gas formula	CO2
319136070	Water formula	H2O
319136071	Ammonia formula	NH3-- is nitrogen plus three hydrogens this compound is found in animal and human waste
319136072	Nitrogen formula	N2-- nitorgen gas makes up about 80% of our atmosphere
319136073	Oxygen gas formula	O2
319136074	Nitrate	Nitrate NO3 is nitorgen plus three oxygens This compound can be absorbed by plants
319136075	Water cycle	the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back
319136076	Carbon Oxygen cycle	The movement of carbon and oxygen through the environment. Involves respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition, burning of oxygen, and plants and animals.
319136077	Nitrogen cycle	the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere, the cycle in which nitrogen gas is changed into forms of nitrogen that plants can use
319136078	Why is bacteria important to the nitrogen cycle ?	Other than lightning, only certain bacteria can take nitrogen and convert it into a usable form
319140661	Hydrologic cycle	another name for the water cycle
323374887	Nitrite formula	NO2 Nitrite Nitrogen plus two oxygens This compound is used by bacteria to change ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (NO3)
323379950	why do living things need carbon?	carbon is found in all living things & is necessary to life. It is the essential ingredient in carbohydrate molecules because carbon is needed to store energy.
323379951	why do living things need oxygen?	Oxygen is needed to all living things because it is required for the process of cellular respiration because it is needed to release energy.
323379952	How is carbon stored inside living organisms?	Organic Compounds: Carbs, Lipids (fats), Proteins, Nucleic Acids
323379953	In what form does carbon leave an organism	through cellular respiration it leaves as CO2
323379954	In what form is carbon extracted from the ground?	Fossil fuels (stored carbon)
323379955	In what form is carbon found when it is being burned by a factory or a car?	Through combustion it is found as CO2
323379956	Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle (LIST)	Plants take in CO2 during photosynthesis They use the CO2 to make food(glucose) They release O2 (oxygen) to the air Animals/humans take O2 in from the air They release CO2 during cellular respiration Decomposers break down dead plants and animals which releases CO2 into atmosphere CYCLE STARTS OVER AGAIN!
323379957	Four major elements that make up over 99% of your body	HONC: Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon
323379958	Nitrogen Cycle (LIST)	1.Nitrogen(N2) gas in the atmosphere (not in usable form) 2. bacteria in soil "fixes" nitrogen to be in a usable form: N2 to NH3 (ammonia) to Nitrite (NO2) to Nitrate (NO3) 3. Plants absorb Nitrates (NO3) to make proteins 4. animals consume plants 5. animals produce waste -- NH3 (ammonia) 6. ammonification--decomposers break down the corpses and wastes of organisms releasing the nitrogen as ammonia 7.denitrification--conversion of nitrates in the soil by bacteria into nitrogen gas and is released into atmosphere 8. Cycle STARTS OVER
323379959	WATER CYCLE ( LIST )	1. water gets into atmosphere through evaporation (sun) and transpiration (plants) 2. water condeses into gas form and stored in clouds 3. water returns to liquid through precipitation (rain, snow, hail ) 4. water returns to earth via precipitation in the form of runoff, infiltration, storage (ocean, lakes, underground, ice caps, glaciers) START CYCLE OVER
323480807	why do living organisms need nitrogen ?	nitrogen is used by the body to make proteins and nucleic acids--necessary for life
323499144	denitrification	conversion of nitrates in the soil by bacteria into nitrogen gas
323507087	photosynthesis formula	6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + sunlight (light energy) => C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2 (oxygen) importance: glucose (sugar) drives metabolism and growth in most organisms
323507088	cellular respiration formula	C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O + energy

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Biology 9 Ecology Recycling of matter Flashcards

Biology 9 Ecology Recycling of Matter Winnacunnet

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319136051	Precipitation	the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
319136052	Evaporation	Liquid to Gas
319136053	Transpiration	the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through openings in their leaves known as stomata
319136054	Condensation	when water cools and changes from a gas to a liquid
319136055	Runoff	rainfall not absorbed by the soil that runs into streams and rivers
319136056	Infiltration	The seepage of water into soil or rock
319136057	Ground water	Water that filters into the ground from the surface; the source of water for springs or wells
319136058	Cellular respiration	process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide, water and energy is released
319136059	Decomposition	the breakdown of dead organisms by bacteria or fungi
319136060	Fossil fuels	coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals
319136061	Climate change	..., The change in global climate patterns apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards, attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
319136062	Photosynthesis	..., process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy (Sun) to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose
319136063	Nitrogen fixation	process by which certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonia
319136064	Ammonia	..., A pungent gas compounded of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH₃) Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into Ammonia through ammonification
319136067	Nitrification	process by which bacteria in the soil take up ammonia and convert it into nitrites (NO2) and nitrates (NO3)
319136068	ammonification	decomposers break down the corpses and wastes of organisms releasing the nitrogen as ammonia
319136069	Carbon dioxide gas formula	CO2
319136070	Water formula	H2O
319136071	Ammonia formula	NH3-- is nitrogen plus three hydrogens this compound is found in animal and human waste
319136072	Nitrogen formula	N2-- nitorgen gas makes up about 80% of our atmosphere
319136073	Oxygen gas formula	O2
319136074	Nitrate	Nitrate NO3 is nitorgen plus three oxygens This compound can be absorbed by plants
319136075	Water cycle	the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back
319136076	Carbon Oxygen cycle	The movement of carbon and oxygen through the environment. Involves respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition, burning of oxygen, and plants and animals.
319136077	Nitrogen cycle	the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere, the cycle in which nitrogen gas is changed into forms of nitrogen that plants can use
319136078	Why is bacteria important to the nitrogen cycle ?	Other than lightning, only certain bacteria can take nitrogen and convert it into a usable form
319140661	Hydrologic cycle	another name for the water cycle
323374887	Nitrite formula	NO2 Nitrite Nitrogen plus two oxygens This compound is used by bacteria to change ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (NO3)
323379950	why do living things need carbon?	carbon is found in all living things & is necessary to life. It is the essential ingredient in carbohydrate molecules because carbon is needed to store energy.
323379951	why do living things need oxygen?	Oxygen is needed to all living things because it is required for the process of cellular respiration because it is needed to release energy.
323379952	How is carbon stored inside living organisms?	Organic Compounds: Carbs, Lipids (fats), Proteins, Nucleic Acids
323379953	In what form does carbon leave an organism	through cellular respiration it leaves as CO2
323379954	In what form is carbon extracted from the ground?	Fossil fuels (stored carbon)
323379955	In what form is carbon found when it is being burned by a factory or a car?	Through combustion it is found as CO2
323379956	Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle (LIST)	Plants take in CO2 during photosynthesis They use the CO2 to make food(glucose) They release O2 (oxygen) to the air Animals/humans take O2 in from the air They release CO2 during cellular respiration Decomposers break down dead plants and animals which releases CO2 into atmosphere CYCLE STARTS OVER AGAIN!
323379957	Four major elements that make up over 99% of your body	HONC: Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon
323379958	Nitrogen Cycle (LIST)	1.Nitrogen(N2) gas in the atmosphere (not in usable form) 2. bacteria in soil "fixes" nitrogen to be in a usable form: N2 to NH3 (ammonia) to Nitrite (NO2) to Nitrate (NO3) 3. Plants absorb Nitrates (NO3) to make proteins 4. animals consume plants 5. animals produce waste -- NH3 (ammonia) 6. ammonification--decomposers break down the corpses and wastes of organisms releasing the nitrogen as ammonia 7.denitrification--conversion of nitrates in the soil by bacteria into nitrogen gas and is released into atmosphere 8. Cycle STARTS OVER
323379959	WATER CYCLE ( LIST )	1. water gets into atmosphere through evaporation (sun) and transpiration (plants) 2. water condeses into gas form and stored in clouds 3. water returns to liquid through precipitation (rain, snow, hail ) 4. water returns to earth via precipitation in the form of runoff, infiltration, storage (ocean, lakes, underground, ice caps, glaciers) START CYCLE OVER
323480807	why do living organisms need nitrogen ?	nitrogen is used by the body to make proteins and nucleic acids--necessary for life
323499144	denitrification	conversion of nitrates in the soil by bacteria into nitrogen gas
323507087	photosynthesis formula	6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + sunlight (light energy) => C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2 (oxygen) importance: glucose (sugar) drives metabolism and growth in most organisms
323507088	cellular respiration formula	C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O + energy

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Prologue Flashcards

AP Psychology Prologue from Myers textbook, 7th edition

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705334435	empiricism	the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
705334436	structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
705334437	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
705334438	psychology	the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
705334439	nature-nurture issue	the long standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experiences make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
705334440	natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
705334441	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
705334442	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
705334443	clinical psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
705334444	psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

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AP Bio Ch 42 Flashcards

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304761109	Where hemolymph (bloodlike substance) bathes organs by being pumped through a series of sinuses surrounding the organs.	What is an open circulatory system?
304761110	Blood is confined to vessels. It is pumped throughout the body where oxygen and other nutrients diffuse in and out to cells.	What is a closed circulatory system?
304761111	They require lower blood pressure and do not need an extensive network of blood vessels. This causes them to require less energy than closed circulatory systems.	What are the advantages of an open circulatory system?
304761112	They are better suited to meet the needs of organisms with high metabolic rates.	What are the advantages of a closed circulatory system?
304761113	They receive blood returning back to the heart and deliver it to the ventricles.	What is the function of the atria in the heart?
304761114	They pump blood throughout the body.	What is the function of the ventricles in the heart?
304761115	Arteries deliver oxygen rich blood to the body. Veins return oxygen poor blood to the heart.	Contrast the function of veins and arteries.
304761116	They are very small, thin-walled blood vessels that allow for the diffusion of gases and materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid surrounding cells.	What is the function of capillaries?
304761117	It does not return blood from capillaries to the heart, it transports blood from the capillaries of the small intestine to the liver.	How is the function of the hepatic portal vein different than most veins?
304761118	It consists of a two-chambered heart that pumps blood through a single circuit of two capillary beds: one at the gills and one reaching the body tissues.	Describe, generally the circulatory system of fishes
304761119	Since blood must be pumped through two capillary beds, the amount of blood pressure is highly constrained at the arteries.	Describe why the structural makeup of the fish circulatory system limits the rate at which blood can be transported through the body.
304761120	They have a three chambered heart that pumps blood along two separate circuits; one to the lungs or gills and other to the extremities.	Describe the circulatory system in amphibians.
304761121	Their ventricles are partially or fully divided by a septum which reduces mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood.	How is the circulatory system of reptiles different than amphibians?
304761122	They have four chambered hearts that completely segregate oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.	How is the heart of mammals and birds different than the other groups of vertebrates?
304761123	Blood pressure is maintained because blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the capillary bed of lungs or gills.	Why is double circulation an adaptation for delivering blood more efficiently than single circuit?
304761124	1. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated. 2. Oxygenated blood is pumped into the left atrium. 3. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrum to the left ventricle. 4. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to capillary beds in the extremities where oxygen is delivered. 5. Oxygen poor blood is delivered from the capillary beds of the extremities to the right atrium via the vena cava.	Describe a complete cardiac cycle of the human heart.
304761125	Left ventricle, it must pump blood throughout the entire body.	What chamber of the heart has the thickest layer of muscle? Why?
304761126	Systole is the contraction phase of a heart chamber, diastole is the relaxation phase.	What is the difference between systole and diastole?
304761127	The volume of blood per minute that the left ventricle pumps.	What is cardiac output?
304761128	The number of beats per minute.	What is heart rate?
304761129	They divide the atria and ventricles.	Where are the atrioventricular valves located?
304761130	Where the aorta and pulmonary arteries leave the ventricles.	Where are the semilunar valves located?
304761131	A defect in one of the heart valves that allows some blood to leak backwards through the valve.	What causes a heart murmer?
304761132	1. Connective tissue with elastic fibers. 2. Smooth muscle and more elastic fibers. 3. Endothelium for blood flow.	What are the three tissue layers that compose arteries and veins?
304761133	It allows for the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid.	What is the functional reason for capillaries lacking smooth muscle and connective tissue?
304761134	The volume of a liquid flows at a constant rate; if the diameter of a pipe decreases, the rate of flow must increase to compensate.	What is the law of continuity?
304761135	Even though the diameter of one capillary is much less than one artery, the collective area to all of the capillaries is greater than that of the artery supplying them.	Why is it that the rate of blood flow actually slows as it travels from arteries to arterioles to capillaries?
304761136	Veins have thinner walls than arteries and they have valves to prevent the backflow of blood.	How is the structure of arteries different than the structure of veins?
304761137	The pressure that blood exerts on blood vessels when the ventricles contract.	What is systolic blood pressure?
304761138	The pressure that blood exerts on blood vessels when the ventricles are at rest.	What is diastolic blood pressure?
304761139	Around 5-10%	Around what percent of the body's capillaries have blood flowing through them at any given time?
304761140	Blood is diverted from the digestive tract to supply the skeletal muscles and skin	Why does exercising after eating tend to cause indigestion?
304761141	1. The contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle that surrounds arterioles. 2. The contraction or relaxation of precapillary sphincters	What are two mechanisms that regulate blood flow to capillary beds?
304761142	Bulk flow due to the higher fluid pressure in the capillaries than interstitial fluid.	What is the main mechanism that causes materials to be transported from capillaries to the interstitial fluid?
304761143	For the same reason that it exits, the reduction of blood pressure at the venule causes a negative fluid pressure that allows fluid from the interstital fluid to flow back into the capillaries.	Why does around 85% of the fluid that leaves the capillaries at the arterial end of the capillary bed reenter at the venule end?
304761144	It is returned through the vessels of the lymphatic system.	How is the remaining 15% of fluid from blood eventually returned?
304761145	Organs of connective tissue that contain white blood cells that filter the lymph and attack viruses and bacteria that it may contain.	What are lymph nodes?
304761146	Plasma.	The liquid matrix of blood is called:
304761147	Water, ons, and plasma proteins.	What are the three major substances that make up plasma?
304761148	Maintain osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting, and defense.	What are the functions of plasma proteins in blood?
304761149	They maintain osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability.	What functions do ions serve in blood?
304761150	Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells.	What are the three types of cellular elements in blood?
304761151	To carry oxygen.	What is the function of red blood cells?
304761152	It allows oxygen to diffuse more rapidly.	Why does the large surface area of red blood cells help them to function?
304761153	The iron-containing protein that transports oxygen.	What is hemoglobin?
304761154	It gives them more room to carry hemoglobin.	Why is it beneficial for mammalian red blood cells to lack nuclei?
304761155	1 billion.	Around how many molecules of O2 can a red blood cell carry?
304761156	nitrous oxide.	What other gas can red blood cells carry?
304761157	It causes capillaries to expand.	What effect does NO have on the body?
304761158	Immune defense.	What is the function of white blood cells?
304761159	They are used in blood clotting along with fibrinogen.	What function do platelets serve?
304761160	It is a hormone that is produced by the kidneys. It stimulates the production of erythrocytes.	What is EPO, where is it produced? What does it do?
304761161	In the bone marrow.	Where are all blood cells produced?
304761162	At the site of a wound, platelets release a chemical that cause them to stick together. This causes a plug to form. The plug is then reinforced with fibrin.	Describe the process of blood clotting?
304761163	LDL	What type of cholesterol is associated with the growth or arterial plaques?
304761164	HDL	What type of cholesterol reduces the deposition of cholesterol in arteries?
304761165	Atherosclerosis.	Hardening of the arteries is called:
305762289	It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance through which the molecules must move.	What is the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the thickness of a respiratory surface?
305762290	O2, CO2	A respiratory surface must supply ____ and expel _____ for the entire body.
305762291	Ventilation ensures that a constant stream of water is passing over the capillaries. Countercurrent exchange causes blood to move in the opposite direction of the water so that more oxygen can be loaded int the capilaries.	How are ventilation and countercurrent exchange adaptations for organisms that live in aquatic environments?
305762292	They use rhythmic body movements that compress and expand their air tubes.	How do larger insects ventilate their tracheal systems?
305762293	Airsacs that are surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange takes place in the lungs.	What are alveoli?
305762294	The volume of air that a mammal inhales and exhales with each breath.	What is tidal volume?
305762295	Bird have several air sacs that allow a constant flow of air through their lungs.	How are birds adapted for the aerobic demands of flying?
305962735	Proteins that bind O2.	What are respiratory pigments?
305962736	Hemocyanin is used in arthropods and molluscs. It uses copper instead of iron. This causes blood to appear bluish	What other repspiratory pigment is used instead of hemoglobin? What types of organisms is it found in?
305962737	4	How many molecules of O2 can one hemoglobin molecule carry?
305962738	A small change in partial pressure will cause a hemoglobin molecule to load or unload a substantial amount of O2	What role does partial pressure play in oxygen transport?
305962739	The effect of lowering pH causing more oxygen to be released from red blood cells.	What is bohr shift?
305962740	1. Over 90% of CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into red blood cells. 2. Once inside the cells, around 23% binds to hemoglobin and the rest reacts with water in the blood cells to ultimately become bicarbonate. 3. The bicarbonate ions exit the red blood cells and travel in the blood plasma to the lungs. 4. Once at the lungs, bicarbonate diffuses back into red blood cells where it is converted back into CO2 and water. 5. The CO2 then diffuses through the interstitial space to the alveoli where it can be inhaled.	Explain how red blood cells play a major role in removing CO2 from the body.
305962741	It binds around 23 percent of the CO2 and also picks up H+ ions when the rest is converted to bicarbonate.	What role does hemoglobin play when CO2 is being removed from body tissues?
305962742	Because otherwise, the pH of the blood would lower, causing Bohr shift and leading to the release of excess oxygen.	Why is it important that hemoglobin binds the H+ ions during CO2 transport?
305962743	It releases the bound H+ which recombines with bicarbonate to form CO2 and water, and releases bound CO2 when the excess is delivered to the lungs.	What does hemoglobin do when CO2 is delivered to the lungs?
305962744	The amount of atmospheric pressure exerted by a specific gas.	What is partial pressure?
305962745	Partial pressure is a form of passive transport; wherever gas will flow from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. When you inhale, the air has a higher concentration of oxygen than your red blood cells but a lower concentration of CO2. This causes oxygen to diffuse in and CO2 to diffuse out.	What role does partial pressure play in exchanging CO2 and O2

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