AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET Flashcards
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AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET Flashcards
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The American Pageant: Chapter 2 Terms Flashcards
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| 446787856 | Santa Fe | 1st spanish settlement | |
| 446787857 | Jamestown | 1st English settlement | |
| 446787858 | Quebec | 1st French settlement | |
| 446787859 | Sir Francis Drake and the Sea Dogs | wanted to spread Protestantism and seize Spanish treasure; circumnavigated the globe | |
| 446787860 | Sir Walter Raleigh | started the colony of Roanoke | |
| 446787861 | Roanoake | colony in North Carolina- failure- disappeared | |
| 446787862 | Virgin Queen | Queen Elizabeth | |
| 446787863 | Spanish Armada | Tried to fight against the English- destroyed by the sea dogs- *Turning point*- end of Spanish domination | |
| 446787864 | Virginia Company | a joint stock company- settled North America- guaranteed settlers same rights as Englishmen | |
| 446787865 | Charter | legal document giving certain rights to a person or company | |
| 446787866 | Captain John Smith | leader of Jamestown- helped by Pocahontas | |
| 446787867 | Powhatan | indian cheif who led a mock execution of Captain John Smith | |
| 446787868 | Pocahontas | protected John Smith and became an intermediary- provided peace and food | |
| 446787869 | Starving Time | name for the winter of 1609- severe famine | |
| 446787870 | Lord De La Ware | person who led the relief party to Jamestown- harsh military regime | |
| 446787871 | Irish Tactics | war methods used by Lord De La Ware against the Indians- raided and destroyed them | |
| 446787872 | First Powhatan War | 1614- war between Lord De La Ware and the Indians- ended with marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe | |
| 446787873 | Second Powhatan War | 1644- Indians tried to dislodge Virginians- Indians fail and are destroyed and banished from homeland | |
| 446787874 | The Three Ds | Disease, disorganization, disposablity | |
| 446787875 | John Rolfe | Pocahontas' husband- killed in Indian attacks- father of the tobacco industry | |
| 446787876 | Broad Acre Plantation System | farming method- increased demand for labor- encouraged by tobacco | |
| 446787877 | House of Burgesses | first representative government in the colonies- miniature Parliament for the colonies | |
| 446787878 | Lord Baltimore | founded Maryland colonies for Catholics- wanted freedom of worship | |
| 446787879 | Act of Toleration | law that guaranteed tolerance for all Christians, but not for Jews or Atheists | |
| 446787880 | Barbados Slave Code | law that gave masters complete control over their slaves | |
| 446787881 | Rice | principal crop of Carolina- food for Barbados | |
| 446787882 | Charles Town | busiest seaport- aristocratic- diverse- religious toleration | |
| 446787883 | North Carolina Settlers | outcasts from aristocratic Virginia- poor, don't like authority | |
| 446787884 | Tuscaroras | Indians who fought North Carolina settlers- defeated- turned into slaves | |
| 446787885 | Yamasee | indians who fought the South Carolina settlers- defeated and dispersed | |
| 446787886 | Buffer colony | what Georgia was to protect the colonies from Spanish Florida | |
| 446787887 | James Oglethorpe | leader and one of the founders of Georgia- wanted it to be a place for people who were imprisoned for debt | |
| 446787888 | Hiawatha | indian who founded the Iroquois Confederation | |
| 446787889 | Longhouses | homes of the Iroquois- shared by maternal families | |
| 446787890 | Handsome Lake | Indian who preached to the Iroquois to stop morale decline- started the Longhouse religion |
AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET Flashcards
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American Pageant Chapter 1: APUSH IDs Flashcards
AP US History identifications for The American Pageant Chapter 1: New World Beginnings.
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| 718728988 | Black Legend | the mistaken belief that the conquistadors brought only misery to the New World, when in fact they also laid the foundations for nations | |
| 718728989 | Christoper Columbus | explorer funded by Ferdinand and Isabella, tried to find a water route to Asia but landed in the West Indies | |
| 718728990 | Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors in the New World, comprised of soldiers, peasants, artisans, and middle class | |
| 718728991 | Crusades | series of wars fought to reclaim Christian Holy Lands, created a European interest in Asian goods | |
| 718728994 | Encomienda | Spanish system that gave Indians to the colonists in return for the promise to try and Christianize them | |
| 718728995 | Ferdinand and Isabella | married to unite the kingdom of Spain, reconquered Spain from the Muslims, funded Columbus | |
| 718728996 | Magellan | attempted to circumnavigate the the globe, which his crew did after he died in the Philippines | |
| 718728997 | Anasazi | ancient civilization in southwestern US, declined by about 1300 | |
| 718728998 | Cahokia | Mississippian settlement near present-day St. Louis | |
| 718728999 | Iroquois | northeastern Indian nation, developed an organized government and military | |
| 718729000 | Sugar Revolution | increase in the European demand for sugar, fueled by its success in the Caribbean | |
| 718729001 | Taino | native people of Hispaniola, population was decimated by Spanish invasion | |
| 718729002 | Three sisters agriculture | Native American method of planting corn, beans, and squash together | |
| 718729003 | Ponce de Leon | Spanish explorer of Florida, which he thought was an island, looked for gold | |
| 718729004 | Cortez | Spanish conqueror of Mexico, destroyed Tenochtitlan | |
| 718729005 | Mission Indians | Indians that were adopted into Christian missions and taught Christianity and crafts | |
| 718729006 | Coronado | searched for fabled golden cities, explored Arizona, Kansas and New Mexico, discovered Grand Canyon and bison | |
| 718729007 | Tidewater region | region of flat, low-lying plains along the coast | |
| 718729008 | Franciscans | members of the Catholic religious order founded by St. Francis | |
| 718729009 | Francis Drake | English privateer under Queen Elizabeth, took command of the navy against the Spanish Armada | |
| 718729010 | Pizarro | Spanish explorer who defeated the Incas in Peru | |
| 718729011 | Glibert | led the first English attempt to colonize Newfoundland, died at sea | |
| 718729012 | Joint stock companies | small investors combined their funds to pay for expeditions to the New World | |
| 718729013 | Marco Polo | explorer who traveled to Asia and brought accounts back to Europe | |
| 718729014 | Mestizos | people of mixed European and Native American descent | |
| 718729015 | Mississippian culture | North American civilization of mound builders with a prosperous society | |
| 718729016 | Montezuma | king of the Aztecs when Cortez landed in Mexico | |
| 718729017 | Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo uprising in New Mexico that destroyed Catholic churches and took control for almost 50 years | |
| 718729018 | Queen Elizabeth | queen of England, founded the Anglican Church, supported joint stock companies, pushed for discovery in the New World | |
| 718729019 | Spanish Armada | huge Spanish fleet that was used to protect holding in the New World, sent to conquer England in 1588, its defeat was the beginning of the end for Spain | |
| 718729020 | Tenochtitlan | capital city of the Aztecs, conquered by Cortez, Mexico City was built on the same site | |
| 718729021 | Treaty of Tordesilles | divided the world between Spain and Portugal | |
| 718729022 | Balboa | discovered the Pacific Ocean | |
| 718729023 | Maize | form of North American corn, staple of many Native American cultures |
Ecology - AP Bio Flashcards
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| 361978503 | Population | - individuals of one species living in one area, ex: all the spotted owls in Oregon | |
| 361978504 | Community | - all the organisms living in one area, example: Atlanta Georgia | |
| 361978505 | Ecosystem | - all theorganisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact | |
| 361978506 | Biosphere | - the global ecosystem | |
| 361978507 | Biotic Factors | - living things. All the organisms that are part of any individual's environment | |
| 361978508 | Abiotic Factors | - non living and physical factors such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients | |
| 361978509 | Properties of populations | - size, density, dispersion, survivorship curves, age structure diagrams | |
| 361978510 | Dispersion | - A property of populations, this is the pattern of spacing of individuals within the are the population inhabits. Patterns include clumped, uniform, and random. | |
| 361978511 | Clumped Dispersion Pattern | The most common, organisms travel in numbers because there's safety in numbers. | |
| 361978512 | Uniform Dispersion Pattern | where they are aligned in rows. For example, certain plants secrete toxins that keep away other plants that would compete for limited resources. | |
| 361978513 | Random Dispersion Pattern | - Occurs in the absence of any special attractions or repulsions. For example, trees are spaced randomly in a forest. | |
| 361978514 | Survivorship / Mortality Curves | - I type = success of the young, but high mortality in old age (humans). II type = Organisms have a death rate that is constant over their life span (hydra and reptiles). III type = Organisms show a high death rate among the young; these are sea-dwelling animals that fertilize internally (clams). | |
| 361978515 | Food Chain | - A pathway along which energy (in the form of food) is transferred from one trophic (food) level to another. Producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer. Never more than 4 to 5 trophic levels because energy is lost from one level to the next. Relies on decomposers (bacteria and fungi) to recycle nutrients, although they are never shown in a food chain. | |
| 361978516 | Pyramid of food / Pyramid of energy | - model for the food chain that demonstrates the loss of energy along the chain. Producers (green plants) have access to the most energy and only transfer 10% of that up the pyramid. Primary consumers (like grasshoppers) transfer 10% of the energy they received up the pyramid. Secondary c onsumers (like frogs) transfer 10% of their received energy to the tertiary consumers at the top (like hawks). | |
| 361978517 | Trophic efficiency | - The percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next. Usually ranging from 5- 20%. | |
| 361978518 | Population Growth | - The carrying capacity can increase or decrease as the environmental conditions change. Starting with exponential growth, an population will grow until limiting factors are met and the carrying capacity is exceeded. Then the death phase will limit the population into a stable population at the carrying capacity for the environment. | |
| 361978519 | Limits on population growth | - Density dependent factors increase directly as the population increases (competition for food, buildup of wastes, predation, disease). Density independent factors are unrelated to population density (earthquakes, storms, naturally occurring floods and fires, loss of habitat due to deforestation or climate change). | |
| 361978520 | Growth patterns with r strategists vs. k strategists | - r strategists have many small young with little or no parenting, rapid maturation, and reproduce once (like insects... short life history pattern). K strategists have few large young per individual, intensive parenting, slow maturation, reproduce many times (mammals... slow life history pattern). | |
| 361978521 | Carrying Capacity | - The number of individuals that can occupy one area at a particular time. Represented as K. | |
| 361978522 | Biomes | - major ecosystems of Earth classified by predominant vegetation: marine, tropical rain forest, desert, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous, taiga, tundra. | |
| 361978523 | Marine Biome | - largest biome, most stable with little variation in temperature. Provides most of Earth's food and oxygen. Divided into regions classified by amount of light they receive: Photic zone = upper layer and receives light. Aphotic zone = little light penetrates. Benthic zone = bottom. | |
| 361978524 | Tropical Rain Forest | - near equator with abundant rainfall. Covers 4% of earth but accounts for 20% of world food production. Most diversity of species and available niches. High, dense canopy; dimly lit forest floor. Many trees covered with epiphytes, photosynthetic plants that grow on other trees rather than supporting themselves. | |
| 361978525 | Desert | - less than 10" of rainfall per year. Experiences most extreme temperature fluctuations. Characteristic plants have shallow roots to capture water during sudden short downpours. (cactus, sagebrush, creosote, mesquite). | |
| 361978526 | Temperature Grasslands | - Covers vast areas of the world. Low rainfall makes area inhospitable for forests. Grazing animals such as bison, wildebeest, gazelle. | |
| 361978527 | Temperate Deciduous Forest | - We are here! Northeast region of North America. South of the Taiga. Leaves drop in winter. Soil is rich in humus, which comes from decomposition of thick layers of leaf litter (squirresl, foxes, deer, and bear). | |
| 361978528 | Taiga | - Northern Canada and much of world's northern region. Landscape is dotted with lakes, ponds, and bogs. Very cold winters. (moose, bear, elk, lynx). | |
| 361978529 | Tundra | - Far northern parts of globe. Permafrost has a permenantly frozen subsoil. Called the frozen desert. Although the quantity of animals is high, there are few species = low biodiversity. (many insects, reindeer, caribou, arctic wolves, polar bears). | |
| 361978530 | Gause's Principle of Competitive Exclusion | - if two species share an ecological niche (the same resources), they will compete, and one will not survive. | |
| 361978531 | Ecological Niche | - what an organisms feeds on and its nutritional role in an ecosystem. | |
| 361978532 | Character displacement | - competing organisms of similar species evolve different characteristics to coexist in an environment. (Galapagos finches evolved different beak sizes to avoid competing for food). | |
| 361978533 | Resource Partitioning | - one species evolves, through natural selection, to exploit different resources in order to survive. This does not necessarily involve the formation of a new species. | |
| 361978534 | How organisms interact | - competition, predation, mutualism (symbiosis), commensalism (symbiosis), parasitism (symbiosis). | |
| 361978535 | Symbiosis | - organisms of different species that live in direct contact. Includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. | |
| 361978536 | Mutualism | - both organisms benefit (+,+). (bacteria in human intestine produce vitamins) | |
| 361978537 | Commensalism | - one benefits and the other remains unaffected (+,0). Whales and barnacles. | |
| 361978538 | Parasitism | - one benefits while the other is harmed (+,-). Tapeworm in humans | |
| 361978539 | Plant defenses | - plants evolved spines, thorns, and chemical toxins, such as morphine, strychnine, and nicotine, against herbivores. | |
| 361978540 | Animal defenses | - active defenses such as fighting or fleeing from predators. Passive defenses such as cryptic coloration and camouflage. | |
| 361978541 | Cryptic coloration and camouflage | - animals and plants can gain significant advantage through obvious coloration. Aposematic coloration = bright red or orange coloration warns possible predators that this animal is poisonous. Batesian mimicry = copycat coloring by one harmless animal mimics the coloring of an animal that is poisonous. Mullerian mimicry = two or more poisonous species mimic each other to gain an advantage of combined numbers. | |
| 361978542 | Water Cycle | - water evaporates from the land, forms clouds, and then rains over oceans and lands. Water evaporates from the land but most evaporates from plants by transpiration. | |
| 361978543 | Carbon cycle | - cell respiration by animals and bacterial decomposers adds CO2 to the air. Burning fossil fuels adds CO2 to the air. Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the air and adds O2. | |
| 361978544 | Nitrogen cycle | - nitrogen fixing bacteria live in nodules in the roots of legumes and convert free nitrogen into NH4+ (ammonium ion). Nitrifying bacteria convert NH4+ into nitrites and then to nitrates. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into free atmospheric nitrogen. Bacterial decomposers convert organic nitrogen back to NH4+. | |
| 361978545 | Negative human impact on Earth | - Eutrophication of lakes, acid rain, toxins in the food chain, global warming, depleting the ozone layer, destruction of habitat, introduction of new species into habitats where there are no natural predators. | |
| 361978546 | Eutrophication of lakes | - runoff of sewage, fertilizers, and manure from pastures increases nutrients in lakes and causes excessive growth of algae and other plants. As large populations of photosynthetic organisms die, organic material accumulates at bottom of lake, and decomposers use up oxygen as they break down excess organic matter. With depeleted oxygen, more organisms die and more decomposition occurs, further depleting oxygen; more matter accumulates on lake bottom. Ultimately the lake disappears. | |
| 361978547 | Acid Rain | - Caused by pollutants in the air from combustion of fossil fuels. Nitric, nitrous, sulfurous and sulfuric acids. pH of 5.6. Damages lakes and destroys ancient stone architecture. | |
| 361978548 | Toxins in the Food Chain | - also called biological magnification. Poisons, such as pesticides, that enter the food chain become amplified throughout the chain; each level accumulates more toxins than the level before it. Example: in the 1950's DDT entered the food chain and the bald eagle, at the top of a chain, almost became extinct as a result. | |
| 361978549 | Global Warming | - Excessive burning of fossil fuels causes high concentrations of CO2 and water vapor in the air. These absorb much of the infrared radiation reflecting off the land (greenhouse effect), causing the average temperature of Earth to rise. An increase of 1 degree C worldwide could cause polar ice caps to melt, raising sea level; New York, LA and Miami could be under water in the future. | |
| 361978550 | Depleting Ozone Layer | - The accumulation in the air of chlorofluorocarbons, refrigerants, and chemicals from aerosol cans has formed a hole in the protective ozone layer; this allows more UV light to reach Earth, which has caused an increase in skin cancer. | |
| 361978551 | Habitat Destruction | - Massive destruction of habitats throughout the world has been brought about by agriculture, urban development, mining, forestry, and environmental pollution. Example: northern spotted owl of Pacific Northwest was threatened with extinction due to deforestation (habitat destruction). | |
| 361978552 | Problems with introducing a new species | - "Killer" Honeybee - this bee was brought from Africa to Brazil in 1956 to produce a better honey; it escaped by accident, is spreading throughout the Americas, and has caused the death of some humans. The Zebra Mussel - this mollusk is native to Asia but accidentally was transplanted to the U.S. probably by ship; it's population has exploded and is causeing millions of dollars of damage by clogging pipes in various lakes and rivers; it has also caused the extinction of several indigenous species by outcompeting them. (also Asian Shore Crab, Mnemiopsis Leidyi, Caulerpa taxifolia, Asian long horned beetle are current examples) | |
| 361978553 | Biotic Potential | - The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions; influenced by different factors: Age at which reproduction begins, length of time organisms can reproduce, number of reproductive periods in a lifetime, number of offspring an organism is capable of producing at one time. |
TEST -REFORMATION/NEW WORLD Flashcards
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| 684989673 | where Reformation began | Germany | |
| 684989674 | council that condemned Huss, also condemned who | Wycliff | |
| 684989675 | where was Huss from | Prague | |
| 684989676 | reference LUther used to say "the just shall live by faith" | Romans 1:17 | |
| 684989677 | Pope Leo X ordered indulgences; why? | for St. Peter's Basilica | |
| 684989678 | sold indulgences in LUthers area | Tetzel | |
| 684989679 | excess works stored in abandoned heaven | treasury of merits | |
| 684989680 | Luther received papal bull...what did he do with it | burned it | |
| 684989681 | Diet of Worms | Luther was convicted to be killed | |
| 684989682 | Lypezig Debate | Luther accused of having the views like --> Huss | |
| 684989683 | Luthers pamphlets did what? | attacked sacramental things in the church; every believer was a priest. | |
| 684989684 | central teachings of Roman church | Protestantism | |
| 684989685 | what stated doctrinal standard for the church | Augsburg Confession | |
| 684989686 | difference b/w Peace of Augsburg and the Augsburg Confession | in the peace of augsburg, each leader could choose b/w Lutheran or catholic | |
| 684989687 | how did Zwingli die | killed in battle | |
| 684989688 | beliefs of anabaptists | did not believe in sprinkling of babies | |
| 684989689 | calvin was from what church | reformed church | |
| 684989690 | pull together money and business | joint stock | |
| 684989691 | colonies only allowed to do what | to produce raw materials | |
| 684989692 | James I | kjv bible | |
| 684989693 | act of supremacy | gave king the power of the church of england | |
| 684989694 | queen elizabethe | ruled for 45 years | |
| 684989695 | nickname of Queen Mary | Bloody Mary | |
| 684989696 | elizabethan settlement | establishment Anglican chruch as official state church of england | |
| 684989697 | strongest catholic stronghold | spain | |
| 684989698 | spanish king opponent to eng | phillip II | |
| 684989699 | why did phillip II not become Eng king? | Wife died and they had no children | |
| 684989700 | sea commander fought against spanish | drake | |
| 684989701 | leader of prot. ref in scotland | knox | |
| 684989702 | presbyterian denomination formed by | knox | |
| 684989703 | french protestants | huguenots |
New World Beginnings Flashcards
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| 49743280 | Marco Polo | Venetian merchant who wrote Il Milione and introduced the West to Eastern Asia | |
| 49743281 | Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador who conquered the Inca. | |
| 49743282 | John Rolfe | Virginia tobacco entrepreneur who married Pocahontas. | |
| 49743283 | Vasco da Gama | Dutch explorer who found a direct route to India. | |
| 49743284 | Francis Drake | Elizabethan-era privateer. | |
| 49743285 | Lord Baltimore | Founded Maryland as a Catholic haven. | |
| 49749097 | Christopher Columbus | Discovered the Americas in 1492. | |
| 49749098 | Humphrey Gilbert | English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America. | |
| 49749099 | Oliver Cromwell | British Lord Protector following the English Civil War. | |
| 49749100 | Francisco Coronado | Sixteenth century Spanish explorer who was the first European to discover the Grand Canyon. | |
| 49749101 | Walter Raleigh | Englishman who led the failed attempt to colonize North Carolina at Roanoke Island. | |
| 49749102 | James Oglethorpe | Philanthropist founder of Georgia as a debtor's colony. | |
| 49749103 | Hernando Cortés | Conquistador who conquered the Aztec. | |
| 49749104 | John Smith | Leader of Jamestown, the first successful English colony in what would become the U.S. | |
| 49749105 | nation-state | Autonomous country. | |
| 49749106 | joint-stock company | Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures. | |
| 49749107 | royal charter | Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens. | |
| 49749108 | slave codes | Laws passed in the colonies to control slaves. | |
| 49749109 | yeoman | Man or farmer owning small estate; middle-class farmer. | |
| 49749110 | squatter | Someone who settles on land without right or title. | |
| 49749111 | primogeniture | Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas. | |
| 49749112 | mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. | |
| 49749113 | House of Burgesses | Early Virginia colonial democratic government. | |
| 49749114 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia. | |
| 49749115 | Spanish Armada | Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. | |
| 49749116 | Act of Toleration | Maryland's grant of religious freedom to all Christians; all others, including atheists and Jews, could be executed. | |
| 49749553 | Virginia Company | English joint-stock companies that financed the colonization of America. | |
| 49749554 | Restoration | Reestablishment of Charles II as King of England in 1660. | |
| 49749555 | black legend | False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. |
APUSH chapter 1 Flashcards
ch. 1
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| 440445492 | Native Americans; land bridge | The first Americans that divided into hundreds of tribes, spoke different languages, and practiced different cultures; migrated from Asia by crossing a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska | |
| 440445493 | Sioux; Pawnee | Tribes on the Great Plains; lived in small settlements; followed buffalo herds | |
| 440445494 | Pueblo | Tribe that lived in the Southwest; lived in multistoried buildings in large society; irrigation system | |
| 440445495 | Adena; Hopewell; Mississippian | Woodland tribes that lived in multistoried buildings; evolved in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys; mound-builders; supported by hunting, fishing, agriculture, permanent settlements | |
| 440445496 | Iroquois | Tribe that lived in Northeast (present-day New York); large society; formed a political confederacy, the League of the Iroquois (withstood attacks from other tribes/Europeans) | |
| 440445497 | Mayas | Tribe that built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico); built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars | |
| 440445498 | Incas | Tribe in Peru; had a vast empire; built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars | |
| 440445499 | Aztecs | Tribe in central Mexico; had a vast empire; built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars; capital was Technotitlan, which was equivalent in size and population to the largest cities in Europe | |
| 440445500 | Renaissance | An era of creative vitality was at its height; rebirth of classical learning and an outburst of artistic and scientific activity | |
| 440445501 | technology | There was a gradual increase of this and scientific knowledge during the Renaissance era; examples of this are the compass and the printing press | |
| 440445502 | compass | One of the technological advancements during the Renaissance; adopted from the Chinese by Arab merchants | |
| 440445503 | printing press | One of the technological advancements during the Renaissance; invented in the 1450's; aided the spread of knowledge across Europe | |
| 440445504 | Spain; Moors | Roman Catholic Spain had been partly conquered by Muslim invaders, Moors | |
| 440445505 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Isabella (queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (king of Aragon); defeated the Moors of Granada; united their separate Christian kingdoms, which brought hope and power for European believers in the Roman Catholic faith | |
| 440445506 | Protestant Reformation | The revolt of Christians several northern European countries against the authority of the pope in Rome; conflict between Catholics and Protestants; a religious motive was added to the political and economic motives for exploration and colonization | |
| 440445507 | trade | There was an increased trade between European kingdoms and Africa, India, and China resulting from fierce competition along the European kingdoms | |
| 440445508 | Portugal | Very involved in trade and sponsored many explorers | |
| 440445509 | Henry the Navigator | Portugal's prince who sponsored many voyages of exploration; succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope | |
| 440445510 | nation-states | A country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government ; built by monarchs in Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands; depended on trade for revenue, and the Church to justify their right to rule | |
| 440445511 | Christopher Columbus | Italian-born explorer who claimed land and riches for Spain; backed by Isabella and Ferdinand; was looking for a route to Asia, sailed from the Canary Islands, and landed in the Bahamas; voyages were disappointing, but he was the first person to bring permanent interaction between Europeans and Native Americans | |
| 440445512 | New World | The term given to the land that Christopher Columbus found instead of China and the Indies; this was America | |
| 440445513 | Amerigo Vespucci | An Italian sailor who America was named after | |
| 440445514 | papal line of demarcation | The vertical, north-south line that the pope drew on a world map in 1493 to divide land between Portugal and Spain | |
| 440445515 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | The papal line of demarcation was moved a few degrees to the west in this, giving Spain all lands to the west of the line and Portugal all lands to the east of the line; enabled Portugal to claim Brazil and Spain to claim the rest of the Americas | |
| 440445516 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Journeyed across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean | |
| 440445517 | Ferdinand Magellan | Circumnavigated the world | |
| 440445518 | Hernan Cortes | Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico | |
| 440445519 | Francisco Pizarro | Conquered the Incas in Peru | |
| 440445520 | conquistadores | Spanish explorers; brought gold and silver back to Spain from their journeys | |
| 440445521 | encomienda system | The Spanish turned to this system after seizing several Native American empires; this system gave grants of land and Native Americans (who had to farm and work on the land in return for care provided by their masters) to individual Spaniards | |
| 440445522 | asiento system | Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas | |
| 440445523 | John Cabot | An Italian sea captain who explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497 for England | |
| 440445524 | Giovanni de Verrazano | An Italian navigator who looked for a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia; explored the east coast for France | |
| 440445525 | Jacques Cartier | French navigator who explored the St. Lawrence River | |
| 440445526 | Samuel de Champlain | Established the first permanent French settlement in America, Quebec; nicknamed "Father of New France" | |
| 440445527 | Father Jacques Marquette | French navigator who explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673 with Louis Jolliet | |
| 440445528 | Robert de la Salle | French navigator who explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana after the French king, Louis XIV | |
| 440445529 | Henry Hudson | An English seaman who sought a northwest passage in the 1600's for the Dutch; claimed New Amsterdam (present-day New York) for the Dutch | |
| 440445530 | joint-stock company | Pooled the savings of people of moderate means and supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable; devised for funding the new colonies | |
| 440445531 | Father Junipero Serra | Spanish friar who founded missions in Southern California | |
| 440445532 | Virginia Company; Jamestown | This is a joint-stock company chartered by King James I of England; this established the first permanent English colony in America in Jamestown in 1607 | |
| 440445533 | Captain John Smith | Outstanding leader of Jamestown; helped the colony of Jamestown to survive with his forceful leadership | |
| 440445534 | John Rolfe; Pocahontas | He established a tobacco industry in Jamestown; helped the colony of Jamestown to survive because of the prosperity of the new variety of tobacco he developed; Pocahontas was his Indian wife | |
| 440445535 | royal colony | A colony under the control of a king or queen | |
| 440445536 | Puritans | People who wanted to change the Church of England and wanted to "purify" their church of Catholic influences; King James saw them as a threat and ordered some to be jailed | |
| 440445537 | Plymouth colony | Established by the Puritans; half of the population perished the first winter but they were helped by friendly Native Americans later on; William Bradford was the leader; fish, furs, and lumber | |
| 440445538 | Separatists | A group of Puritans who wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control; aka Pilgrims | |
| 440445539 | Pilgrims | The Separatists (branch of the Puritans) who left England in search of religious freedom; first migrated to Holland, but left for America because of economic hardships and cultural differences from the Dutch | |
| 440445540 | Mayflower | The ship that the Pilgrims were on when they set sail for Virginia in America | |
| 440445541 | Mayflower Compact | A document that the Pilgrims signed that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority; represented both an early form of colonial self-government and an early form of written constitution | |
| 440445542 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | A group of Puritans (who were not Separatists) gained a royal charter to establish this colony in 1629; populated by the 1,000 Puritans John Winthrop led to Massachusetts and the 15,000 other settlers that migrated out of England because of a civil war | |
| 440445543 | John Winthrop | Led 1,000 Puritans to the shores of Massachusetts to found many towns (Massachusetts Bay Colony) | |
| 440445544 | Great Migration | The migration of 15,000 people from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony due to a civil war that broke out in England | |
| 440445545 | Virginia House of Burgesses | The first representative assembly in America; copied the government in England at that time | |
| 440445546 | Corn or Maize | Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations. | |
| 440445547 | Portugal | First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa. | |
| 440445548 | Horse | Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains | |
| 440445549 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal. | |
| 440445550 | Mestizos | Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry. | |
| 440445551 | St. Augustine | Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory | |
| 440445552 | Black Legend | Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good | |
| 440445553 | Roanoke Island, NC | Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's. | |
| 440445554 | Joint-stock | Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures. | |
| 440445555 | Charter | Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens. | |
| 440445556 | Indentured Servants | Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World. | |
| 440445557 | Act of Toleration | Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists. | |
| 440445558 | Squatters | Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil | |
| 440445559 | House of Burgesses | First representative government in New World. | |
| 440445560 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery. | |
| 440445561 | Cortes | Conqueror of the Aztecs. | |
| 440445562 | Pizarro | Conqueror of the Incas. | |
| 440445563 | Dias and DaGama | Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery. | |
| 440445564 | Columbus | Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent. | |
| 440445565 | Montezuma | Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors | |
| 440445566 | Elizabeth I | Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory. | |
| 440445567 | Hiawatha | Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation | |
| 440445568 | John Cabot | Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498 | |
| 440445569 | Georgia | Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists. | |
| 440445570 | North Carolina | Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit". | |
| 440445571 | Smith and Rolfe | leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time". | |
| 440445572 | Maryland | Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics. | |
| 440445573 | Lord Baltimore | Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers. | |
| 440445574 | South Carolina | Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations. | |
| 440445575 | Raleigh and Gilbert | Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies. | |
| 440445576 | Jamestown | Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony. | |
| 440445577 | Cause: The Great Ice Age | Effect: Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America. | |
| 440445578 | Cause: Cultivation of Maize (corn) | Effect: Formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America | |
| 440445579 | Cause: New sailing technology and desire for spices | Effect: European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia. | |
| 440445580 | Cause: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands | Effect: Rapid expansion of the African slave trade | |
| 440445581 | Cause: Columbus's first encounter with the New World | Effect: A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases. | |
| 440445582 | Cause: Native Americans' lack of immunity to various diseases | Effect: Decline of 90% in the New World Indian population | |
| 440445583 | Cause: Spanish conquest of larger quantities of New World gold and silver | Effect: Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing. | |
| 440445584 | Cause: Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl | Effect: Cortes' relatively easy conquest of the Aztecs. | |
| 440445585 | Cause: Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment | Effect: Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico | |
| 440445586 | Cause: Franciscan friars' desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism | Effect: Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California. | |
| 440445587 | Cause: The English victory over the Spanish Armada | Effect: Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes. | |
| 440445588 | Cause: The English law of primogeniture | Effect: Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization. | |
| 440445589 | Cause: The enclosing of English pastures and crop land | Effect: Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere. | |
| 440445590 | Cause: Lord DeLa Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia | Effect: led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population. | |
| 440445591 | Cause: The English government's persecution of Roman Catholics | Effect: Led Lord Baltimore to establish Maryland. | |
| 440445592 | Cause: The slave codes of England's Barbados colony | Effect: Became the legal basis for slavery in North America. | |
| 440445593 | Cause: The introduction of tobacco | Effect: created the economic foundation for most of England's southern colonies. | |
| 440445594 | Cause: The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter run Virginia | Effect: Led to the founding of independent minded North Carolina. | |
| 440445595 | Cause: John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia | Effect: Whipped gold-hungry, nonworking colonists into line. | |
| 440445596 | Cause: Gorgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks | Effect: Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time. |
History Colonialism and the 19th Century Flashcards
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| 598388699 | *European Colonialism* | When did it begin? | |
| 598388700 | European colonialism began around A.D. 1400 when the leaders of powerful European countries sent explorers to find new lands and forge new trade routes | Colonizing for economic benefits dates to ancient times, when the Romans ruled colonies in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. No such expansion occurred in Europe throughout the Middle Ages (A.D. c. 450-c. 1500). | |
| 598388701 | In the fifteenth century Portugal and Spain were the first to seek new sea routes to India and the Far East, gaining control of Brazil and setting up trading posts in West Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Although Spain acquired most of Latin America and large portions of what is now the United States of America, the Dutch, English, and French also carved out their own colonial empires in North America. | Along with establishing the thirteen colonies in the present-day United States, the English controlled India and portions of Africa, while the Dutch acquired the Indonesian Islands, which became known as the Dutch East Indies. | |
| 598388702 | Colonialism produced both positive and negative effects in the lands occupied by Europeans | *positive* Trade expanded, thus increasing the exchange of raw materials and benefiting the economies of the colonies. | |
| 598388703 | *negative* | Yet colonialism produced disastrous consequences in the new territories (which Europeans called the New World), as the colonizers either killed or moved native peoples in their quest for more land and natural resources. | |
| 598388704 | *another negative* | Europeans caused even more disruption by forcing their own languages, ideas, religions, and systems of government on native peoples. | |
| 598388705 | *another negative 3* | Europeans also brought diseases to the New World, which killed many natives in epidemic proportions. | |
| 598388706 | Eventually the New World became a battleground for the European powers, which fought wars over the territory. For example, between 1689 and 1763, the British and French engaged in four wars in North America alone. | those were the consequences | |
| 598496616 | *World War 1* | The Great War | |
| 598496617 | John Law | Scottish financier who set up an official trading company for North America and a state bank that issued paper money and stock (both crashed and burned) |  |
| 598496618 | the Mississippi Bubble | Financial scandal in France involving the Mississippi company. Printed paper money and gained a economic influence to John Law original founder. 1718-1720 | |
| 598496619 | *19th Century World* | he British felt vulnerable on India's western frontier. For this reason they "leased" Quetta (Kueitteh) from its local ruler (1875), which in essence meant their acquisition of dry, mountainous Baluchistan. But they were still possessed by the obsession that Russia wanted to annex Afghanistan. They got wind that the Afghan ruler Sher Ali was friendly to the Russians. Their dander went sky-high when a British delegation was prevented from entering Afghan territory. The British then assembled a 35,000-man Indian army under general Frederick Roberts which quickly secured the Khyber pass, the gateway to Kabul, and occupied Jalalabad and Kandahar (1878). This war, as well as in general the British-Russian rivalry for Central Asia, was called the "great game" by Rudyard Kipling. |  |
| 598496620 | chieftain Setawayo | Under the chieftain Setawayo (1878-1879), the Zulus resisted the British and even killed some soldiers at Isandhlwana. A company was sent against them and in Rorke (here depicted) Zulus in the thousands were massacred. That blacks could fight so ferociously impressed European minds so much that Zulus were the subject of paintings, tall tales, horror stories, and eventually of films. |  |
| 598496621 | France and African Land | The French wanted an African empire that stretched from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. The British wanted one that went from Cairo to Cape Town. The Germans had co-opted part of east Africa, which frustrated the British dream. The French sent a small expedition to a place called Fashoda in the southern Sudan. The British sent Gen. Kitchener, who told the French Col. Marchand where he could go and park his men. At the time (1897), much was made of the Fashoda incident, which in hindsight seems like a storm in a cup of tea. | |
| 598496622 | Charles George "Chinese" GOrdon | Charles George "Chinese" Gordon was a distinguished British soldier, though not conventionally within British ranks. He gained fame in helping to suppress the Taiping rebellion, which began in China in 1851 (hence the nickname Chinese), and then as a regular officer he participated in the siege of Beijing and deplored the burning in 1860 of Qialong's westernizing 18th century palace. Gordon undertook one last strictly unofficial mission to rescue the Sudan from the Mahdi. He set himself up in Khartoum, but he had no forces to speak of and was killed by the Sudanese. In this very Eurocentric painting he stands undaunted before his jabbering, over-excited killers. |  |
| 598496623 | Expansion | (figure 21) the ultimate explanation of European imperialism as the Sudanese army is mowed down at Omdurman by the Maxim guns of Gen. Kitchener's implicit troops. |  |
| 598496624 | Italy and Germany | Italy, like Germany, was a late colonialist power and it was only in 1914 that it subjected Libya against strong native resistance. | |
| 598496625 | Italy and Libya | The Italians seized Libya after defeating the Ottomans in 1911-1912, but native resistance, led by the Sanusi chieftain Umar al Mukhtar, was tenacious and lasted until 1931. The Libyans were expecting Ottoman help and the Italians here are showering them with leaflets informing them that the Ottoman Empire no longer existed. | |
| 598496626 | Francisco de Miranda | Francisco de Miranda was a Venezuelan creole who served in the Spanish army with distinction, but his dream was the independence of his country and all of Spanish America. At the court of Catherine the Great, Miranda charmed the Russian autocrat, who was famously promiscuous. In 1792, it was his cannonade at Valmy that saved revolutionary France from invasion. In 1804, he failed at an invasion of Venezuela, but when the country went autonomous in 1810, he was called by the oligarchs to lead the patriot army. Miranda there was out of his depth. He was hardly Venezuelan, having lived most of his life elsewhere, and when he gave up before a royalist offensive in 1811, his own compatriots turned him over to the Spaniards, who locked him up in a fortress in Cádiz and practically threw away the key. Miranda died in 1816. | |
| 598496627 | U.S.A. and the Barbary States War | There was a state of war between the USA and the Barbary States which lasted from 1800 to 1815. After failed attempts to take Libyan Tripoli, the USA finally forced Algiers to agree to cease preying on its ships. In the picture Stephen Decatur, a leader of the 1804 expedition against Tripoli, is being saved by a sailor from a Libyan scimitar. Although this was a minor American war, it bequeathed the line "From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli" in the Marines' anthem, which is quite a garble: there were no Aztecs when America invaded Mexico, a war which happened decades after the Barbary Wars. | |
| 598496628 | Oliver Perry [USA] | Oliver Perry, brother of Matthew Perry, became a national hero when in 1813 his ships defeated the British on lake Eire during the War of 1812. In the battle his flagship was destroyed and he transferred to another ship to carry on the fight. Perry had previously fought in the Barbary Wars. |  |
| 598496629 | Spain and Liberalism | After centuries of monarchical absolutism and Catholic conformism, Spaniards did not take easily to liberalism. The chance for liberals came during the French invasion in 1808, when, by sympathetic rebound, they adopted a liberal constitution in 1812. When Ferdinand VII was re-instated in 1814, he suppressed it. In 1820, the liberalizers, among whom military were prominent, tried again. Ferdinand equivocated and in 1823 he asked Louis XVIII to invade Spain, which he did with his "100,000 sons of St Louis" (actually the army was not as large as that). The last liberal effort at political reform was led by Jose Maria Torrijos who was captured and executed with his collaborators. | |
| 598496630 | figure (22) | In this painting from 1831 soldiers of the Papal States fight bandits in the Roman countryside. |  |
| 598496631 | Young queen victoria | The virginal and lovely Victoria is told of her accession to the British throne. | |
| 598496632 | European Plans | In 1815 at Vienna, the victors over Napoleon tried to place Europe in a monarchist straightjacket. In 1848, there were liberal uprisings all over Europe, starting in France, where Liberty is seen leading the people of Paris against the Orleans monarchy, which fell. The painting is by Delacroix. | |
| 598496633 | Opium | substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived. During the 19th century, the majority of Opium were harvested in China. | |
| 598496634 | *Opium Wars* | The British East India Company was making profits by exchanging opium for tea in China. When Chinese authorities tried to obstruct this traffic, Britain waged the Opium War (1839-1842) and through the treaty of Nanjing forced them to allow trade and to cede the island of Hong Kong. In the painting the mandarin called Li is ordering the destruction of 20,291 bales of opium. | |
| 598496635 | 1730 | British exports of opium to China was estimated to be 15 tons | |
| 598496636 | 1773 | British exports of opium to China increased to an estimated 75 tons | |
| 598496637 | 1799 | The Qing Empire established a ban on Opium products | |
| 598496638 | 1830 | The British dependence on opium use reaches an all time high, importing 22,000 pounds of opium from Turkey and India. The mandate to rule and dictate the trade policies of British India are no longer in effect. Jardine-Matheson & Company of London inherit India and its opium from the British East India Company | |
| 598496639 | 1837 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning falls under the effects of morphine. | |
| 598496640 | 1839 | Lin Tse-Hsu, imperial Chinese commissioner in charge of suppressing the opium traffic, orders all foreign traders to surrender their opium. The British send expeditionary warships to the coast of China, beginning The First Opium War. | |
| 598496641 | 1840 | New Englanders bring 24,000 pounds of opium into the United States. U.S. Customs promptly puts a duty fee on the import. Charles Elliot asked the Portuguese governor to let British ships use Macau as a port and they would pay rents and any duties. The governor denied this request for fear that the Qing Government would halt the supply of food and other necessities to Macau. The Qing Emperor asked all foreigners in China to halt material assistance to the British in China. In retaliation, British attacked Guangdong. | |
| 598496642 | 1841 | The British captured the Bogue forts The Chinese are defeated by the British in the First Opium War. Hong Kong is ceded to the British. | |
| 598496643 | 1842 | The British had defeated the Chinese at the mouth of the Yangtze and occupied Shanghai The Treaty of Nanking was signed between Britain and China. | |
| 598496644 | 1843 | Dr. Alexander Wood of Edinburgh discovers a new technique of administering morphine, injection with a syringe. He finds the effects of morphine on his patients instantaneous and three times more potent. | |
| 598496645 | 1852 | The British arrive in lower Burma They import large amounts of opium from India and sell it through a government-controlled opium monopoly. | |
| 598496646 | 1856 | The British and French renew their hostilities against China in the Second Opium War. The British attacked Guangzhou from the Pearl River There was an attempt to poison the British Superintendent of Trade in Hong Kong | |
| 598496647 | 1858 | The Xianfeng Emperor ordered the Mongolian general to guard the Taku Forts near Tianjin | |
| 598496648 | 1859 | British forces blew up the iron obstacles that the Chinese had placed in the Baihe River | |
| 598496649 | 1860 | British-French sailed from Hong Kong and captured the port cities of Yantai and Dalian to seal the Bohai Gulf. At the Battle of Palikao, 10,000 Chinese troops were completely annihilated by British-French forces. China has to pay another indemnity, 8 million taels to Britain and France. The importation of opium is legalized. The Russians were granted a diplomatic presence in Beijing permanently. |
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