AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 187142200 | title- 20th century 1900- | pierrot lunaire, moonfleck | |
| 187142201 | composer | schoenberg | |
| 187142202 | era | 20th century 1900-american | |
| 187142203 | harmony | atonal | |
| 187142204 | rhythm | syncopated | |
| 187142205 | tone color | vocal | |
| 187142206 | texture | homophony | |
| 187142207 | meldoy | disjunct, wide range |
| 175627907 | William McKinley, Republican | Elected in 1900 | |
| 175627908 | Theodore Roosevelt, Republican | Elected in 1904 | |
| 175627909 | William Taft, Republican | Elected in 1908 | |
| 175627910 | Woodrow Wilson, Democrat | Elected in 1912 | |
| 175627911 | Woodrow Wilson, Democrat | Elected in 1916 | |
| 175627912 | Warren Harding, Republican | Elected in 1920 | |
| 175627913 | Calvin Coolidge, Republican | Elected in 1924 | |
| 175627914 | Herbert Hoover, Republican | Elected in 1928 | |
| 175627915 | Franklin Roosevelt, Democrat | Elected in 1932 | |
| 175627916 | Franklin Roosevelt, Democrat | Elected in 1936 | |
| 175627917 | Franklin Roosevelt, Democrat | Elected in 1940 | |
| 175627918 | Franklin Roosevelt, Democrat | Elected in 1944 | |
| 175627919 | Harry Truman, Democrat | Elected in 1948 | |
| 175627920 | Dwight Eisenhower, Republican | Elected in 1952 | |
| 175627921 | Dwight Eisenhower, Republican | Elected in 1956 | |
| 175627922 | John Kennedy, Democrat | Elected in 1960 | |
| 175627923 | Lyndon Johnson, Democrat | Elected in 1964 | |
| 175627924 | Richard Nixon, Republican | Elected in 1968 | |
| 175627925 | Richard Nixon, Republican | Elected in 1972 | |
| 175627926 | Jimmy Carter, Democrat | Elected in 1976 | |
| 175627927 | Ronald Reagan, Republican | Elected in 1980 | |
| 175627928 | Ronald Reagan, Republican | Elected in 1984 | |
| 175627929 | George H. W. Bush, Republican | Elected in 1988 | |
| 175627930 | Bill Clinton, Democrat | Elected in 1992 | |
| 175627931 | Bill Clinton, Democrat | Elected in 1996 | |
| 175627932 | George W. Bush, Republican | Elected in 2000 | |
| 175627933 | George W. Bush, Republican | Elected in 2004 | |
| 175627934 | Barack Obama, Democrat | Elected in 2008 | |
| 175627935 | Gerald Ford, Republican | In office from 1974 to 1976 |
| 201949620 | Thomas Edison | Inventor of light bulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations | |
| 201949621 | John Rockefeller | Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history | |
| 201949622 | Monopoly | exclusive control or possession of something | |
| 201949623 | Laissez Faire | the doctrine that government should not interfere in economic affairs | |
| 201949624 | Deflation | a contraction of economic activity resulting in a decline of prices | |
| 201949625 | Operating Cost | the expense of maintaining property (e.g., paying property taxes and utilities and insurance) | |
| 201949626 | Omaha | Start of Union Pacific Railroad | |
| 201949627 | Range Wars | Wars between Cattle Drivers and Homesteaders | |
| 201949628 | Homestead Act | 1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years | |
| 201949629 | Little Big Horn | Site of Custer's Last Stand | |
| 201949630 | Andrew Carnegie | Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL | |
| 201949631 | Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union |
Goes over chapters two, three, and four in the 8th edition of the Campbell Reece AP Biology textbook.
| 785949516 | Essential elements | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Make up 96% of living matter | |
| 785949517 | Trace elements | Required by an organism in only minute quantities (iron, iodine) | |
| 785949518 | Nonpolar covalent bonds | When the electrons being shared are shared equally between the two atoms. | |
| 785949519 | Polar covalent bonds | One atom has greater electronegativity than the other | |
| 785949520 | Hydrogen Bonds | Relatively weak bonds that form between positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the strongly electronegative oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule | |
| 785949521 | Van der Waals interactions | Are VERY weak, transient connections that are the result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule. Contribute to the 3D shape of larger molecules. | |
| 785949522 | Cohesion | Linking of like molecules | |
| 785949523 | Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another | |
| 785949524 | Transpiration | The movement of water molecules up the thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomates in plants. Water molecules cling to each other by COHESION, and to the walls of the xylem by ADHESION. | |
| 785949525 | Buffers | Substances that minimize changes in pH. They accept H+ from solution when they are in excess and donate H+ when they are depleted. | |
| 785949526 | Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) | An important buffer in living systems. Moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean. | |
| 785949527 | Isomers | Molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in structure. | |
| 785949528 | Functional groups | attached to the carbon skeleton and have diverse properties. The behavior of organic molecules is dependent on the identity of their functional group. Examples: Hydroxyl; helps dissolve sugars. Carboxyl; source of H+ | |
| 785949529 | Dehydration synthesis | Create polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing a molecule of water. | |
| 785949530 | Hydrolysis | Water is added to split larger molecules. | |
| 785949531 | Monomers of the four organic compounds | Carbohydrates-monosaccharide Protein-amino acid Lipid-fatty acid Nucleic Acid-nucleotide | |
| 785949532 | Examples of polysaccharides | Starch-found in plants; energy storage Glycogen-the "starch" of vertebrates; energy storage Cellulose-major component of plant cell walls; structural support Chitin-exoskeleton of arthropods | |
| 785949533 | Lipids | All are hydrophobic. Examples are waxes, oils, fats, and steroids. | |
| 785949534 | Fats (what are they made of?) | Also called triglycerides, made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. Hence the term "tri"glyceride | |
| 785949535 | Saturated fatty acids | Have no double bonds, solid at room temp, commonly produced in animals, BAD FOR YOU | |
| 785949536 | Unsaturated fatty acids | Double bonds, liquid at room temp, produced by plants, GOOD STUFF | |
| 785949537 | Adipose cells | In humans and other mammals, fat is stored in these cells | |
| 785949538 | Steroids | Made up of four rings that fuse together. Example is cholesterol, which is a common component of the cell membrane. | |
| 785949539 | Amino acids (what do they contain?) | Contain a central carbon, a carboxyl group, an amino, group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group (variable group). | |
| 785949540 | What links amino acids together? | Peptide bonds. Formed by dehydration synthesis. | |
| 785949541 | Levels of protein structure | Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary | |
| 785949542 | Primary protein structure | Unique sequence in which amino acids are joined | |
| 785949543 | Secondary protein structure (and the two subunits?) | Refers to one of two three dimensional shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding: alpha helix (coiled shape), and beta pleated sheet (accordion shape) | |
| 785949544 | Tertiary protein structure | Results in a complex globular shape due to interactions between R groups. | |
| 785949545 | Quaternary protein structure | Refers to the association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein (hemoglobin) | |
| 785949546 | Chaperonins | Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells. | |
| 785949547 | Nucleotides are made up of...? | A nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil) Pentose (deoxyribose or ribose) Phosphate group |
From early U.S. to Reconstruction
| 630188359 | What was the 1st article concerned about? | Legislation | |
| 630188360 | What was 2nd article concerned about? | Executive | |
| 630188361 | What was the 3rd article concerned about? | Judicial | |
| 630188362 | What was the 4th article concerned about? | States | |
| 630188363 | What was the 5th article concerned about? | Amendments | |
| 630188364 | What was the 6th article concerned about? | Supreme law of land | |
| 630188365 | What was the 7th article concerned about? | Ratification | |
| 630188366 | First 10 amendments are.... | Bill of Rights | |
| 630188367 | 13th amendment did what? | Abolishment of slavery | |
| 630188368 | 14th amendment did what? | Established rights of citizens | |
| 630188369 | 15th amendment did what? | Right to vote for all | |
| 630188370 | Another branch partly has power over other branch is.... | checks and balances | |
| 630188371 | Federalists favored.... | Strong central government | |
| 630188372 | Antifederalists favored.... | more power to people, less control from government | |
| 630188373 | Marbury vs. Madison | Judicial review | |
| 630188374 | Gibbons vs. Ogden | Interstate Commerce | |
| 630188375 | McCullough vs. Maryland | Interpretation of constitution, federal over state | |
| 630188376 | Worchester vs. Georgia | Indian removal | |
| 630188377 | Dred Scott vs. Sanford | Citizenship of slaves | |
| 630188378 | Plessy vs. Ferguson | Separate but equal | |
| 630188379 | Presidency in which Louisiana purchased from French? | Thomas Jefferson | |
| 630188380 | Presidency in which War of 1812 takes place? | James Madison | |
| 630188381 | Presidency in which Mexican-American war takes place? | James Polk | |
| 630188382 | Presidency in which the Civil War takes place? | Abraham Lincoln | |
| 630188383 | North's economy is mostly.... | Industrial | |
| 630188384 | South's economy mostly based on......(crop) | Cash Crop | |
| 630188385 | What did Radical Republicans want to do with plantation owner's land after the Civil War? | Give to former slaves | |
| 630188386 | What were black codes similar too? | Slave codes | |
| 630188387 | What did black codes and literacy tests do? | Restrict rights of African Americans | |
| 630188388 | Briefly explain sharecropping? | Blacks rent land from former plantation owners, work the field, keep crop for themselves, but if crop revenue does not pay off rent fees then farmer can be in debt for a long time. | |
| 630188389 | What was the Lowell system? | System that recruited, homed, payed and supported young women. Not used for long due to needs for mass production. | |
| 630188390 | Why didn't Northerners abolish slavery from the very start? | North's economy was very dependent on the South's cotton production. | |
| 630188391 | What was the first massly produced cash crop in the U.S.? | Tobacco | |
| 630188392 | Horace Mann was important to which movement? | Public education | |
| 630188393 | Elizabeth Stanton was important to which movement? | Women's rights | |
| 630188394 | In what 4 ways did the U.S. help push towards westward movement? | 1: Mexican War 2: Manifest Destiny 3:Homestate Act 4: Garison Purchase | |
| 630188395 | What did the Embargo Act of 1807 display about America? | They were not going to support France or Britain in their wars. | |
| 630188396 | What was Jackson's perception of the BUS (Bank of the U.S.)? | He saw the bank as evil and too powerful, wanted to destroy it. | |
| 630188397 | What did Jackson do to try to weaken the BUS? | Tried to put all fund into state banks to try and weaken the structure. Secretary refused and Jackson fired him. | |
| 630188398 | What was the nullification theory? | That any state could veto or null a law if they thought it was unconstitutional. | |
| 630188399 | What is South Carolina's reaction to another tariff tax in 1832? | Threatens to succeed from the Union. | |
| 630188400 | What is Jackson's reaction to South Carolina's threat of succesion? | Force Bill of 1833, will invade if SC seceeds. | |
| 630188401 | What is Jackson's reaction to the Supreme Court's decision in the Worchester vs. Georgia case? | Refuses to uphold verdict. | |
| 630188402 | What did the Monroe Doctrine ensure? | Protection of Western hemisphere for growth and development. | |
| 630188403 | How did Polk preserve balance in the government during his term of office? | Polk gave power of office to opponents to balance his power. Earned a lot of respect through this manner. | |
| 630188404 | The first government of the United States was the.... | Articles of Confederation. | |
| 630188405 | Why was the Articles of confederation extremely weak? | The government could not tax citizens nationally or raise a national army. | |
| 630188406 | How was Shays Rebellion in 1787 a beneficial rebellion for the government? | It tested to see if the government could deal with an uprising as well as cause many to think about how to improve weaknesses in the Articles. | |
| 630188407 | What was a major success from the Articles of Confederation? (Land-wise) | Established Northwest Ordinance, which helped new territories enter into the Union. | |
| 630188408 | What is Habeas Corpus? | The right someone has to know why they are being imprisoned. | |
| 630188409 | What were some examples of rising tension between British and Americans before the revolution? | Boston Massacre, tariff taxes ect. | |
| 630188410 | What was Britains reaction to the Boston Tea Party? | Intolerable Acts, shut down the Boston harbor. | |
| 630188411 | How was the North-South Relationship kept even? | 3/5 compromise, Missouri Compromise (Maine + Missouri) and ect. | |
| 630188412 | What was the first bloody battle in the Civil War? | Battle of Bull Run | |
| 630188413 | Where was the first battle of the Civil War? | Fort Sumter | |
| 630188414 | Who was the president of the Confederate's? | Jefferson Davis | |
| 630188415 | Why did so many Southerners succeed when Lincoln was elected president? | He was elected president without any Southern representation. | |
| 630188416 | Why was the battle of Saratoga so significant to the Continental Army? | French decided to officially aid the Americans. | |
| 630188417 | Who helped the British in the revolutionary war? | Hessians, trained mercenaries from Prussia. | |
| 630188418 | What was the 'first' type of government system used at the Jamestown settlement? | If you work, then you eat. If you commit any crimes the punishment is very harsh. | |
| 630188419 | What was the official government form in Jamestown? | House of Burgess | |
| 630188420 | What was the "Constitution" made by Puritans? | Mayflower Compact, establishes basic laws. | |
| 630188421 | What was the ideal town that Puritans wanted? | City upon a hill was a model Christian society. | |
| 630188422 | Why was life so horrid in Jamestown? | No work being done, hostility with Indians, disease | |
| 630188423 | How did life become 'better at Jamestown? (Source of income) | Tobacco began being mass produced which brought a lot of revenue and then people and then Indians were out numbered. | |
| 630188424 | What did a Puritan society look like? | Very strict society, church and state combined, most powerful person is reverend. | |
| 630188425 | What did a Quaker society look like? | Accepting of all types of people, kept great relations with Indians, Indians help places in their society and government. | |
| 630188426 | First African Americans were shipped to Jamestown to work as..... | Indentured servants |
| 783178268 | Railroads | after the civil war the railroads grew enormously. Congress gave land to the railroad companies. towns sprung up along the railroads. stitched the nation together, huge market and lot of jobs, helped the rapid industrialization of America, stimulated mining and agriculture in the west. helped people settle in the great plains. | |
| 783178269 | Pacific Railroad Act | Law passed by Congress in 1862 that gave loans and land to the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies to subsidize construction of a rail line between Omaha and the Pacific Coast. Grover Cleveland stopped this in 1887. | |
| 783178270 | Central Pacific Railroad | A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH. used chinese workers. | |
| 783178271 | Transcontinental rail line | finished in 1869 at Promntory Point in Utah. other built - Norther Pacific railroad 1883, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe - 1884, Southern Pacific - 1884, Great Nothern | |
| 783178272 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | headed New York Central. , a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. | |
| 783178273 | Pullman Palace Cars | introduced in the 1860s these were billed as "gorgeous traveling hotels" by some. Others called them "wheeled torture chambers" and potential funeral pyres | |
| 783178274 | time zones | due to railroads 4 national zones were created on November 18, 1883. | |
| 783178275 | Stock watering | originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value | |
| 783178276 | pools | a group of supposed competitors who agree to work together to set prices. (railroads) | |
| 783178277 | The grange | formed by farmer to combat corruption in the railroad business. states tried to stop the railroad corruption but where stoped by the Supreme Court. | |
| 783178278 | Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois | The Court invalidated an Illinois law which had forbade railroads to charge more for a short haul than a long haul. Railroads were guilty of many practices which hurt the consumer, and this was one of them. Railroads did not want to make a lot of stops to bring farmers' good from one point to another. Supreme courted ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce | |
| 783178279 | Interstate Commerce Act | (1887) banned rebates and pools. required the railroads to publish their rates openly. forbade unfiar discrimination against shippers and banned charging more for a short haul. set up the Interstate Commerce Commission | |
| 783178280 | Manufacturing | what made the US the number one manufacturer: abundant liquid capital, fully exploited natural resources, immigration made for cheap labor, mass production, inventions. standard of living rose, immigration rose, women worked in factories. | |
| 783178281 | Alexander Graham Bell | 1876 - invented the telephone. | |
| 783178282 | Thomas Edison | invented the electric light bulb, among others. | |
| 783178283 | Vertical integration | invented by Andrew Carnegie - bought out and controlled all aspects of an industry | |
| 783178284 | John D. Rockefeller | invented horizontal integration. allied with or bought out competitors to monopolize a given market. used this method to form Standard Oil | |
| 783178285 | Trusts | giant, monopolistic corporations. | |
| 783178286 | Interlocking Directorates | practiced by J.P. Morgan. placed his own men on the boards of directors of other rival competitors to gain influence and reduce competition. | |
| 783178287 | Bessemer process | invention that made steel cheaply. originally though up by William Kelly. cold air blown on red hot burned carbon deposits and purified it. | |
| 783178288 | Andrew Carnegie | invented vertical integration, huge steel producer | |
| 783178289 | J. Pierpoint Morgan | made is money in the Banking industry and wall street. Carnegie forced Morgan to buy his business. then he created the United States Steel Corporation 1901 - first billion dollar company | |
| 783178290 | Gospel of Wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | |
| 783178291 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | |
| 783178292 | Reverend Russellconwell | poor people made themselves poor and rich people made themselves rich. the 14th amendment was used to defend trusts because they where legally people. | |
| 783178293 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | 1890 - forbae combination of trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies in restraint of trade. no distinction between good and bad trusts. couldn't be enforced. used against unions | |
| 783178294 | Henry W. Grady | editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper urged the South to industrialize. | |
| 783178295 | Rise of Unions | inflow of immigrants providing a labor force that would work for low wages made it hard for workers to improve the work space because they were easily replaced. corporations would hire strike breakers and bring in troops if necessary. middle class grew deaf to strikes because they were so numerous. | |
| 783178296 | National Labor Union | 1886 - only 6 years, excluded chinese didn't get women and blacks to join. wanted 8 hour workday. depression of 1873 killed it | |
| 783178297 | Knights of Labor | 1869 - 1881. barred liquor dealers, gambler, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers. wanted economic and social reform. led by Terence V. Powderly. | |
| 783178298 | Haymarket Square Riot | In 1866, police in Chicago tried to stop farm machine workers from meeting. A bomb exploded, wounding and killing many. Eight people were tried and convicted. Four were executed. organized by the Knights of Labor - this killed them. | |
| 783178299 | American Federation of Labor | 1886 - Samuel Gompers. assoication of self governing national unions. better wages, hours, and working conditions. skilled laborers. Labor day - 1894 legal holiday |
| 428867087 | Axis Powers | in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936. | |
| 428867088 | Bonus Army | 20,000 unemployed WWI veterans that descended on Washington in the spring of 1932 demanding early payment of a bonus due in 1945. | |
| 428867089 | Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire | |
| 428867090 | Committee on Public Information | Created April 1917, It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons. | |
| 428867091 | Congress of Racial Equality | (CORE), founded by interracial group of pacifists in 1942, held sit-ins in northern cities to integrate restaurants and theaters. | |
| 428867092 | Dollar Diplomacy | Foriegn Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies | |
| 429614617 | Eighteenth Amendment | an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920 | |
| 429614618 | Emergency Banking Relief Act | (FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS | |
| 429614619 | Espionage Act | This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection. | |
| 429614620 | GI Bill of Rights | 1944 government ensured readjustment rights to GIs after WWI unrest, loans to veterans for higher education and mortgages, unemployment pay, pensions, & job training (contributed to economic prosperity) | |
| 429614621 | Harlem Renaissance | a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American | |
| 429614622 | HUAC | Congressional Committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the US gov. after WWII; targeted people in the movie industry thought to be Communist, part of the 1950's Red Scare; | |
| 429614623 | Korean War | conflict between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in which at least 2.5 million persons lost their lives. The war reached international proportions in June 1950 when North Korea, supplied and advised by the Soviet Union, invaded the South. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal participant, joined the war on the side of the South Koreans, and the People's Republic of China came to North Korea's aid. After more than a million combat casualties had been suffered on both sides, the fighting ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided into two hostile states. Negotiations in 1954 produced no further agreement, and the front line has been accepted ever since as the de facto boundary between North and South Korea. | |
| 429614624 | League of Nations | an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations | |
| 429614625 | Lend-Lease Program | By FDR, passed by Congress, which authorized military aid to countries with a promise to somehow return it after the war. U.S. funneled billions of dollars worth of arms to Britain, China, and Soviet Union. | |
| 429614626 | Marshall Plan | Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. | |
| 429614627 | Moral Diplomacy | foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace | |
| 429614628 | National Origins Quota Act | This 1924 act established a quota system to regulate the influx of immigrants to America. The system restricted the "new" immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia. It reduced the annual total of immigrants. | |
| 429614629 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries | |
| 429614630 | Nineteenth Amendment | the constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. | |
| 429614631 | Office of War Information | a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. | |
| 429614632 | Operation Barbarossa | Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies | |
| 429614633 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force | |
| 429614634 | Sedition Act | Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. | |
| 429614635 | Truman Doctrine | 1947; Truman's statement of a new policy of active engagement to contain communism in response to communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey; persisted long after Mediterranean crisis, setting foundation for Cold War policy | |
| 429614636 | Twenty-first Amendment | Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime. | |
| 429614637 | United Nations | International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. | |
| 429614638 | War Industries Board | This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce. | |
| 429614639 | Warsaw Pact | treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania | |
| 429614640 | World War I | a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918 | |
| 429614641 | World War II | War fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world. The United States joined the Allies in 1941, helping them to victory. |
Important ideas from our World History course.
| 775579318 | Neolithic Revolution | The shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BCE. Led to the formation of societies. | |
| 775566491 | Theocracy | A government controlled by religious leaders | |
| 775566492 | Democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | |
| 775566493 | Republic | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | |
| 775566494 | Oligarchy | A system of government in which a small group holds power | |
| 775566495 | Tyranny | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | |
| 775566496 | Aristocracy | The most powerful, wealthy, and prosperous members of a society | |
| 775566497 | Monotheistic | Believing in only one God | |
| 775566498 | Polytheistic | Believing in many gods | |
| 775566499 | Buddhism | A religion based on the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth | |
| 775566500 | Christianity | A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament. | |
| 775566501 | Bible | The Christian holy book that contains the writings or scriptures that Christians recognize as the written word of God. | |
| 775566502 | Hinduism | A body of polytheistic religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a | |
| 775566503 | Islam | The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Qur'an | |
| 775566504 | Qur'an | The Muslim holy book, said to be revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | |
| 775566505 | Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud | |
| 775566506 | Torah | A Jewish holy book which consists of the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written | |
| 775566507 | Shintoism | Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship. | |
| 775566508 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. | |
| 775566509 | Feudalism | A medieval political system in which nobles (lords/daimyo) are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service (knights/samurai), and protection of the people who live on the land (peasants/serfs) | |
| 775566510 | Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights | |
| 775566511 | Chivalry | A code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle | |
| 775566512 | Crusades | A series of military expeditions launched by Christian Europeans (originally Pope Urban II) to win the Holy land back from Muslim control. | |
| 775566513 | Bushido | Traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living | |
| 775566514 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | |
| 775566515 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | |
| 775566516 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods (exporting) than they bought (importing) | |
| 775566517 | Joint-Stock Company | A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits | |
| 775566518 | Humanism | A renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | |
| 775566519 | Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history | |
| 775566520 | Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. Launched by Martin Luther's 95 Thesis, and continued with figures such as John Calvin and Henry VIII. | |
| 775566521 | Heliocentric | A model of the solar system in which Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. Proposed by scientists such as Copernicus & Galileo. | |
| 775566522 | Enlightenment | Movement during the 1700's that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society | |
| 775566523 | Social Contract | The notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others. Advocated by philosophers such as Rousseau & Locke. | |
| 775579319 | Agricultural Revolution | A time in the 18th century when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically. | |
| 775566524 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | |
| 775566525 | Nationalism | The aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination. When taken to extremes, can result in tension and warfare between competing nations. | |
| 775566526 | Totalitarianism | A government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life. Enforced with aggressive police, fear, and propaganda. | |
| 775566527 | Fascism | A totalitarian political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition | |
| 775566528 | Marshall Plan | Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. | |
| 775566529 | Berlin Blockade | April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes. West Germany was a republic under Franc, the U.S. and Great Britain. Berlin was located entirely within Soviet-controlled East Germany. | |
| 775566530 | Cuban Missile Crisis | An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later. | |
| 775566531 | Kyoto Protocol | Establishes legally binding commitments for the reduction of four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride), and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) Took place in Rio De Janeiro in 1992 | |
| 775566532 | U.N. Declaration of Human Rights | A declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled |
Definitions for College European History
| 544049489 | Thirty Years War | War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction. | |
| 544049490 | Military Revolution | during 30 years war, there was an increase in firearms & canoons; greater mobility in tactics; better trained armies | |
| 544049491 | Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) | |
| 544049492 | Rise of Prussia | 1650- 1763 After the thirty years war -Almost every euro country got involved -Austria/Prussia (german speaking) rose from chaos, leaders mastered absolutism | |
| 544049493 | Peter the Great | ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia | |
| 544049494 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy. Parlimentarianist and royalists | |
| 544049495 | Glorious Revolution | This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed | |
| 544049496 | Baroque Period | 1600-1750 a period of time where Madrid, Prague, Vienna, and Brussels incorporated religious revival into art | |
| 544049497 | Shakespeare | English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616) | |
| 544049498 | Astronomy | the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole | |
| 544049499 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. 1642-1727 | |
| 544049500 | Scientific Method | a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions | |
| 544049501 | Scientific Societies | first of these formed in the 1660s; English Royal Society of London; French Academyof Sciences;these held meetings, published journals, established research projects; shared results | |
| 544049502 | Skepticism | the disbelief in any claims of ultimate knowledge | |
| 544049503 | Voltaire | French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. | |
| 544049504 | Encyclopedia | This was the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was put on the Index of Forbidden Books because it dealt with controversial issues | |
| 544049505 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | |
| 544049506 | Philosophes | Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason. | |
| 544049507 | Classical Music | traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste | |
| 544049508 | Pietism and Methodism | they both involved inner experience that was inspired by God and took Religion seriously; they both wanted their religions to go back to the bible and to pray and study the scripture | |
| 544049509 | Enlightened Absolutism | system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers | |
| 544049510 | Seven Years War | (1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | |
| 544049511 | Population Increase | The increase of population taking in account of emigration and immigration | |
| 544049512 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | |
| 544049513 | Estates General | The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime. | |
| 544049514 | Reign of Terror | the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed | |
| 544049515 | Louis XVI | king of France from 1774 to 1792 | |
| 544049516 | Napoleon | French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821), Military Genius of France, who later became a dictator and eventually overthrown. He sold the west land (Louisiana) to the United States for a very cheap price doubling the land of America. | |
| 544049517 | Napoleon's Grand Empire | the empire ruled by Napoleon; composed of three parts: the French Empire (the inner core of the grand empire), the dependant states (under the rule of Napoleon's relatives) and allied states (those defeated by Napoleon) |
"An Introduction to Theories of Personality", 7th ed. B.R. Hergenhahn, Matthew H. Olson
| 628955105 | personality | -comes from Latin word persona, which means mask -one's public self, that aspect of ourselves we select to display to the world -allows person to be socially effective | |
| 628955106 | human nature | "humanness" -those qualities that characterize all humans -every human being is (1) like every other human being; (2) like some other human beings; and (3) like no other human being -what we come equipped with at birth | |
| 628955107 | individual differences | -important ways in which humans differ from one another -one of the tasks of the personality theorist is to describe and explain individual differences | |
| 628955108 | nativism-empiricism controversy | -also called nature-nurture controversy -argument concerning the extent to which an attribute, such as intelligence, is influenced by inheritance as opposed to experience | |
| 628955109 | environmentalism | -belief that the determinants of behavior are found in the environment instead of in the person | |
| 628955110 | teleological behavior | -purposive behavior -goal-directed or future-oriented behavior -plays prominent role in theories of Jung, Allport, and Bandura and Mischel | |
| 628955111 | hedonism | -the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain -Freud, Skinner, Dollard and Miller postulate this is "master" motive for human behavior | |
| 628955112 | self-actualization | -the impulse to realize one's full potential -Jung, Horney, Maslow, and Rogers believe this is master motive | |
| 628955113 | Adler's master motive | -striving for superiority | |
| 628955114 | May and Kelly's master motive | -a search for meaning and the reduction of uncertainty | |
| 628955115 | Buss's master motive | -the predisposition to express evolved psychological mechanisms | |
| 628955116 | Bandura and Mischel's master motive | -the need to develop cognitive processes that are effective in dealing with the world | |
| 628955117 | self | -concept employed by several personality theorists to account for the facts that human behavior is smooth running, consistent, and well organized -this concept has been used to explain why we are aware of ourselves as individuals- organizing agent of personality -Horney, Allport, and Rogers rely heavily on this concept | |
| 628955118 | determinism | -belief that all behavior is caused and is therefore not free | |
| 628955119 | introspection | -self-examination -directing one's thoughts inward to discover the truth about one's self | |
| 628955120 | idiographic research | -intense study of a single person | |
| 628955121 | nomothetic research | -the study of groups of individuals | |
| 628955122 | person variables | -variables contained within persons thought to be responsible for their behavior -traits, habits, memories, information-processing mechanisms, and repressed early experiences exemplify these | |
| 628955123 | situation variables | -those variables found in the environment thought to be responsible for behavior | |
| 628955124 | physical monism | -also called materialism -contention that no mind-body problem exists because no mind exists -no mental events occur, only physical events | |
| 628955125 | epiphenomenalism | -contention that mental events are the by-products of bodily events -bodily events cause mental events but mental events cannot cause bodily events -mental events, therefore, can be ignored in the analysis of human behavior | |
| 628955126 | parallelism | -contention that an environmental event causes both mental and bodily reactions at the same time -according to this proposed answer to the mind-body question, bodily and mental phenomena run parallel to each other and are therefore not causally related | |
| 628955127 | interactionism | -contention that the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind -the mind and the body are causally related | |
| 628955128 | animalistic theory | -states that humans possess the same impulses and instincts as other animals, particularly other primates | |
| 628955129 | evolutionary psychological theory | -claims that humans inherit behavioral tendencies from our evolutionary past but that these tendencies can be modified by rational thought or cultural influence | |
| 628955130 | existential theory | -states that the most important point about humans is our ability to choose courses of action and to assign meaning to the events in our lives | |
| 628955131 | humanistic theory | -claims humans are born basically good; if we engage in undesirable behavior it is because cultural, societal, or familial conditions have forced us to do so | |
| 628955132 | mechanistic theory | -states that humans are automatons who respond automatically to environmental events; response is automatic and machinelike (likens humans to computers) | |
| 628955133 | epistemology | -study of the nature of human knowledge | |
| 628955134 | science | -epistemological pursuit that combines the philosophical schools of empiricism and rationalism | |
| 628955135 | rationalism | -belief that knowledge can be gained only by exercising the mind, for example, by thinking, deducing, or inferring | |
| 628955136 | empiricism | -contention that an attribute is determined by experience rather than by genetics -the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience | |
| 628955137 | scientific theory | -combination of the philosophical schools of rationalism and empiricism, with two major functions: (1) to synthesize (explain) many observations, and (2) to generate new information | |
| 628955138 | synthesizing function | -a theory's ability to organize and explain several otherwise disjointed observations | |
| 628955139 | heuristic function | -a theory's ability to generate new information | |
| 628955140 | principle of verification | -the stipulation that scientific propositions must be capable of objective, empirical testing that is available to any interested person | |
| 629113837 | paradigm | -term used by Thomas Kuhn to describe a theoretical viewpoint shared by many researchers -for ex, the dominant _______ in physics shifted from Newton's theory to Einstein's theory -in psych, ______ corresponds to groups of interrelated theories commonly called a "school of thought" or an "ism" | |
| 629113838 | psychoanalytic paradigm | Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung | |
| 629113839 | sociocultural paradigm | Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson | |
| 629113840 | trait paradigm | Gordon Allport, Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck | |
| 629113841 | learning paradigm | B. F. Skinner, John Dollard and Neal Miller, Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel | |
| 629113842 | evolutionary paradigm | David M. Buss | |
| 629113843 | existential-humanistic paradigm | George Kelly, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Rollo May | |
| 629113844 | risky predictions | -predictions that run the risk of being incorrect -according to Karl Popper, for a theory to be considered scientific it must make ________ ___________ | |
| 629113845 | principle of falsifiability | -also called principle of refutability -Karl Popper's contention that a scientific theory must make risky predictions; that is, it must make predictions that could conceivably be false and, if so, would refute the theory. | |
| 629113846 | hypotheses | -a theory's ability to generate predictions |
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