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AP Government Chapter 13 Flashcards

Wilson AP Government textbook vocabulary for chapter 13, the Congress

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744387580majority leaderThe legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or Senate
744387581select committeesCongressional committees appointed for a limited time period and purpose
744387582franking privilegeThe ability of members of Congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge
744387583caucus (congressional)An association of members of Congress created to advocate a political ideology or a regional, ethnic, or economic interest
744387584roll call voteA congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering yea or nay to their names
744387585minority leaderThe legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or Senate
744387586joint committeeA committee on which both representatives and senators serve
744387587simple resolutionA resolution used to settle housekeeping and procedural matters in either house but not having the force of law
744387588concurrent resolutionA resolution used to settle housekeeping and procedural matters that affect both houses but not having the force of law
744387589public billLegislation that deals with matters of general concern
744387590open ruleAn order from the Rules committee in the House that permits a bill to be amended on the legislative floor
744387591voice voteA method of voting used in both house in which a vote on a topic is taken verbally.
744387592party polarizationIndicated by votes in which a majority of voting Democrats oppose a majority of voting Republicans
744387593closed ruleA rule issued by the Rules Committee that does not allow a bill to be amended on the House floor
744387594filibusterA means by which senators can extend debate on a bill in order to prevent or delay its consideration
744387595Cloture ruleA Senate rule offering a means for stopping a filibuster
744387596restrictive ruleA rule issued by the Rules Committee that permits some amendments to a bill but not to others
744387597markupCommittee revisions of a bill
744387598Congressional CaucusAn association of members of Congress created to advocate a political ideology or a regional or economic interest
744387599party whipAn individual who assists the party leader in staying abreast of the concerns and voting intentions of the party members
744387600Committee on CommitteesAssigns Republicans to standing committees in the Senate
744387601House Rules CommitteeThe group that decides what business comes up for a vote and what the limitations on debate should be
744387602discharge petitionA means by which the house can remove a bill stalled in committee
744387603multiple referralThe process through which a bill is referred to several committees that simultaneously consider it in whole or in part
744387604Steering committeeAssigns Democrats to standing committees in the Senate
744387605party caucusA meeting of the members of a political party to decide questions of policy
744387606party voteThe extent to which members of a party vote together in the House or the Senate
744387607Bicameral LegislatureA lawmaking body composed of two chambers or parts
744387608marginal districtsDistricts in which the winner got less than 55 percent of the vote
744387609ridersUnrelated amendments added to a bill
744387610Safe DistrictsDistricts in which the winner got more than 55% of the vote
744387611Sequential ReferralThe process through which a bill is referred to second committee after the first is finished acting
744387612Millionaire's ClubA traditional, pejorative name for the United States Senate
744387613Teller VoteA congressional voting procedure in which the members pass between two tellers, first the yeas and then the nays
744387614Double TrackingA procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster, the disputed bill is shelved temporarily
744387615Conference CommitteesA special type of joint committee appointed to resolve differences in the House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation
744387616Christmas Tree BillA bill that has many riders
744387617Division VoteA congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted
744387618Standing CommitteesThe permanent committees of each house with the power to report bills
744387619Private BillLegislation that deals only with specific matters rather than with general legislative affairs
744387620Pork-Barrel LegislationLegislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in the hope of winner their votes
744387621Quorum CallA calling of the role in either house of Congress to determine whether the number of members in attendance meets the minimum number required to conduct official business
744387622SeniorityThe system under which committee chairs are awarded to members who have the longest continuous service on the committee
744387623ParliamentAn assembly of party representatives that chooses a government and discusses major national issues
744387624Conservative CoalitionAn alliance of conservative Democrats with Republicans for voting purposes
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AP Government Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

Based on chapters 1-3 of the twelfth edition of American Government (AP Edition) written by James Wilson and published in 2011

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483609154powerThe ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions.
483609155authorityThe right to use power.
483609156legitimacyPolitical authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution.
483609157democracyThe rule of many.
483609158direct or representative democracyA government in which all or most citizens participate directly.
483609159representative democracyA government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote.
483609160elitePersons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource like money or power.
483609161class viewView that the government is dominated by capitalists.
483609162power elite viewView that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside the government.
483609163bureaucratic viewView that the government is dominated by appointed officials.
483609164pluralist viewThe belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy.
483609165unalienableA human right based on nature or God.
483609166Articles of ConfederationA weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.
483609167Constitutional ConventionA meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution.
483609168Shay's RebellionA 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes.
483609169Virginia PlanProposal to create a strong national government.
483609170New Jersey PlanProposal to create a weak national government.
483609171Great CompromisePlan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state selected Senate, with two members for each state.
483609172republicA government in which elected representatives make their decisions.
483609173judicial reviewThe power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional.
483609174federalismGovernment authority shared by national and local governments.
483609175enumerated powersPowers given to the national government alone.
483609176reserved powersPowers given to the state government alone.
483609177concurrent powersPowers shared by the national and state governments.
483609178checks and balancesAuthority shared by three branches of government.
483609179separation of powersConstitutional authority is shared by three different branches in the government.
483609180factionA group with a distinct political interest.
483609181FederalistsThose who favor a stronger national government.
483609182AntifederalistsThose who favor a weaker national government.
483609183coalitionAn alliance of factions.
483609184Bill of RightsFirst ten amendments to the constitution.
483609185habeas corpusAn order to produce an arrested person before a judge.
483609186bill of attainderA law that declares a person without a trial, to be guilty of a crime.
483609187ex post facto lawA law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed.
483609188amendmentA new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states.
483609189line-item vetoAn executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature.
483609190federalismGovernment authority shared by national and local governments.
483609191"necessary and proper" clauseSection of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it by the Constitution.
483609192nullificationThe doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
483609193dual federalismDoctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate.
483609194police powerState power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals.
483609195initativeProcess that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot.
483609196referendumProcedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.
483609197recallProcedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.
483609198grants-in-aidMoney given by the national government to the states.
483609199categorical grantsFederal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport.
483609200conditions of aidTerms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds.
483609201mandatesTerms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.
483609202waiverA decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it.
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Biochemistry Exam 2 Flashcards

Chapter 6, Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action
Chapter 7, Kinetics and Regulation
Chapter 8, Mechanisms and Inhibitors
Chapter 9, Hemoglobin, An Allosteric Protein
Biochemistry: A Short Course, 2nd ED.

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471396701Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.Substrate -> Product *NOTE: Amount of product is the same, but an enzyme makes it faster.
471396702ΔGThe change in free energy for conversion of a substrate to product.
471396703X≠The transition state a reaction must go through. Substrate -> X≠ -> Product
471396704Equation between transition state and substrate.ΔGx≠ - ΔGsubstrate = ΔG≠
471396705What does the enzyme do, in relation to the transition state?Enzymes stabilize the transition state, decreasing the energy barrier for product formation.
471396706The first step in catalysis.Binding of the substrate to the enzyme in the active site. (Alpha helix Beta sheet turns)
471396707Active site structure.In primary structure, a 3-D cleft formed by AA.
471396708What is the specificity of substrate binding to the active site dependent on?The AA
471396709The substrate must have a matching shape to fit the active site....
471396710Two kinds of substrate/enzyme binding.Lock and Key. Induced Fit.
471396711The six major classes of enzymes. Their function?1. Oxidoreductase: catalyze redox reactions. 2. Transferase: move func.groups between molecules. 3. Hydrolyases: cleave bonds with the add. of H2O. 4. Lyases: remove atoms to form double bonds or add atoms to double bonds. 5. Isomerases: move func.groups within molecule. 6. Ligases: join two molecules at the expense of ATP.
471396712What are enzymes named for?Named for their substrates and for the reaction they catalyze with suffix "ase" (IE. Peptide hydrolase)
471396713CofactorsSmall organic molecules and/or metals.
471396714HoloenzymeEnzyme with its cofactor.
471396715ApoenzymeEnzyme without its cofactor.
471396716Primary function of enzymes.To accelerate the rates of reactions, so they are compatible with the needs of the organism.
471396717KineticsThe study of the rates (velocities) of reactions.
471396718What do rates (velocities) depend on?The concentration of substrate(s).
471396719Velocity (V) equation.V= -Δsubstrate/Δtime =Δproduct/Δtime (decrease in substrate/time =increase in product/time)
471396720V=k[sub]^1k: rate constant, dependent on temperature V=1 M/s, [sub]=1M V=2 M/s, [sub]=2M double [sub], velocity doubles First order reaction
471396721Example Problems for V=k[sub]^1ex.
471396722Investigation of enzyme kinetics.Measure the initial velocity as a function of substrate concentration with a fixed amount of enzyme. (Compare kinetics between enzymes, substrates using the initial velocity, V0)
471501433Michaelis-Menten equationDescribes the variation of enzyme activity as a function of substrate concentration. V0= Vmax * [S]/[S]+Km
471501434KmAffinity for substrate.
471501435VmaxMore efficient catalyst.
471501436Example problems for Michaelis-Menten.On powerpoint (Lecture 09-18), slide 16.
471501437Lineweaver-Burke equationM-M equation can be manipulated into one that yields a straight-line plot. This is Double-reciprocal equation. kcat= Vmax/[enzyme]
471501438kcatmx # of molecules an enzyme can "turn over" to product per second.
471501439kcat/KmMeasure of catalytic efficiency because it takes into account both the rate of catalysis (kcat) and nature of the enzyme substrate interaction (Km). Can be used to compare kinetic data for different substrates.
471501440High KmImplies weak binding.
471501441Low KmImplies strong binding.
472265959Acetaldehyde is more toxic than ethanol.Sensitivity to ethanol is caused by increased amount of acetaldehyde (a mutation in ALDH2).
472265960How many forms of aldehyde dehydrogenase are there in the body?Two.
472265961The two forms of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the body:1. Mitochondrial, low Km 2. Cytoplasmic, high Km
472265962Persons with sensitivity to ethanol have defect in what enzyme?Mitochondrial enzyme, so only cytoplasmic enzyme works.
472265963Why is cytoplasmic enzyme efficient only at high [aldehyde]?Because it is high Km.
472265964TyrosinaseInvolved in synthesizing pigment and has a low tolerance for heat. IE. The extremities of a Siamese cat are cool enough for tyrosinase to be active and produce pigment.
472265965Enzymes have an optimal pH....
472265966Enzyme reversible inhibition types*Can bind and dissociate from the enzyme. 1. Competitive inhibition 2. Uncompetitive inhibition 3. Noncompetitive inhibition
472265967Enzyme inhibition can be reversible or irreversible....
472265968Competitive InhibitionInhibitor resembles the substrate and binds to the active site. This reduces catalytic rate by reducing [enzyme-substrate].
472265969Inhibition can be relieved by increasing substrate....
472265970In competitive inhibition, Vmax does not change; Km increases....
472265971Uncompetitive InhibitionInhibitor binds only to the enzyme-substrate complex, and cannot be overcome by addition of substrate.
472265972In uncompetitive inhibition, both Vmax and Km decrease....
472265973Noncompetitive InhibitionInhibitor and substrate bind simultaneously to the enzyme at different sites. This decreases active enzyme molecules, and cannot be overcome by increasing substrate.
472311159In noncompetitive inhibition, Vmax decreases and Km is unchanged....
472311160Irreversible InhibitorsBind very tightly to enzymes and do not readily dissociate. 1. Group specific reagents- react with specific R groups of AA. 2. Affinity labels- more specific for active site than group specific reagents. 3. Suicide inhibitors- chemically modified substrates.
472311161Irreversible inhibitors are good for cloning, bad for curing bacterial infections in people....
472311162Like in noncompetitive inhibition, irreversible inhibitors have Vmax decrease and Km unchanged....
472311163Allosteric EnzymesChange their conformation upon binding of an effector, which results in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site.
472311164Lack of allosteric inhibition leads to accumulation of uric acid....
472311165Allosterically regulated enzymes do not conform to Michaelis-Menten Kinetics.The reaction velocity of allosteric enzymes displays a sigmoidal relationship to substrate concentration.
472311166Allosteric enzymes depend on alterations in 4ternary structure.Allosteric enzymes can display 4ternary structure with multiple active sites and regulatory sites.
472311167CooperativityThe binding of substrate to one cative site causes a conformation change. This change induces a change at a second subunit.
472311168Cooperativity displayIt is displayed by enzymes with multiple binding sites where affinity of the binding sites for a ligand is increased, positive cooperativity, or decreased, negative cooperativity, upon the binding of a ligand to a binding site.
472311169Allostery plays a crucial role in metabolism (and many other fundamental biological processes)....
472311170Phosphofructokinase (in the Glycolytic cycle) is an allosteric enzyme.PFK-1 activity increases with increasing ATP, but a point is reached where ATP inhibits activity.
472311171How can ATP be a substrate and inhibitor?ATP can be a substrate and an allosteric regulator.
472311172How can glycolysis be regulated by ATP?If [ATP] is high, PFK would be inhibited, glycolysis inhibited.
472311173Hemoglobin is a RBC protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.It is an allosteric protein that displays cooperativity in oxygen binding and release.
472311174Myoglobin binds oxygen in muscle cells.This binding is not cooperative. Oxygen binding is measured as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2).
472311175Hemoglobin displays 4ternary structure with 4 active sites....
472311176What does the heme group in hemoglobin consist of?An organic compound (protoporphyrin) and a central iron ion in the ferrous (Fe2+) form.
472311177The iron in the heme group lies in the middle of the protoporphyrin bound to 4 nitrogens....
472311178Iron's two additional bondsFifth and Sixth coordination sites.
472311179What happens upon oxygen binding?The iron moves into the plane of the protoporphyrin ring.
472311180The movement of Fe leads to increased affinity for O2 binding at 2nd site....
472311181What controls the affinity of O2 by hemoglobin?Allosteric regulator. 2,3-bisphophoglycerate binds to Hb reducing its O2 affinity promoting O2 release.
472311182Cardon dioxide and H+, produced by actively respiring tissues, enhance oxygen release by hemoglobin....
472311183Salt BridgePositive and negative charges interacting. H+ and CO2 stabilize deoxyHb through salt bridges.
472311184Why can you die from CO poisoning?CO has a 210-fold higher affinity for hemoglobin compared with oxygen. CO binding also prevents hemoglobin from acquiring CO2 from tissues for removal and stabilizes oxygen molecules bound to the same hemoglobin protein, preventing their release to tissues.
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German Language Word Book 1 Flashcards

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568043069Es ist ein Uhr.It's one o'clock.
568043070Es ist zwei Uhr.It's two o'clock.
568043071Es ist drei Uhr.It's three o'clock.
568043072Es ist vier Uhr.It's four o'clock.
568043073Es ist fünf Uhr.It's five o'clock.
568043074Es ist sechs Uhr.It's six o'clock.
568043075Es ist sieben Uhr.It's seven o'clock.
568043076Es ist acht Uhr.It's eight o'clock.
568043077Es ist neun Uhr.It's nine o'clock.
568043078Es ist zehn Uhr.It's ten o'clock.
568043079Es ist elf Ur.It's eleven o'clock.
568043080Es ist zwölf Uhr.It's twelve o'clock.
568043081Es ist Mittag.It's noon.
568043082Es ist Mitternacht.It's midnight.
568043083die Farbencolors
568043084weißwhite
568043085rotred
568043086graugray
568043087blaublue
568043088rosapink
568043089grüngreen
568043090braunbrown
568043091lilapurple
568043092gelbyellow
568043093schwarzblack
568043094orangeorange
568043095die Nahrungsmittelfood
568043096die Weintraubengrapes
568043097die Wassermelonewatermelon
568043098das Eisicecream
568043099die Kirschecherry
568043100der Apfelapple
568043101die Bananebanana
568043102die Süsigkeitencandy
568043103der Käsecheese
568043104die Erdbeerestrawberry
568043105die grüne Erbsegreen peas
568043106die Birnepear
568043107die Tomatetomato
568043108die Zweibelonion
568043109der Maïscorn
568043110die Kartoffelpotato
568043111die Tiereanimals
568043112die Bienebee
568043113die Fliegefly
568043114der Schmetterlingbutterfly
568043115der Vogelbird
568043116die Spinnespider
568043117die Stechmückemosquito
568043118die Ameiseant
568043119die Katzecat
568043120der Hunddog
568043121der Haifischshark
568043122der Fischfish
568043123der Walwhale
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Supreme Court Cases to Know for the AP Exam Flashcards

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780550583Marbury vs. Madison, 1803Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of judicial review, the power of the Supreme Court to interpret the constitutionality of a law.
780550584McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819Upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax a federal agency (the national bank). "The power to tax is the power to destroy."
780550585Fletcher v. Peck, 1810Decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional.
780550586Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments. (264)
780550587Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824Upheld broad congressional power to legislate and regulate commerce between states.
780550588Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831Court held that Indian tribes could not sue in federal courts but he did say that they were under the jurisdiction of the United States and could only give up their lands voluntarily.
780550589Worcester v. Georgia, 1832Ruled that Georgia had no power to pass laws affecting the Cherokees because federal jurisdiction over the Cherokees was exclusive.
780550590Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon.
780550591Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857Ruled that slaves were property, not citizens, and, therefore, Dred Scott was not entitled to use the courts.
780550592Ex parte Milligan, 1866Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.
780550593Munn v. Illinois, 1876Upheld an Illinois law regulating railroad rates because the movement of grain was closely related to public interest.
780550594Civil Rights Cases, 1883Stated that the 14th Amendment only applied to discriminatory actions taken by states, not to discriminatory actions taken by individuals.
780550595Wabash v. Illinois, 1886Struck down an Illinois law regulating interstate railroad rates, ruling that it infringed on the federal government's exclusive control over interstate commerce.
780550596United States v. E. C. Knight Co, 1895The Sherman Antitrust Act does not apply to manufacturers located within a single state, because under the 10th Amendment, states have the right to regulate "local activities."
780550597In Re Debs, 1895Ruled that the federal government had the authority to halt a railroad strike because it interfered with interstate commerce and delivery of the mail.
780550598Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896Permitted segregated public facilities, arguing that "separate but equal" accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
780550599Insular Cases, 1901The Constitution does not fully apply to acquired territories, but people from the acquired lands can get US citizenship and the right to vote/elect in America.
780550600Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 1904Sherman Antitrust Act could apply to any company that sought to eliminate competition in interstate commerce, including companies chartered within a single state.
780550601Lochner v. New York, 1905Struck down a state law setting a 10-hour day for employees because the law interfered with an employee's right to contract with an employer and violated the protection of liberty guaranteed under the 14th Amendment.
780550602Muller v. Oregon, 1908In a departure from the Lochner case, the Court upheld a state law limiting women's work hours, viewing women as a special class needing special protection.
780550603Standard Oil of New Jersey v. United States, 1911Ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly and ordered that it be dissolved into smaller, competing companies.
780550604American Tobacco v. United States, 1911Ruled that American Tobacco was an illegal monopoly and ordered that it be dissolved into smaller, competing companies.
780550605Schenck v. United States, 1919The Court limited free speech in time of war, reasoning that freedom of speech can be limited if the words present a "clear and present danger" to the country.
780550606Schecter Poultry v. United States, 1935Supreme Court ruled that the NRA overstepped authority to regulate interstate commerce when it tried to regulate the Schecter's poultry business in New York FDR was relying on power to regulate interstate commerce to deal with depression
780550607Korematsu v. United States, 1944Ruled that the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II did not violate the Constitution.
780550608Dennis v. United States, 1951The Court ruled that the Smith Act, which prohibited advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government by force and violence, did not violate the 1st Amendment.
780550609Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954The Court found that segregation itself was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause, commenting that "in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place."
780550610Mapp v. Ohio, 1961Ruled that evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is inadmissible. "Fruit of a poison tree" doctrine.
780550611Engel v. Vitale, 1962Ruled that the recitation of a prayer in a public classroom was a violation of the establishment clause of the 1st Amendment.
780550612Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963The Court said that all states must provide an attorney in all felony and capital cases for people who cannot afford one themselves.
780550613Escobeda v. Illinois, 1964 1965Case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. An extension of Gideon v. Wainwright.
780550614Miranda v. Arizona, 1966Before questioning suspects held in custody, police must inform suspects that they have the right to remain silent, that anything they say may be used against them, and that they have the right to counsel.
780550615Tinker vs. Des Moines, 1969Supreme Court case that stated that students do not lose their freedom of speech rights in high school. Mary Beth tinker wore black arm bands to protest the Vietnam War.
780550616Roe v. Wade, 1973Decided that states could regulate abortions only in certain circumstances but otherwise a woman's right to an abortion was protected by her right to privacy.
780550617United States v. Nixon, 1974Executive privilege was subordinate to "the fundamental demands of due process of law in the fair administration of criminal justice." President Nixon had to surrender audiotapes to a special prosecutor.
780550618Regents of the University of CA v. Bakke, 1978The Court held that a university could consider an applicant's race in making admissions decisions, but the use of strict racial quotas in affirmative action programs was not permissible.
780550619Planned Parenthood et al, v. Casey, 1992The Court upheld a woman's "liberty" to have an abortion but also allowed for restrictive state regulations as long as they did not create an "undue burden" or "substantial obstacle" for a woman.
780550620Veronia School District v. Action, 1995Supreme Court found constitutional a school drug testing on high school athletes; challenged as illegal search but overturned
780550621Bush v. Gore, 2000Following the controversial 2000 presidential election, the Supreme Court held that the Florida Supreme Court's plan for recounting ballots was unconstitutional.
780550622Jones v. Clinton, 1997The president of the United States is not immune from civil law suits during the tenure of his office.
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Fundamentals Electrostatics Flashcards

Electrostatics Vocabulary for Physics Fundamentals

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684932658ElectrostaticsThe study of electric charges at rest
684932659Electrical ForcesA force that one charge exerts on another. When the charges are the same sign, they repel; when the charges are opposite, they attract.
684932660Insulatora material through which charges cannot easily flow
684932661Conductora material that easily allows the flow of charge
684932662Chargethe fundamental electrical property to which the mutual attractions or repulsions between electrons or protons is attributed
684932663GroundingAllowing charges to move freely along a connection between a conductor and the ground.
684932664Inductionthe charging of an object without direct contact
684932665CoulombThe SI unit of electrical charge. One coulomb (symbol C) is equal to the total charge of 6.25 × 10¹⁸ electrons.
684932666Electrically PolarizedTerm applied to an atom or molecule in which the charges are aligned so that one side is slightly more positive or negative than the opposite side.
684932667Coulomb's LawThe relationship among electrical force, charges, and distance: The electrical force between two charges varies directly as the product of the charges and inversely as the square of the distance between them.
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Taxonomy Flashcards

Taxonomy

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409279270Carl LinnaeusSwedish botanist who established the universal system for naming and classifying organisms that involved a nested hierarchy and binomial nomenclature, and classified thousands of organisms in Systema Naturae
409279271Binomial nomenclatureNaming system in which organisms have a two part scientific name; the first is the genus and is capitalized, the second is the species within the genus and is lower case. Names should be underlined when written and italicized when word processed.
409279272TaxonGroup or level of organization into which organisms are classified - from broadest to narrowest, they are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
409279273TaxonomyThe science of naming and classifying different organisms.
409279274Challenges facing taxonomistsConvergent evolution/analogous structures Discovery of new species Hybrids Sexual dimorphism Subjectivity of the taxonomists
409279275Five kingdomsAnimlia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera
409279276Principles used to classify organisms- Evolutionary relationships (through morphological comparisons between extant and extinct species) - Homologous structures (suggest common ancestry) - Embryological relationships (similarities suggest existence of similar genes) - Biochemical relationships (comparing DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences)
4092808992 types of cellsProkaryotic & eukaryotic
409280900Prokaryotic CellsSimple, small cells that are defined by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles. Found in kingdom Monera.
409280901Eukaryotic CellsLarger, more complex cells that contain a nucleus as well as membrane-bound organelles. Found in kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista.
409281680Characteristics of Kingdom AnimaliaContain eukaryotic cells, multicellular, ingesting heterotrophs, store carbohydrates as glycogen, lack cell walls, found everywhere, typically reproduce sexually and are motile.
409281681Characteristics of Kingdom PlantaeContain eukaryotic cells, multicellular, autotrophs, have cell walls containing cellulose, store carbohydrates as starch, have chloroplasts, mostly terrestrial, reproduce both sexually and asexually and are non-motile.
409281682Characteristics of Kingdom FungiContain eukaryotic cells, multicellular, have cell walls containing chitin, store carbohydrates as glycogen, body formed of structures called hyphae (collectively referred to as mycelium) absorbing heterotrophs, mostly terrestrial, reproduce both sexually and asexually and are non-motile.
409281683Characteristics of Kingdom ProtistaContains eukaryotic cells, typically unicellular, autotrophs and heterotrophs, mostly aquatic, asexual or sexual reproducers, and may be non-motile or motile (with flagella, cilia or pseudopodia)
409281684Characteristics of Kingdom MoneraContains prokarytoic cells, unicellular, autotrophs and heterotrophs, found everywhere, reproduce asexually throught binary fission, are mostly non-motile (although may be motile with flagella), may be spiral, rod, or round-shaped, cell walls contain peptidoglycan
4093101633 groups of protistsanimal-like protists - motile ingesting heterotrophs fungus-like protists - decomposing heterotrophs plant-like protists - autotrophs
606651376Dichotomous KeyA step by step approach to classifying organisms that uses a series of paired descriptions.
606651377CladisticsAn approach to classification in which items are grouped together based on shared characters.
606651378SynapomorphyA shared, derived trait found in two or more taxa that is present in their most recent common ancestor but is missing in more distant ancestors.
606651379AutapomorphyA derived character state that is unique to a single taxon
606651380CladogramA diagram that is based on patterns of shared, derived traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms
631166321Examples of Plant-like ProtistsGreen algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates
631166322Examples of animal-like protists (protozoa)paramecium, amoeba, ciliates
631166323Examples of fungus-like protistsslime molds, water molds
631166324Examples of plantsmoss, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
631166325Examples of fungiyeasts, molds, mushrooms
631166326Examples of bacteriaeubacteria, cyanobacteria, archaebacteria
631169532Peptidoglycanunique molecule found in bacterial cell walls
631169533Binary fissionMethod of asexual reproduction found in bacteria
631169534Analogous structuresPhysical structures in two different organism that have funcitonal similarity due to their evoluntion in a common environment, but have different underlying structure. Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution.
631169535Challenges of taxonomyHybrid organisms, extinct organisms, discovery of new species, analogous structures, disagreement on what structural features matter most in classification, lack of DNA evidence
631172208Penicillinantibiotic derived from a member of kingdom fungi
631172209HyphaeBranching filamentous structures found in Kingdom Fungi; collectively referred to as mycelium
631172210Autotrophictype of nutrition in which organisms can make their own food
631172211Heterotrophic ingestororganism that eats other organisms and digest them internally
631172212Heterotrophic absorberorganism that eats other organisms but digests them outside of the body then absorbs nutrients into body
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Taxonomy, Viruses, Prokaryotes, Protista, and Fungi Flashcards

Taxonomy, Viruses, Prokaryotes, Protista, and Fungi

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105371404organellesProkaryotic cells are very small, and except for ribosomes, they do not have cytoplasmic ________.
105371405domain bacteriametabolically diverse with some being heterotrophic by absorption, autotrophic by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis
105371406domain bacteriamotile forms move by flagella consisting of a single filament
105371407nitrogen fixed bacteria(domain bacteria) aerobic heterotrophs that are important ecologically because they supply the world's organisms with fixed nitrogen for making proteins; live on leugunes
105371408decomposer bacteria(domain bacteria) absorb nutrients from dead organisms and thus are important in the recycling of materials formerly part of other organisms
105371409pathogenic bacteria(domain bacteria) cause disease
105371410bacillus-shaped(domain bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria) Few selected diseases they cause: Bacillus (anthrax); Clostridium (tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene); Salmonella (typhoid fever, food poisoning): Mycobacterium (Tuberculosis, leprosy); Pseudomonas (pneumonia, burn infections); Chlamydia (most common STD in U.S.); Rickettsia (Rocky Mtn. spotted fever); E. Coli (traveler's diarrhea, food poisoning); Bordetella (whooping cought); Helicobacter (ulcers in stomach); Haemophilus (conjunctivitis/pinkeye); Yersina (plague)
105371411Coccus-shaped(domain bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria) Listed are a few selected genera and the diseases they cause: Staphylococcus (boils, skin infections, toxic shock syndrome); Streptococcus (stept throat, tooth cavities, flesh- eating bacteria, pneumonia); Neisseria (gonorrhea, meningitis); Vibrio (epidemic cholera).
105371412Spirillum-shaped(domain bacteria, pathogenic bacteria) Listed are a few selected genera and the diseases they cause: Tremponoma (syphilis); Borrelia (Lyme's diseases).
105371413Antibiotic producing bacteria(domain bacteria) Streptomycin produces streptomycin
105371414Fermentation bacteria(domain bacteria) anaerobic bacteria that utilized fermentation
105371415Cyanobacteria(domain bacteria) these bacteria are ecologically important because they are photosynthetic using chlorophyll a (note: chlorophyll not contained in chloroplasts, but contained in thylakoids); contain phycocyanin (blue-green pigment) in addition to chlorophyll; can be unicellular or filamentous; some are nitrogen-fixing; contain gelatinous sheath. Examples: Nostoc, Oscillatoria and Anabaena (all filamentous)
105371416domain Archaeadistinguishable from bacteria by their unique rRNA base sequence and their distinctive cell/plasma membrane and cell wall chemistry.
105371417methanogens(Domain: Archaea) these release methane; live in swamps and sewage treatment plants and the guts of animals (cause flatulence). Essential to the ecology of the planet because swamp gas methane is converted to carbon dioxide, a major source of carbon for plants. Natural gas used for heating is 98% methane provided by ______
105371418halophilesDomain: Archaea- "salt loving"; Live in bodies of water with high concentrations of salt such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea in Mideast Asia
105371419ThermoacidophilesDomain: Archaea- "heat and acid loving"; Live in hot sulphur springs such as the sulphur springs in Yellowstone National Park
105371420domain eukaryaEukaryotic, unicellular to multicellular organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing several chromosomes. Sexual reproduction is common. Each kingdom has specializations that distinguish it from other kingdoms.
105371421kingdom fungi(domain: eukarya): multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic by absorption (saprotrophic), form nonmotile spores during both asexual and sexual reproduction as part of the haplontonic life cycle, lack flagella in all cycle stages
105371422lichens(domain eukarya; kingdom: fungi) : a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or a green algae
105371423kingdom protista(domain: Eukarya) - eukaryotic, unicellular organisms and their immediate multicellular descendents; most have sexual reproduction. Ex. Protozoans, amoebas, ciliates, zooflagellates, sporozoans, slime molds, algae
105371424fungiSoil and dung molds, black bread molds, cup fungi, morels, truffles, yeast, powdery mildews, ergots, blights, mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, shelf fungi, bracket fungi, ringworm, athlete's foot are all examples of ______
105371425saprotrophic heterotrophsFungi are _____ ______ that is, they externally digest dead organic matter before absorbing the products.
105371426fungi____ have nonmotile spores that form during asexual and sexual reproduction
105371427hyphaeThe body of most fungi are made of filaments called _____ .
105371428hyphaelongated cylinder containing mass of cytoplasm and hundreds of haploid (1N) nuclei; which may or may not be divided by cross walls
105371429myceliumThe body of a fungi is called the ____ .
105371430myceliumThe body of a fungi, a collection of hyphae.
105371431sporangiuma spore producing structure
105371432haplotonicAll fungi have the ____ life cycle.
105371433wind blown sporesMost fungi reproduce through the production of ____ ____ _____ on fruiting bodies.
105371434food vacuolesformed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle
105371435contratile vacuolespushes excess water out in animal cells
105371436phylum rhizopoda(Domain: Eukarya; Kingdom: Protista) "the amoebas" -40,000 species; ex. Amoeba movement: extension of the cells
105371437phylum ciliophora(Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protista) "the ciliates" -8,000 species; ex. Paramecium movement: swim with cilia
105371438phylum zoomastigophora(Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protista) "the zooflagellates" -thousands of species; ex. Trypanosoma (causes African sleeping sickness) movement: whip-like flagella
105371439phylum apicomplexa(Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protista) "the sporozoans" -3,600 species; ex. pladmodium vivax (causes malaria) movement: gliding
105371440plasmodiumthe body of all slime molds (ex. physarum)
105371441physaruma slime mold that demonstrates protoplasmic streaming; branches out to reproduce
105371442domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesList the eight taxonomic categories. (comma between each)
105371443domainbroadest category used to classify life forms (archaea, bacteria, fungi)
105371444kingdomFirst and largest category used to classify organisms (fungi, protista, plantae, animalia)
105371445phylummajor classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division
105371446classa taxonomic group containing one or more orders
105371447familya taxonomic group containing one or more genera
105371448genusGroup of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
105371449speciesgroup of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
105371450domain archaeaunique rRNA base sequence and distinctive cell/plasma membrane and cell wall chemistry; many are autotrophic by chemosynthesis; some are heterotrophic by absorption, represent some of the most primitive life forms on earth and live in extreme environments
105371451domain bacteriametabolically diverse with some being heterotrophic by absorption; autotrophic by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis. Motile forms move by flagella consisting of a single filament.
105371452domain eukaryaeukaryotic, unicellular to multicellular organisms that have a membrane-bounded nucleus containing several chromosomes; sexual reproduction is common.
105371453kingdom fungimulticellular; eukaryotic; heterotrophic by absorption; form nonmotile spores during both sexual reproduction as part of the haplotonic life cycle; lack flagella in all life cycle stages
105371454kingdom protistaeukaryotic; unicellular; not animals but they are animal like
105371455kingdom plantaemulticelluar; eukaryotic; photosynthetic; embryo is protected from drying out; have the alternation of generations life cycle
105371456kingdom animaliaAerobic, multicellular, heterotrophic by ingestion, no cell walls, motile through cytoskeletal motors, taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals
105371457prokaryotesDomain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are the ________ ., organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
105371458domain archaeamethogens, halpophiles and thermoacidophiles are all representative groups and examples of ________
105371459Carolus Linnaeus(1750) Swedish botanist who developed a taxonomic scheme to name animals called the "binomial nomenclature"
105371460binomial nomenclaturea system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name
105371461John Ray(1700) A 17th Century Christian botanist who was the first to use the term "species," a group of similarly constructed organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
105371462eukaryotesorganisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
105371463Louis PasteurFrench chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)
105579907protozoansanimal-like protists
105579908slime moldsa broad term describing fungus-like organisms that use spores to reproduce; feed on microorganisms that live in any type of dead plant material
105622727anabaenaCyanobacteria, Haploid-spiral
105622728oscillatorialong filament of cells; photoautotrophs; cyanobacteria
105622729xylemthe vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants
105622730phloemvascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
105622731sporangiumspore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis
105622732sepalA modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.
105622733filamenta long, thin structure that supports an anther
105622734pistilthe female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma
105622735stigmathe apical end of the style where deposited pollen enters the pistil
105622736stylethe narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma
105622737ovarythe organ that bears the ovules of a flower
105622738flagelluma long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move
105622739phagocytosisprocess in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
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Calculus AB Exam Flashcards

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382023814Intermediate Value TheoremIf f(1)=-4 and f(6)=9, then there must be a x-value between 1 and 6 where f crosses the x-axis.
382023815Average Rate of ChangeSlope of secant line between two points, use to estimate instantanous rate of change at a point.
382023816Instantenous Rate of ChangeSlope of tangent line at a point, value of derivative at a point
382023817Formal definition of derivativelimit as h approaches 0 of [f(a+h)-f(a)]/h
382023818Alternate definition of derivativelimit as x approaches a of [f(x)-f(a)]/(x-a)
382023819When f '(x) is positive, f(x) isincreasing
382023820When f '(x) is negative, f(x) isdecreasing
382023821When f '(x) changes from negative to positive, f(x) has arelative minimum
382023822When f '(x) changes fro positive to negative, f(x) has arelative maximum
382023823When f '(x) is increasing, f(x) isconcave up
382023824When f '(x) is decreasing, f(x) isconcave down
382023825When f '(x) changes from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing, f(x) has apoint of inflection
382023826When is a function not differentiablecorner, cusp, vertical tangent, discontinuity
382023827Product Ruleuv' + vu'
382023828Quotient Rule(uv'-vu')/v²
382023829Chain Rulef '(g(x)) g'(x)
382023830y = x cos(x), state rule used to find derivativeproduct rule
382023831y = ln(x)/x², state rule used to find derivativequotient rule
382023832y = cos²(3x)chain rule
382023833Particle is moving to the right/upvelocity is positive
382023834Particle is moving to the left/downvelocity is negative
382023835absolute value of velocityspeed
382023836y = sin(x), y' =y' = cos(x)
382023837y = cos(x), y' =y' = -sin(x)
382023838y = tan(x), y' =y' = sec²(x)
382023839y = csc(x), y' =y' = -csc(x)cot(x)
382023840y = sec(x), y' =y' = sec(x)tan(x)
382023841y = cot(x), y' =y' = -csc²(x)
382023842y = sin⁻¹(x), y' =y' = 1/√(1 - x²)
382023843y = cos⁻¹(x), y' =y' = -1/√(1 - x²)
382023844y = tan⁻¹(x), y' =y' = 1/(1 + x²)
382023845y = cot⁻¹(x), y' =y' = -1/(1 + x²)
382023846y = e^x, y' =y' = e^x
382023847y = a^x, y' =y' = a^x ln(a)
382023848y = ln(x), y' =y' = 1/x
382023849y = log (base a) x, y' =y' = 1/(x lna)
382023850To find absolute maximum on closed interval [a, b], you must consider...critical points and endpoints
382023851mean value theoremif f(x) is continuous and differentiable, slope of tangent line equals slope of secant line at least once in the interval (a, b) f '(c) = [f(b) - f(a)]/(b - a)
382023852If f '(x) = 0 and f"(x) > 0,f(x) has a relative minimum
382023853If f '(x) = 0 and f"(x) < 0,f(x) has a relative maximum
382023854Linearizationuse tangent line to approximate values of the function
382023855ratederivative
382023856left riemann sumuse rectangles with left-endpoints to evaluate integral (estimate area)
382023857right riemann sumuse rectangles with right-endpoints to evaluate integrals (estimate area)
382023858trapezoidal ruleuse trapezoids to evaluate integrals (estimate area)
382023859[(h1 - h2)/2]*basearea of trapezoid
382023860definite integralhas limits a & b, find antiderivative, F(b) - F(a)
382023861indefinite integralno limits, find antiderivative + C, use inital value to find C
382023862area under a curve∫ f(x) dx integrate over interval a to b
382023863area above x-axis ispositive
382023864area below x-axis isnegative
382023865average value of f(x)= 1/(b-a) ∫ f(x) dx on interval a to b
382023866If g(x) = ∫ f(t) dt on interval 2 to x, then g'(x) =g'(x) = f(x)
382023867Fundamental Theorem of Calculus∫ f(x) dx on interval a to b = F(b) - F(a)
382023868To find particular solution to differential equation, dy/dx = x/yseparate variables, integrate + C, use initial condition to find C, solve for y
382023869To draw a slope field,plug (x,y) coordinates into differential equation, draw short segments representing slope at each point
382023870slope of horizontal linezero
382023871slope of vertical lineundefined
382023872methods of integrationsubstitution, parts, partial fractions
382023873use substitution to integrate whena function and it's derivative are in the integrand
382023874use integration by parts whentwo different types of functions are multiplied
382023875∫ u dv =uv - ∫ v du
382023876use partial fractions to integrate whenintegrand is a rational function with a factorable denominator
382023877dP/dt = kP(M - P)logistic differential equation, M = carrying capacity
382023878P = M / (1 + Ae^(-Mkt))logistic growth equation
382023879given rate equation, R(t) and inital condition when t = a, R(t) = y₁ find final value when t = by₁ + Δy = y Δy = ∫ R(t) over interval a to b
382023880given v(t) and initial position t = a, find final position when t = bs₁+ Δs = s Δs = ∫ v(t) over interval a to b
382023881given v(t) find displacement∫ v(t) over interval a to b
382023882given v(t) find total distance travelled∫ abs[v(t)] over interval a to b
382023883area between two curves∫ f(x) - g(x) over interval a to b, where f(x) is top function and g(x) is bottom function
382023884volume of solid with base in the plane and given cross-section∫ A(x) dx over interval a to b, where A(x) is the area of the given cross-section in terms of x
382023885volume of solid of revolution - no washerπ ∫ r² dx over interval a to b, where r = distance from curve to axis of revolution
382023886volume of solid of revolution - washerπ ∫ R² - r² dx over interval a to b, where R = distance from outside curve to axis of revolution, r = distance from inside curve to axis of revolution
382023887length of curve∫ √(1 + (dy/dx)²) dx over interval a to b
382023888L'Hopitals ruleuse to find indeterminate limits, find derivative of numerator and denominator separately then evaluate limit
382023889sin^2 x + cos^2 x1
3820238901 + tan^2 xsec^2 x
3820238911 + cot^2 xcsc^2 x
382023892sin(-x)-sin x
382023893cos(-x)cos x
382023894tan(-x)-tan x
382023895sin(A + B)sin A cos B + sin B cos A
382023896sin(A - B)sin A cos B - sin B cos A
382023897cos(A + B)cos A cos B - sin A sin B
382023898cos(A - B)cos A cos B + sin A sin B
382023899sin 2x2 sin x cos x
382023900cos 2x (1)cos^2 x - sin^2 x
382023901cos 2x (2)2cos^2 x - 1
382023902cos 2x (3)1 - 2sin^2 x
382023903tan x1/ cot x
382023904cot x1/ tan x
382023905sec x1/ cos x
382023906csc x1/ sin x
382023907cos(pi/2 - x)sin x
382023908sin(pi/2 - x)cos x
382023909d/dx (x^n)nx^n - 1
382023910d/dx (fg)fg' + gf'
382023911d/dx (f/g)(gf' - fg')/g^2
382023912d/dx f(g(x))f'(g(x))g'(x)
382023913d/dx (sin x)cos x
382023914d/dx (cos x)- sin x
382023915d/dx (tan x)sec^2 x
382023916d/dx (cot x)- csc^2 x
382023917d/dx (sec x)sec x tan x
382023918d/dx (csc x)-csc x cot x
382023919d/dx (e^x)e^x
382023920d/dx (a^x)a^x ln a
382023921d/dx (ln x)1/x
382023922d/dx (Arcsin x)1/(sqrt(1 - x^2))
382023923d/dx (Arctan x)1/(1 + x^2)
382023924∫ a dxax + c
382023925∫ 1/x dxln | x | + c
382023926∫ e^x dse^x + c
382023927∫ a^x dxa^x/ ln a + c
382023928∫ ln x dxx ln x - x + c
382023929∫ sin x dx-cos x + c
382023930∫ cos x dxsin x + c
382023931∫ tan x dx (1)ln |sec x| + c
382023932∫ tan x dx (2)-ln |cos x| + c
382023933∫ cot x dxln |sin x| + c
382023934∫ sec x dxln |sec x + tan x| + c
382023935∫ csc x dx-ln |csc x + cot x| + c
382023936∫ sec^2 x dxtan x + c
382023937∫ sec x tan x dxsec x + c
382023938∫ csc^2 x dx- cot x + c
382023939∫ csc x cot x dx- csc x + c
382023940∫ tan^2 x dxtan x - x + c
382023941∫ dx/(a^2 + x^2)1/a Arctan (x/a) + c
382023942∫ dx/(sqrt(a^2 - x^2))Arcsin (x/a) + c
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