AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
art history final
| 757061153 | Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin Weden 1440 |  | |
| 757061154 | Man in the Red Turban Van Eyck 1430 |  | |
| 757061155 | Madonna and Child with Saint Anne and the Infant Saint John Leonardo da Vinci 1500 |  | |
| 757061156 | Rue Transnonain Daumier 1834 |  | |
| 757061157 | The Scream Munch 1890 |  | |
| 757061158 | A Harvest of Death O'Sullivan 1860 |  | |
| 757061159 | The Walk Home Schnable 1980 |  | |
| 757061160 | Nigredo Kiefer 1980 |  |
famous court cases for National exam. study
| 770830058 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954, school segregation ruled as unconstitutional, violated the fourteenth amendment's guarantee of equal protection | |
| 770830059 | Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896, provided constitutional justification for segregation | |
| 770830060 | Bush v. Gore | 2000, equal protection clause to prove that ballots cannot be devalued, Florida's method of counting ballots was unconstitutional. | |
| 770830061 | Engel v. Vitale | 1962, state officials violated the first amendment by writing a prayer to be recited by new York schoolchildren | |
| 770830062 | Lemon v. Kurtzman | 1971, aid to church related schools must have a secular legislative purpose, have an effect that neither enhances nor inhibits religion, no excessive gov. entanglement with religion. | |
| 770830063 | Near v. Minnesota | 1931, first amendment protects newspapers from prior restraint | |
| 770830064 | Gibbons v. Ogden | 1963, supreme court interpreted the article 1, section 8 of the constitution giving congress power to regulate interstate commerce | |
| 770830065 | Miranda v. Arizona | 1966, sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons against self-incrimination and protect their right to counsel. | |
| 770830066 | Roe v. Wade | 1973, held that a state ban on abortions was unconstitutional, forbade state control over abortions during 1st trimester, permitted states to limit abortions for the mothers health in the 2nd trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. | |
| 770830067 | Mapp v. Ohio | 1961, fourth amendment's protection against unreasonable searches an seizures must be extended to the states as well as the federal government. | |
| 770830068 | Marbury v. Madison | 1803, right to the supreme court to determine the meaning of the constitution, established Court's power of judicial review over acts of congress. | |
| 770830069 | McCulloch v. Maryland | 1819, established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. congress has certain implied powers in addition to the eneumerated powers. | |
| 770830070 | Gideon v. Wainwright | 1963, anyone accused of a felony has a right to an attorney | |
| 770830071 | Texas v. Johnson | 1989, supreme court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag | |
| 770830072 | US v. Nixon | 1974, the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. | |
| 770830073 | Lawrence v. Texas | 2002, liberty under the due process clause allows people to engage in conduct without intervention of the government | |
| 770830074 | Tinker v. DesMoines | 1968, wearing of armbands is protected by the first amendment | |
| 770830075 | Korematsu v. US | 1944, upheld the internment of Japanese during WWII as constitutional | |
| 770830076 | Regents of U.Cal v. Burke | a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race. the court did not rule that affirmative action policies and the use of criterion for admission were unconstitutional, only that they need an alternative way. | |
| 770830077 | Adarand Constructors v. Pena | 1995 supreme court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an apparently gracious purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional. | |
| 770830078 | Barron v. Baltimore | 1833 ruled that the bill of rights restrained only the national government, not states and cities | |
| 770830079 | Gitlow v. New York | state governments must respect some first amendment rights |
| 657684456 | Marbury v Madison, 1803 | Judicial review established | |
| 657684457 | McCulloch v Maryland, 1819 | Federal "implied powerse" supreme; federal banks allowed | |
| 657684458 | Gibbons v Ogden, 1824 | Commerce Clause gives Congress broad powers | |
| 657684459 | Dred Scott v Sanford, 1857 | Slaves are not citizens, but property | |
| 657684460 | Munn v Illinois, 1876 | Feds can regulate businesses crossing state lines | |
| 657684461 | Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 | "Separate but equal" allowed for state laws | |
| 657684462 | Schenk v U.S., 1919 | "Clear and present danger" test to limit speech | |
| 657684463 | Gitlow v New York, 1925 | Limits on "anarchy," but free speech "incorporated" | |
| 657684464 | Near v Minnesota, 1931 | No "prior restraint" of freedom of the press | |
| 657684465 | Korematsu v U.S., 1944 | Government can intern (detain) citizens in emergencies | |
| 657684466 | Brown v Board of Ed., 1954 | Overturned Plessy in public schools | |
| 657684467 | Roth v U.S., 1957 | Obscenity is not free speech | |
| 657684468 | Mapp v Ohio, 1961 | Warrants needed for evidence to be used (exclusion). | |
| 657684469 | Baker v Carr, 1962 | State apportionment must be "one man, one vote" | |
| 657684470 | Engel v Vitale, 1962 | No school-led daily prayer in public schools | |
| 657684471 | Gideon v Wainright, 1963 | States must provide attorneys in state courts | |
| 657684472 | Heart of Atlanta v U.S., 1964 | Commerce Clause applies to private business/interstate activities | |
| 657684473 | Griswold v Connecticut, 1965 | Information about birth control is a privacy right | |
| 657684474 | Miranda v Arizona, 1966 | Police must explain rights at time of arrest | |
| 657684475 | Terry v Ohio, 1968 | Police can search and seize with probable cause | |
| 657684476 | Lemon v Kurtzman, 1971 | Some government aid to church schools is allowed (Lemon Test). | |
| 657684477 | N.Y. Times v U.S., 1971 | No prior restraint of the stolen Pentagon Papers | |
| 657684478 | Miller v California, 1973 | Community standards determine obscenity | |
| 657684479 | Roe v Wade, 1973 | First trimester abortions legal as medical privacy | |
| 657684480 | U.S. v Nixon, 1974 | Executive privilege does not extend to criminal cases | |
| 657684481 | Gregg v Georgia, 1976 | Death penalty upheld within 8th amendment | |
| 657684482 | Buckley v Valeo, 1976 | Campaign money limits, but independent and personal money allowed | |
| 657684483 | Regents v Bakke, 1978 | No racial quotas allowed, but race can be considered | |
| 657684484 | New Jersey v TLO, 1985 | School searches without warrants possible | |
| 657684485 | Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier, 1988 | School newspapers can be edited by teachers, administrators | |
| 657684486 | Texas v Johnson, 1989 | Flag burning is a form of political free speech | |
| 657684487 | Planned Parenthood v Casey, 1992 | States can put some restrictions on Roe rights | |
| 657684488 | Santa Fe ISD v Doe, 2000 | No school-led prayers at extracurricular events | |
| 657684489 | Gratz v Bollinger, 2003 | Affirmative action at colleges okay but limited |
Outline of Rostow Modernization Model
| 76198035 | Rostow Modernization Model | According to the Rostow Modernization model, each stage is a function of productivity, economic exchange, technological improvements, and income. Economic growth occurs when advancing from one stage to another. 1. Traditional Society 2. Transitional Society 3. Take-off 4. The Drive to maturity 5. High Mass Consumption | |
| 76198036 | Traditional Society | characterized by economic structure dominated by agriculture. -minimal productivity -few exchange transaction -economic change/technological improvements are not sufficient to sustain any growth in per capita output, which is low | |
| 76198037 | Transitional Society (Pre-Conditions for Take-Off) | characterized by increased productivity in agriculture, and modern manufacturing begins to emerge. modern manufacturing remains low as it it the norm. Preconditions for Take-off: -Society engages in secular education -establishes banks and currency -emerging entrepreneurial class -concept of manufacturing emerges, with only a few factories developing at first. | |
| 76198038 | Take-Off | growth becomes the norm and improvements in production lead to the emergence of leading sectors. Income rises across the board, and a new class of established entrepreneurs emerges. | |
| 76198039 | The Drive to Maturity | -Modern technology is fully adopted in all economic activity -new leading sectors emerge -economy demonstrates technological and entrepreneurial skills to produce anything it chooses to, -economy looks beyond the country's border for development. | |
| 76198040 | High Mass Consumption | -leading sectors shift toward durable goods -surge occurs in per capita income and increased allocation to social welfare programs. -the masses can afford goods beyond food, clothing, and shelter. |
| 123532129 | cis regulatory elements | -often binding sites of one or more trans-acting factors (general transcription factors) -involves TATA, CAAT and GC box - a region of DNA or RNA that regulates the expression of genes located on that same molecule of DNA (often a chromosome) -These cis-regulatory elements are often binding sites for one or more trans-acting factors. | |
| 123532130 | trans regulatory elements | -bind cis elements -bind RNA polymerase II and can activate transcription -modify the expression of genes distant from the gene that was originally transcribed to create them -they are transcribed at a different location on the genome, are translated in the cytosol and then bind DNA at the cis elements. | |
| 123532131 | enhancers | -can be located before or after a gene -can be quite distant from the gene as DNA folding allow the enhancer binding proteins to still bind transcription factors at the promoter and enhance transcription | |
| 123532132 | DNA binding domain | -transcription factors have DNA binding domains that bind only to certain DNA sequences | |
| 123532133 | Dimerization domain | -sticks 2 transcription factors together to form a functional DNA binding unit -dimer formation adds an extra element of complexity and versatility | |
| 123532134 | Activation/repression domain | binds to the enhancer binding protein or other transcription factors and modulates their function | |
| 123532135 | repressors: competition | -competition for enhancer sequence binding between activator and repressor proteins binding of repressor to enhancer sequence blocks binding of activator -repressor proteins reduce transcription levels through competition | |
| 123532136 | repressors: quenching | activator cannot bind to enhancer sequence. | |
| 123532137 | repressors: blocking | repressor proteins can bind to and block the activation domain of an activator protein and prevent it from interacting with the basal transcriptional machinery | |
| 123532138 | Glucocorticoids actions through hormone response elements | -small hydrophobic molecules -intracellular effects mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) -GR = zinc-finger transcription factor -a key anti-inflammaotry tx | |
| 123532139 | Hormone response elements (HRE) | -DNA sequences are found in the promoter and regulatory sequence of many genes -allows coordinated gene regulation at mnay sites across the genome |
| 685276192 | Operon model | controls gene expression in bacteria | |
| 685276193 | Operator | the regulatory "switch"; a segment of DNA positioned within the promoter | |
| 685276194 | Operon | the entire stretch of DNA; includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control | |
| 685276195 | Negative Operon control | gene that is normally on is turned off | |
| 685276196 | Positive Operon control | gene that is normally off is turned on | |
| 685276197 | What type of operon control do the regulation of the trp and lac operons involve? | Negative control, because operons are switched off by the active form of the repressor | |
| 685276198 | repressible operon | normally on; binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription (trp operon) | |
| 685276199 | Inducible operon | normally off; an inducer inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription (lac operon) | |
| 685276200 | Repressible enzymes | function in anabolic pathways; their synthesis is repressed by high levels of the end product | |
| 685276201 | Inducible enzymes | function in catabolic pathways; their synthesis is induced by a chemical signal | |
| 685276202 | What protein is an activator of transcription, and subjects operons to positive control? | Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP) | |
| 685276203 | What is the preferred food source of E. Coli? | Glucose | |
| 685276204 | When glucose in E. Coli is scarce, what is activated by binding with cyclic AMP? | CAP | |
| 685276205 | When CAP attaches to the promoter of the lac operon, what occurs? | the affinity of RNA polymerase is increased, which accelerates transcription | |
| 685276206 | What happens in E. Coli when glucose levels increase? | CAP detaches from the lac operon, and transcription returns to a normal rate | |
| 685276207 | What is the purpose of CAP? | helps regulate other operons that encode enzymes used in catabolic pathways | |
| 685276208 | A Repressor is a product of what? | a separate regulatory gene | |
| 685276209 | Why can't transcription factors bind to a promote packaged in a nucleosome? | Nucleosomes block promoters | |
| 685276210 | Basal transcription factors | provide alignment for RNA polymerase; establish productive initiation | |
| 685276211 | Specific transcription factors (activators) | stimulate higher levels of transcription that basal levels | |
| 685276212 | Enhancers | binding site of specific transcription factors; DNA bends to form a loop, positioning the enhancer close to the promoter | |
| 685276213 | Three stages of embryonic development | cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis | |
| 685276214 | Cell differentiation | the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function | |
| 685276215 | Morphogenesis | the physical processes that give an organism its shape | |
| 685276216 | Cytoplasmic determinants | The maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells. | |
| 685276217 | Induction | signal molecules form embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells | |
| 685276218 | Cell determination | commits a cell to its final fate; before cell differentiation | |
| 685276219 | MyoD | one of several "master regulatory genes" that produce proteins that commit the cell to becoming skeletal muscle; transcription factor that binds to enhancers of various target genes | |
| 685276220 | Pattern formation | development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs (body plan) | |
| 685276221 | embryonic lethals | Mutations with phenotypes leading to death at the embryo or larval stage. | |
| 685276222 | Maternal effect genes | encode for cytoplasmic determinants that initially establish the axes of the body of Drosophila | |
| 685276223 | egg-polarity genes | Another name for maternal effect genes, these genes control the orientation (polarity) of the egg and the fly | |
| 685276224 | bicoid | A maternal effect gene that codes for a protein responsible for specifying the anterior end in Drosophila. | |
| 685276225 | Three ways proto-oncogenes can be changed into oncogenes | Movement of DNA within the genome, Amplification of a proto-oncogene, point mutations | |
| 685276226 | Movement of DNA within the genome causes? | if it ends up near an active promoter, transcription may increase | |
| 685276227 | Amplification causes? | increases the number of copies of the gene | |
| 685276228 | Point mutations cause? | an increase in gene expression | |
| 685276229 | TATA Box | aligns transcription factors within the promoter site |
| 680985304 | Recombinant DNA contains? | DNA from more than one source. | |
| 680985305 | Restriction enzymes are useful because? | You can mix and match DNA from different sources. | |
| 680985306 | Plasmid | small, circular piece of DNA that is not the main chromosome | |
| 680985307 | Transformation | putting DNA into bacteria | |
| 680985308 | What 4 things are needed for transformation to occur? | PCR, restriction enzymes, recombinant DNA and plasmids. | |
| 680985309 | Restriction enzymes protein cuts DNA at a | specific sequence (called the restriction site) | |
| 680985310 | Sticky ends can | be stuck back together with hydrogen bonds | |
| 680985311 | Most sticky ends can be read the same from 5' to 3' - these are called | palindromes | |
| 680985312 | In PCR which gene fragment travels the fasted and toward what electrical node do they move towards | smallest travels the fastest; toward the positive node because DNA has a negative charge | |
| 680985313 | Insertion or deletion have a better or worse effect than base substitution and why? | worse because it can cause a frameshift (change in the reading frame) | |
| 680985314 | In general, what does regulation of gene expression control in a gene? | Whether the gene is on/off and this determines whether gene is being transcribed and translated. | |
| 680985315 | What 3 reasons is it necessary for genes to be regulated? | In order to develop and maintain different cell types, control cell division, and to respond to changes in the environment. | |
| 680985316 | The genes which are always on are called and these genes _______ to the environment | constitutive genes; Do not repsond to the environment. | |
| 680985317 | The genes which can be turned on/off are called | inducible genes; these respond to the environment. | |
| 680985318 | What are the two types of gene regulation? | negative and positive. | |
| 680985319 | When a repressor binding site is bound, what happens to the gene? What about when nothing is bound to it? | The gene is turned off once bound; if nothing is bound it remains on. | |
| 680985320 | When a activator binding site is bound, what happens to the gene? What about when nothing is bound to it? | The gene is turned on once bound; if nothing is bound it remains off. | |
| 680985321 | What is bacteria's preferred molecule to break down? What happens if this molecule is not readily available, what does the bacteria do for "food"? | glucose; if glucose is not available then the bacterium will turn on the genes necessary to break down whatever sugar source is readily available. | |
| 680985322 | A coordinately regulated cluster of genes that share the same promoter is called the | operon. | |
| 680985323 | Name the 5 parts of the bacterial lac operon and which are regulated by the same promoter? | P lac lac O lac Z lac Y lac A Lac ZYA - all regulated by same promoter. | |
| 680985324 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of the P lac? | promoter | |
| 680985325 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of lac O? | operator | |
| 680985326 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of lac Z? | β galactosidase enzyme | |
| 680985327 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of lac Y | permease | |
| 680985328 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of lac A | transacetylase | |
| 680985329 | What 2 jobs does the β galactosidase enzyme have? Which part of the bacterial lac operon is it produced from? | splits the glucose molecule into glucose + galactose AND converts some lactose into allolactose; produced from lac Z. | |
| 680985330 | What is the job of permease? Which part of the bacterial lac operon is it produced from? | permease is a transporter protein and it brings lactose into the cell; produced from lac Y. | |
| 680985331 | What is the job of transacetylase? Which part of the bacterial lac operon is it produced from? | ... | |
| 680985332 | Negative regulation is when | a repressor binds to a gene and it is kept OFF unless needed. | |
| 680985333 | Repressor protein's are encoded by? What kind of gene is this? What object to they resemble? | Lac I gene; constitutive (always on); (look like a pair of pants) | |
| 680985334 | What does the repressor protein do when lactose is present? | When lactose is present it binds allolactose, this causes a change in shape and since only 1 of 2 binding sites on a repressor protein can be used at once it cannot bind to lac O. Thus, RNA polymerase is not happy. | |
| 680985335 | What does the repressor protein do when lactose is absent? | It binds to lac O; thus, RNA polymerase is sad. | |
| 680985336 | Name 3 examples of eukaryotic gene expression. | 1. Transcription factor protons 2. Methylation 3. Histone tail acetylation | |
| 680985337 | Methylation, an example of eukaryotic gene expression, does what and what effect does this have? | Adds -CH₃ to the "C" bases, which turns off transcription. | |
| 680985338 | Histone tail acetylation, an example of eukaryotic gene expression, does what and what effect does this have? | Adds O=C-CH₃ to histone tail, which makes the DNA more losely packed so this often turns genes on because they're more readily available. | |
| 680985339 | Transcription factor protons, an example of eukaryotic gene expression has what effect? | Transcription factor protons can bind DNA and influence transcription. |
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