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POLS - Ch 02 - The Constitution-Vocabulary Flashcards

Gateway to Democracy
Chapter 2

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635380164Federalist PapersSeries of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay arguing for the ratification of the Constitution; today a leading source for understanding the Constitution.
635380165Federalist 51Written by James Madison, discusses the needs for checks and balances in government.
635380166amendmentFormal process of changing the Constitution.
635380167AntifederalistsThose who opposed the newly proposed Constitution during the ratification period.
635380168Articles of ConfederationInitial governing authority of the United States, 1781-88.
635380169bicameralTwo-chamber legislature, as the House and the Senate.
635380170Bill of RightsFirst ten amendments to the Constitution, which provide basic political rights.
635380171Boston Tea PartyProtest in which colonists dressed as Indians boarded vessels in Boston Harbor and threw chests of tea overboard to express anger at Britain's tax policies and commercial regulations.
635380172checks and balancesGovernment structure that authorizes each branch of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) to share powers with the other branches, thereby holding some scrutiny of and control over the other branches.
635380173Connecticut CompromiseCompromise on legislative representation whereby the lower chamber is based on population and the upper chamber provides equal representation of the states.
635380174constitutionDocument or set of documents that sets forth the basic rules and procedures for how a society shall be governed.
635380175Constitutional ConventionMeeting by twelve states to revise the Articles of Confederation; ended up proposing an entirely new Constitution.
635380176Continental CongressInitial governing authority over the Revolutionary War and other common affairs of the thirteen independent states.
635380177Declaration of IndependenceDocument declaring American independence from Great Britain and calling for equality, human rights, and public participation.
635380178divided governmentSituation when one party controls the executive branch and the other party controls the legislative branch.
635380179Electoral CollegeThe presidential electors, selected to represent the votes of their respective states, who meet every four years to cast the electoral votes for president and vice president.
635380180enumerated powersPowers of Congress listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, such as regulating commerce and coining money.
635380181federalismSystem of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between national and state governments.
635380182FederalistsInitially, those who supported the Constitution during the ratification period; later, the name of the political party established by supporters of Alexander Hamilton.
635380183general welfare clauseGives Congress the power to tax to provide for the general welfare.
635380184impeachAuthority of the House of Representatives to bring charges against the president and other federal officials.
635380185implied powersPowers not explicitly granted to Congress but added through the necessary and proper clause.
635380186judicial reviewAuthority of courts to declare laws passed by Congress and acts of the executive branch to be unconstitutional.
635380187necessary and proper clauseGives Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper to the powers enumerated in Section 8.
635380188New Jersey PlanCounterproposal to the Virginia Plan, aimed to strengthen the Articles of Confederation but leave the basic workings of the Articles intact.
635380189overrideCongress's power to overturn to presidential veto with a two-thirds vote in each chamber.
635380190political partiesBroad coalitions of individuals who organize to win elections in order to enact a commonly supported set of public policies.
635380191proportional representationSystem of legislative districting in which larger states receive more representatives than smaller states.
635380192separation of powersGovernment structure in which authority is divided among branches (executive, legislative, and judicial), with each holding separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility.
635380193Shays's RebellionRevolt by Massachusetts farmers against heavy debts; helped convince states that neither the state nor federal governments were functioning properly.
635380194three-fifths compromiseCompromise over slavery at the Constitutional Convention that granted states extra representation in the House of Representatives based on their number of slaves at the ratio of three-fifths.
635380195vetoAuthority of the president to block legislation passed by Congress. Congress can override vetoes by two-thirds majority in each chamber.
635380196Virginia PlanMadison's proposal at the Constitutional Convention to radically strengthen the national government.
635380197write of habeas corpusRight of individuals who have been arrested and jailed to go before a judge who determines if their imprisonment is legal.
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Ch.02 The Constitution Flashcards

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149789958consitutitionnation's basic law
149789959Declaration of Independencedocument approved by Am. colonies in 1776, stated greivance against British and declared independence
149789960natural rightsrights inherent in human beings, not dependent on gov. (life, liberty, property)
149789961consent of governedgov. derives its authority by sanction of the people
149789962limited govrestrictions on gov. to protect natural rights
149789963Articles of Confederationfirst constitution, state authority
149789964Shay's Rebellionattacks on courthouses by farmers to block foreclosure
149789965U.S. Constitution1787 - Set structure and tasks of gov.
149789966factionsinterest groups arising from unequal distribution of property
149789967writ of habeas corpusjailers have to explain why they are holding prisoner in custody
149789968Virginia Planrepresentation is proportional to population
149789969republicform of gov where people select reps to govern them and make laws
149789970Federalistssupports of Constitution
149789971Bill of Rightsfirst 10 amendments in response to Anti-F concerns
149789972Equal Rights Amendmentgender equality
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Physics Terms Flashcards

Physics Terms, CIE IGCSE

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677025459a.c. generatora device, such as a dynamo, used to generate alternating current (a.c.)
677025460acceleration(physics) a rate of change of an object's velocity
677025461acceleration due to gravitythe acceleration of an object falling freely under gravity
677025462acceleration of free fallthe acceleration of an object falling freely under gravity
677025463activity (nuclear)the rate at which nuclei decay in a sample of a radioactive substance
677025464air resistancethe friction force on an object moving through the air
677025465Alpha decaythe decay of a radioactive nucleus by the emission of an alpha particle
677025466alpha particlea particle of two protons and two neutrons emitted by an atomic nucleus during radioactive decay
677025467alternating current (a.c.)electric current that flows first one way and then the other in a circuit
677025468ammetera meter for measuring electric current
677025469amp, ampere (A)the SI unit of electric current
677025470amplitudethe greatest height of a wave above its undisturbed level
677025471angle of incidencethe angle between an incident ray and the normal to the surface at the point where it meets a surface
677025472angle of reflectionthe angle between a reflected ray and normal to the at the point where it reflects from a surface
677025473angle of refractionthe angle between a refracted ray and the normal to the surface at the point where it passes from material to another
677025474average speedspeed calculated from total distance travelled divided by total time taken
677025475axisthe line passing through the centre of a lens, perpendicular to the surface
677025476background radiationthe radiation from the environment to which we are exposed all the time
677025477barometeran instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
677025478batterytwo or more electrical cells connected together in series (the word may also be used to mean a single cell)
677025479becquerel (Bq)the SI unit of activity per second
6770254801 Bq1 decay per second
677025481beta decaythe decay of a radioactive nucleus by emission of a beta particle
677025482beta particlea particle (an electron) emitted by an atomic nucleus during radioactive decay
677025483biomass fuela material, recently living, used as a fuel
677025484boiling pointthe temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas (at constant pressure)
677025485Boyle's lawthe law that relates the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas
677025486Boyle's law equationpV = constant at constant temperature
677025487Brownian motion...
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APUSH 1960's Notes/Civil Rights Flashcards

from review packet, quiz 12th of april 2013

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734509271New FrontierJFK's program that called for aid to education, federal support of health care, and urban renewal and civil rights
734509272Peace CorpsJFK's army of idealistic and mostly youthful volunteers to bring American skills to developing nations
734509273Great SocietyLBJ's programs to expand the social reforms of the new deal. It included an extended version of JFK's civil right's bill, and his proposal for an income tax cut
734509274War on PovertyLargely in response to Michael Harrington's book The Other America, Johnson's program to deal with the 40 million Americans who were living in poverty. Included within the programs developed under this "war" were the creation of the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), the head start program, the Job Corp, literacy programs and legal services
734565024Elementary and Secondary Education Actprovided aid, especially to poor school districts
734565025Medicaidgovernment paid health care for the poor and disabled
734565026Medicarea health insurance program for those 65 and older
734565027Other Great Society initiativesincluded two new cabinet departments, the Department of Transportation (DOT), and the department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
734565028Civil Rights Act of 1964Made segregation illegal in all public facilities including hotels, restaurants, and gave the federal government more power to enforce school desegregation
734565029Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionA part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, to end discrimination in employment
734565030Amendment 24 (1964)Ratified to abolish the practice of collection a poll tax - which had been a means of discouraging poor African Americans from voting
734565031Voting Rights Act of 1965ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas where blacks had been discouraged from voting - most notably the South
734565032James MeredithA young African American air force veteran who attempted to enroll in the University of Mississippi in 1962. His right to attend was guaranteed by a federal court, and backed by Kennedy who sent 400 federal marshals and 3000 troops to control mob violence and protect Meredith's rights
734565033Martin Luther King Jr.nationally recognized Civil Rights leader who was committed to the use of nonviolent tactics to protest segregation. Assassinated in April 1968
734565034March on WashingtonAugust 1963, MLK Jr. led about 200,000 blacks and whites together in a peaceful march on Washington in support of a civil rights bill
734565035"I have a dream" speechThe culmination of the March on Washington was when MLK Jr. gave this speech calling for the end of racial prejudice
734565036Selma Alabama Voting Rights March 1965March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, which met with police beatings and led President Johnson to send in troops to protect MLK Jr. and other civil rights demonstrators
734565037Black Muslimsin search of a new cultural identity based on Africa and Islam they focused on Black Nationalism, separation, and self-improvement
734565038Malcolm Xan ex-convict who adopted the ways of Black Muslims and became a controversial leader of an African American movement calling for self-defense using black violence to counter white violence
734565039Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)A nongovernmental organization that led groups such as the freedom riders which included African Americans sitting in sections of the bus where they were not allowed as a means of protesting segregation
734565040Stokely CarmichaelLeader of the civil rights organization Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), who repudiated nonviolence and advocated black power and racial separatism
734565041Black PanthersA revolutionary socialist movement organized by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale and other militants organized in 1966 that called for self rule for American blacks
734565042Watts Riotssummer of 1965 race riots effected this section of Los Angeles where 34 people died, and over 700 buildings were destroyed - it was indicative of race riots that erupted in black neighborhoods of major cities around the country from '64-'68 ("Long Hot Summers")
734565043Kerner Commissiona federal investigation of the race riots that concluded that the Black Panthers were not behind the violence, and that racism and segregation were largely behind the problems
734565044Sexual RevolutionAmericans' attitudes towards sexual expressions changed in the 1960s and thereafter
734565045Betty Friedan's "Feminine Mystique"1963. Gave the women's movement of the 1960s a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than in traditional roles of wife, mother, and homemaker
734565046National Organization for Women (NOW)in 1966, Friedan helped found this organization aimed at the activist tactics of the civil rights movement to secure equal treatment for women
734565047Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)this proposal called for "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." It passed in Congress, but fell just short of the needed acceptance by 38 states.
734565048Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)1962 - an organization led by Tom Hayden issued a statement known as the Port Huron Statement. It called for university decisions being made through participatory democracy, where students could vote on decisions affecting their lives
734565049New LeftActivists and intellects that supported SDS
734565050Alliance for Progress1961 - a part of JFK's foreign aid program, it was organized to promote land reform and economic development in Latin America
734565051Trade Expansion Act of 1962Authorized tariff reductions with the recently developed European Economic Community of Western European natons
734565052Berlin WallAugust 1961, East Germans with Soviet backing erected a wall around West Berlin with the purpose of keeping East Germans from fleeing to West Germany. It was also largely in response to JFK's refusal to pull American troops out of West Berlin
734565053Nuclear Test Ban TreatyLate 1963, an agreement was signed with the Soviets prohibiting the trial of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere
734588392Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionLBJ's use of a naval incident in the Gulf of Tonkin off the North Vietnamese coast to secure congressional authorization for US forces going into combat
734588393Tet OffensiveJanuary 1968 - Lunar New Year - the Vietcong launched an all-out, surprise attack on almost every provincial capital and American base in South Vietnam. It was a turning point in American involvement in Vietnam, in that it showed the American public that despite our efforts there, the communist forces were still able to plan and execute such an attack
734588394Hawks vs DovesThe supporters of the war (hawks) believed that the war was necessary to stop Soviet backed aggression against South Vietnam and eventually all of Southeast Asia. Those against the war (doves) saw the conflict in Vietnam as a civil war being fought by Vietnamese nationalists including some communists who wanted to unite their country through the overthrowing of a corrupt South Vietnamese government
734588395Eugene McCarthyNovember 1967, this Minnesota Senator became a political leader of the antiwar movement when he announced that he would challenge President Johnson for the Democratic nomination in the 1968 election
734588396Robert KennedyJFK's younger brother who became a Senator from New York and decided to run for president also on the Democratic ticket. He was shot soon after winning the California primary
734588397George WallaceGovernor of Alabama who ran on a self-nominated American Independent ticket in 1968 as a reaction against federal desegregation, antiwar protests, and race riots
734588398Hubert HumphreyLBJ's vice president, who won the Democratic nomination at the Democratic Convention in 1968, but whose chances of victory in the election were harmed by war demonstrations outside of the convention
734588399Gideon vs Wainright (1963)required that state courts provide council (services of an attorney) for indigent (poor) defendants
734588400Escobedo vs Illinois (1964)required the police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent
734588401Miranda vs Arizona (1966)extending the ruling of Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer being present during questioning by the police
734588402Baker vs Carr (1962)declared that congressional districts should be determined by population rather than geographic size - in accordance with the 14th amendment's equal protection clause
734588403Reapportionmentchanging the boundaries of Congressional districts in order to ensure fair representation
734588404Yates vs the US (1957)declared that the First Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the country
734588405Engel vs Vitale (1962)ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in public schools violated the First Amendment's provision for separation of church and state
736058282Civil Rights Act of 1957First Federal Civil Rights Bill since 1875, established permanent Civil Rights Commission, appointed an Assistant Attorney General for civil rights in the Justice Department, authorized Federal govt to issue injunctions in case where citizens had been denied the right to vote, little became of law though because of lack of enforcement in South
736058283Crisis at Little Rock1957, Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus mobilized the National Guard to keep 9 black students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School. In return, Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort the students to their classes
736058284Warren CourtChief Justice Earl Warren was appointed by Eisenhower to the Supreme Court. Warren took an active judicial intervention role on social issues that had previously been avoided. Brown vs Board of Education - ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturned previous decision of Plessy vs. Ferguson (separate but equal)
736058285Greensboro sit-in1960, 4 African American college students in Greensboro, NC demanded services at a whites only Woolworth's Lunch counter. Refused service but returned next day with 19 classmates. Example spread across South and led to wade-ins, lie-ins and pray-ins that called for equal treatment in restaurants, transportation, employment, housing, and voter registration
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APUSH terms 1960 - Present Flashcards

By Carson Hodsdon

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730418883Miranda V ArizonaSupreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.
730418884Camp David AccordsA peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel
730418885Jimmy CarterPresident who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow
730418886Washington Outsidersa candidate who has not served in Congress or has connections to special interest groups or lobbyists who seek to influence public policy in Washington. The term is regularly used in politics to symbolize a candidate's desire to bring change to Washington.
730418887Bay of PigsIn April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.
730418888Economic Opportunity Actlaw enacted in 1964 that provided funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training.
730418889Malcolm X1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality
730418890SALT I Treatya five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, sighned in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.
730418891Mayaguez IncidentPeace time military rescue operation conducted by American armed forces against Cambodia
730418892Gerald Fordpresident 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned
730418893ReaganomicsThe federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.
730418894Voting Rights Act of 19651965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
730418895Black Panthersa militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites
730418896War Powers ActAct that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort
730418897OPECan organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum
730418898Tet Offensive1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
730418899Peace Corpsa civilian organization sponsored by the United States government
730418900Cuban Missile Crisisan international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.
730418901Affirmative Actiona policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
730418902Lee Harvey OswaldOn November 22, 1963, he assassinated President Kennedy who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas. Oswald was later shot in front of television cameras by Jack Ruby.
730418903George WallaceRacist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot
730418904Roe V Wade(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy
730418905War on PovertyPresident Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly
730418906Warren CommissionCommission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assasination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren.
730418907Hippiesa youth subculture (mostly from the middle class) originating in San Francisco in the 1960s
730418908Bakke V Board of RegentsUS court case in which Bakke was denied to University of California Medical School twice to people less qualified based on race. Case determined that affirmative action is legal as long as filling quotas is not used.
730418909Supply-side EconomicsAn economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.
730418910Stagflationa period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)
730418911Barry Goldwater1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history
730418912Kent StateOhio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles
730418913Equal Rights Amendmentconstitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
730418914Helsinki AccordsPolitical and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839)
730418915SNCCStudent Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participate in Civil Rights, stage sit-ins and such
730418916John F Kennedypresident during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.
730418917Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionThe Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
730418918Ronald Reaganfirst elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.
730418919Martin Luther King Jr.U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
730418920Gideon V Wainwrighta landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.
730418921Great SocietyPresident Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
730418922VietnamizationPresident Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
730418923Huey Newtonmilitant founder/leader of the Black Panthers
730418924Stokely Carmichaela black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."
730418925Michael HarringtonAuthor who wrote The Other American. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.
730418926Civil Rights Act of 1964This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
730418927Lyndon Johnson36th President of the United States
730418928Ralph Nadarleader of the consumer movement... lawyer who investigated car saftey, meatpacking, and other industries
730418929Betty FriedanUnited States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921)
730418930Rachel CarsonUnited States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)
730418931Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceAn organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.
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Spanish vocab Flashcards

Spanish words I come across which I still don't freaking know!

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48352159parte arribatop
48352160parte abajobottom
48352161agradablenice
48352162granerobarn
48352163dé a luzto give birth
48352164arrugaswrinkles
48352165jefeboss
48352166camarerawaitress
48388918permanecerto stay
48404431negarto deny
48404432caráctercharacter
48404433almasoul
48404434celosjealousy
48404435escucharto listen
48404436oírto hear
48404437puesta de solsunset
48404438salida de solsunrise
49208861apenashardly
49208862vagarto wander
49208863la mentethe mind
49208864aventurasadventures
49208865segurosafe
49208866fingirto pretend
49208867constantementeconstantly
49208868los rasgosthe traits
49432579preguntarseto wonder
51664556vecindadneighborhood
51664557campeonatochampionship
56155419inspirarto inspire
56155420el intercambiothe exchange
56155421enteraentire
56155422métodomethod
56155423recientementelately
56155424La físicathe Physics
56155425mejorarimprove
56155426promedioaverage
56155427el mejorthe best
56155428corredorrunner
56155429vallohurdle
56155430lejosaway
56155431el ruidothe sound
56155432prosperarto thrive
56155433el patio traserobackyard
56155434agradecidamenteThankfully
61177726acertadosuccessful
61177727asoleadosunny
61177728cuanto antesas soon as possible
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MUS 114 FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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267383770What is RomanticismWas a rebellion against the neoclassicism of the eighteenth century and the age of reason.
267383771What did romantic compsers continue to write?Symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, concertos, operas, and choral work.
267383772Who long was typical 19th century symphony?About 45 minutes
267383773What can progammatic instrumental piece represent?emotions,characters, and events of a particular story, or evoke the sounds and motion of nature.
267383774As for the supernatural,what did romantic have to deal with it?they were drawn to the realm of fantasy, the unconscious, the irrational, and the world of dreams
267383775What do romantics tend to have a greater range of?Tone color, dynamics, and pitch.
267383776How many musicians were in an average orchestra during the end of the romantic era?Close to 100
267383777Who invented the piano?Bartolomme Cristofer
267383778What changes were made to the piano in the 19th century?- cast iron frame was put in to hold strings under greater tension -hammers were covered with felt -the range was extended -se of the damper(loud) pedal allowed a blend of tones
267383779What is Nocturne?A musical composition inspired by the night, or evocative of the night
267383780What is Etude?Most commonly of considerable difficulty, usually designed to provide practice material for perfecting a particular tech skill.
267383781What were Frederic Copin's musical style characteristics?-Short works/variety of moods/salon setting -effective use of damper pedal -wide accompaniment patterns -rubato/ slight fluctuations in tempo -absolute music
267383782What is program symphony?Multi-movement composition with extra-musical content that directs the attention of the listener to a literary or pictorial association
267383783Who is Hector Berlioz?one of the first french romantic composers and daring creators of a new orchestral sound
267383784Who was "symphonie fantastique" written for?Harriet Smithson- Berlioz had an obsession to where he wrote her impassioned letters
267383785What is Idee Fixe?an idea that dominates one's mind especially for a prolonged period
267383786What is nationalism?Patriotic feeling, principles, or effort
267383787What were the main trait to nationalism?-used folk songs and dances -nationalist composers wrote operas and program music inspired by the history legends, and landscapes of their native lands
267383788Who wrote Bartered Bride?Bedrich Smetana
267383789What is a symphonic poem?A piece of orchestral music in a movement in which the content of a poem a story or novel
267383790What falls into contrasting musical sections that represent different scenes and episodes described in the program?" The Moldau"
267383791What is an Art song?A composition for a solo voice and piano
267383792What is lied?commonly used for a song with german text?
267383793What is through-composed?writing new music for each stanza
267383794What is polychord?having many strings
267383795what is a Tone Cluster?a group of adjacent notes played on a keyboard
267383796What is polytonality?the use of more than one key at one time
267383797what is atonality?the absence of a key or tonal center
267383798what is polymeter?many rhythmic elements
267383799What is Octave displacement?the displacement of tones into octave register that are not their referent position
267383800What is bitonality?the musical use of two keys simultaneously
267383801What is Tempo modulation?scoring techniques for supporting increases in action/drama
267383802What is prepared piano?grand piano whose sound is altered by objects such as bolts, screws, rubber bands, etc.
267401849what is serialism?use of technique of the 12 tone systems to organize rhythm,dynamics, and timbre
267401850what is primitivism?the deliberate evocation of primitive power through insistent rhythms and percussive sounds
267401851what is expressionism?modernist movement initially in poetry and painting originating in germany
267401852what is minimalismdescribes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music.
267401853what is quotation music?music that parodies another work or works. presenting them in a new style or genre
267401854What were the characteristics in the 20th century of timbre?-new sounds/sources/unusual combinations -independent of a meldoy -related to form
267401855What were the characteristics in the 20th century of melody/harmony?-unbalanced phrases/angular and fragmented -chromatic -octave displacment -polychord -tone cluster -new tonal system
267401856What were the characteristics in the 20th century of rhythm?-poly rhythm -ostinatos
267401857What were the characteristics in the 20th century of dynamics?-extreme use to emphasize elemts such as harmony,melody,rhythm,and timbre -atmosphere
267401858What was Stravinskys style?-irregular meters -Forms/ abrubt shifts -tone color/ extreme contrat in orchestration -harmonic relationships
267401859What is Stophic?Repeating the same music for each stanza of the poem
267401860Modified/varied strophicsince two stanza are set to the same music
267401861what is Bel Contothe quest to get closer
267401862what is recitativo accompagnato?accompanied by the full orchestra
267402293What is Verismo?an artistic movement marked by the use of rural characters and common everyday themes often treated in a melodramatic manner
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The Science of Nutrition Ch. 4 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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473705681Carbohydratecompound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body macornturients derived from plants 112
473705682Glucosethe form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. most abundant sugar preferred source of energy for brain important source of energy for all cells 112
473705683Photosynthesisprocess by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
473705684Carbohydrate - simpleSugars Monosaccaride - single sugar molecule Honey Glucose - fructose - glactose - ribose Disacchrides - 2 molecules Lactose - maltose -sucrose Less than 15% caloric intake 113-114
473705685Disaccharideany of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis 113
473705686monosaccharidea simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate 113
473705687Fructosea simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits 113
473705688Galatosefound in milk 113
473705689Ribosea pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid, a five-carbon sugar present in RNA 113
473705690Lactoseglucose + galactose human and cow milk 114
473705691MaltoseA disaccharide made of glucose + glucose. , A DISACCHARIDE COMPOSED OF TWO GLUCOSE UNITS; SOMETIMES KNOWN AS MALT SUGAR. 114
473705692Fermentationa process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances ATP 114
473705693Sucroseglucose + fructose disaccharide sweeter that lactose or maltose 114
473705694Alpha BondA type of chemical bond that can be digested by enzymes found in the human intestine. 115
473705695Beta BondA type of chemical bond that cannot be easily digested by enzymes found in the human intestine. 115
473705696Carbohydrate-complexStartch Complex CHO, glucose chain Rice, potatoes, bread Cannot be used directly long chains of glucose molecules - starch, glycogen and fiber 116
473705697Oligosaccharidescomplex carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 monosaccharides 116
473705698Raffinosean oligosaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. also called melitose, it is found in beans, cabbage, broccoli, and other vegetables 116
473705699Stachyosean oligosaccharide composed of two galactose molecules, a glucose molecule, and a fructose molecule. found in the chinese artichoke and various beans and legumes 116
473705700Polysaccharidemany sugars complex carb - long chains of glucose 116
473705701Starcha complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice storage form of glucose in plants 116
473705702GlycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. storage form of glucose in animals 117
473705703Dietary fiberThe nondigestible form of carbohydrates found in plant foods, such as leaves, stems, skins, seeds, and hulls. 117
473705704Functional Fiberthe nondigestible forms of carbohydrate that are extracted from plants or manufactured in the laboratory and have known health benefits 117
473705705Total Fiberthe sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber 117
473705706Soluble Fiberfiber that dissolves in water or is broken down by bacteria in the large intestine Pectins Gums Mucilages 117
473705707Viscoushaving a gelatinous or gluey quality, lacking in easy movement or fluidity viscous fibers from a gel when dissolved in water 117
473705708insoluble fibersfibers that do not dissolve in water Lignins Cellulose Hemicelluloes 118
473705709Salivary Amylasein mouth, released by salivary glands and begins chemical breakdown of starch 119
473705710Pancreatic amylaseEnzyme that breaks down starch into disaccharides (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose) 119
473705711Maltasea digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose. 119
473705712Sucrasea digestive enzyme that breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose 119
473705713Lactaseany of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose .119
473705714Carbohydrate LoadingA regimen designed to maximize muscle glycogen stores before an athletic event. Involves resting for one to three days before competition while consuming a very high-carbohydrate diet. The diet should provide 10 to 12 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight per day 120
473705715Glycogen LoadingWhat is it called when athletes consume large amounts of carbs 2-3 days before an athletic event to store glycogen in skeleton muscles? (hint.. use both terms) 120
473705716Butyratea small fat fragment produced by the fermenting action of bacteria on viscous, soluble fibers; the preferred energy source for the colon cells short chain fatty acid is produced 117
473705717PectinsDietary fibers that are found in fruits 118
473705718Gums______ are a viscous fiber containing chains of galactose, glucuronic acid, and other monosaccharides, characteristically found in exudates from plant stems. 118
473705719MucilagesA viscous fiber consisting of chains of galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides; characteristically found in seaweed. 118
473705720LigninsNon-carbohydrate forms of fiber in plants. Component of wood that acts like an adhesive/glue. 118
473705721Cellulosehard, nonliving material that makes up the cell wall of a plant cell 118
473705722Hemicellulosesgroups of polysaccharides found in plant cell walls that surround cellulose consist of xylose, mannose, arabinose and other monosaccharides 118
473705723Fiber - Large intestineexcreted 120
473705724Hormones- blood glucoseGlucagon (polypeptide derivative), Epinepherine (amino acid derivative), Cortisol (steroid / glucocorticoid) 121
473705725Insulinhormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas beta cells of pancreas 121
473705726Glucagona hormone secreted by the pancreas alpha cells of pancreas in response to decreased blood levels of glucose; causes breaakdown of liver stores of glycogen into glucose 121
473705727GluconeogenesisThe formation of glycogen, a glucose storing compound, from fatty acids and proteins rather than carbohydrates. 121
473705728Glycemic Indexa measure of how the ingestion of a particular food affects blood glucose levels 122
473705729Glycemic Loadthe amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the glycemic index of the carbohydrate 123
473705730KetosisThe process by which the breakdown of fat during fasting states results in the production of ketones. when we do not eat enough carbs uses alternate soursce 125
473705731Ketonesdevelop when there is no glucose in the cell so uses fat as glucose, as fat breaks down it releases ketones in your blood 125
473705732KetoacidosisHigh levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (type 2) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel. 125
473705733Diverticulosisabnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall 126
473705734Carbohydrates130g per day 19+ 45-65% of total energy intake 128
473705735Sugars in foods129 40 gal per person per year
473705736Carbohydrate-simple - health problemstooth decay ect. 130
473705737Enriched foodsfood in which nutrients that were lost in processing have been added back 131
473705738Fortified Foodsfoods that have nutrients added that are not naturally present in the food 131
473705739Fiber25g needed per day women 38 g for men 14 g per 1000 kcal 131
473705740Nutritive sweetenerssweeteners such as sucrose, fructose, honey, and brown sugar that contribute calories (or energy) 136
473705741Sugar Alcoholsa nutritive sweetener derived from sugar; examples include sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol, isomalt 136
473705742Non-nutritive sweetnersnot heat stable (no cooing), saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, neotame (heat stable) sucralose (heat stable) 138
473705743Acceptable Daily IntakeAn estimate of the daily exposure dose that is likely to be without deleterious effect even if continued exposure occurs over a lifetime 138
473705744Saccharina crystalline substance 300 times sweeter than sugar 138
473705745Acesulfame-KBrand names Sunette, Sweet One 139
473705746Aspartamean artificial sweetener made from aspartic acid 50mg per kg body weight per day 139
473705747Phenylketonuria PKUinherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme 139
473705748Hyperglycemiaabnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood 140
473705749DiabetesA condition of abnormal use of glucose, usually caused by too little insulin or lack of response to insulin. 140
473705750Type 1 diabetesthe type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces no or very little insulin; often diagnosed in childhood, although some cases arise in adulthood. formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dep endent diabetes 141
473705751Autoimmunie diseaseThe body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury. Examples are rheumatoid arthritis, affecting the joints; sytematic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affecting connective tissues, skin, and internal organs 141
473705752Diabetes Mellitusdiabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria 141
473705753Type 2 diabetesprogressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin 142
473705754Impaired fasting glucosean intermediate stage between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes where the fasting blood glucose level is greater than 110 mg/dl (6.1 mmol/L) but less than 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/L). 143
473705755Lactose Intolerancecongenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products 145
473705756Fasting Hypoglycemiahypoglycemia that occurs after 8 to 14 hours of fasting 144
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Chapter 31: From "The Age of Limits" to the "Age of Reagan" Flashcards

Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate
The Ride of the New American Right
The 'Reagan Revolution"
America and the Waning of the Cold War

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368568853SALT IIThe U.S. met with Siberian leader Leonid Brezhnev to create the basis of arms control. Set limits on the number of long-range missiles, bombers, and nuclear warheads on each side.
368568854Jimmy Carter1976 Democratic President. Main focus was on the energy crisis and economy. Increased public spending, but caused inflation.
368568855Malaise SpeechA speech made by President Carter which included a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis. He referred to the nation as a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will." Fueled charges that Carter blamed problems on the people.
368568856Panama Canal TreatyA pair of treaties to turn over control of the Panama Canal to the government of Panama. Ratified by the Senate.
368568857Camp David AccordsA Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty (persuaded by Carter) that recognized Israel as a legitimate political entity.
368568858Ayatollah Ruhollo KhomeiniLeader of Iran in 1979 who was fiercely anti-American and anti-Western.
368568859Sagebrush RebellionEmerged in parts of the West in the late 70s, mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and restrictions on development. It also portrayed the West as a victim of government control. It demanded government-owned land to be opened for development.
368568860Billy GramhamAn evangelical who attracted a huge national following of the Christianity revivalism in the 50s.
368568861Moral Majority/Christian CoalitionThese, and other organizations of the Christian right, opposed federal interference in local affairs; denounced abortion, divorce, feminism, and homosexuality; defended unrestricted free enterprise; and supported a strong American posture in the world.
368568862Pat RobertsonThe Pentecostal minister who began a political movement and launched an organization known as Christian Coalition.
368568863Barry GoldwaterAn evangelical Christian who was apart of the new right, which
368568864Ronald ReaganNew face of the Republican right. Elected California governor in 1966. Republican President in 1980.
368568865Proposition 13A major citizen's tax revolt which rolled back property tax rates.
368568866Edward KennedySenator Kennedy challenged Carter at the primaries in 1980, but did not succeed.
368568867Neo-conservativesPrincipal concern was to reassert legitimate authority and reaffirm Western democratic, anticommunist values, and commitments. "Win back the culture." They also believed that they shouldn't work to ease tensions with the Soviet Union. That the Vietnam war was positive and we should not have pulled out.
368568868Reaganomics/Supply-side economics/trickle down economicsReduce taxes, particularly corporations and wealthy individuals, in order to encourage new investments.
368568869DeregulationJames Watt opened up public lands and water to development, entirely eliminating enforcement of major environmental laws and regulations.
368568870Entitlement ProgramsPrograms such as Social Security and Medicare that caused enormous deficits.
368568871Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)Through the use of lasers and satellites, could provide an effective shield against incoming missiles and thus make nuclear war obsolete.
368568872Nuclear FreezeAn agreement between two superpowers not to expand their atomic arsenals.
368568873Reagan DoctrineHelped groups resist communism in the Third World.
368568874Palestinian Liberation Organization...
368568875Geraldine FerraroThe first female candidate to ever appear on a national ticket--running mate of Walter Mondale.
368568876Jesse JacksonThe nation's most prominent spokesman for minorities and for the poor. Ran for 1984 presidency and was unsuccessful.
368568877Mikhail GorbachevSucceeded in the leadership of the Soviet Union in 1985, and ultimately became the most revolutionary figure in world politics in at least four decades.
368568878Glasnost and PerestroikaOpenness : the dismantling of many of the represssive mechanisms that had been conspicuous features of Soviet life for over half a century. Reform: an effort to restructure the rigid and unproductive Soviet foreign policy.
368568879Tianamen SquareStudents in China launched a movement calling for greater democratization. The uprising was crushed by military forces, which resulted in a bloody massacre on June 3, 1989. The democracy movement was crushed, and hard-liners were restored.
368568880ApartheidA system designed to protect white supremacy. A cautious retreat from this traditional policy resulted in the legalization of the chief black party in the nation.
368568881Nelson MandelaThe leader of the African National Congress in South Africa. Was released from jail after decades of the ban of his organization. Over the several years of his influence, the South African government repealed its apartheid laws. In 1994 the first national election in which South Africans could participate resulted in Mandela's presidency as the first black president.
368568882Oliver North/Iran-Contra ScandalAn obscure marine lieutenant colonel assigned to the staff of the National Security Council who helped reveal the Iran-Contra Scandal. This scandal showed that the White House had illegally sold weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages. Also, some of the money from the arms deal with Iran had been illegally funneled into a fund to air the contras in Nicaragua.
368568883George H. W. BushElected President in 1988. Successfully developed international affairs and supported domestic issues.
368568884Gulf WarThe U.S. and nearly all foreign powers set an oil embargo on Iraq and went to war with them, successfully gaining control.
368568885Saddam HusseinThe militaristic leader of Iraq. During his dictatorship, he annexed Kuwait.
368568886Bill ClintonElected president in 1992--Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress.
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