AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 68001716 | What was Mohandas K. Gandhi: the founder of? | Indian National Independence movement | |
| 68001717 | Who was Mohandas K. Gandhi assinated by? | Hindu | |
| 68001718 | Why was he assinated? | for trying to gain equal treatment for "Untouchables | |
| 68001719 | What was Mohandas K. Gandhi known as? | Great moral spirtaly leader | |
| 68001720 | what did Mohandas K. Gandhi what to do? | keep together as an unified state |
Terms
| 487116417 | Long Term Causes of World War II | These included Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression and the Failure of the League of Nations | |
| 487116418 | Treaty of Versailles (Cause) | This document placed unfair restrictions on Germany's military; it took away land and placed all blame for the war on Germany (aka: the war guilt) | |
| 487116419 | Great Depression (Cause) | This event began with the crash on Wall Street and lead to global inflation, high unemployment and the rise of fascism | |
| 487116420 | League of Nations (Cause) | This organization failed to keep a just and lasting peace because it excluded countries like Germany and Russia, its members wanted to avoid war and it did not have an army to enforce its policy | |
| 487116421 | Appeasement | The policy of giving in to an aggressor (nation) in hopes of avoiding war; this was used by Britain and France prior to World War II. Signing the Munich Pact in September 30, 1938. Signing of the Munich Pact, Sept 30 1938 | |
| 487116422 | Neville Chamberlain | The British Prime Minister who practiced a policy of appeasement as Hitler continued to violate the Treaty of Versailles | |
| 487116423 | Fascism | A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights and one-party rule by a dictator | |
| 487116424 | Non-Aggression Pact | An agreement between Stalin and Hitler to not attack each for a period of ten years; secretly, they agreed to divide Poland between them | |
| 487116425 | December, 1937 | Second Sino, Nanking massacre (date) | |
| 487116426 | September 1, 1939 | World War II began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland (date) | |
| 487116427 | Invasion of Poland | World War II began when Germany launched a surprise attack against Poland to regain the Polish Corridor; this caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany. | |
| 487116429 | Blitzkreig | A military strategy involving fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces, to take the enemy by surprise. Then blitzkrieg forces would crush the opposition with overwhelming force | |
| 487116431 | Invasion of the Western Front | In April, Hitler attacked Denmark and Norway; In May, Hitler invaded Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium before attacking France in June | |
| 487116432 | June 22, 1940 | France surrendered to the superior German army but continued to resist German domination (date) | |
| 487116433 | Dunkirk | The beach where 338,000 Allied soldiers were rescued from German troops by a ragtag fleet of British ships including naval vessels, yachts, motorboats and fishing boats | |
| 487116434 | Winston Churchill | The British Prime Minister who choose to fight rather than surrender when he said, "We shall fight whatever the cost may be...We shall never surrender!" | |
| 487116435 | Operation Sea Lion | Hitler's planned invasion of Great Britain; his plan was to bomb by air and then invade by sea | |
| 487116436 | RAF | The name of the British airforce | |
| 487116437 | Luftwaffe | The name of the German airforce | |
| 487116438 | Battle of Britain | Hitler's campaign of intensive bombing to destroy the will of the British as well as their vital defense systems and their factories; it was a turning point in the war and forced Hitler to abandon Operation Sea Lion | |
| 487116440 | Enigma | A German code-making machine that allowed Britain to decoded the secret messages of the Germans | |
| 487116441 | Axis Powers | An alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan during World War II | |
| 487116442 | Erwin Rommel | The German general sent to North Africa to help regain the ground lost by Italy; he was known as the Desert Fox | |
| 487116443 | Invasion of the Balkans | Those countries that refused to join Hitler were attacked; Hitler needed this land in order to build military bases for his future invasion of the Soviet Union | |
| 487116444 | Operation Barbarossa | Hitler's planned invasion of the Soviet Union; he build military bases in the Balkans so he could capture Russia's rich oil supply | |
| 487116445 | Battle of Stalingrad | Hitler's attempt to take this city became a turning point on the East for the Allies; as a result of this battle, the Russians were able to force the Germans to retreat | |
| 487116446 | December 7, 1941 | Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii; as a result, the United States declared war again Japan and her allies (date) | |
| 487116447 | Battle of the Coral Sea | During this battle, both sides used a new kind of naval warfare; the entire battle was fought by airplanes and aircraft carriers (Japan won) | |
| 487116448 | Battle of Midway | During this battle, the Allies allowed Japan to begin its attack then the Allies attacked Japan's naval fleet (Japan's crippled fleet was forced to retreat) | |
| 487116449 | Battle of Guadalcanal | During this battle, the Allies, who wanted to prevent Japan from building an airbase, fought against the Japanese for six month (Japan eventually retreated from the "Island of Death") | |
| 487116450 | Operation Overlord | The Allies planned invasion of Normandy, the northern coast of France; originally it was scheduled for 1942, then 1943; it took place in June of 1944 | |
| 487116451 | June 6, 1944 | The Allies stormed the beaches of Normandy in an attempt to break through the German lines and to liberate France on their way to Germany; they suffered heavy losses but liberated Paris (date) | |
| 487116452 | Bernard Montgomery | The British general who was sent to command the Allied forces in North Africa after Rommel took the port city of Tobruk | |
| 487116453 | Battle of El Alamein | During this battle, the Allies surprised the Germans and forced them to retreat; this was considered to be a turning point of the war in North Africa | |
| 487116454 | Operation Torch | The Allies planned invasion of North Africa; it was made possible by the Battle of El Alamain | |
| 487116455 | Dwight Eisenhower | The American general who was sent to invade North Africa; as a result of Operation Torch, Germany suffered a crushing defeat | |
| 487116456 | Benito Mussolini | The fascist dictator who committed Italy to war; he was later caught trying to escape -- as a result, he was shot and hung (April 1945) | |
| 487116457 | Total War | A conflict in which the participating countries devote all of their resources to the war effort | |
| 487116458 | Rationing | The limiting of the amount of goods people can buy when goods are in short supply | |
| 487116459 | Propaganda | Information spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent's cause | |
| 487116460 | Battle of the Bulge | During this battle, Hitler made his last attempt to defeat the Allied Powers on the Western Front | |
| 487116461 | Adolf Hitler | The fascist dictator who committed Germany to war; On April 30, 1945 he committed suicide rather than surrender | |
| 487116462 | May 7, 1945 | Germany surrendered to the Allies to end World War II in Europe (date) | |
| 487116463 | Harry S. Truman | The president of the United States who "dropped the bomb" on Japan to force an end to the war in the Pacific | |
| 487116464 | August 6, 1945 | The Japanese city of Hiroshima was destroyed by an atomic bomb (date) | |
| 487116465 | August 9, 1945 | The Japanese city of Nagasaki was destroyed by an atomic bomb (date) | |
| 487116466 | September 2, 1945 | Japan surrendered to the Allies to end World War II in the Pacific (date) | |
| 487116467 | Holocaust | The systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior; Hitler referred to this as the "Final Solution" -- 6 million Jews were killed | |
| 487116468 | Genocide | The systematic killing of an entire group of people | |
| 487122818 | The Good war -- for us in 1945 | Defining moment of US as Global power. 1. Isolation from horros of combat, patriotic censorship 2. Moral Issue -- a just war. We were good guys 3. Good for the US -- ended the Great Depression | |
| 487122819 | Total war -- for Allies | 5 year torment, high technology armies, understanding enemy, Racial war (Japs, Jews, Communists, Fascist , war on cities/civilians) | |
| 487124063 | Genocide | The deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation. | |
| 487129067 | Eugenics | The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Developed largely by Francis Galton (Darwin's cousin) as a method of improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis. July 1933 -- sterilization law allows German doctors to forcibly sterilize people who have hereditary or diseased offspring Regulate marriage birthrights Protect German purity Posters "Life unworthy of life 1939 Euthanasia begins Breeding humans here in states | |
| 487135122 | Race Hygiene | Racial hygiene (often labeled a form of "scientific racism") is the selection, by a government, of what it considers the most physically, intellectually and morally superior people to raise the next generation (selective breeding) and a close alignment of public health with eugenics. practices and programs designed to improve the "hereditary" health of a nation or race. Often used interchangeably with "eugenics" until the 1930s, when the Nazi regime's race hygiene laws gave the term a new and precise meaning. | |
| 487135123 | Nuremburg Laws of 1935 | Result of Eugenics. Rudolph Hess (Deputy Fuhrer) says "National Socialism is nothing but applied biology". Everything grounded in race. Jews stripped of citizenship (no welfare, education, public amendments). By 1936 all Germans need self-made racial passport. Race grounded in biology | |
| 487135124 | Anschluss | March 12, 1938 -- Germany annexes Austria with no overt violence. Heinrich Himmler enters Austria and Vienna and strips Jews of their property and rights. | |
| 487140936 | Rudolf Hess | Hitler's deputy in the Nazi Party during the 1930s and early 1940s. On the eve of war with the Soviet Union, he flew solo to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace with the United Kingdom, where he was arrested and became a prisoner of war. Hess commanded an SA battalion during the Hitler-led Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, which failed. Hess served seven and a half months in Landsberg Prison; Hitler was sentenced to five years in the same prison, but served just nine months. Acting as Hitler's private secretary in prison, Hess transcribed and partially edited Hitler's book Mein Kampf. | |
| 487140937 | Heinrich Luitpold Himmler | Reichsführer of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Nazi Germany. Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General One of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and one of the persons most directly responsible for the Holocaust. Formed the Einsatzgruppen and built extermination camps. As facilitator and overseer of the concentration camps, Himmler directed the killing of some six million Jews, between 200,000 and 500,000 Romani people, and other victims; the total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at eleven to fourteen million people. | |
| 487171917 | Joseph Goebbels | Rose to power in 1933 along with Hitler and the Nazi Party Appointed Propaganda Minister. Responsible for book burnings. He exerted totalitarian control over the media, arts and information in Germany. Attacks on the Jewish population culminated in the Kristallnacht assault of 1938 He produced a series of anti-Semitic films Goebbels used modern propaganda techniques to ideologically prepare the German people for aggressive warfare. By late 1943, the tide of the war was turning against the Axis powers, but this only spurred Goebbels to intensify the propaganda by urging the Germans to accept the idea of total war and mobilization. After Hitler's suicide, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor. Goebbels along with his wife Magda killed their six young children and then committed suicide. The couple's bodies were burned in a shell crater, but owing to the lack of petrol the burning was only partly effective. | |
| 487171918 | Ernst Julius Günther Röhm | German officer in the Bavarian Army early Nazi leader. He was a co-founder of the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Battalion"; SA),[1] the Nazi Party militia, and later was its commander. In 1934, as part of the Night of the Long Knives, he was executed on Hitler's orders as a potential rival. | |
| 487180094 | Treaty of Versailles | Treaty resulting from WWI: The following land was taken away from Germany :Alsace-Lorraine (given to France), Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium),Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark), Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia), West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland), The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum. The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies. Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received some of this land. Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks She was not allowed an airforce She was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarised zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years. Financial The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy. Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to bankrupt her. Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to a minimum. 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause". 2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the war as stated in clause 231, was, therefore responsible for all the war damage caused by the First World War. Therefore, she had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war. Quite literally, reparations would be used to pay for the damage to be repaired. Payment could be in kind or cash. The figure was not set at Versailles - it was to be determined later. The Germans were told to write a blank cheque which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at £6,600 million - a huge sum of money well beyond Germany's ability to pay. 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace. |
American history
| 526100990 | Japan's emperor | Hirohito | |
| 526100991 | Japans government | Militarism | |
| 526100992 | Japan's prime minister | Tojo | |
| 526100993 | Italy's government | Fascism | |
| 526100994 | Who was the "Duce" | Mussolini | |
| 526100995 | Who was the leader of Ethiopia | Selassie | |
| 526100996 | Was the league of nations effective | No | |
| 526100997 | Germany's government | Nazism | |
| 526100998 | Who was Germany's leader | Hitler | |
| 526100999 | What does "Fuehrer" mean | Leader | |
| 526101000 | What was the Third Reich | Hitlers government | |
| 526101001 | Mein Kampf | My Struggle- Hitler's book- wrote while he was in jail | |
| 526101002 | Anti-Semitism | prejudice or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews | |
| 526101003 | Nuremberg Laws | Jews are not citizens | |
| 526101004 | Kristallnacht | Night of broken glass- all synagogues were destroyed | |
| 526101005 | Lebensraum | Living space | |
| 526101006 | Anschluss | When Germany annexes Austria | |
| 526101007 | When and what is the Munich Conference | 1938 and the conference that decided Czech fate | |
| 526101008 | Who was at the Munich conference | Hitler and prime minister Chamberlain | |
| 526101009 | What does appeasement mean? | To give in to | |
| 526101010 | Who said, "peace in our time" | Prime Minster Chamberlain | |
| 526101011 | When and who was the non- aggression pact between | 1939 and Hitler and Stalin | |
| 526101012 | When was the invasion of Poland | 1939 | |
| 526101013 | When did England and France declare war on Germany? | September, 1939 | |
| 526101014 | Blitzkrieg | Lightning War- an all out attack | |
| 526101015 | Phony War | War was declared but no fighting for a while because countries were preparing for war | |
| 526101016 | Who did Germany defeat (7 countries) | Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France | |
| 526101017 | Dunkirk | City in France and was in 1940 | |
| 526101018 | Vichy France | Where French pro- Nazis ruled southern France | |
| 526101019 | When and what is the Battle of Britain | R.A.F ( royal air force) vs. Luftwaffe ( German air force) and it was in 1940 | |
| 526101020 | Operation Sea Lion | German code name for the battle of Britain | |
| 526101021 | When and what is the Lend Lease Act | 1941 and when the USA would loan equipment to Britain | |
| 526101022 | Who said, "arsenal for democracy" | FDR | |
| 526101023 | When did Germany invade the USSR | June 1941 | |
| 526101024 | What was Germans code name for the invasion of the USSR | Operation Bararsossa | |
| 526101025 | What happened on December 7th, 1941 | Japan attacked Pearl Harbor | |
| 526101026 | When did the USA enter the war | 1941 | |
| 526101027 | Who said, "a date which will live in infamy" | FDR | |
| 526101028 | In the battle of Stalingrad who was fighting ? | Germans vs. Russians | |
| 526101029 | In the war in Africa and Europe who were the americans and the british troops led by? | USA= Patton, Britain= Montgomery | |
| 526101030 | Where is the battle of El Alamein and who wins. | Egypt and the British win | |
| 526101031 | What was Erwin Rommel nick name | The desert fox | |
| 526101032 | What were Rommel's troops called | The Afrika Korps | |
| 526101033 | What was the first place to be liberated | North Africa | |
| 526101034 | When does Italy switch to the Allies side? | 1943 | |
| 526101035 | When was the Normandy invasion? | June 6, 1944 | |
| 526101036 | What was D-days code name | Operation Overlord | |
| 526101037 | Who was in charge of the allied troops | Gen. Eisenhower | |
| 526101038 | Where was the battle of Bulge | Belgium | |
| 526101039 | When did Hitler commit suicide | 1945 | |
| 526101040 | What and when is V-E Day | When Germany surrendered and it is May, 1945 | |
| 526101041 | Who won the battle of Midway | USA | |
| 526101042 | Who won the battle of Guadalcanal | USA | |
| 526101043 | Who said, "I shall return" | Gen. MacArther | |
| 526101044 | What is a kami-kazi pilot | Suicide pilot | |
| 526101045 | When, Where and what is the Yalta conference | 1945 in USSR Churchill, FDR and Stalin make post war plans | |
| 526101046 | Who is the president during the atomic bomb | Pres. Truman | |
| 526101047 | What is the Manhattan Project | The making of the atomic bomb | |
| 526101048 | What 2 places is the bomb dropped on | Hiroshima, Japan. And Nagasaki, Japan | |
| 526101049 | When and what is V-J Day | September, 1945 and Japan surrenders | |
| 526101050 | What is the final solution? | Killing of all Jews | |
| 526101051 | What is Auschwitz | The worst concentration camp | |
| 526101052 | Germany and Berlin were divide into how many zones | 4 |
AP Human Geography Ethnicity:
Terms from Rubenstein and others
| 313093829 | sequent occupance | The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings. | |
| 313093830 | genotype | The genetic makeup, as distinguished from the physical appearance of an organism or a group of organisms | |
| 313093831 | phenotype | The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences. | |
| 313093832 | triangular slave trade | an efficient triangular trading pattern | |
| 313093833 | exclave | a portion of a country geographically seperated from the main part by surrounding alien territory | |
| 313093834 | multi-ethnic state | state that contains more one ethnicity. | |
| 313093835 | multinational state | state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self determination that agree to coexist peacefully by reconizing each other as distinct nationalities | |
| 313093836 | Balkanized | A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. | |
| 313093837 | blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood. | |
| 313093838 | ethnic islands | A small rural area settled by a single, distinctive ethnic group that placed its imprint on the landscape | |
| 313093839 | genetics | The science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment. | |
| 313093840 | ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. | |
| 313093841 | genocide | The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group. | |
| 313093842 | dowry deaths | The death of young women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harrassment and torture by husband or in-laws. | |
| 313093843 | self-determination | concept that ethnicities have right to govern themselves | |
| 313093844 | sharecropper | works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops | |
| 313093845 | plural society | a society in which several ethnic groupings coexist, each living in communities or regions variously separate from the others | |
| 313093846 | barrioization | The "dramatic" increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood | |
| 313093847 | racism | a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others. | |
| 313093848 | racist | A person with a prejudiced belief that one race is superior to others. | |
| 313093849 | nation-state | a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality | |
| 313093850 | race | people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | |
| 313093851 | apartheid | Translated: separateness. Originally: A rigid policy of segregation of the population in South Africa along racial lines . Now: A system or practice that separates people according to race, caste, etc. | |
| 313093852 | Balkanization | to divide (a country, territory, or other geographic area) into small, quarrelsome, and ineffectual states. | |
| 313093853 | nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a nation, or nationality | |
| 313093854 | nationality | identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country | |
| 313093855 | centrifugal force | The apparent force that seems to draw away from unity of a group. Centrifugal forces are those characteristics & issues that divide a people, or state. | |
| 313093856 | ethnic cleansing | The systematic elimination of an ethnic group, or groups from a region or society through deportation, forced emigration, or genocide (mass murder). | |
| 313093857 | ethnicity | Group identification based on shared ethnic traits, background, allegiance, or association | |
| 313093858 | residential segregation | segregation of where groups of people inside a specific community, area, or country live | |
| 313093859 | gender | distinction between two things, words, or actions based on perceived sex (i.e., masculine or feminine, male or female) | |
| 313093860 | enclave | A country surrounded by a foreign country; a group living within a larger group* | |
| 313093861 | acculturation | The modification of one's culture with a prolonged interaction involving another culture | |
| 313093862 | centripetal force | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. |
Terms for human Geography Agriculture from Rubenstein and Fouberg.
| 354602497 | Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. | |
| 354602498 | Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. | |
| 354602499 | Cereal Grain | A grass yielding grain for food. ex. oats, wheat, rye, or barley | |
| 354602500 | Chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing. | |
| 354602501 | Combine | A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans gram while moving over a field. | |
| 354602502 | Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. | |
| 354602503 | Crop | Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. | |
| 354602504 | Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. | |
| 354602505 | Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | |
| 354602506 | Double Cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. To grow two crops on the same land. | |
| 354602507 | Grain | Seed of a cereal grass. | |
| 354602508 | Green Revolution | rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. | |
| 354602509 | Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers | |
| 354602510 | Hull | The outer covering of a seed | |
| 354602511 | Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. | |
| 354602512 | Milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. | |
| 354602513 | Paddy | Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah. | |
| 354602514 | Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. | |
| 354602515 | Pasture | Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. | |
| 354602516 | Plantation | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country. | |
| 354602517 | Prime Agriculture Land | The most productive farmland. | |
| 354602518 | Ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. | |
| 354602519 | Reaper | A machine that cuts grain standing in the field. | |
| 354602520 | Ridge Tillage | System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. | |
| 354602521 | Sawah | A flooded field for growing rice. | |
| 354602522 | Seed Agriculture | Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization. | |
| 354602523 | Shifting Cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. | |
| 354602524 | Slash-and-burn Agriculture | Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. | |
| 354602525 | Spring Wheat | Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. | |
| 354602526 | Subsistence Agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family | |
| 354602527 | Sustainable Agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides. | |
| 354602528 | Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. | |
| 354602529 | Thresh | To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it. | |
| 354602530 | Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. | |
| 354602531 | Truck Farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities. | |
| 354602532 | Vegetative Planting | Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots. | |
| 354602533 | Wet Rice | Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth. | |
| 354602534 | Winnow | To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. | |
| 354602535 | Winter Wheat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer. | |
| 354602536 | Organic Agriculture | Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. | |
| 354602537 | Primary Economic Activity | Economic Activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture | |
| 354602538 | Secondary Economic Activity* | An economic activity in which people use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value. | |
| 354602539 | Tertiary Economic Sector* | Services- involves services rather than goods (grows with industrialization and dominates post-industrial societies: such as food, retail, computer processing, or information management. High and low end: high includes doctors, lawyers, teachers, educated service sector; low service: blue collar, "burger flippers", transportation workers, etc. | |
| 354602540 | Quaternary Economic Activity* | Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services. | |
| 354602541 | Quinary Economic Activity* | Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management | |
| 354602542 | Plant domestication | Deliberate tending of crops to gain certain desired attributes; began around 12,000 years ago along several fertile river valleys and cultural hearths. Part of 1st Agricultural Revolution. | |
| 354602543 | Second Agricultural Revolution | Coincided with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution; the second agricultural revolution witnessed improvements in the methods of cultivating, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. | |
| 354602544 | Von Thünen Model | Used to explain the importance of proximity to market in choice of crops on commercial farms. Must combine the value of high yield crop per hectare and the cost of transporting the yield per hectare. E.g. Something like dairy products could not be located far away from towns because the milk would spoil before they could get it to the town. | |
| 354602545 | Third Agricultural Revolution | (Green Revolution) Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology. Still in progress. Based on new, high-yielding strains of grains and other crops developed in laboratories, fertilizers, herbicides, etc. Most recently using modern techniques of genetic engineering=GMOs. | |
| 354602546 | Genetically Modified Organisms | An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism. | |
| 354602547 | Primogeniture | The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. | |
| 354602548 | Monoculture | Farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year. | |
| 354602549 | Köppen Climatic classification System | System for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation. Developed by Wladimir Köppen. | |
| 354602550 | Climatic Regions | Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics. | |
| 354602551 | Luxury Crops | Crops that are not essential to human survival and are sold at a high price. E.g.: tea, cacao, coffee, tobacco, sugarcane. | |
| 354602552 | Mediterranean Agriculture | Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer, wet-winter Mediterranean climate prevails. Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile, South Africa and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations. |
| 708849948 | Adkins v Children's Hospital | A landmark supreme court decision reversing the ruling Muller v Oregon, which had declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace | |
| 708849949 | Nine-Power Treaty | Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the US, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door Policy in China. Led to the Five-Power Naval Treaty and the Four-Power Treaty | |
| 708849950 | Kellogg-Briand Pact | 1928 linked 62 nations in the supposed "outlawry of war." | |
| 708849951 | Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law | 1922 A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers. | |
| 708849952 | Teapot Dome scandal | An affair involving the illegal lease of priceless naval oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California. This scandal and others gave Harding a reputation for corruption. | |
| 708849953 | McNary-Haugen Bill | A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by allowing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Passed twice by Congress but vetoed by Coolidge. | |
| 708849954 | Dawes Plan | 1924 An arrangement to reschedule German reparations payments. Stabilized German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany. | |
| 708849955 | Agricultural Marketing Act | 1929 Established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. Aimed to help farmers help themselves. Kind of failed with the arrival of the Depression. | |
| 708849956 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | 1930 The highest protective tariff in the peacetime history of the US, passed as a result of horse trading. | |
| 708849957 | Black Tuesday | 1929 October 29, 1929, when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. Book says that this helped bring about Great Depression, Mr. Spina says that it's a symptom of the Depression. | |
| 708849958 | Hoovervilles | Grim shantytowns where impoverished victims of the Great Depression slept under newspapers and in makeshift tents. Tarnished reputation of Hoover administration. | |
| 708849959 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) | 1932 A government lending agency established under Hoover administration to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. Was a precursor to later agencies. | |
| 708849960 | Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act | 1932 This law banned "yellow-dog" or anti union work contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to stamp out strikes and boycotts. | |
| 708849961 | Bonus Army | 1932 Officially known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), a rag-tag group of 20,000 veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during WWI. General Douglas MacArthur dispersed them with tear gas and bayonets. | |
| 708849962 | Warren G. Harding | ... | |
| 708849963 | Albert B. Fall | ... | |
| 708849964 | Calvin Coolidge | ... | |
| 708849965 | John W. Davis | ... | |
| 708849966 | Robert M. La Follette (Fighting Bob) | ... | |
| 708849967 | Albert E. Smith | ... |
| 540443222 | Mitchell Palmer | Was head of the Witch hunt that was related to the red scare that occured around the time of the Russian revolution. He jailed anyone who spoke of communism or anarchy. The people who were put in jail were treated terribly. | |
| 540443223 | Randolph Bourne | This man was a "cultural pluralist" along with Horace Kallen. He opposed the idea of immigration restriction. He, in fact, believed in cosmopolitan interchange which was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality." In this view the U.S. should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age. (pgs. 724-725) | |
| 540443224 | Al Capone | United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947) | |
| 540443225 | John T. Scopes | a science teacher who challenged the ban in Tennessee as unconstitutional and decided to test the law in the courts, he asked a friend to file suit against him for teaching evolution this was known as a popular case | |
| 540443226 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) | |
| 540443227 | Clarence Darrow | A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible. | |
| 540443228 | Andrew Mellon | United States financier and philanthropist (1855-1937) | |
| 540443229 | Bruce Barton | a leader of the advertising industry and author of a new interpretation on Christ in The Man Nobody Knows | |
| 540443230 | Henry Ford | 1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. | |
| 540443231 | Frederick W. Taylor | an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies. | |
| 540443232 | Charles Lindbergh | United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974) | |
| 540443233 | Margaret Sanger | United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood | |
| 540443234 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939) | |
| 540443235 | H. L. Meneken | Journalist debunker who ridiculed religion, politics, arts, and democracy | |
| 540443236 | F. Scott Fitzgerald | A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. His wife, Zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the Depression. His noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl., A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. His wife, Zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the Depression. His noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl. | |
| 540443237 | Ernest Hemingway | Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms | |
| 540443238 | Sinclair Lewis | American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature. | |
| 540443239 | William Faulkner | United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962) | |
| 540443240 | Nativist | advocating the perpetuation of native societies | |
| 540443241 | Cultural pluralism | a condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences. | |
| 540443242 | Progressive education | John Dewey led movement that focused on personal growth, not mastery of body of knowledge and learning through experience. | |
| 540443243 | Red scare | a period of general fear of communists | |
| 540443244 | Sacco and Vanzetti case | Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. | |
| 540443245 | KKK | Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic. | |
| 540443246 | The Birth of a Nation | A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans. | |
| 540443247 | Immigration Quota Act | This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan. | |
| 540443248 | Volstead Act | The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors | |
| 540443249 | Fundamentalists | Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation. | |
| 540443250 | Modernists | An artist who rejected enlightenment thinking and tried to reshape, and improve on the surrounding world. It developed partly in response to WWI in that it stands out against technology. | |
| 540443251 | United Negro Improvement Association | A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland" (pg 741) | |
| 540443252 | The Great Gatsby | A novel depicting the picturesque idea of the self made American man and enterpreneur who rose from obscurity. was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. (pages 742-7430 |
The Cell Cycle
| 428922091 | cell division | process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | |
| 428922092 | cell cycle | sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces | |
| 428922093 | genome | the complete genetic material contained in an individual | |
| 428922094 | chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | |
| 428922095 | chromatin | granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins | |
| 428922096 | somatic cells | all the cells of your body except your sex cells | |
| 428922097 | gametes | reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells | |
| 428922098 | sister chromatids | identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase | |
| 428922099 | centromere | the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis | |
| 428922100 | mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes | |
| 428922101 | cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division | |
| 428922102 | M phase | the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis | |
| 428922103 | interphase | the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions | |
| 428922104 | G1 phase | The first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. | |
| 428922105 | S phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. | |
| 428922106 | G2 phase | stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles | |
| 428922107 | prophase | the replicated chromosomes, each consisting of two closely associated sister chromatids, condense. Outside the nucleus, the mitotic spindle assembles between the two centrosornes, which have replicated and moved apart. | |
| 428922108 | prometaphase | starts abruptly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Chromosomes can now attach to spindle microtubules via their kinetochores and undergo active movement. | |
| 428922109 | metaphase | chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle, midway between the spindle poles. The kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle. | |
| 428922110 | anaphase | the sister chromatids separate to form two daughter chromorosomes, each is pulled slowly toward the spindle pole it faces The kinetochore microtubules get shorter, and the spindle poles also move apart | |
| 428922111 | telophase | last phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform | |
| 428922112 | mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. | |
| 428922113 | centrosome | Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles. | |
| 428922114 | aster | star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis | |
| 428922115 | kinetochore | A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. | |
| 428922116 | metaphase plate | An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles | |
| 428922117 | cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | |
| 428922118 | cell plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. | |
| 428922119 | origin of replication | The specific location on a DNa strand where replication begins.. Prokaryotes typically have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotes have several per chromosome. | |
| 428922120 | binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size | |
| 428922121 | cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. | |
| 428922122 | checkpoint | A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. | |
| 428922123 | cyclin | protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle | |
| 428922124 | CDKs | enzymes in an inactive form that are present in consistent concentrations over the cell cycle; *most significant enzyme in regulating cell cycle | |
| 428922125 | MPF | Maturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase. | |
| 428922126 | G0 phase | A nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle. | |
| 428922127 | growth factor | one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells | |
| 428922128 | density-dependent inhibition | The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. | |
| 428922129 | anchorage dependence | The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum. | |
| 428922130 | transformation | the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell | |
| 428922131 | malignant tumor | an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor. | |
| 428922132 | benign tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin | |
| 428922133 | metastasis | spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body | |
| 428927585 | platelet derived growth factor | secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in an area of injury, this is an agent that stimulates fibroblasts to multiply and synthesize collagen |
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