Chapter 1 : The Chemistry of Life Flashcards
The Chemical context of life:Chemical elements and compounds, Atoms and molecules, Water and the fitness of the environment:the effects of water's polarity, Dissociation of water molecules, the structure and function of macro molecules: polymer principles, carbohydrates-fuel and building material, lipids-diverse hydrophobic molecules, proteins-many structures, many functions, nucleic acids-informational polymers, Metabolism energy and life, enzymes
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| 739164182 | Atoms | The smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of the element | |
| 739164183 | Neutrons and protons | Close together in the nucleus of the atom, neutral/positive charge | |
| 739164184 | Electrons | Quickly moving, negatively charged, in the cloud of the nucleus | |
| 739164185 | Atomic Number | Number of protons in an element | |
| 739164186 | Mass Number | Number of protons and neutrons | |
| 739164187 | Chemical Bonds | Interactions between valence electrons of atoms | |
| 739164188 | Covalent Bonds | When valence electrons are shared by two electrons | |
| 739164189 | Non-polar Covalent Bonds | Electrons are shared equally between two atoms | |
| 739164190 | Polar Covalent Electrons | When two atoms have different electronegativities, unequal sharing of electrons | |
| 739164191 | Ionic Bonds | Two bonded atoms attract the shared electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron from the less electronegative atom, forms salts | |
| 739164192 | Hydrogen Bonds | Their weak bonds form between molecules, positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged atom of another molecule | |
| 739164193 | Organic Molecules | Have different properties as a result of their structures, dependent on the identity of their functional group | |
| 739164194 | Hydroxyl Group-OH | Alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, hydrophilic and polar in nature | |
| 739164195 | Carboxyl-COOH | Carboxylic acids such as fatty acids and sugars, hydrophilic and polar | |
| 739164196 | Carbonyl- COR or -COH | Ketones and aldehydes such as sugars ,hydrophilic and polar | |
| 739164197 | Amino group -NH2 | Amines such as amino acids, hydrophilic and polar | |
| 739164198 | Phosphate groups -PO3 | Organic phosphates including ATP DNA and Phospholipids hydrophilic and polar | |
| 739164199 | Methyl Group -CH3 | Found in butane, hydrophobic | |
| 740663303 | Structure of Water | 2 hydrogens with 1 oxygen, v-shaped (polar) makes it able to form hydrogen bonds, maximum of 4 at a time | |
| 740663304 | Adhesion | Clinging of one substance to a water molecule | |
| 740663305 | Transpiration | Water evaporates form the leaves of plants which is why water molecules are able to be pulled up by capillary action through plants | |
| 740663306 | Cohesion | Water molecules have the ability to cling to each other. | |
| 740663307 | Specific Heat | Amount of heat required to raise or lower the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C. water has a high specific heat which allows it to moderate its temperature | |
| 740663308 | States of Water | Solid (least dense, forms a crystal lattice structure), liquid, gas (steam) | |
| 740663309 | Hydrogen Ion | Proton with a charge of +1 | |
| 740663310 | Hydroxide Ion (OH-) | Water molecule that lost its proton | |
| 740663311 | Hydronium Ion (H3O+) | Water molecule that gains the proton | |
| 740663312 | Dissociation | Balancing out of protons | |
| 740663313 | Aqueous Solution | A solution that has water as a solvent | |
| 740663314 | Polymers | Long chain molecules made up of repeating units that are either the same as or very similar to each other | |
| 740663315 | Monomers | Small units that make up polymers | |
| 740663316 | Condensation (Dehydration Reaction) | 2 monomers are combined and 1 molecule is released | |
| 740663317 | Hydrolysis | A polymer is broken down into monomers after the addition of water | |
| 740663318 | 4 Basic Types of Macromolecules | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids | |
| 740663319 | Monosaccharides | Simplest ring structured sugars, like glucose and fructose. (C6H12O6) | |
| 740663320 | Disaccharides | Made up of 2 monosaccharides that have undergone a condensation reaction, like sucrose maltose and lactose | |
| 740663321 | Polysaccharides | Polymers of monosaccharides, store carbohydrates in organisms, starch in plants and glycogen in animals | |
| 740663322 | Cellulose | Polymer of glucose, makes up thick walls of plant's cells, | |
| 740663323 | Chitin | Made up of a variation of glucose with a nitrogenous arm, makes up arthropod shell (crabs, lobsters) | |
| 740663324 | Fats | Large molecules that are created by dehydration synthesis reaction between smaller molecules. They are made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules | |
| 740663325 | Saturated Fatty Acids | Contain no double bonds between carbon atoms | |
| 740663326 | Unsaturated Fatty Acids | Contain at least one double bonds between carbon atoms | |
| 740663327 | Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids | Contain two or more double bonds between carbon atoms | |
| 740663328 | Adipose Cells | Where fat is stored in mammals | |
| 740663329 | Phospholipids | Make up cell membranes. Have a glycerol backbone (hydrophilic) and two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic). | |
| 740663330 | Steroids | Made up of four rings that are fused together. Example is cholesterol. | |
| 740663331 | Proteins | Polymers made up of amino acid monomers. | |
| 740663332 | Amino Acids | Organic molecules that contain a carboxyl group and an amino group as well as an R group | |
| 740663333 | Peptide bonds | Join amino acids to make proteins in a dehydration synthesis reaction. | |
| 740663334 | Primary Structure of a Protein | Sequence in which amino acids are joined | |
| 740663335 | Secondary Structure of a Protein | Hydrogen bonding creates two 3D shapes: coiled (alpha helix) accordion shape (beta pleated sheet) | |
| 740663336 | Tertiary Structure of a Protein | Interactions between side chains of the protein (hydrophobic, van der waals forces and disulfide bridges) | |
| 740663337 | Quaternary Structure of a Protein | Association of two or more polypeptide chains into one giant macromolecule or functional protein. | |
| 740663338 | Denatured Protein | Becomes unraveled due to heat or change in Ph, make it become inactive | |
| 740663339 | DNA | Inherited from cell to cell parent to offspring, molecules are very long, they are polymers of nucleotide monomers. | |
| 740663340 | Parts of a Nucleotide | Nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar (pentose), and a phosphate group | |
| 740663341 | Purines | Nitrogenous bases adenine (A), guanine (G) | |
| 740663342 | Pyrimidines | Nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U) | |
| 740663346 | Deoxyribose | Pentose sugar in DNA | |
| 740663347 | Ribose | Pentose sugar in RNA | |
| 740663348 | Phosphodiester bonds | Join nucleotides together in DNA and RNA. In DNA- two polynucleotide chains wrap around each other in a helical shape, RNA- is a single polynucleotide. | |
| 740663349 | Energy | Capacity to do work. | |
| 743788737 | Kinetic energy | Things that move have Kinetic Energy | |
| 743788738 | Potential Energy | Object at rest has it | |
| 743788739 | Thermodynamics | Study of energy transformations that occur in matter | |
| 743788740 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy of the universe is constant and that energy can be transferred and transformed, though it cannot be created or destroyed. | |
| 743788741 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy in the universe | |
| 743788742 | Entropy S | Amount of disorder or randomness in the universe | |
| 743788743 | Free Energy G | Systems energy that is able to perform work when the temperature of the system is uniform | |
| 743788744 | H | Symbol for total energy of a system | |
| 743788745 | formula for free energy | Change in G=change in H -temperature X change in S | |
| 743788746 | Exergonic Reaction | Energy is released, making change in G negative | |
| 743788747 | Endergonic Reaction | Requires energy in order to proceed, absorb free energy, makes change in G positive | |
| 743788748 | ATP | Primary source of energy for the cell made up of nitrogenous base adenine, bonded to ribose and a chain of three phosphate groups | |
| 743788749 | ADP | When ATP releases a phosphate group, it becomes ADP | |
| 743788750 | Catalysts | Substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered themselves in the process | |
| 743788751 | Enzymes | Proteins that are biological catalysts | |
| 743788752 | Activation Energy | The amount of energy it takes to start a reaction | |
| 743788753 | Substrate | The reactant that the enzyme acts on | |
| 743788754 | Enzyme-Substrate Complex | Held together by weak reactions, where an enzyme and substrate meet together | |
| 743788755 | Active Site | Part of the enzyme that binds the substrate | |
| 743788756 | Competitive Inhibitors | Reversible Inhibitors that compete with a substrate for the active site on the enzyme | |
| 743788757 | Noncompetitive Inhibitors | Bind to another site on the enzyme other than the active site, causes the enzyme to change shape preventing the substrate from binding to the active site |
