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AP Government Court Cases Flashcards

82 Supreme Court Cases

627697122	Marbury v Madison	John Adam's midnight appointments = William Marbury. Madison withheld the papers. Marbury request an Act of Congress to get papers. Result: Supreme Court strikes this down claiming that this act is unconstitutional. = judicial review
627697123	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland imposes taxes on Second Bank of the United States. Cashier of bank (McCulloch) refuses to pay. Result: Congress has power to incorporate bank and Maryland cannot tax instruments of the fed. Gov. necessary and proper clause
627697124	Gibbons v Ogden	Special permits giving rights to operate steamboats on New York waters exclusively were given. Gibbons (of New Jersey) was told he had to pay a fee to travel in New York. Result: New York cannot require licensing from other states. Only national government has that power - Supremacy clause - NY cannot regulate commerce
627697125	Barron v Baltimore	Barron was owner of a profitable wharf in the harbor. As the city expanded sand accumulated in the harbor and deprived Barron of deep waters essential to his business so he demands compensation from the state. Result: SC does not have jurisdiction because the 5th Amendment only covers the national gov. not states - eminent domain
627697126	Dred Scott v Sandford	Scott was a slave in Missouri and lived in a free state. When he returned to the state he tried to sue saying that he was free since he lived in a free state. Result: Only Congress may confer citizenship and only a citizen of the U.S. may be a citizen of a state. legalized slavery
627697127	Ex parte Milligan	Milligan sentenced to death by military commission for acts of disloyalty. Milligan sought release for habeas corpus. Result: Civil courts do not have jurisdiction over military tribunals.
627697128	Hirabayashi v US	President Roosevelt sets out an executive order for the relocation of aliens to camps during WWII. Hirabayashi was a student who violated curfew and relocation order. Result: The Court ruled that these camps and rules were necessary for developing weapons on the West Coast and war is a time of crisis.
627697129	Reynolds v US	Reynolds challenged the anti-bigamy law by taking on another wife in Utah but was convicted. Result: The anti-bigamy statue does not violate the 1st Amendment free exercise because the statute may punish without regard to religious belief.
627697130	Hall v DeCuir	Mrs. DeCuir sought passage on a steamboat. Benson would not admit her due to her color. Result: SC ruled that Benson has no right to "regulate commerce" by not allowing DeCuir on the boat. Additionally, he must obey the 14th Amendment. - civil rights
627697131	Civil Rights Cases	In several cases, a black person was denied the same accommodations as a white person in violation of the 1875 Civil Rights Act. Result: Congress may only restrain state action due to the 14th amendment. The 10th A. only calls for state actions and not specific events. Congress cannot declare discrimination illegal. The Civil Rights Act violated the 10th Amendment.
627697132	Yickwo v Hipkins	All laundries in wooden buildings were required to have permits. Being Chinese, Yick Wo was denied a permit. Result: SC ruled that the ordinance violated the Equal Protection Clause. On its face the ordinance said equal protection for all although vague. Unequal enforcement violates the 14th A.
627697133	Plessy v Ferguson	A train segregated blacks from whites. Plessy being 7/8 white would not move to the black car and was arrested. Result: SC ruled that the separation is constitutional - "separate but equal"
627697134	Swift v US	Monopoly(trust) formed in Chicago for meat. Result: Congress has the right to break up monopolies under the Commerce Clause. This case justified regulations under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
627697135	Weeks v US	Police took papers which proved he had engaged in illegally mailing lottery tickets without a warrant. Result: SC ruled that this is a direct violation of the 4th A. 1st application of the exclusionary rule
627697136	Schenck v US	Schenck sent out circulars encouraging men to peacefully protest the draft. Convicted of violating the Espionage Act. Result: Schenck's actions are not protected under free speech in the 1st A. - clear and present danger test
627697137	Gitlow v New York	Gitlow publishes manifesto advocating socialism. Result: SC rules that arresting him is a violation of free speech but if that speech leads to dangerous actions then the legislative branch may decide what is or isn't safe to say. Speech can be punished even if no action is taken. 1st case of selective incorporation
627697138	Near v Minnesota	Near published a newspaper indicating that public officials were gangsters. The state ordered him to stop publishing such newspapers. Result: SC ruled that this directly violates Free Press in 1st A. prior restraint - may only punish after publication
627697139	Schechter Poultry Corp. v US	Congress gives the President the power to regulate industry under National Industry Recovery Act. Result: Congress does not have the authority to delegate such powers to the President. Congress may not delegate its legislative powers to the President.
627697140	DeJonge v Oregon	DeJonge (communist) assembled to have a meeting with the communist party about protesting and was arrested under a syndicalism statute. Result: SC rules that syndicalism statute violates the due process clause and freedom of assembly. - incorporation
627697141	Palko v Connecticut	Palko tried and convicted of second degree murder although he committed first degree. Tried again later for first degree murder and sentenced to death. Result: Double Jeopardy is not a fundamental right under the 14th A. and therefore is not applied to the states
627697142	West Coast Hotel Comp. v Parrish	Parrish received lower wages than the minimum wage at the hotel. Result: the establishment of minimum wages is constitutionally legitimate. This does not violate the liberty of contract under the 14th A. Due Process and 5th A.
627697143	Minersville School District v Gobitis	Two children were expelled for not saluting the American flag at school due to being Jehovah's Witnesses. Result: SC ruled that the salute does not infringe on liberties protected by the 1st and 14th. National unity. - in the state's interest
627697144	Cantwell v State of Connecticut	Jehovah's Witnesses went door to door advertising their religion. Arrested for violating a local ordinance for solicitation and inciting a breach in the peace. Result: the state does not have the power to put out an ordinance to limit freedom of religion. Does the ordinance violate the 1st A? - yes
627697145	Cox v New Hampshire	Jehovah's witnesses assembled to march on public streets and interfere with normal foot travel. Marchers arrested for violating a state statute that required a license to parade on public grounds. Result: The government cannot place regulations on content of speech but on the time, place, and manner on speech for public safety. = content neutral License required - 14th A.
627697146	Betts v Brady	Betts was arrested for robbery and requested a lawyer. The state refused to provide him one so he went to trial and argued his own case while also arguing the right to an attorney. Result: The state does not have to provide a citizen with an attorney but merely cannot deny if requested.
627697147	West Virginia State Board of Ed. v Barnette	West Virginia Board of Education required all pupils and teachers to salute the flag each day. Any who did not were expelled. Result: Requiring public school children to salute the flag is unconstitutional. - overruled Minersville.
627697148	Korematsu v US	Japanese Americans were put into internment camps during WWII. Result: The need to protect the safety of the U.S. outweighed any single person's rights. Internment= necessary during wartime = constitutional
627697149	Morgan v Virginia	Irene Morgan was ordered to sit in the back of the bus. She argued that since it was an interstate bus that the law did not apply. She was fined $10. Result: SC rules that the segregation on an interstate bus is unconstitutional. A state can neither require nor forbid segregation. - interstate commerce = commerce clause
627697150	Terminiello v Chicago	Terminiello charged with inciting a riot because of his controversial speech (about racial groups) which upset many and caused fights to break out. Result: SC rules that the breach of peace ordinance is unconstitutional and that free speech may only be limited when there is clear and present danger that rises above public annoyance or unrest.
627697151	Feiner v New York	After being asked to end a speech twice with the threat of violence, Feiner was arrested(leftist rally). Result: Feiner's arrest was constitutional because of the clear and present danger principle. His arrest maintained peace. it is in the interest of the community and the responsibility of the police to maintain peace.
627697152	Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v Sawyer	President Truman issues executive order to have Sawyer seize all steel mills to avert suspected strikes. Result: The President does not have the power to do this because he does not have the power to seize private property. - infringes on 5th A rights.
627697153	Sweatt v Painter	Sweatt was denied admittance to Texas Law School because of his race. Result: SC ruled that the school had to let him in because the separate facility for negroes was not even close to equal. - 14th A.
627697154	Brown v Board of Education	Black children were denied admittance to a white public school. Result: Although the separate but equal doctrine should provide for equal facilities, the separation in public education maintains inequality. Brown 1- overturns Plessy v. Ferguson. Brown 2 - all schools must comply fully and with speed process for getting rid of segregation.
627697155	Trop v Dulles	Trop deserted the army and denied doing so. He was then convicted and stripped of his citizenship under an act of Congress. Trop only awol for one day. Result: SC rules that stripping a citizen of citizenship is cruel and unusual punishment and unconstitutional by the 8th A.
627697156	Mapp v Ohio	Obscene materials were obtained illegally from Mapp's home. Police tried to use the materials in criminal proceedings. Result: SC ruled that any evidence illegally obtained may not be used in a state court. Exclusionary rule - incorporation of the 4th A.
627697157	Hoyt v Florida	Hoyt was convicted of murdering her husband by an all-male jury when women were exempted from jury duty but could still volunteer. Result: The state statute was upheld, reasoning that women were still the center of the home and could be exempt from such distractions. - Equal protection of the 14th A.
627697158	Engel v Vitale	A nondenominational prayer was authorized to be said at the start of each day at local public schools. Result: The prayer violated the establishment clause. = 1st A.
627697159	Baker v Carr	A law that was designed to apportion seats of the Tennessee General Assembly was ignored. Result: Legislative apportionments are under the Supreme Court's jurisdiction. "one person, one vote" -14th A. Baker says the law did not help economic growth.
627697160	Gideon v Wainwright	Gideon was charged with breaking and entering in Florida and could not afford an attorney. When he asked to be appointed one, the state said they only had to appoint one to indigenous citizens for capital offenses. Result: SC rules that Gideon has a right to an attorney through the Bill of Rights. Overturned Betts v. Brady. Lawyers are necessities, not luxuries. = 6th A, Due Process = 14th and 5th
627697161	Katzenbach v McClung	Owner of a restaurant refused to seat blacks in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Result: Discrimination in restaurants posed significant burdens on interstate flow of food and movement of products. - commerce clause
627697162	Escobedo v Illinois	Escobedo was arrested for murder and was denied a lawyer before his arrest after request. His lawyer could not consult with him and he confessed to murder. Result: Escobedo was denied rights given by the 5th A. and not properly informed of them. 6th A, too.
627697163	Griswold v Connecticut	Mrs. Griswold gave counsel to marital couples that wished to use birth control that was apparently against a Connecticut statute. Result: Marital couples have the right to privacy implied by a few amendments of the Bill of Rights. The statue therefore is unconstitutional. "right to privacy" = 1st, 3rd, 4th, 8th, and 14th
627697164	Miranda v Arizona	In a number of cases, defendants were not informed of their rights under the 5th A. Miranda raped a woman and admitted to it after not being informed of the right to not self-incriminate. Result: The Court cannot use any statements obtained without the statement of "Miranda" rights. Guidelines to police interrogation 5th, 6th A
627697165	Terry v Ohio	A policeman had been undercover observing Terry and three other men who were suspected of carrying concealed weapons. Terry was arrested. Terry presented a threat to the police. Result: The search and seizure was perfectly legal because the policeman had more than a hunch. The search was limited and the purpose was for the officer's safety in the investigation. - Terry pat down. - not protected by the 14th A.
627697166	Tinker v DesMoines	Tinker siblings wore armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War and were suspended after refusing to remove them. Result: Symbolic speech is protected under the first A. The armbands caused no disturbance.
627697167	Graham v Richardson	PA and AZ denied welfare benefits to aliens or those citizens who had not lived in the US for a certain amount of years. Result: SC rules that this is a direct violation of the 14th A. Aliens pay taxes too.
627697168	New York Times v US	The President argues that the publication of the Pentagon Papers is in violation of executive privilege. Result: The barring of the publication of these papers is in violation of the 1st A. Publication does not imperial the public.
627697169	Lemon v Kurtzman	Two state statutes provided funds to non-public schools for textbooks and teacher salaries of secular subjects. Result: The statutes violate the establishment clause of the 1st A. A three part test was created to determine if non-public schools could receive aid from the government. Must be secular legislative purpose. Lemon test = money in parochial schools.
627697170	Wisconsin v Yoder	Amish people refused to send their children to school past the 8th grade when the state required public schooling for all children until age16. Result: This law is in conflict with the Free Exercise clause. The statute is in direct conflict with Amish beliefs. The Amish may teach themselves.
627697171	Furman v Georgia	Furman was robbing a home when a resident came home. He ran, tripped, fell, and his gun went off and killed the resident. Furman was given the death penalty. Result: In these instances, this is cruel and unusual punishment and in violation of the 8th A.
627697172	Lloyd Corp. v Tanner	Tanner was distributing anti-war handbills in a privately-owned mall. Owner of Lloyd Corp ordered him out. Result: Are 1st A. rights protected? Tanner's 1st A rights are not protected because the material was not related to the mall and he had the option of handing out materials on the public sidewalk outside and not on private property.
627697173	Miller v California	Miller started a mass-mailing campaign of obscene materials and was convicted by a California statute forbidding the mailings. Result: The obscene materials do not enjoy the protection of the 1st A. due to the three prong test established in Roth v. United States. - obscenity test.
627697174	Roe v Wade	Roe wished to terminate her pregnancy in Texas where law forbids it unless the woman's life is in danger. Result: A woman's right to an abortion falls under right to privacy protected by the Bill of Rights.
627697175	US v Nixon	President Nixon claimed executive privilege when he withheld certain incriminating tapes from the Court involving the Watergate scandal. Result: The executive branch is not immune from the Court. The executive privilege is limited. Article II was in question.
627697176	Taylor v Louisiana	Taylor was convicted of murder by a jury of all men. Result: The ruling of Hoyt v Florida was overturned. Women cannot be excluded from the jury pool. Overturned Hoyt v. Florida.
627697177	Gregg v Georgia	Gregg was charged and found guilty of robbery and murder and sentenced to death. Result: The death sentence is not cruel and unusual punishment if the crime is a severe criminal case.
627697178	Regents of the University of California v Bakke	Bakke was denied both times that he applied to Univ. of CA when the college only had 16 spots available for minorities due to affirmative action. Bakke was more qualified than all of the students admitted in those two years. Result: SC was split. Any racial quota system supported by the government violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Others held that race may be a criterion in admissions to higher education. quotas = unconstitutional. Affirmative action is legal. but this violates the 14th A.
627697179	Plyer v Doe	Some Texas education laws allowed for the withholding of state funds to educate children of illegal aliens. Result: The law violates the 14th A. because, although illegal aliens, are people and enjoy such protections. Aliens have the right to public education. Laws violated the 14th A.
627697180	United States v Leon	Policemen monitored drug dealings at a home and deduced from the cars going to and from the house that this was true. They requested a search warrant and found evidence on Leon. However, the warrant was invalid because of lack of probable cause. Result: The officers acted on good faith thinking the warrant was valid so the evidence could be used. - good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.
627697181	Hudson v Palmer	Palmer was a prisoner in a Virginia prison and Hudson found destroyed private property which Palmer had to pay for. Hudson searched his locker without a warrant. Result: The right to privacy does not exist in a prison due to security requirements. - 4th A.
627697182	Wallace v Jaffree	Alabama law allowed teachers to conduct regular religious services at school. Jaffree's three children attended public school in Mobile. Result: The law directly violated the Establishment clause and in fact endorsed religion = unconstitutional. Incorporation of 1st A. - affirmative endorsement of religion.
627697183	New Jersey v T.L.O.	A teen was suspected of having drugs in her purse and belongings at school. A search was conducted in her locker and drugs were found and she was sent to a juvenile hall. Result: The search does not violate the 4th A. because the school had reasonable suspicion and the search was conducted to keep order and discipline. Schools do not have to abide by probable cause. - 4th and 14th
627697184	Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier	The principal of a school would not permit the publication of an issue of the school paper because it contained inappropriate material written by students. Result: This does not violate the 1st A. because a school has the right to promote particular types of student speech and set standards within reason. Schools may set standards for speech and press and regulate if material goes against the values of the school.
627697185	Texas v Johnson	Johnson burned an American flag in front of Dallas City Hall to protest the Reagan administration and was arrested. Result: Under the 1st A., Johnson has the right to burn the flag in protest. It cannot be prohibited just because most find it offensive.
627697186	Stanford v Kentucky	A 17 year old was charged with murder, sodomy, and robbery and given the death penalty and the state had a death penalty for juveniles that committed Class A capital crimes. Result: This does not violate the 8th A. due to decency standards. It is also up to the states to determine the cut off age for the death penalty. = legal. 10th A.
627697187	Cruzan v Missouri	Mary Beth Cruzan went into a coma after being involved in a car accident. When her parents wished to take her off of life support, the state prevented them from doing so without court approval. Result: While individuals may refuse medical treatment, one may not refuse for another on the basis of bad judgment. The state's attempt to save human life is constitutional. There is no guarantee that family members would act in the best interest of a patient. Families must have clear and convincing evidence that this is what the patient wants. - 14th A. - Due Process
627697188	US v Eichman	Congress passed the Flag Protection Act in response to Texas v. Johnson. Eichman burned a flag on the steps of the US Capitol in protest of domestic and foreign policy. Result: Similar to Texas v Johnson, the law violates free expression. Allowing a flag to be disposed of but to not be burned in protest is unconstitutional. - 1st A.
627697189	US v Lopez	Lopez was arrested for carrying a concealed firearm into school under a law made by Congress which prohibits concealed weapons in school zones in relation to the Commerce Clause. Result: Gun possession does not have a significant economic effect on interstate commerce and therefore the law is unconstitutional. - exceeds power under the commerce clause
627697190	Reno v ACLU	The Communications Decency Act was created to protest minors from obscene material on the internet. Result: The Act violates the 1st A. because of its broad definition of obscene material which bars free speech. The 1st A only protects from indecent material. Such material must be more specifically defined. - violates the 1st and 5th A .
627697191	Boy Scouts of America v Dale	Dale, an adult homosexual and gay-rights activist, was excluded from Boy Scouts after the troop learned of this. A law in New Jersey stated that a citizen cannot be excluded from public accommodations based on sexual orientation or race. Boy Scouts is a private, non-profit organization. Result: The New Jersey law violates the Boy Scouts' right of association which includes barring homosexuals as part of their values. - Equal Protection and 1st A.
627697192	Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v Doe	A school in the Santa Fe School District permitted student-led, student initiated prayer before each home football game. Result: The student led prayer violates the Establishment clause as the public speech takes place on government property and government-endorsed events which means the prayer would also have to be promoted. This is unconstitutional.
627697193	US v Morrison	A woman attending Virginia Tech was allegedly raped by two men, Crawford and Morrison. Morrison was found guilty but then appealed to the school board and his sentence was lessened. Brzonkala, the woman who was raped, appealed her case under the Violence Against Women Act of 1994. Result: Congress does not have the power to pass such an act under the Commerce Clause or the 14th A. because the statute did not actually affect interstate commerce nor redress harm caused by the state. The court proceedings on the news discouraged people from going to the University which led Congress to be able to use the commerce clause.- Congress does not have this power. Only states do.
627697194	Bush v Gore	Because of the closeness in the election of 2000, Gore ordered that ballots be recounted in Florida because of a potential mistake. The Florida Supreme Court authorized a recount in all counties. Result: Such a recount is unconstitutional because there is no standard set in the Constitution to do such nor does the state of Florida have the right to set up a new election law. The Florida Supreme Court may not create a new national election law. - 14th A.
627697195	PGA Tour v Martin	During the PGA tour, Martin requested to ride in a golf cart during the qualifying round due to a degenerative circulatory disorder. The cart was denied to him. Result: The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 does require that the PGA give Martin a cart because it would not significantly "alter the nature" of the game. Does the 14th A apply to golf tournaments?
627697196	Watchtower v Stratton	The Village of Stratton requires that anyone wishing to advocate religious material on private property must get a permit to do so or be arrested for misdemeanor. Result: This ordinance is unconstitutional due to the 1st A. and anonymous political speech. Receiving a permit would require that people would have to put their names on them.
627697197	Lawrence v Texas	Policemen, entering a private home to follow through with a weapon tip, discovered two men, Lawrence and Garner, engaging in consensual sex. According to the Homosexual Conduct law, the two men were placed under arrest for engaging in homosexual relations. Result: The Texas law violates both of the men's 14th A. rights to engage in private conduct without intervention from the government. - violates the 14th and 4th A. - no legit state interest.
627697198	Roper v Simmons	Christopher Simmons was convicted at 17 years old and sentenced to death in 1993. The state found that this was unconstitutional since the public today found that sentencing minors to death was cruel and unusual punishment. Result: The Court ruled that evolving standards have indicated that sentencing minors to death is both cruel and unusual under the 8th A. Overturned Stanford v Kentucky - incorporation
627697199	Cutter v Wilkinson	A government act authorized the religious practices of inmates at a prison. Prison officials prohibited practices of certain inmates claiming it violated the Establishment Clause. Result: The act does not violate the 1st A. The act was designed to alleviate "government-created burden" on the religious exercise of prisoners. Prisoners MAY exercise religion.
627697200	Gonzales v Oregon	In Oregon, a law was enacted that allowed physicians to legally euthanize terminally ill patients. The Attorney General ordered that under the Controlled Substances Act that physicians were prohibited from this practice. Result: The Supreme Court ruled that the Controlled Substance Act cannot prohibit physicians from this practice. The act was designed to punish illicit drug use. Additionally the Attorney General cannot dictate the practices that are authorized under state law. - 10th A.
627697201	Morse v Frederick	A student at a local high school hung up a banner saying "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" which advertises the use of marijuana. The principal ordered that the banner be taken down and the student be suspended. Result: School officials can prohibit students from promoting the use of drugs and does not violate the student's 1st A rights. A decision was not reached about whether Morse was immune to being sued, being a school official. Case is similar to Hazelwood.
627697202	Medellin v Texas	Mendellin was accused and sentenced to death for participating in the gang rape and murder of two teenage girls. Under the Vienna Convention, Mendellin said that he had a right to contact his consulate. The President upheld that states must comply with the U.S treaty obligation under the Vienna Convention. Result: The Court upheld Mendellin's sentencing because the Vienna Convention was self-executed and did not have the force of law from Congress which means it may not be applied to the states. Also, the President cannot require the states to obey the treaty when such is a congressional power. Texas has the authority to interpret the act.
627697203	Virginia v Moore	The police received a tip that Moore had been driving with a suspended license. The state's policy was to issue him a citation and have him appear in court. Instead, the police arrested him and received consent to search his hotel room where they found 16 grams of cocaine. He was them arrested for possession and intent to distribute. Result: The Court ruled that Moore's 4th A rights had not been violated because the presence of probable cause gives an officer the right to reasonable search to ensure safety and safeguard evidence. It is of no consequence that the evidence was obtained incident to arrest through an unlawful arrest.

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AP American Government Flashcards

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630267931	Classical Republicanism Theory	Aristotle, Human nature is good, Few laws needed
630267932	Natural Rights Theory	Individuality, Human nature is bad, Many laws needed
630267933	Dictatorship, Monarchy	Government without popular consent of people?
630267934	Democracy	Government with popular consent?
630267935	Direct Democracy	People vote and decide on laws
630267936	Representative Democracy	People vote for representatives who then decide laws.
630267937	Capitalism	Private ownership of property, Free market in this economic system
630267938	Laissez-faire	"hands off" government should not interfere with the people
630267939	Socialism	Government controls economy and distributes resources in this economic system
630267940	Communism	Working class take control and create a classless environment in this economic system
630267941	Mixed Capitalism	Economic system present in America today; Mixes capitalism with socialism (limited gov. control.)
630267942	Declaration of Independence	Equality, Unalienable rights, liberty, 5 rights.. which document?
630267943	Enumerated Powers	The powers given to the federal government that are specifically stated in the Constitution. (Article 1....Section...)
630267944	Implied Powers	Powers that are not specifically stated, but are reasonably understood. (Drafting Soldiers)
630267945	Inherent Powers	Powers that belong to the united States because they are a sovereign nation. Sovereign: permanent authority. (Immigration)
630267946	Reserved Powers	Issues that are not addressed by the Constitution and are left for the states.
630267947	Concurrent Powers	Powers shared by the federal and state government. (Taxation)
630267948	Exclusive Powers	Powers that can only be done by the federal government. (Coining money, declaring war.)
630267949	Denied Powers	The things that the federal/state government cannot do. (Punish an accused person without a trial.)
630267950	Virginia Plan of Government	The number of representatives from a state depended on the population of that state.
630267951	The New Jersey Plan of government	Equal representation among states.
630267952	Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation	1. Did not have power to tax. 2. No army/navy 3. Could not enforce laws 4. Did not have control over states. 5. Lacked centralization and leadership 6. Court system
630267953	Article 1 of Constitution	Legislative( Biggest section)
630267954	Article 2 of Constitution	Executive
630267955	Article 3 of Constitution	Judicial
630267956	Article 4 of Constitution	establishes "full faith and credit clause" mandates that states honor laws and proceedings
630267957	Articles 5-7 of Constitution	How States and Amendments can be added to the COnstitution
630267958	Amendments	What comes after the Article 7 in the Constitution?
630267959	Informal Amendments	Legislature that adds or defines existing laws, political parties, Court Decision: MARBURY V. MADISON.
630267960	Purpose of the Federalist Papers	To convince the thirteen colonies to ratify the Constitution because America needed a strong central government.
630267961	Federalists Views	Needed strong central government, needed control over states, opposed to the Articles of Confederation.
630267962	Federalism	Power divided between States and Federal Government
630267963	Extradition	The legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one State is returned to that State.
630267964	Priviledges and Immunities Clause	No state can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents and those persons who happen to live in other states.
630267965	Interstate Compacts	Agreements among themselves and/or with foreign states to solve common problems. Like Conservation: Pollution is not limited by state borders.
630267966	Full Faith and Credit Clause	Constitution ensures that States recognize the laws and documents and court proceedings of other states. HOWEVER: Certain divorces and criminal laws are exceptions.
630267967	Supremacy Clause	This constitution shall be the supreme Law of the Land
630267968	1. Constitution 2. Federal Laws and Treaties 3. State Constitutions 4. State Laws 5. Local Laws	Ladder of Laws (Supremacy Clause) Order???
630267969	1. Republican Form of Government 2. Invasion and Internal Disorder 3. Respect for Territorial Integrity	3 Federal Obligations to States.
630267970	Guidance of the Court System	Purpose of Supremacy Clause
630267971	Preemption	When the national government overrides state actions in certain areas.
630267972	Unfunded Mandate	Requirements placed on states by the federal government, but not funded. Leads to detriment.
630267973	1. Preemption 2. Unfunded Mandate	2 Problems with Federalism
630267974	Marbury v. Madison	Court case over appointing high officials: Judicial review...
630267975	McCulloch v. Maryland	Enforced Supremacy Clause and ruled that the State could not tax the federal bank.
630267976	Gibbons v. Ogden	provided federal government with ability to control interstate commerce in this court case.
630267977	Dred Scott v. Sanford	Permitted slavery in all states and declared missouri compromise unconstitutional. states that blacks could never become citizens. worst court case ever.

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AP Government Flashcards

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778963181	Government	formal and informal institutions, people and processes used to create and conduct public policy
778963182	Public Policy	exercise of government power in doing things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society
778963183	Democracy	rule by the people
778963184	Direct Democracy	...
778963185	Representative Democracy	...
778963186	Traditional Democratic Theory	...
778963187	Pluralist Theory	...
778963188	Elite Theory	...
778963189	Bureaucratic Theory	...
778963190	Hyperpluralism	...
778963191	social contract	...
778963192	natural rights	...
778963193	declaration of independence	...
778963194	articles of confederation	...
778963195	federal system	...
778963196	Connecticut (Great) compromise	...
778963197	Virginia Plan	...
778963198	3/5ths compromise	...
778963199	commerce and slave trade compromise	...
778963200	ratification	...
778963201	federalists	...
778963202	federalist papers	...
778963203	anti-federalists	...
778963204	bill of rights	...
778963205	constitution	...
778963206	limited government	...
778963207	popular sovereignty	...
778963208	separation of powers	...
778963209	checks and balances	...
778963210	federalism	...
778963211	amendments	...
778963212	judicial review	...
778963213	Marbury v madison	...
778963214	delegated powers	...
778963215	implied powers	...
778963216	necessary and proper (elastic) clause	...
778963217	inherent powers	...
778963218	concurrent powers	...
778963219	reserved powers	...
778963220	full faith and credit clause	...
778963221	privileges and immunities clause	...
778963222	extradition	...
778963223	interstate compacts	...
778963224	supremacy clause	...
778963225	mcculloch v maryland	...
778963226	dual federalism	...
778963227	cooperative federalism	...
778963228	devolution	...
778963229	fiscal federalism	...
778963230	fiscal policy	...
778963231	grants in aid	...
778963232	categorical grants	...
778963233	block grants	...
778963234	revenue sharing	...
778963235	mandates	...
778963236	unfunded mandates	...

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AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET Flashcards

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AP Euro Chapters 29-31 Flashcards

Combination of AP Euro chapters 29-31

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773509137	b	The most impressive accomplishments of Stalin's five-year plans occurred in A) collectivized agriculture. B) heavy industry. C) consumer industry D) foreign trade. E) foreign investment.
773509138	a	The strategic decision that most epitomized Hitler's violent and unlimited ambitions was the A) invasion of the Soviet Union. B) offensive into the eastern Mediterranean. C) declaration of war against the United States. D) bombing of British cities during the Battle of Britain. E) occupation of the Rhineland.
773509139	b	Hitler's Mein Kampf included all of the following basic themes except A) living space. B) land reform. C) race. D) the leaderdictator. E) the masses were driven by fanaticism, not by knowledge.
773509140	c	The Nuremberg Laws A) outlawed private property in the Soviet Union. B) established the parallel government/party structure of Nazi Germany. C) deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship. D) attempted to implement Hitler's promises of "work and bread." E) established "reservations" for Jews on German territory.
773509141	a	The first German act of aggression that could not be justified by selfdetermination was the A) annexation of Austria. B) occupation of the non-ethnically German areas of Czechoslovakia. C) invasion of Poland. D) remilitarization of the Rhineland. E) invasion of Denmark.
773509142	e	The regimes of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and the Stalinist Soviet Union all shared a A) complete rejection of private property. B) violently racist ideology. C) goal of complete economic transformation. D) respect for the independence of established churches. E) profound hatred of Western liberalism
773509143	c	How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian empire in 1913? A) They were far higher. B) They were marginally higher. C) They were lower. D) They were approximately the same. E) Available data do not allow comparison.
773509144	e	Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party A) for plotting to assassinate its leader. B) for denying the necessity of violent revolution to establish a worker dictatorship. C) for working as a secret government informer. D) for anti-Semitism. E) for urging Italian entry into World War I
773509145	a	Which of the following events occurred first? A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy. B) Stalin launches first five-year plan. C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union. D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany. E) Lateran Agreement signed.
773509146	a	The newer comparative studies of fascism identify all of the following as shared characteristics except A) alliance with working-class movements. B) extreme, expansionist nationalism. C) a dynamic and violent leader. D) glorification of war and the military. E) alliance with powerful capitalists and landowners
773509147	d	The Grand Alliance was cemented by all of the following policies except A) a commitment to unconditional surrender. B) U.S. adoption of the "Europe first" principle. C) postponement of a discussion of the eventual peace settlement. D) the decision to exclude France from the Alliance. E) the promise of huge U.S. aid to Britain and the Soviet Union
773509148	b	In the early 1930s German chancellor Bruning tried to cope with the Great Depression by A) spending large amounts on public works projects. B) cutting government spending and squeezing down wages and prices. C) repudiating the Treaty of Versailles and drastic increases in military spending. D) enacting new welfare measures. E) instituting free trade policies to attract foreign investment.
773509149	b	Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with the A) urban workers. B) Russian peasants. C) White counterrevolutionaries. D) foreign capitalists. E) Russian intelligentsia.
773509150	a	The Lateran Agreement indicated that Mussolini had the support of A) the pope and the Catholic church. B) Italian labor unions. C) Nazi Germany. D) fascist Spain. E) the Greek government.
773509151	d	The term Final Solution refers to A) Stalin's industrialization drive. B) the Allies' demand that Germany had to surrender unconditionally. C) Hitler's suicide as Soviet troops stormed Berlin. D) the attempted extermination of European Jews by the Nazis. E) Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union.
773509152	e	The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact A) allied Germany and the Soviet Union against Britain and France. B) engaged Germany and the Soviet Union to defend one another should either be attacked. C) stated that Germany and the Soviet Union foreswore any further acts of aggression against sovereign states. D) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral, and included a secret agreement to divide up Yugoslavia. E) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral, and included a secret clause dividing up eastern Europe.
773509153	a	Hitler's popularity was based on all of the following except A) his establishment of equality for women. B) growing profits for business. C) the perception of greater equality and social mobility for all Germans. D) his successes in foreign policy. E) high employment and rising real wages.
773509154	a	In the Battle of Britain (1940) A) the German air force sought to win control of the air over Britain. B) the German army landed troops on the south coast of England. C) the German navy attempted to wrest control of the English Channel from the British. D) Hitler tried to break civilian morale in Britain with radio broadcasts and leaflet drops. E) British labor unions protested continuation of the war.
773509155	d	Which of the following events occurred last? A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy. B) Stalin launches first five-year plan. C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union. D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany. E) Lateran Agreement signed.
773509156	d	In Stalin's Soviet Union, women A) were relegated to agricultural and domestic labor. B) were urged to liberate themselves sexually. C) shared family duties equally with men. D) were able to pursue professional careers. E) lost the right to vote.
773509157	a	By spring __________, the Bolsheviks had won the civil war. A) 1921 B) 1919 C) 1925 D) 1926 E) 1928
773509158	e	Marshal Henri-Philippe Pétain A) commanded the French armies in the spring of 1940. B) commenced French rearmament when he became premier in 1938. C) led the Popular Front government in France in 1937. D) was a French general who deserted to the Nazis during their invasion of France. E) headed the Vichy French government that made peace with the Nazis.
773509159	a	Early writers on totalitarianism such as Elie Halévy A) asserted that all totalitarian states were closely related. B) stressed the differences between fascism and communism. C) argued that fascism was a tool of powerful capitalists. D) stressed the differences in the historical patterns of fascist states. E) celebrated conservative authoritarianism.
773509160	c	According to historian Daniel Goldhagen, most Germans A) detested the anti-Semitic policies of the Nazi party. B) greeted the outbreak of war with resignation. C) were Hitler's willing accomplices in the Final Solution. D) were indifferent to the Holocaust. E) feared Bolshevism above all.
773509161	b	Stalin's theory of "socialism in one country" A) was originally proposed by Leon Trotsky. B) argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own. C) maintained that the success of socialism depended on world revolution. D) was rejected by the Communist party. E) proposed that the Soviet Union should give up trying to catalyze the world proletarian revolution
773509162	c	One example of the successful resistance of Russian peasants to collectivization was A) Stalin's decision to limit the extent of collectivization. B) de-kulakization. C) grudgingly tolerated family plots. D) their control of the Siberian grain and raw materials sectors of the Soviet economy. E) the restoration of their rights to move freely without carrying passports in 1935.
773509163	d	Among the objectives of Stalin's first Five-Year Plan were all of the following except A) to stamp out the small-scale private enterprise tolerated under the NEP. B) to catch up with the advanced capitalist countries in industrial and military power. C) to squeeze out of the peasants the capital needed for industrialization. D) to Russify the ethnic minority groups in the U.S.S.R. E) to prevent the growth of an independent class of "capitalist" peasants
773509164	b	All of the following were factors in the success of Stalin's industrialization drive except A) a sharp decrease in domestic consumption. B) the skill of Soviet economists. C) extensive labor discipline. D) the use of foreign experts. E) the crushing of independent labor unions.
773509165	b	The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922 largely because A) socialist workers were seizing control of factories. B) of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants. C) of mass unemployment. D) of mutinies in the Italian fleet. E) of the general strike against the government declared by the Catholic church.
773509166	a	One of the most important consequences of the Great Purges was the A) creation of a new generation of communists loyal to Stalin. B) destruction of the Red Army's ability to fight. C) elimination of foreign spies and saboteurs. D) decline in the international scope of the communist movement. E) rise of significant sympathy for Nazi Germany inside the U.S.S.R
773509167	e	Stalin ordered the liquidation of the kulaks, the _____________, in 1929. A) small shopkeepers B) descendants of the Cossacks C) lower middle class D) army officers E) better-off peasants
773509168	b	Hitler's promise to create "national socialism," a path between capitalism and communism was directed primarily at A) the army officer corps. B) the middle and lower-middle classes. C) big business. D) urban workers. E) the intelligentsia
773509169	a	Hitler acquired absolute dictatorial powers, through the Enabling Act, as a result of A) the Reichstag fire and dirty politicking. B) a wave of strikes by German labor unions. C) the remilitarization of the Rhineland. D) the assassination of a German diplomat by a Jew. E) the election of 1932.
773509170	b	Under Stalin, Soviet workers had all of the following except A) free education B) abundant housing C) old-age pensions D) free medical service E) day-care centers for children
773509171	d	By 1950, __________ percent of all doctors in the Soviet Union were women. A) 20 B) 10 C) 40 D) 75 E) 90
773509172	a	Mussolini's ____________ used street violence as a tool for creating chaos and disorder. A) Black Shirts B) Brown Shirts C) Red Shirts D) White Shirts E) Black Hats
773509173	e	Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he A) remilitarized the Rhineland. B) occupied Austria. C) took the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. D) invaded Norway. E) used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.
773509174	b	According to Hitler's New Order, the European "race" that was next to the Jews on Hitler's scale of subhumans was the A) Latin race. B) Slavic race. C) Nordic race D) Anglo-Saxon race. E) Magyar race.
773509175	d	By 1945, Hitler and his Nazis had murdered A) 600,000 Jews. B) 1 million Jews. C) 2 million Jews. D) 6 million Jews. E) 20 million Jews.
773509176	a	By the end of _____________, Italy was a one-party dictatorship under Mussolini's control. A) 1926 B) 1922 C) 1930 D) 1929 E) 1924
773509177	c	In Vienna, Hitler learned important political lessons from the city's mayor, A) Max Luddendorf. B) Frederick Listoff. C) Karl Lueger. D) Rolf Hess. E) Otto Presser.
773509178	e	Heinrich Himmler was the leader of the A) Luftwaffe. B) Wehrmacht. C) Gestapo. D) SA. E) SS
773509179	e	At which conference did U.S. President Harry Truman insist that Stalin immediately allow free elections in the eastern European states under Red Army occupation? A) Munich Conference. B) Teheran Conference. C) Yalta Conference. D) Helsinki Conference. E) Potsdam Conference.
773509180	a	The goal of the Truman Doctrine was to A) contain communism in areas liberated by the Red Army. B) rebuild the European economies. C) force the communists out of eastern Europe. D) destroy the communist parties in western Europe. E) enable cuts in U.S. military spending.
773509181	c	In order to foster economic growth, the German Minister of the Economy Ludwig Erhard A) dismantled the extensive social welfare network. B) retained the Nazi-era economic planning machinery. C) emphasized free market capitalism. D) adopted the French model of a mixed economy. E) privatized major state-owned industries.
773509182	d	After World War II, the Soviet Union A) experienced a period of general freedom. B) underwent a consumer revolution. C) reintroduced Lenin's New Economic Policy. D) returned to the totalitarianism of the 1930s. E) accepted Marshall Plan aid from the United States.
773509183	a	In November 1943 the Big Three met in _____________ to discuss the shape of the postwar world. A) Teheran B) Potsdam C) London D) Istanbul E) Helsinki
773509184	c	Which of the following events occurred first? A) Berlin Wall is built. B) Common Market is formed. C) NATO is formed. D) Korean War begins. E) NOW is formed.
773509185	e	French decolonization in sub-Saharan Africa A) broke all ties with the former colonies. B) effectively removed Western influence in Africa. C) resulted from long wars for colonial independence. D) effectively cut France off from African markets. E) enhanced economic and cultural ties with former colonies.
773509186	b	Which of the following events occurred last? A) Truman Doctrine proclaimed. B) Berlin Wall built. C) Marshall Plan launched. D) De-Stalinization of the Soviet Union begins. E) Korean War begins.
773509187	e	Conservative party figures ousted Khruschev from the Soviet leadership because of all of the following except A) Stalin's former henchmen feared that Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign would ultimately reach them. B) Khrushchev's 1958 failure to force the NATO allies out of West Berlin. C) Khrushchev's humiliation in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. D) de-Stalinization ultimately threatened the party's monopoly on political power. E) Khrushchev's readiness to let Soviet satellites leave the Warsaw Pact.
773509188	c	The Manhattan Project was responsible for the development of A) jet aircraft. B) radar. C) the atomic bomb. D) computers. E) code-breaking algorithms.
773509189	d	The ultimate goal of Robert Schuman's plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe was to A) rebuild the European economy. B) create a single competitive market in Europe. C) reduce the influence of the United States. D) bind the members of the Common Market so closely that war would be impossible. E) facilitate an arms buildup to defend western Europe from the Warsaw Pact.
773509190	c	Jews in Palestine proclaimed the state of Israel A) when the French gave up their League of Nations mandate over Palestine. B) when Germany surrendered in May 1945. C) when the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948. D) when the United States proclaimed the Truman Doctrine in 1947. E) when the U.S. Congress promised economic assistance in 1949.
773509191	c	The European Common Market was created by the Treaty of A) Paris. B) Potsdam. C) Rome. D) Yalta. E) Versailles.
773509192	e	The youth counterculture of the late 1950s and 1960s was characterized by all of the following except A) experimentation with communal living. B) unconventional sexual behavior. C) new artistic styles. D) anger at the injustices of racism and imperialism. E) the embrace of materialism.
773509193	b	Following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon A) immediately withdrew American troops from Vietnam. B) gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War. C) increased the number of American troops in Vietnam. D) halted U.S. bombing of Vietnam. E) invaded North Vietnam.
773509194	a	Changes in the structure of European society after World War II were primarily the result of A) economic and technological transformation. B) rising birthrates among the lower classes. C) the slaughter of World War II. D) political and social revolution. E) large-scale emigration.
773509195	c	The wave of social unrest that almost toppled de Gaulle's Fifth Republic was begun by A) workers. B) peasants. C) students. D) civil servants. E) the army.
773509196	d	In 1958, General de Gaulle established the ____________ Republic in France. A) Second B) Third C) Fourth D) Fifth E) Sixth
773509197	a	The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to A) increased demand for technologists and managers. B) the strength of family-owned businesses. C) the high birthrate among this class. D) increased opportunities for new businesses. E) high taxes on the wealthy.
773509198	b	The leveling of European society was a product of all of the following except A) social welfare programs. B) increased immigration resulting from decolonization. C) a rising standard of living and standardized consumer goods. D) higher taxes on the rich. E) high demand by government and corporations for technologists and managers.
773509199	d	Approximately what percentage of persons in the West educated in science and technology have been involved in weapons production in the postwar era? A) one-twentieth. B) one-tenth. C) one-fifth. D) one-fourth. E) one-half.
773509200	d	The leaders of the Czechoslovak reform movement of 1968 attempted to A) abolish the Communist party. B) remove Czechoslovakia from the Warsaw Pact. C) reintroduce capitalism and liberalism. D) make communism more humane. E) collectivize agriculture.
773509201	a	How was the Tet Offensive launched by the Vietcong in January 1968 perceived in the United States? A) As a decisive American defeat. B) As an American victory. C) As a sign that the North Vietnamese were at the end of their tether. D) As a sign of Soviet direction of the Vietcong and North Vietnamese war effort. E) As a sign that more U.S. troops were needed to crush the communist insurgency.
773509202	b	In the 1920s and 1930s, ____________ built a mass movement in India preaching nonviolent "noncooperation." A) Nehru B) Gandhi C) Ashoka D) Jinna E) Das Gupta
773509203	c	The Helsinki agreement of 1975 called for A) the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. B) the reunification of eastern and western Europe. C) respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries. D) American deescalation in Vietnam and Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. E) Finnish neutrality in the cold war.
773509204	a	In 1931, with Guomindang armies closing in on him, ___________ led his followers on a 5,000 mile march. A) Mao Zedong B) Chiang Kai-shek C) Ho Chi Minh D) Gandhi E) Sun Yatsen
773509205	e	In 1954, the ____________ were defeated by the forces of Ho Chi Minh. A) Portuguese B) Dutch C) Italians D) British E) French
773509206	d	Simone de Beauvoir argued that women could become freer through A) political revolution. B) the abolition of marriage. C) refusal to have children. D) courageous action and self-assertive creativity. E) sexual promiscuity.
773509207	a	The misery index is a measurement that A) combines inflation and unemployment rates. B) measures per capita levels of malnutrition and disease. C) combines expenditures for oil and government deficits. D) links per capita income to oil imports. E) combines infant mortality rates and levels of illiteracy.
773509208	c	In 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the ____________, provoking a military conflict with France and Britain. A) Egyptian oil industry B) Egyptian steel industry C) Suez Canal Company D) Egyptian energy industry E) Egyptian agricultural sector
773509209	a	According to the _____________ Doctrine, the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever it saw the need. A) Brezhnev B) Gorbachev C) Stalin D) Khrushchev E) Dubèek
773509210	b	The founder of the National Organization for Women was A) Simone de Beauvoir. B) Betty Friedan. C) Margaret Thatcher. D) Helen Gurley Brown. E) Janis Joplin.
773509211	c	Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand A) resigned. B) failed to win reelection. C) was forced to introduce austerity measures. D) declared that socialism was dead. E) withdrew France from the Common Market.
773509212	a	Simone de Beauvoir was A) an influential author in the postwar feminist movement. B) minister of culture in Charles de Gaulle's government. C) a French Resistance fighter executed by the Nazis. D) secretary of the French Communist party during the strikes and riots of 1947. E) president of the Sorbonne during the student uprising of 1968.
773509213	d	In Great Britain, Margaret Thatcher's efforts to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments A) failed miserably. B) led to destructive debt levels for poorer people. C) was supported by the Labour party. D) created a new class of property owners. E) led to accusations that Thatcher was a socialist.
773509214	d	Between 1981 and 1989, Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress A) increased taxes on the wealthy. B) cut defense spending. C) increased taxes and government-provided social services. D) cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit. E) eliminated the budget deficit by cutting government social services.
773509215	b	Common goals of the women's movement included all of the following except A) eliminating discrimination in the workplace. B) elimination of male-dominated governments. C) legislation to legalize abortion and divorce. D) support for programs to help single parents. E) support for affordable day care.
773509216	a	The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the Eastern bloc was A) to seek peace and reconciliation. B) the reunification of Germany. C) to reduce the influence of NATO in Germany. D) to establish German neutrality in the cold war. E) to reassert German claims to majority-German areas of eastern Europe.
773509217	d	The only Eastern bloc country that responded to the prodemocracy movement of 1989 with bloody repression was A) Poland. B) Czechoslovakia. C) East Germany. D) Romania. E) Hungary.
773509218	e	In 1991, which autonomous republic in the Russian Federation declared independence, prompting an invasion by the Russian Army and a bloody civil war? A) Tatarstan. B) Karelia. C) Tuvia. D) Daghestan. E) Chechnya.
773509219	b	The Brezhnev era in the Soviet Union appeared stable for all of the following reasons except A) the coercive apparatus of the state and party. B) the high rate of growth in the consumer sector of the economy. C) the nationalism of ordinary Great Russians. D) a gradually rising standard of living. E) access to special stores, travel abroad, and other privileges for elites.
773509220	c	The Brezhnev era witnessed all of the following changes except A) the growth of the urban population. B) rapid expansion in the number of highly trained specialists. C) cultural and artistic freedom. D) the growth of Soviet public opinion. E) participation of leading Soviet scientists and professionals in international communities of their disciplines.
773509221	c	Poland differed from the other Eastern bloc states because A) its economy was managed effectively. B) it retained an independent military. C) of its independent agriculture and vigorous church. D) of its native leadership. E) of its refusal to borrow from the West.
773509222	a	The workers at the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk demanded all of the following except A) dissolution of the Communist party. B) the right to form free labor unions. C) economic reforms. D) freedom of speech. E) the release of political prisoners.
773509223	c	Gorbachev's reforms included all of the following except A) freer prices. B) more independence for state enterprises. C) the breakup of collective farms. D) the establishment of profitseeking private cooperatives. E) a relaxation of state censorship.
773509224	e	The earliest part of Gorbachev's reform campaign in the U.S.S.R. featured A) concessions to demands for autonomy from non-Russian ethnic groups. B) a campaign to remove Jews from official positions. C) an attempt to modernize the Soviet nuclear weapons arsenal. D) a call for a multiparty political system. E) antialcoholism and anticorruption drives.
773509225	a	In the revolutions of 1989, the first state to elect a noncommunist leader was A) Poland. B) East Germany. C) Czechoslovakia. D) Romania. E) Hungary.
773509226	e	According to the text, European societies in the early twenty-first century face all of the following problems except A) declining birthrates. B) aging of the population. C) a large influx of refugees from civil wars inside Europe. D) illegal immigration. E) rapidly declining living standards.
773509227	b	Privatized companies in post-Soviet Russia A) are not allowed. B) usually ended up in the hands of former Soviet managers and bureaucrats. C) have attracted a great deal of investment from average Russians. D) have been bought up by foreign investors. E) are largely cooperatives.
773509228	e	According to the text, economic "shock therapy" in Russia worked poorly for all of the following reasons except the A) transformation of state-owned monopolies into private monopolies. B) runaway inflation. C) distribution of subsidies by the Yeltsin government. D) tendency of the Russian managerial elite to form close ties with criminal elements to intimidate rivals. E) strength of the ruble on international currency exchanges.
773509229	c	Vladimir Putin A) was head of the KGB under Gorbachev. B) was leader of the Chechen independence movement. C) was elected president of Russia in 2000. D) was Yeltsin's chief economic adviser. E) headed the coal miner's union in the Russian Far East.
773509230	a	Terrorism and ____________ have gone hand-in-hand since the beginning of the twentieth century. A) civil war B) fundamentalism C) famine D) epidemic E) religion
773509231	e	The German Red Army Faction is an example of the A) third wave of terrorism. B) first wave of terrorism. C) subversion of the West by the Soviet Union. D) intersection of religion and terrorism. E) second wave of terrorism.
773509232	b	The Solidarity movement of the 1980s was led by A) Mikhail Gorbachev. B) Lech Walesa. C) Alexander Dubcek. D) Karol Wojtyla. E) Wojciech Jaruzelski.
773509233	d	Western nations joined forces with the Afghani _____________ in the 2001 attack on the Taliban and al-Qaeda. A) Mujahideen B) Freedom Fighters C) underground D) Northern Alliance E) Pashtun Alliance
773509234	e	The Maastricht treaty of 1991 A) ended the cold war. B) reunited Germany. C) recognized Croatian independence. D) recognized Slovenian independence. E) set up a plan for creating a European monetary union with a single currency.
773509235	a	The attempted coup by the communist old guard in the Soviet Union in August 1991 failed because of A) massive popular resistance, rallied around Boris Yeltsin. B) Gorbachev's use of the Red Army to crush the rebels. C) the threat of NATO intervention. D) the inability of the old guard to decide on a new leader. E) the United States' threat to intervene.
773509236	d	According to the text, many European intellectuals see Europe's mission in the twenty-first century as A) incorporating Russia into NATO. B) strengthening nationalism in European societies. C) reviving the welfare state. D) promoting human rights, democracy, and prosperity outside Europe. E) developing a joint space program.
773509237	a	During their struggle against the Soviet Union, bin Laden and like-minded "holy warriors" developed a hatred of all of the following except A) Islamic puritanism. B) the Saudi monarchy. C) the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein. D) most existing Arab governments. E) the government of Egypt.
773509238	d	The Gulf War clearly revealed A) the disunity among the world community. B) Russia's continued importance in world affairs. C) the lingering resentment of the Arab world against the United States. D) American preeminence as the only remaining superpower. E) U.S. unwillingness to deploy troops in large numbers in the Middle East.
773509239	c	In __________, President Bush and his advisers began to consider how to overthrow Saddam Hussein. A) 1992 B) 2002 C) 2000 D) 2003 E) 2001
773509240	d	In 2002, the Bush administration ____________ new Security Council resolutions requiring Iraq to accept the return of weapons inspectors. A) eagerly agreed to B) rejected C) refused to be part of D) reluctantly agreed to E) pushed hard for
773509241	b	In 1997, which three countries were accepted to membership in NATO? A) Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. B) Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. C) Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland. D) Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. E) Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria.
773509242	a	The successful reform movements in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic resulted from all of the following factors except A) state control of strategic industries. B) considerable experience with limited market reforms before 1989. C) flexibility in government policy. D) the enthusiastic embrace of capitalism by a new, rising entrepreneurial class. E) the desire to fulfill the requirements for entering NATO.
773509243	e	In the days after the collapse of Saddam's dictatorship, British and American troops __________ looting of government buildings and hospitals. A) actively prevented B) encouraged C) could do nothing to stop D) used violence to stop the E) turned a blind eye to
773509244	a	Slobodan Milosevic's plan, which hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia, was known as A) Greater Serbia. B) the Third Way. C) the League of Communists. D) the Commonwealth of Independent States. E) Titoism.
773509245	b	The event which finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs was A) the discovery of ethnic cleansing policies. B) the slaughter of several thousands citizens in Srebrenica. C) the invasion of Bosnia by elements of the regular Serbian army. D) Milosevic's ditching of his Bosnian Serb allies. E) the fear of Russian intervention on the Bosnian Serb side.
773509246	c	Which of the following events occurred first? A) Solidarity gains power in Poland. B) First War with Iraq begins. C) Glasnost leads to greater freedom of speech in the Soviet Union. D) European Union is created. E) Maastricht treaty sets criteria for European monetary union.
773509247	a	The text argues that the decline of western European birthrates is due to A) the entrance of married women into careers and the related drive for gender equality. B) increasing rates of homosexuality. C) state policies discouraging childbearing. D) environmental degradation. E) the decline of religious belief.
773509248	c	It is estimated that between 1993 and 2003, illegal immigration into the European Union A) remained constant at about 50,000 persons annually. B) dropped precipitously from 50,000 to 10,000 persons per year. C) rose from 50,000 to about 500,000 persons per year. D) was nearly eliminated by tighter border security measures. E) rose from 50,000 to perhaps 200,000 per year.
773509249	a	Gorbachev's encouragement of reform movements in Poland and Hungary was a repudiation of the ____________ doctrine. A) Brezhnev B) Truman C) Stalin D) Glasnost E) Detente
773509250	d	Opposition to the Maastricht treaty was based on all of the following considerations except A) resentment against the proliferation of EU regulations and large bureaucracy. B) fear of undermining national sovereignty. C) the belief that ordinary people would pay for monetary union by reduced social services. D) the belief that the new currency would be easily manipulated and controlled by the United States. E) fear of undermining popular control of government through national elections.
773509251	a	French reaction to the austerity reforms introduced to meet Maastricht criteria featured A) massive protest marches and a national strike. B) grumbling resentment. C) waves of political violence. D) lukewarm acceptance. E) large-scale emigration.
773509252	a	_____________'s Velvet Revolution ousted the communist government from power. A) Czechoslovakia B) Poland C) Hungary D) Romania E) Lithuania
773509253	e	When ___________ broke away from the Soviet Union, Alma-Ata became its capital. A) Georgia B) Tajikistan C) Azerbaijan D) Uzbekistan E) Kazakhstan
773509254	c	The ___________ of 1990 was a general peace treaty that brought an end to World War II and the cold war. A) Helsinki Accord B) Dayton Accord C) Paris Accord D) Washington Accord E) Berlin Accord

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AP European History FINAL Flashcards

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739026365	Thomas Aquinas	(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology
739026366	Crusades	a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
739026367	Medieval Universities	grew out of cathedral schools; accepted students from all over Europe; characterized by having a community of scholars in residence, including at least one professional group of teachers (faculty) that offered a degree in law, medicine, or theology; also offered courses in the arts, especially philosophy
739026368	National Monarchies	Was the proclamation of the people that they belonged to a specific land/kingdom. England and France were the first major ones.
739026369	Dante Alighieri	an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
739026370	Babylonian Captivity	The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism.
739026371	Black Death	An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)
739026372	John Calvin	influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism
739026373	Baldassare Castiglione	count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author
739026374	Conciliar Movement	The belief that the Catholic Church should be led by councils of cardinals rather than popes
739026375	Council of Trent	The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.
739026376	English Reformation	Result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom.
739026377	Desiderius Erasmus	Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, theologian, classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style
739026378	Florence	Italy's leading cultural center during Renaissance; important for trade and commerce;dominated by Medici's
739026379	Humanism	the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason
739026380	Hundred Years War	series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. England loses and losses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact- France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in 1453.
739026381	Gustavus Adolphus	king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power
739026382	Commercial Revolution	This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe
739026383	Fugger Family	German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525) that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence.
739026384	The Hapsburgs	Ruling Families in Spain, Austria, Netherlands, and part of HRE and fought in the Thirty Years War
745435734	Henry IV	Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness
745435735	mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
745435736	`Balance of Power	The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.
745435737	Jean Baptiste Colbert	financial minister for Louis XIV, furthered prosperity by promoting good farming methods, building roads and canals (infrastructure), promoted existing industries with tariffs, aided new industries with subsidies, and increased mercantilism by establishing French trading posts in India and North American colonies
745435738	Oliver Cromwell	English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
745435739	English Civil War	civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
745435740	The Fronde	a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism
745435741	Levellers	Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society.
745435742	Louis XIV	king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)
745435743	Charles XII	This young Swedish king's forces won many victories against the Russians in the early years of the Great Northern War, but after introducing a number of military reforms Peter the Great ultimately defeated him at the decisive 1709 Battle of Narva
745435744	Extraterritorial Privileges	(For Turks) the laws of their own land applied when they traveled.
745435745	Frederick William, The Great Elector	founder of Prussia; built efficient army to defend Prussia and established mercantilist policies
745435746	Golden Bull of 1356	This was an edict by Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, specifying the process of how Holy Roman Emperors were to be elected by German princes. It took some power from the Pope and codified the process in a definite way. Legalized government by an aristocratic federation.
745435747	Guelph Family	Rulers of Hanover, extorted an elecorate from the HRE, inherited throne of Great Britain -- King George I
745435748	Hapsburg Family	Controlled Austria, Hungary, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. They stayed in power over 700 years (until WW1)
745435749	Hohenzollern Family	Rulers over Brandenburg and Prussia that were obsessed with a militia; refusing to spend national funds on anything but more soldiers and development of military power, responsible for German unification.
745435750	Holy Roman Empire	an empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy.
745435751	Junkers	Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.
745435752	Liberum Vero	parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was a form of unanimity voting rule that allowed any member of the Sejm (legislature) to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify any legislation that had already been passed at the session by shouting Nie pozwalam! (Polish: "I do not allow!").
745435753	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church
755759365	Representative Legislative Bodies	England had parliament, french had the estates general
755759366	Scholasticism	the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe
755759367	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.
755759368	Martin Luther	a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
755759369	Niccolo Machiavelli	Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).
755759370	Marranos	Jews who converted to Catholicism after the Reconquista to avoid being exiled.
755759371	Thomas More	He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.
755759372	Moriscos	Muslims who converted to Catholicism after the conquest of Grananda to avoid being exiled
755759373	Peace of Augsburg	A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.
755759374	Francesco Petarch	(1304-1374) "The Father of Humanism"; Most of his life was spent around Avignon. Was involved in Cola Di Rienzo's popular revolt. Served the Visconti family in Milan later in his life. Wrote "Letters to the Ancient Dead"
755759375	Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges	statement of French king Charles VII asserting royal control over church appointments and the superiority of a general council over the papacy
755759376	Renaissance Architecture	art, not method of building. human body:perfect form, architects based ratios on that form. symmetry and rhythm important. buildings constructed of stone. earthbound and horizontal.
755759377	Renaissance Painting	more realistic - painted what things really looked like instead of just concepts studied anatomy --> people looked realistic
755759378	Renaissance Sculpture	More realistic three demeinsional models made in the renaissance time period
755759379	Phillip II	King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
755759380	Cardinal Richelieu	Minister of King Louis XVIII, appointed by Marie de Medici , had the real power, wanted to curb power of nobility, 32 generalities, military provinces France was divided into
755759381	Spanish Armada	the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588
755759382	Spanish Empire	purpose- exploit gold and provide population outlet; conquistadors established this empire; predominantly located in the americas (exception is the phillipenes)
755759383	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia
755759384	Treaty of Westphailia	1st time a group of enemies sit down and make peace treaty Granted official Dutch independance (Netherlands) Hapsburgs lose, Prots win
756547931	Peace of Utrecht	1713, ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
756547932	Poor Law	1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers
756547933	The Restoration	This was the re-establishment of the monarchy in England under Charles II. Both houses of Parliament were restored but the religious tensions still were present in England
756547934	Revolution of 1688	After the ________________ in England, anti-Catholicism began to take hold until Catholics throughout the colonies regained much of their freedom by wholeheartedly supporting the American Revolution
756547935	United Kingdom of Great Britain	1707, Britain and Scotland united; rule was shared between the king and Parliament. It was made up of the landed aristocracy, and was divided into the House of Lords (upper aristocracy) and the House of Commons (landed gentry).
756547936	War of the League of Augsburg	an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)
756547937	War of Spanish Succession	a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain
756547938	Old Believers	Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.
756547939	Partition of Poland	Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland.
756547940	Peter the Great	czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
756547941	Pragmatic Sanction of 1713	edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI to ensure that the hereditary possessions of the Habsburgs could be inherited by a daughter
756547942	Prince Eugene of Savoy	Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736)
756547943	Stephen Razin	Leader of a large Russian peasant rebellion in 1670-1671, scared the nobility into clamping down on the peasantry and giving more authority to the tsar
756547944	Romanov Family	Last dynasty to rule over Russia after the death of the Rurik family and a struggle for power against the Godunov family. In-laws of Ivan the terrible.
756547945	Sobieski Family	traced its lineage to Polish duke, Leszek II the Black. The family reached height of its power and importance in late 16th and 17th centuries, when one of its members were elected king of Poland: John III Sobieski (Jan III Sobieski). The last male member of the branch of the family that begun with John's grandfather, Marek Sobieski, in 16th century, was Jakub Ludwik Sobieski
756547946	Szlachta	Polish aristocracy - 8% of population(larger than in other countries) - sticklers for Polish Liberties, suspicion of centralization. Elective(not hereditary) monarchy - usually the Polish aristocracy picked foreigner to be monarch since could never agree on Pole. Only 2 native kings - Sobieski and Poniatowski.
756547947	Time of Troubles	followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.
756547948	Bonnie Prince Charles	James 3 son, he started a rebellion where cland rallied with him and they fought within 20 miles of England until they were stopped
756547949	Cottage Industries	Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. (p. 353)
756547950	Cardinal Fleury	Chief minister, tried to solve France's financial problems but didn't because France entered the War of Austrian Succesion
759500171	Frederick the Great	This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler
759500172	French Parliaments	13 law courts responsible for registering royal decrees; frustrated efforts at reform. Gained new strength in the 18th century as defenders of "liberty" against the monarchy, but often pushed their own interest by blocking new taxes (financial problems = fundamental problem in monarchy)
759500173	Jacobites	hardcore loyalists who wanted to return James II to the throne. They were supported by France and Louis XIV
759500174	Jean-Joseph Laborde	Born 1724, U. Became trader, made vast wealth and built San Domingo plantations. Involved in real estate and banking; helped finance French aid to America's War of Independence. His son took the Tennis Court Oath in 1789 while this man was guillotined in 1794
759500175	Maria Theresa	This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs
759500176	Francis Bacon	(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.
759500177	Common Dating	calendars, historical chronologies, tree ring dating, radiocarbon dating
759500178	Nicolas Copernicus	(1473-1543) concluded that the sun is the center of our solar system. Heliocentric Theory or Copernicus Theory. He wrote "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres"
759500179	Rene Descartes	17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism
759500180	Galileo Galilei	This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method. Developed the telescope and pendulum swing theory
759500181	Historical and Critical Dictionary	Pierre Bayle, who critically examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past wrote his Historical and Critical Dictionary based on his research. He demonstrated that human beliefs are often varied and mistaken. (p.606)
759500182	Thomas Hobbes	Wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society
759500183	Johannes Kepler	Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy
759500184	Act of Union of 1801	Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which lasted until 1922. United Cath and Presb Irish uprising against Brit while busy with French in war - 1798. Brit had suppressed rebellion and then turned to centralizing. Ended separate kingdom of Ireland and Irish parliament. Irish to be represented in Westminster. These provisions incorporated in Act of Union.e
759500185	American Revolution	This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
759500186	Francois Marie Arouet	This Frenchman was a famous writer. He assumed the pen name of "Voltaire". His most famous play was "Zaire".
759500187	British East India Company	A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.
759500188	Edmund Burke	(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.
759500189	Catherine the Great	This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia
759500190	Denis Diderot	French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France
772366614	Encyclopedie	Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society; compiled by Denis Diderot
772366615	English Parliament in the 18th Century	Very powerful; "had the power to all things except change a man into a woman"; caused corruption in the government because for the kings to gain parliament's support, they bribed members of parliament (b/c parliament's support was crucial to their rule).
772366616	Enlightened Despotism	philosophes inspired and supported reforms of Enlightened despots-believed absolute rulers should promote good of people-religious toleration, streamlined legal codes, increased access to education, reduction or elimination of torture and death penalty
772366617	Frederick the Great	This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler
772366618	George III	English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.
772366619	Idea of Progress	Societies problems can be fixed, discover natural laws in all areas (politics, economics), take a progressive view of history, society rationally governed
772366620	Mississippi Bubble	created by John Law, it failed so the economy went bankrupt and the government didn't by the investors back the money they lost, no trust in the French economy
772366621	New World Sugar	The Portuguese took sugar to Brazil. By 1540, Santa Catarina Island had 800 cane sugar mills and the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Surinam had another 2,000. Hispaniola had its first sugar harvest in 1501. Sugar mills had been constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s.
772366622	Silesia	The War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Frederick II ("the Great") of Prussia seized this territory from Maria Theresa's Habsburg Empire (Austria), violating the Pragmatic Sanction
772366623	Treaty of Paris 1763	Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British.
772366624	Thomas Pitt	Born 1653, son of a parish priest; went to India, 1674; made fortune as "interloper," illegal trader. Bought English manor which controlled a "rotten borough," giving a seat in Parliament without election. Returned to India, again as "interloper" and also as legal trader; made enough to buy a diamond for 20,400 pounds--sold in Amsterdam for 135,000 pounds. Children became nobility; grandson was William Pitt, Prime Minister during the Seven Years War. Pittsburgh named for him.
772366625	South Sea Bubble	The South Sea Company was a British joint stock company that traded in South America during the 18th century. Founded in 1711, the company was granted a monopoly to trade in Spain's South American colonies as part of a treaty during the War of Spanish Succession. In return, the company assumed the national debt England had incurred during the war. Speculation in the company's stock led to a great economic bubble known as the South Sea Bubble in 1720, which caused financial ruin for many. In spite of this it was restructured and continued to operate for more than a century after the Bubble.
772366626	War of the Austrian Succession	series of wars in which various European nations competed for power in Central Europe after the death of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI
772366627	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
772366628	Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy	Newton's 1686 work in which he offers mathematical explanations of the laws that govern the physical world including universal gravitation: pull of gravity between 2 bodies is proportional to the masses of the bodies, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; heavy bodies attract more strongly
772366629	Natural Law	a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society
772366630	Natural Right	right that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property
772366631	Sir Isaac Newton	This scientist was an English mathematician and physicist who devised principles to explain universal gravitation, that all matter attracts other matter.
772366632	Scientific Revolution	an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method
772366633	Skepticism	doubt about the truth of something
772366634	Baruch Spinoza	1632-1677; philosopher from the Netherlands; excommunicated from Jewish synagogue; pantheist/monist who denied the possibilty of revealed religion and inspiration of scripture; believed all governments to be unjust
772366635	Joseph II	most aggressive reformer of his era; radical royal reformer of Austria; introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship (even Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews); abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash; most of his reforms were undone after his death
772366636	Louis XV	This great-grandson of Louis XIV ruled France from 1715-1774 -- He was an ineffective ruler who engaged in financially-ruinous wars, including the Seven Years War in which France lost most of its overseas empire -- The French nobility also began to reclaim some of the power it had lost under Louis XIV, resisting his efforts to impose taxes upon them
772366637	Baron de Montesquieu	wrote The Spirit of the Laws : developed the idea of the separation of powers into three branches of government
772366638	Philosophes	dative plural for philosophia, philosophiae
772366639	Physiocrats	Opponents of mercantilism and Colbertism in particular. Led by Francois Quesnay. Felt the need for a strong independent republic.
772366640	William Pitt	The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.
772366641	Pugachev's Rebllion	1773-75 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762. It began as an organized insurrection of Yaik Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev, a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Russian Imperial army, against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire.
772366642	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
772366643	Scottish Highlands	Beginning in 1745, this region of Britain, which had been home to both landings of catholic Stuarts attempting to overthrow the monarchy of England, became under what amounted to occupation. Troops were quartered for 10 years, roads were built throughout the region so it could be governed more effectively, and the clan system was destroyed and everyone was forced to obey English law. Most importantly, the culture was subdued for 30 years kilts and bagpipes were banned
772366644	Adam Smith	Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand"
772366645	The Spirit of the Laws	is a treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in 1748; He felt that seperation of powers was best
772366646	John Wesley	Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and comunity
772366647	John Wilkes	English reformer who published attacks on George III and supported the rights of the American colonists (1727-1797)
772366648	Capture of the Bastille	JULY 14, 1789 - medieval prison/fortress and much hated symbol of the Old Regime in Paris. stormed by angry crowd of Parisians A few prisoners released and some weapons taken. Several soldiers in the garrison killed and warden summarily executed and head displayed on pike.
772366649	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.
772366650	Committee of Public Safety	The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.
772366651	Concordant with the Vatican 1801	an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, signed on 15 July 1801. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status.[1]
772366652	Conspiracy of Equals	Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction,-communistic in nature.
772366653	Constitution of 1791	all 3 estates have equal power in government, National Assembly becomes Legasliative Assembly, absolute monarchy is abolished, forcing the king to obey
778476741	Declaration of Pillnitz	the promise by Austria and Prussia to protect the French monarchy
778476742	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law
778476743	Directory	Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.
778476744	First Estate	The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.
778476745	French Financial Crisis	French monarchy had operated for many years without resorting to a legislature. Since 1614, French Kings had managed their fiscal affairs by increasing the burden of the ancient and unequal system of taxes.
778476746	"Fructidorian" Government	Government before Coup d'etat in France
778476747	Girondins	A political party that emerged in revolutionary France after the fall of the monarchy in 1792 when the Jacobins split into two factions. Named for the region in southwestern France where many of their leaders were from. They were members of the professional class (lawyers and merchants) who wanted a constitutional government, opposed the growing influence of Parisian militants, and championed the smaller provinces beyond the city of Paris. They agreed the king was guilty of treason but were reluctant to execute him, arguing for exile or a referendum on his fate. They were first to be targeted as the beginning of the Terror.
778476748	Great Fear	The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.
778476749	Hebertists	Extreme radical faction who were violently anti-Christian and wanted to see the government make further economic controls.
778476750	Alexander I	the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)
778476751	Battle of Austerlitz	a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805)
778476752	Congress of Vienna	Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
778476753	Continental System	Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding importation of British goods into Europe.
778476754	Johann Gottlieb Fichte	German philosopher (1762-1814) he promoted an economic system where the entire country was shut off from the rest of the world. He also believed in Volksgeist.
778476755	Johann Gottfried von Herder	Influential German Writer (1744-1803) he wrote Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind in which he said that each country should have its own national identity not one borrowed from another country, he called it Volksgeist., German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803); advocated intuition over reason
778476756	Agricultural Revolution	beginning of industrial revolution-changing the way people farm
778476757	Carlsbad Decrees	Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent committee with spies to punish any liberal or radical organization.
778476758	Charles X	set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultra-royalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.
778476759	Chartism	the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people, the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people
778476760	Classical Liberalism	a term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.
778476761	Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle	1818 Congress in which the European powers agreed to withdraw their armies occupying France. Alexander I tried to convince the other powers to form an international military coalition to suppress Revolution, but Castlereagh refused British participation.
778476762	Congress of Troppau	Metternich was horrified because of the revolution rising once again. Calling a conference at Troppau in Austria under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened. (p.758)
778476763	Congress of Verona	Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France vowed to put down a revolutionary uprising in Spain and threatened to help Spain reconquer its New World colonies.
778476764	Conservatism	a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes
778476765	Corn Laws	These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
778476766	Decembrist Revolt	place in Russia on December 14 1825, Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession
778476767	Charles Fourier	French sociologist and reformer who hoped to achieve universal harmony by reorganizing society (1772-1837)
778476768	Friedrich Hegel	Most influential philosopher of the century. Believed history was the process of upward evolution ore self-realization of the world spirit.
778476769	Industrial Revolution	The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
778476770	July Revolution	overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate
778476771	Jacobins	a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution
778476772	Louis XVI	- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
778476773	Montagnards	members of the radical faction within the Jacobin party who advocated the centalization of state power during the French Revolution and instituted the Reign of Terror
778476774	Napoleonic Codes	individual legality and equality, government- more authority of people, no classes, peasants- subjects of state, religious toleration, everyone has the right to work, courts are separate from those in power.
778476775	National Assembly	French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)
778476776	National Convention	the meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.
778476777	Oath of the Tennis Court	National Assembly is locked out of meeting place for estates-general and meets in tennis court where they pledged to not leave until a constitution was made. Starts the first phase of the revolution.
778476778	The Old Regime	This was a social and political system in France (during the 1770's) that divided the French people into the three estates.
778476779	Refractory Clergy	members of the Roman Catholic clergy during the French Revolution who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the state under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
778476780	The Rights of Women	Published in 1791 as commentary on omission from Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen. Applied those principles in that document specifically to women. Also advocated women's right to divorce, property, education, careers, etc.
782742557	Maximilien Robespierre	"The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.
782742558	Sans-culottes	in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
782742559	Thermidorian Reaction	The violent backlash in France against the rule of Robspierre that began with his arrest and execution in July 1794, or 9 Thermidor in the French revolutionary calendar. Most of the instruments of Terror were dismantled, Jacobins were purged from public office, and Jacobin supporters were harassed or even murdered.
782742560	Third Estate	made up of Bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers
782742561	Second Estate	the second estate of the realm: the nobility (especially British nobility) of the rank of duke or marquess or earl or viscount or baron
782742562	Peace of Tilsit	Agreement between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces to create the Grand of Warsaw. Russia would enter the Continental System
782742563	Shame of the Princes	The Princes were shameful
782742564	Baron Heinrich Stein	a Prussian statesman who introduced the Prussian reforms that paved the way for the unification of Germany. He promoted the abolition of serfdom, with indemnification to territorial lords; subjection of the nobles to manorial imposts; and the establishment of a modern municipal system.
782742565	Battle of Trafalgar	an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.
782742566	Treaty of Campo-Formio	Between Austria and France, Oct 17 1797. Incorporated Napoleon's ideas. Truce on continent. Austrian recognition of French annexation of Belgium, Lt bank of Rhine and Cisalpine Republic. In return Austria got Venice and Venetia. France got Ionians Islands.
782742567	Volksgeist	Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.
782742568	Agricultural Revolution	The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
782742569	Manchester School	Of economics. Teaching Iron Law of Wages. Telling working class that only way to improve conditions is to become bourgeoise. Said working class wages should remain low.
782742570	Joseph Mazzini	1805-1872, Italian. Member of Carbonari and went on to found the Young Italy movement in 1831. Known as the spirit/soul of Italian Unification. Edited publications which spread Italian nationalism. Wrote The Duties of Man in which he emphasized family, nation and God.
782742571	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
782742572	Robert Owen	(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed
782742573	Peterloo Massacre	In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws.
782742574	Philosophical Radicals	Working class and industrial leaders, (not usually middle class), that followed in the footsteps of Jacobins.
782742575	Leopold von Ranke	Father of the "scientific" approach to history who said historians should report "The Way Things Really Were." Von Ranke said: "To accomplish something in history there are three requirements: a sound understanding of people, courage, and honesty."
782742576	Reform Bill of 1832	Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.
782742577	Revolutions of 1830	The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the wealthy
782742578	Romanticism	a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization
782742579	Count de Saint-Simon	Believed that modern society would require rational management, basically wanted a board of directors for the economy
782742580	Socialism	A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
782742581	James Watt	A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel.
782742582	Alexander Ypsilanti	He was a Greek nationalist who led them in 1821 to fight for the freedom of Turkey. The rising national movement led to the formation of secret societies and then to revolt in 1821, led by Alexander Ypsilanti, a Greek patriot and a general in the Russian army. (p.772)q
782742583	Louis Blanc	This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully
782742584	Louis Napoleon Bonaparte	Elected president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Bonaparte later changed the government to an empire w/himself as emperor just like his uncle, the original Napoleon.
782742585	Communist Manifesto	a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views
782742586	February Revolution of 1848	Members of the working class in Paris united to overthrow the regime of Louis Phillippe and create the Second French revolution.
782742587	Frankfurt Assembly	German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany
782742588	German Dualism	The idea that Prussia and Austria were competing over control of Germany
782742589	Ausgleich	The "Compromise" of 1867 that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch.
782742590	Otto von Bismark	Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire.
782742591	Camillo di Cavour	The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state
782742592	Crimean War	A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed
782742593	Dual Monarchy	After austria's defeat by prussia in 1866, hungarians demanded more freedom. austria responded in 1867 by forming this monarchy, also called the austria-hungary, in which hungarians shared power with austrians.
782742594	Franco-Prussian War	Set up by Otto Von Bismarck, war was declared July 19, 1870. In January 1871, Palace of Versailles was captured and Wilhelm I was named Kaiser. This empire was called the Second Reich.
782742595	Giuseppe Garibaldi	Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).
782742596	Anthropology	science dealing with the origin, races, customs, and beliefs of humankind
782742597	Atlantic Migration	60 million left Europe. Technology in transportation, need for labor abroad. Caused both by economic ruin (as in Ireland with the potato famine 1846) or prosperity (could afford to travel).

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BI -480 Environmental Science Ch 1 & @ Flashcards

CHAPTER 1
The meaning of the term environment
The field and interdisciplinary nature of environmental science
The importance of natural resources and ecosystem services
The scientific method and the process of science
Some pressures on the global environment
Concepts of sustainability and sustainable development
& CHAPTER 2
The fundamentals of matter and chemistry
Energy and energy flow
Photosynthesis, respiration, and chemosynthesis
Plate tectonics and the rock cycle
Geologic hazards and ways to mitigate them

Terms : Hide Images

677645582	Our island: Earth	Earth is enormous but its systems are finite and limited. We can change the Earth and damage its systems
677645583	Environment	all the living and non-living things around us
677774604	Environmental Science is the study of	Interrelationships between human activities and the environment. We examine effects of human actions on the environment, and the means by which policies, regulations, and decisions influence human actions. We also examine human behavioral, cultural, and sociological interactions that affect the environment. Civilizations succeed or fail according to how they intercat with the environment.
677774606	Natural resources	substances and energy sources needed for survival
677774607	renewable vs. nonrenewable resources	Renewable resources can be replenished Perpetually renewed: sunlight, wind, wave energy Renew themselves over short periods: timber, water, soil These can be destroyed. While nonrenewable natural resources: unavailable after depletion Oil, coal, minerals.
679583577	The ecological footprint	Masures the area of biologically productive land and water required to produce the renewable resources/ecological services for, and absorb the waste of, a given population at a given average level of resource consumption
679583578	Biocapacity	Is the biologically productive capacity of an area - cropland, grazing land, forest, fresh water etc. It does not include non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and other minerals, so tends to underestimate dependency.
679583579	Overshoot	occurs when a population exceeds the long term carrying capacity of its environment. Humans have surpassed the earth's capacity to support us. We are using renewable resources 30% faster than they are being replenished.
679583580	Environment	All the living and non-living things around us
679583581	Environmentalism	Concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements.
679583582	Environmental science	The branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment. All of the biotic and abiotic factors that act on an organism, population, or ecological community and influence its survival and development. Biotic factors include the organisms themselves, their food, and their interactions. Abiotic factors include such items as sunlight, soil, air, water, climate, and pollution. Organisms respond to changes in their environment by evolutionary adaptations in form and behavior.
679583583	Why is environmental science a multidisciplinary field?	Because it integrates physical and biological sciences, (including but not limited to ecology, physics, chemistry, biology, soil science, geology, atmospheric science and geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.
679583584	Easter Island (Rapa Nui: Rapa Nui, Spanish: Isla de Pascua) is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle. A special territory of Chile that was annexed in 1888, Easter Island is famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapanui people. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park.	The Rapanui population reached its highest around the middle of the 2nd millennium. There were between 10k -20k Rapanui people at this time. But, beginning around the year 1600 their culture began to fall apart. By the middle of the nineteenth century they had almost disappeared completely. Scientists believe that the Rapanui culture rose and fell with the island's trees. They used the island's trees for everything; ate the fruit the trees, ate the birds that lived in the trees, used the leaves to build houses, used the trees' outer parts to make clothes, burned the wood to cook their food and to keep warm. They used the trees tall centers to make small boats for fishing in deep water, they used fiber from the wood to create ropes. The Rapanui used every part of the island's trees. Scientists believe that without trees the Rapanui suffered greatly. The Rapanui had to eat the smaller fish they found closer to land, most of those small fish was consumed quickly. They had nothing left to eat so,the chiefs believed building more Moai structures would save their people but they were tire and hungry, so they could not build more Moai and their old stone gods did nothing for them. Scientists say that a civil war began on Easter Island the Rapanui tribes began to fight each other for resources. Scientists believe that people should think seriously about the events on Easter Island. Jared Diamond, a scientist, has studied the history of Easter Island.
679583585	Human population growth amplifies impacts	There are over 6.9 billion humans Agricultural revolution: Crops, livestock, Stable food supplies. Industrial revolution:Urbanized society powered by fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) Sanitation and medicines Pesticides and fertilizers.
679583586	The Tragedy of the commons	Free access and unrestricted demand for a finite resource ultimately reduces the resource through over-exploitation, temporarily or permanently. This occurs because the benefits of exploitation accrue to individuals or groups, each of whom is motivated to maximize use of the resource to the point in which they become reliant
679583587	tragedy of the commons	Unregulated exploitation of public resources leads to depletion and damage Soil, air, water. Resource users are motivated by self interest . They increase use until the resource is gone Solutions to the tragedy of the commons? Private ownership? Voluntary organization to enforce responsible use? Governmental regulations?
679583588	Countries Have Relatively Large Footprints, And Which Have Relatively Small Footprints	The US, Japan, the UK, and the United Arab Emirates are all in ecological deficit, using more global hectares than their own land mass provides. Countries with an ecological reserve include Australia, Mongolia, and Gabon.
680992794	world vs. US average foot print	The worlds avarage foot print equivalent of 1.5 planets while the US Ecological Footprint is 4.5 Planets. or World average 2.7 ha vs. USA 9.4 ha
680992795	Ecological Footprint	Is the environmental impact of a person or population. The area of biologically productive land+water, to supply raw resources and dispose/recycle waste. People in reach nations have much larger ecological footprints.
680992796	What is DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)?	is an organochlorine insecticide which is a white, crystalline solid, tasteless and almost odorless chemical compound. Technical DDT has been formulated in almost every conceivable form including solutions in xylene or petroleum distillates, emulsifiable concentrates, water-wettable powders, granules, aerosols, smoke candles, and charges for vaporisers and lotions
680992797	Why is DDT Controversial?	DDT and other pesticides may cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. Its publication was one of the signature events in the birth of the environmental movement, and resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led to DDT being banned in the US in 1972.[5] DDT was subsequently banned for agricultural use worldwide under the Stockholm Convention, but its limited use in disease vector control continues to this day and remains controversial
680992798	The Pestecide DDT	In malaria-infested Africa is welcome because it kills malaria carrying mosquitoes. In America is not welcome, due to health risks.
680992799	Environmental Sciences Vs. Environmentalism	Environmentl science persues knowladge about the environment and our interaction with it, scientists try to remain objective and free from bias; while Environmentalism is a social movement that tries to protect the natural world from human-caused changes.
680992800	Science	Is a systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it. Civilization depend on science and technology. Science is essential to sort fact from fiction.
680992801	Applications of science	Policy decisions and management practices, developing technology, restoration of forest ecosystems altered by human suppression of fire and energy-efficient electric car.
680992802	Science ask and answer questions	Science is an incremental approach to the truth. Scientists do not simply accept conventional wisdom, they judge ideas by the stregth of their evidence.
680992803	Observational (descriptive) science	Information is gathered about organisms, systms, processes, etc. Cannot be manipulated by experiments, phenomena are observed and mesured and is used in astronomy, paleontology, taxonomy, genomics, etc.
680992804	Hypothesis-driven science	Targeted research, experiments test hypotheses using the scientific method.
680992805	Scientific Method	Observations -> Questions -> Hypothesis->(recject hypothesis)->Predcitions/(fail to reject hypothesis) ->Test->Results
680992806	The scientific methon	A scientis makes an OBSERVATION and ask QUESTIONS of some phenomenon. HYPOTHEIS: a statement that tries to explain the quesiton, the hypothesis generates PREDICTIONS : specific statements that can be directly TESTED, the test RESULTS either support or reject the hypothesis.
680992807	Esxperimentss test the validity of a hypothesis	VARIABLE: a condition that can change, IDEPENDENT VARIABLE: can be manipulated, DEPENDENT VARIABLE: dependes on the independent variable, CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT: the effects of all variables are controlled, except the independent variable whose effects is being tested. CONTRO: an unmanipulated point of comparison, QUANTITIVE DATA: uses numbers, QUALITATIVE DATA: does not use numbers.
680992808	Manipulative experiments	yield the strongest evidence, reveals casual relationships, lots of things can't be manipulated.
680992809	Natural testes	show real-world complexity, results are neat and clean, answers aren't black and white.
680992810	Theories and paradigm shifts	THEORY: a well-tested and widely accepted explanation, consolidates widely-supported, related hypotheses. PARADIGM SHIFT: a dramatic upheaval in thought, it changes the dominant viewpoint.
680992811	Populations & consumption	Populations growth amplifies all human impact, the growth rate has slowed, but we still add more that 200,000 people to the planet each day. Resource consumption has risen faster than population.
680992812	How do some agricultural practices cause environmental problems?	Nearly half of the land surface is used for agriculture, chemical fertilizers and pesticides pison and change natural systems, erosion, climate change and poor management destroy millions of acres each year.
680992813	Pollution challenges that we face	Waste products and artificial chemicals, are used in farms, industries, and households; it contaminate land, water and air and kill millions of people. Humans are affecting the earth's climate; the glaciers are melting, rising sea levels, impacted wildlife, forests, health and crops; as a result we have changed rainfall and increased storms.
680992814	Biodiversity	The cumulative number and diversity of living things, human actions have driven many species extinct. Biodiversity is declining dramatically, we are setting in motion mass extinction event. Biodiversity loss may be our biggest problem; once a species is extinct, is is gone forever.
680992815	findings of the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment	- Humans have drastically altered ecosystems. - These changes have contributed to human well-being and economic development, but a a cost. - Environmental degradation could get much worse. - Degradation can be reversed, but it requires work.
680992816	Why is fossil fuel use a problem	Fossil fuels are non-renewable and we have used up 1/2 of the world's oil supplies.
680992817	What are some "sustainable solutions"?	Renewalbe energy and efficiency, organic agriculture, legislation and technology to reduce pollution, protect species and their habitat, recycling, decreasing waste and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
680992818	Cornucopians Vs. Cassandras about the planet environmental conditions.	Cornucopians: Human ingenuity will solve any problem. Cassandras: Predict doom and disaster.
680992819	Sustainable Development	The use of recources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability of recources.
680992820	What is the "triple bottom line" as it applies to sustainability?	Sustainable solutions that meet: Environmental protection, economic goals and social equality. Humans must apply knowladge from the sciences to; limit environmental impacts and maintain fuctioning environmental systems.
681077419	Chapter 2	The Fundamental of matter and Chemistry
681077420	Chemistry	Studies types of matter along with how they interact.
681077421	Chemistry is crucial for understanding	How gases contribute to global climate change, how pollutants cause acid rain, the effects of health of wildlife and people, water pollution, wasterwater treatment, atmopheric ozone depletion and energy issuses.
681077422	Matter	All material in the universe that has mass and occupies space.
681077423	The Law of concervation of matter	Matter can be transformed from one type of substance into others; but it cannot be destroyed or created. The amount of matter stays constant; It is recycled in nutrient cycles and ecosystems, we cannot simpy wish pollution and waste away.
681077424	Elements	ELEMENT: a fundamental type of matter, a chemical substance with a given set of properties.
681077425	Atoms	The smallest components that maintain an element's chemical properties. The atom's nucleus (center) has PROTONS positively charged particles and NEUTRONS particles lacking electric charge.
681077426	Atomic Number	The number of protons
681077427	Electrons	Negatively charged particles surroundign the nucleus.
681077428	Isotopes	Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes of an element behave differently.
681077429	Mass Number	The conbine number of protons and neutrons. Atoms that gain or lose electrons become electrically charged IONS
681077430	Entropy	a measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work
681077431	Radioactive decay of isotopes	Rocks and water are heated within the Earth. Radioactive istopes decay until they become non-radioactive stable isotopes. Emit high-energy radiation.
681077432	Half-Life	the amount of time it takes for one-half of the atoms to give off radiation and decay. Different radioscopes ahve different half-lives ranging from fractions of a second to billions of years.
681077433	Uranium-235	Used in commercial nuclear power, has a half-life of 700 million years.
681077434	Molecules	Combinations of two or more atoms. Oxygen gas= O2
681077435	CompouCnd	A molecule composed of atoms of two or more different elements. Water = two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom: H2O. Carbon dioxide = one carbon atom with two oxygen atoms CO2
681077436	Ionic Compounds (salts)	An electron is transferred, table salt (NaCI): the Na+ ion donated an electron to the CI-ion.
681077437	Solutions	A mixture of substances. eg. air, ocean, water, petroleum, ozone.
681077438	covalent bond	is the chemical bond that involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding
681077439	Water's chemistry facilitates life	Water's strong cohesion allows trsport of nutrients and waste. Water absorbs heat with only small changes in its temperature, which stabilize water, organisms and climate.
681077440	Hydrogen bond	Oxygen from one water molecule attracts hydrogem atoms of another.
681077441	Additional properties of water	Less dense ice floats on liquid water insulating lakes and ponds in winter. Water dissolves other molecules that are vital for life.
681077442	Hydrogen ion determine acidity	Ranges from 0 to 14. ACID solution: pH<7, BASIC solution: pH>7, NEUTRAL solution: pH=7. A substance with pH of 6 contains 10 times as many hydrogen ions as a substance with pH of 7.
681077443	Matter is composed of compunds	Organic compunds: carbon (and hydrogen atoms joined by bonds and may include other element such as; ntrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Inorganic Compunds: lack the carbon-carbon bond.
681077444	Polymers	Long chains of carbon molecules, the building blocks of life.
681077445	Hydrocarbons	Contain only carbon and hydrogen. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane (natural gas) Hydrocarbons can be gas, liquid or solid. Fossil fuels consist of hydrocarbons, some can be harmful to wildlife.
681077446	Macromolecules: building blocks of life	Large sized molecules. 3 types of polymers are essential to life; proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Lipids are not polymers, but are alos essential; fats, oil and waxes.
681077447	Proteins	Provide structural support, storage, transport energy, make up skin, hair, muscles and tendons, antibodies, hormones, receptors and enzymes.
681077448	Nucleic Acids	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA). Long chains of nucleotides that contains sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base.
681077449	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	Carries the hereditary information of organisms. Permanent storage molecule of genetic code, passed on to daughter cells when cell divides.
681077450	Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)	Directs amino acid assembly into proteins, information in DNA is rewritten to RNA
681077451	Genes	Regions of DNA that code for proteins that perform certain functions.
681077452	Genome	An organism's genes, divided into chromosomes.
681077453	Carbohydrates	Consist of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (1:2:1 ration) Sugar: simple carbohydrates. Glucose: provides enery for cells. Complex carbodydrates build structures and store energy. Starch: a complex carbohydrate.
681077454	Lipids	A chemically diverse group of compounds grouped together because they don't dissolve in water. For energy, cell membranes, structural support and steroids.
681112481	We create synthetic polymers	Plastic: synthetic (human-made) polymers. eg. nylon, teflon, kevlar. resist chemical breakdown but cause long-lasting waste and pollution.
681112482	Organization of matter in living things	cell, eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Cell: The basic unit of life's organization
681112483	Eukaryotes	Multi-celled organisms containing internal structures (organelles) eg: plants, animals, fungi, protists, ribosomes synthesize proteins, Mitochondria extract enery from sugars and fats. Nucleus houses DNA
681112484	Prokaryotes	Single-celled organisms, lacking organelles and a nucleus.
681112485	Hierarchy of matter in organisms	Matter is organized in a hierarchy of levels, from atoms through cells trhough organ systems.
681112486	Energy fundamentals	Energy; the capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter; involved in physical, chemical and biological processes.
681112487	Potential, Kinetic and Chemical Energy	Potential energy: energy of position. Kinetic energy: energy of motion and Chemical energy: Potential energy held in the bonds between atoms.
681112488	Potential Vs. Kinecti energy	Changing potential energy into kinetic energy produces motion, action and heat.
681112489	Energy is conserved but changes in quality	1st law of thermodynamica: Energy can change froms, but cannot be created or destroyed. 2nd Law of thermodynamics: energy chages from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state. Entropy: an increasing state of disorder. Inputting energy from outside the system increases order.
681112490	People harness energy	Fossil fuels provide lots of efficent energy while sunlight is spread out and difficult to harness. Only 16% of the energy released is used to power a car the rest is lost as heat. only 5% of a lightbulb's energy is converted to light. Geothermal's 7-15% efficiency is not bad.
681112491	The sun's energy powers life	The sun releases radiation from the electromagnetic spectrum. Some is visible light. Solar energy drives weather and climate, and powers plant growth.
681112492	Using solar radiation to produce food	Autotrophs / primary producers: organisms that produce their own foof. eg: green plants, algae, cyanobacteria.
681112493	Photosynthesis	the process of turning the sun's diffuse light energy into concentrated chemical energy. Sunlight converts carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
681112494	Photosynthesis produces food	Chloroplasts: organelles where photosynthesis occurs. Contain chlorophyll; a light absorbing pigment. Light reaction; splits water by using solar energy. Calvin cycle; links carbon atoms from carbon dioxide into sugar (glucose)
681112495	Heterotrophs	Organisms that gain energy by feeding on others. eg: animals, fungi, microbes, the energy is used for cellular tasks.
681112496	Geothermal energy powers earths's systems	Other sources of energy iclude; the moon's gravitational pull, geothermal heat powered by radioactivity. Radioisotopes deep in the planet heat inner earth. Heated magma erupts from volcanos.
681112497	Hydrothermal vents	host communities that thrive in high temperature and pressure. Lack of sun prevents photosynthesis.
681112498	Chemosynthesis	uses energy in hydrogen sulfide to produce sugar.
681112499	Geology	Physical processes at and below the earth. Shape the landscape, lay the foundation for environmental systems and life and provides energy from fossil fuels and geothermal sources.
681112500	Geology	The study of earth's physical features, processes and history. A human lifetime is just the blink of an eye in geologic time.
681112501	Our planet consist of layers	core, mantle, crust and lithosphere
681112502	Core	Solid iron in the center, molten iron in the outer core.
681112503	Mantle	Less dense, elastic rock. Aesthenosphere; very soft or melted rock. Area of geothermal energy.
681112504	Crust	The thin, brittle, low density layer of rock
681112505	Lithosphere	The uppermost mantle and the crust.
681112506	Plate tectonics	movement of lithospheric plates. Heat from earth's inner layer drives convention currents. Pushing the mantle's soft rock up and down like a conveyor belt.
681112507	Pangaea	All landmasses were joined into 1 supercontinent 225 million years ago.
681112508	Divergent plate boundaries	Magma rises to the surface, pushing plates apart, creating new crust. Has volcanoes and hydrothermal vents.
681112509	Transform plate boudaries	two plates meet, slipping and grinding, friction spawns earthquakes along strike-slip faults.
681112510	Tectonic plates can collide	Convergetn plate boudaries; where plates collide. Subduction: the oceanic plates slides beneath continental crust. eg. cascades, andes mountains.
681112511	Continental collision	Two plates of continental crust collide. Built the Himalaya and appalachian mountains.
681112512	Rock cycle	The heating, melting cooling, breaking and reassembling of rocks and minerals.
681112513	Rock	Any solid aggregation of minerals
681112514	Mineral	Any element or inorganic compound. Has a crystal structure. specific chemical composition and distinct physical properties.
681112515	Igneous rock	Magma: molten, liquid rock. Lava: magma released from the lithosphere. Igneous rock: froms when magma cools. Intrusive igneous rock: magma that cools slowly below earths surface. eg. granite. Extrusive igneous rock: magma ejected from a volcano basalt.
681112516	Sedimentary rock	sediments; rock particles blown by wind or washed away by water. Sedimentary rock: sediments are compacted or cemented. Lithification: formation of rock through compaction and crystallization.
681112517	Metamorphic rock	Great heat or pressure on a rock changes its form. High temperature reshapes crystals. Changing rocks appearance an physcial properties. Marbel: heated and pressurized limestone. Slate: heated and pressurized shale.
681112518	Geological and natural hazards	Some consequences of plate tectonics are hazardous, plate boundaries closely match the circum-pacific belt. An arc of subduction zones and fault systems. Has 90% of earthquakes and 50% of volcanoes.
681112519	Earthquake	A release of energy along plate boundaries and faults, it can be cause by enhanced geothermal systems. Drill deep into rock, fracture it, pump water in to heat, then extract it. Affects greatlyF to life and property.
681112520	Volcano	Molten rock, hot, gas, or ash reputs through earth's surface. Cooling and creating a mountain. Lava can flow slowly or erupt suddenly.
681112521	Landslide	A severe, sudden mas wasting. Large amounts of rock or soil collapse an dflow downhill.
681112522	Mass wasting	The dowslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity. Rain sturate soils and trigger mudslides, erodes unstable hillsides and damages property, cuased by humans when soil is loosened or exposed.

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Aztecs and Incas Flashcards

Covers the rise of the Aztec and Incan Empires, the growth and role of cities in the Americas, and interregional trade networs/economic systems in the Americas.

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96298261	Toltecs	The ______ emerged at the end of the troubled ninth and early tenth centuries as the dominant culture in much of central Mexico, but by the year 1175 could no longer suppress civil strife between ethnic groups nor could they defend against the nomadic invaders from northwest Mexico.	0
96298262	Tula	The Toltecs's capital city, _____, grew to support a population of more than 60,000 due to irrigation from the nearby river which allowed its people to grow crops of beans, maize, peppers, tomatoes, chilies, and cotton.	1
96298263	Compact Regional Empire	Their large army helped the Toltecs build a _____ supported by subject people and their tribute.	2
96298264	Mexica	The _____ arrived in central Mexico about the middle of the thirtheenth century and were known as "disorderly" for kidnapping women and seizing lands already cultivated by other groups. These people seemed constantly on the move, as their neighbors quickly grew tired of their disruptions.	3
96298265	Aztecs	The ____ were also referred to as the Mexica.	4
96298266	Lake Texcoco	The Mexica settled on a marshy region of _____ , a site which offered ample water and abundant wildlife and allowed the Mexica to develop an extremely productive system of agriculture based on raised, floating gardens called chinampas.	5
96449885	Chinampas	Good Mexican farmers could produce up to seven crops per year of maize, beans, squash, tomatoes, peppers, and chilies from their raised, floating gardens called _____.	6
96449886	Moctezuma	By the early 1400s, the Mexica, under the leadership of Itzcoatl and then _____, began a series of ambitious military campaigns adding portions of southwestern Mexico, then the Gulf coast regions, and finally the high plateaus of central Mexico to their imperial realm.	7
96449887	Calpulli	The _____, which began as ancestor-based groups, evolved into location-based groups which organized their own affairs and allocated land to individual families.	8
96449888	Mound-Building People	______ in the eastern half of the modern United States built large cities such as the one whose remains are best seen outside of St. Louis, Missouri today. Though these people left no written records, archaeological evidence suggests societies linked by trade and characterized by a range of social classes.	9
96588601	Cuzco	_____ was the administrative, religious, and ceremonial capital of the Incan Empire. This city had handsome red stone buildings, a road system 10,000 miles long that tied it to the rest of the empire, and it encouraged obedience of conquered peoples by using them in their armies and by posting them to bureaucratic positions.	10
96588602	Quipu	Inca bureaucrats kept detailed records using a mnemonic device called ______ to record statistical information such as population, tax rolls and receipts, labor services, and to remember historical information relating to rulers and their deeds.	11
96588603	Marae	In some Pacific island societies, structures known as ______ were built with several terraced floors of rock or coral walls designating the boundaries of a sacred place.	12
96589320	Tenochtitlan	About 1345, the Mexica settled on a marshy region of Lake Texcoco and founded their capital city, _____.	13
96590123	Self-sufficient Societies	The indegenous peoples of Australia and the Pacific Islands built _____ and tended to their own needs.	14

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AP Government Presidency Flashcards

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748734719	amendment 12	What amendment states that the electoral college must have two separate elections for president?
748734720	amendment 20	What amendment states that January 20th is the day the president takes office?
748734721	amendment 22	What amendment states a president can only have 2 terms in office?
748734722	amendment 25	What amendment states the rules for who becomes president if the president dies/ resigns, etc.?
748734723	Head of State, Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, Chief Diplomat, and Chief Legislator	What are the roles of the president?
748734724	civil service	a collective term used to describe the body of employees working for the government
748983610	civil service	understood to apply to all of those who gain government employment through a merit system
748983611	patronage	the practice of rewarding faithful workers and followers with government employment and contracts
748983612	reprieve	A formal postponement of a sentence imposed by a court of law
748983613	pardon	A release from the punishment for or legal consequences of a crime; can be granted by the president before or after a conviction
748983614	War Powers Resolution	A response to the presidential actions during the Vietnam War. The resolution was designed to ensure that Congress had a greater voice in presidential decisions committing military forces to hostile situations overseas. The resolution requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops. The President must bring home troops from hostilities within 60 to 90 days unless Congress extends the time
748983615	Advice and Consent	Terms in the Constitution describing the U.S. Senate's power to review and approve treaties and presidential appointments
748983616	Executive Agreement	a pact between the president and a head of a foreign state and does not have to be approved by the Senate
748983617	State of the Union	Annual message to Congress in which the president proposes a legislative program. The message is addressed not only to Congress but also to the American people and to the world
748983618	veto	To prevent a legislative bill from becoming law
748983619	pocket veto	A special veto exercised by the chief executive after a legislative body has adjourned. Bills not signed by the chief executive die after a specified period of time. If Congress wishes to reconsider such a bill, it must be reintroduced in the following session of Congress
748983620	line-item veto	The power of an executive to veto individual lines or items within a piece of legislation without vetoing the entire bill
748983621	constitutional power	A power vested in the presidency by Article II of the Constitution
748983622	statutory power	A power created for the President through laws enacted by Congress
748983623	expressed power	A power of the President that is expressly written into the Constitution or into statutory law
748983624	inherent power	The power of the President derived from the statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and that the President should "take Care that the Laws by faithfully executed;" defined through practice rather than through law
748983625	emergency power	An inherent power exercised by the President during a period of national crisis
748983626	executive order	A rule or regulation issued by the President that has the effect of law; can implement and give administrative effect to provisions in the Constitution, to treaties, and to statues
748983627	federal register	A publication of the U.S. government that prints executive orders, rules, and regulations
748983628	executive privilege	The right executive officials have to withhold information from or to refuse to appear before a legislative committee
748983629	impeachment	An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the President, VP, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
748983630	cabinet	An advisory group selected by the president to aid in making decisions; includes the heads of 15 executive departments and other named by the President
748983631	executive office of the president (EOP)	An organization established by the President Franklin D. Roosevelt to assist the president in carrying out major duties
748983632	White House Office (West Wing)	The personal office of the president, which tends to presidential political needs and manages the media
748983633	Chief of Staff	The person who is named to direct the White House Office and advise the President.
748983634	Office of Management and Budget	assists the President in preparing the annual budget, clearing and coordinating department agency budgets, and supervising the administration of the federal budget
748983635	National Security Council	An agency in the Executive Office of the President that advises the President on national security
748983636	lame duck	The period of time in which the President's term is about to come to an end. Presidents typically have less influence during this time

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AP Government Congress (Chapter 10) Flashcards

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733844205	constituent	one of the persons represented by a legislator or other elected or appointed official.
733844206	homestyle	the actions and behaviors of a member of Congress aimed at the constituents and intended to win the support and trust of the voters at home.
733844207	hillside	the actions of a member of Congress in Washington, D.C., intended to promote policies and the member's own career aspirations.
733844208	bicameralism	a legislature made up of two parts, called chambers; the U.S. Congress, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate, is a bicameral legislature.
733844209	lawmaking	the process of establishing the legal rules that govern society.
733844210	logrolling	an arrangement in which two or more members of Congress agree in advance to support each other's bills.
733844211	trustee	a legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society.
733844212	instructed delegate	a legislator who is an agent of the voters who elected him or her and who votes according to the views of constituents regardless of personal beliefs.
733844213	casework	personal work for constituents by members of Congress.
733844214	ombudsperson	a person who hears and investigates complaints by private individuals against public officials or agencies.
733844215	oversight	the process by which Congress follows up on laws it has enacted to ensure that they are being enforced and administered in the way Congress intended.
733844216	enumerated powers	powers specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution; the first 17 clauses of Article 1, Section 8, specify most of the (?) powers of the national government.
733844217	midterm elections	some members of the US Senate, all members of the House of Representatives, and many state and local positions are voted on.
733844218	reapportionment	When a state gains or loses population then the state loses or gains Congressmen.
733844219	redistricting	The process of redrawing legislative districts.
733844220	gerrymandering	the legislative process by which the majority party in each state legislature redraws congressional districts to ensure the maximum number of seats for its candidates.
733844221	safe seat	a district that returns the legislator with 55% of the vote or more.
733844222	franking privilege	a policy that enables members of Congress to send material through the mail by substituting their facsimile signature for postage.
733844223	discharge petition	a procedure by which a bill in the House of Representatives may be forced out of a committee that has refused to report it for consideration by the House; petition must be signed by an absolute majority (218) of representatives and is used only on rare occasions.
733844224	earmarks	funding appropriations that are specifically designated for a named project in a member's state or district.
733844225	pork-barrel legislation	A government project or appropriation that yields jobs or other benefits to a specific locale and patronage opportunities to its political representative.
733844226	fiscal year	a 12-month period used for bookkeeping, or accounting purposes; usually, the fiscal year does not coincide with the calendar year; for example, the federal government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.
733844227	executive budget	the budget prepared and submitted by the president to Congress.
733844228	appropriation	the passage, by Congress, of a spending bill specifying the amount of authorized funds that actually will be allocated for an agency's use.
733844229	filibuster	the use of the Senate's tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block a bill.
733844230	majority-minority districts	refers to a United States congressional district composed of racial or ethnic minorities' constituents; ex: Memphis.
733844231	malapportionment	Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population.
733844232	congressional caucus	association of members in congress who seek to advocate a certain party ideology and regional or economic interest
733844233	quorum	The minimum number of members who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action.
733844234	cloture	a rule used by the senate to end or limit debate (filibuster) with 60 votes
733844235	rider bill	Unpopular provision added to an important bill certain to pass so that it will "ride" through the legislative process.
733844236	Christmas bill	a bill with many riders.
733844237	War Powers Resolution	A law passed in 1973 spelling out the conditions under which the president can commit troops without Congressional approval.
733848572	John Boehner	Speaker of the House
733848573	Eric Cantor	Majority leader of the House
733848574	Nancy Pelosi	Minority leader of the House
733848575	Joe Biden	President of the Senate
733848576	Patrick Leahy	President Pro Tempore
733848577	Harry Reid	Senate Majority leader
733848578	Mitch McConnell	Senate Minority leader

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