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SAT Vocab 271-330 Flashcards

from Kaplan SAT Prep 2011

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696048835manneredadj - artificial or stilted in character
696048836mavericknoun - an independent individual who does not go along with a group
696048837mawkishadj - sickeningly sentimental
696048838megalomanianoun - obsession with great or grandiose performance
696048839mellifluousadj - having a smooth, rich flow
696048840microcosmnoun - a small scale representation of a larger system
696048841milieunoun - the physical or social setting in which something occurs or develops, evnironment
696048842misanthropenoun - a person who hates or distrusts mankind
696048843misnomernoun - an error in naming a person or place
696048844missivenoun - a written note or letter
696048845mitigateverb - to make less severe, make milder
696048846modicumnoun - a small portion, limited quantity
696048847mollifyverb - to soothe in temper or disposition
696048848mordantadj - biting and caustic in manner and style
696048849moresnoun - fixed customs or manners; moral attitudes
696048850moroseadj - gloomy, sullen
696048851motenoun - a small particle, speck
696048852mutabilitynoun - the quality of being capable of change, in form or character; susceptibility of change
696048853myopicadj - lacking foresight, having a narrow view or long-range perspective
696048854nebulousadj - vague, undefined
696048855necromancynoun - the practice of communicating with the dead in order to predict the future
696048856nefariousadj - intensely wicked or vicious
696048857neonatenoun - a newborn child
696048858nihilismnoun - the belief that traditional values and beliefs are unfounded and that existence is useless; the belief that conditions in the social organization are so bad as to make destruction desirable
696048859nomenclaturenoun - a system of scientific names
696048860non sequiturnoun - a statement that does not follow logically from anything previously said
696048861noveladj - new and not resembling anything formerly known
696048862obdurateadj - stubbornly persistent, resistant to persuasion
696048863obfuscateverb - to confuse, make obscure
696048864obstinateadj - unreasonably persistent
696048865olfactoryadj - relating to the sense of smell
696048866oligarchynoun - a government in which a small group exercises supreme control
696048867onusnoun - a burden, an obligation
696048868opineverb - to express an opinion
696048869opportunistnoun - one who takes advantage of any opportunity to achieve and end, with little regard for principles
696048870opprobriousadj - disgraceful, shameful
696048871orneryadj - having an irritable disposition, cantankerous
696048872oscillateverb - to swing back and forth like a pendulum; to vary between opposing beliefs or feelings
696048873ossifyverb - to change into bone; to become hardened or set in a rigidly conventional pattern
696048874ostracizeverb - to exclude from a group by common consent
696048875oustverb - to remove from position by force; eject
696048876paeannoun - a tribute, a song or expression of praise
696048877palatialadj - relating to a palace; magnificent
696048878palimpsestnoun - an object or place having diverse layers or aspects beneath the surface
696048879palpableadj - capable of being touched or felt; easily perceived
696048880paltryadj - pitifully small or worthless
696048881panachenoun - flamboyance or dash in style and action
696048882pandemicadj - occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting a large portion of the population
696048883panegyricnoun - elaborate praise; formal hymn of praise
696048884paradigmnoun - an outstandingly clear or typical example
696048885paragonnoun - a model of excellence or perfection
696048886paramountadj - supreme, of chief importance
696048887pareverb - to trim off excess, reduce
696048888pariahnoun - an outcast
696048889patentadj - obvious, evident
696048890pathogenicadj - causing disease
696048891patricianadj - aristocratic
696048892patronizeverb - to act as patron of, to adopt an air of condescension toward; to buy from
696048893peculateverb - to embezzle
696048894pecuniaryadj - relating to money
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Combo with SAT Vocab Set 1 2013 and 2 others Flashcards

50 SAT CARDS

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706253901untenablenot able to be defended
706253902manifestobvious
706253903mediateto come between parties in order to reconcile-(break up a fight)
706253904negateto make invalid
706253905antidotesomething that relieves or counteracts
706253906fraudtrick
706253907flauntto display showily
706253908stealththe act of moving secretly or unnoticed
706253909ethicalconforming to accepted standards
706253910corrosivebitingly sarcastic
706253911euphoriafeeling of great happiness
706253912recriminationa retaliatory accusation
706253913exaltto elevate by praise
706253914exceptiona case to which the rule does not apply
706253915entangleto involve in trouble
706253916hedonismthe belief that pleasure is the sole purpose of life
706253917facadefalse or superficial appearance
706253918retroactiveeffective as of a prior time or condition
706253919methodicalperformed in an orderly manner
706253920sternharsh, severe
706253921incisiveimpressively direct and decisive-adj
706253922composedcalm-adj
706253923foilone that enhances or underscores by contrast-noun
706253924incidentalminor-adj
706253925flagrantnoticeably offensive-adj
706253926extenuatingpartially excusing-adj
706253927servilefearfully submissive-adj
706253928impenitentlacking remorse-adj
706253929solacesource of consolation-noun
706253930incumbentimposed as a duty-adj
706253931pruneto reduce by removing excess-verb
706253932regaleto amuse-verb
706253933railto scold in harsh language
706253934rancorousmarked by deep ill-will-adj
706253935gravityimportance, significance-noun
706253936gruffrough or stern in manner or speech-adj
706253937indecorousin bad taste-adj
706253938scamperto run quickly-verb
706253939inviolablesecure from assault or trespass-adj
706253940grandiosewith an affectation of grandeur-adj
706253941curtailto make less-verb
706253942implementto carry out or accomplish-verb
706253943avianrelating to birds-adj
706253944cunningshowing clever insight-adj
706253945embellishto decorate-verb
706253946adversaryone who opposes or resists-noun
706253947anthologya collection of selected literary pieces-noun
706253948incongruousnot harmonious, incompatible-adj
706253949authoritarianfavoring absolute obedience to authority-adj
706253950archaiccharacteristic of an earlier time-adj
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APES Friedland and Relyea Ch. 12 Flashcards

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317119196Nonrenewablethat can not be renewed
317119197Fossil Fuelsa nonrenewable energy resource that forms in the Earth's crust for millions of years
317119198Nuclear Fuelsderived from radioactive materials that give off energy
317119199Commercial Energy Sourcesare bought and sold like coal
317119200Subsistence Energy Sourcesthose gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs
317119201Energy Carriermoves energy in a usable form from one place to another, like electricity or hydrogen
317119202Turbinerotary engine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed rotor to rotate
317119203Electrical Grida network of interconnected transmission lines that joins power plants together and links them with end users of electricity
317125461Combined Cyclea power plant that uses both exhaust gases and steam turbines to generate electricity
317125462Capacitythe maximum production possible
317125463Capacity Factorfraction of the actual energy produced in a given period to the hypothetical max power
317125464Cogenerationproduction of two useful forms of energy, such as high-temperature heat or steam and electricity, from the same fuel source
317125465Coalis solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved 280 million to 360 million years ago
318052620Petroleuman oily, dark-colored, flammable liquid found in the earth, consisting mainly of a mixture of various hydrocarbons
318052621Crude Oilpetroleum as it comes out of the ground and before it has been refined or processed into useful products
318052622Oil Sandsmixtures of clay and sand combined with water and varying amounts of a black, highly viscous tar known as bitumen
318052623Bitumenis a degraded type of petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock
318052624CTL'coal-to-liquid,' converting solid coal into a liquid fuel
318052625Energy Intensityis the relationship between energy consumption and growth in gross domestic product (GDP), and it is an important factor that affects changes in energy consumption over time.
318052626Hubbert Curveprojection of the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and a point at which we would run out of oil
318052627Peak Oilthe point when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached and at which the rate of production continues to decline
318052628Fissiona nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
318052629Fuel Rodsuranium rod that undergoes fission in a nuclear reactor
318052630Control Rodsneutron-absorbing rods that help control the reaction by limiting the number of free neutrons
318052631Radioactive Wasteuseless radioactive materials that are left after some laboratory or commercial process is completed
318052632Becquerelmeasures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays
318052633Curiea unit of radioactivity equal to the amount of a radioactive isotope that decays at the rate of 37,000,000,000 disintegrations per second
318052634Nuclear Fissiona nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
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APES Ch 12- Nonrenewable Energy Resources Flashcards

Vocab from Friedland and Relyea

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661648678fossil fuelsenergy derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. The three main ones are coal, oil and natural gas
661648679nuclear fuelsderived from radioactive materials that give off energy
661648680commercial energy sourcesAn energy source that is bought and sold
661648681subsistence energy sourcesEnergy sources gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs
661648682energy return on investment(energy obtained from the fuel)/ (energy invested to obtain fuel)
661648683energy carriersomething that can move and deliver energy in a convernient and usable form to end users
661648684turbinea large device that resembles a fan or jet engine
661648685electrical gridA network of interconnected transmission lines that joins power plants together and links them with end users of electricity
661648686combined cycleA power plant that uses both exhaust gases and steam turbines to generate electricity for increased efficiency
661648687capacitymaximum electrical output
661648688capacity factorthe fraction of the time a plant is operating
661648689cogenerationthe use of a fuel to generate electricity and produce heat
661648690coala solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant material that were preserved 280+millions years ago [4 types include lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite] It is found in USA, Russia, China, and INdia. Biggest producers are China, USA, India and Australia
661648691petroleuma fluid mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfer that occurs underground in deposits. Easy to transport
661648692crude oilliquid petroleum that is removed from the ground
661648693Exxon Valdezan oil tanker accident in 1989 on the coast of Alaska
661648694natural gascomponent of petroleum that exists in a gaseous state and is 80%-95% methane an 5-20% ethane, propane and butane. It is hard/dangerous to transport but is very cheap.
661648695oil sandsslow flowing visous depostits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.
661648696bitumentar or pitch, formed when a petroleum deposit is not capped with a nonporous rock and can be extracted when is rises higher by suface mining
661648697energy intensityenergy per use per unit of gross domestic product
661648698hubbert curvea bell shaped curve representing oil use
661648699peak oilthe point where half of the supply of oil has been used up
661648700fissiona nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
661648701fuel rodsuranium-235 rods that undergo fission in a nuclear reactor
661648702control rodsneutron-absorbing rods that help control the reaction by limiting the number of free neutrons
661648703meltdownsevere overheating of the core of a nuclear reactor resulting in the core melting and radiation escaping
661648704radioactive wasteParticles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people and must therefore be safely stored for thousands of years. After 10 halflifes, they are usually safe
661648705nuclear fusiona nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
661648706halflifethe time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation an decay products
661648707nonrenewable energy sourceAn energy source with a finite supply, primarily the fossil fuels and nuclear fuels.
661648708CTL (Coal to Liquid)The process of converting solid coal into liquid fuel.
661648709CurieA unit of measure for radiation. 1 curie = 37 billion decays per second
661648710Becquerel (Bq)Unit that measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays. 1 Bq = decay of 1 atom or nucleus per second.
661648711hydraulic fracturingthe process of creating fissures, or fractures, in underground formations by pumping water, sand, and other additives under high pressure into the formations to allow natural gas and oil to flow. this process has allowed the oil and gas industry to open many new oil and gas fields in shale rock, expanding supplies of those fuels.
661648712BTUBritish Thermal Unit, the amount of energy required to raise one pound of water by one degree fahrenheit.
661648713nuclear fusiona nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
661648714nuclear radiationthe particles that are released from the nucleus during radioactive decay
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APES Friedland and Relyea Ch. 13 Flashcards

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318092578NonrenewableA resource that cannot be remade quickly or cannot be remade at all0
318092579Potentially Renewablecan be replaced rather rapidly1
318092580Nondepletablesolar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, tidal energy = nondepletable in the span of human time. no matter how much you use there will always be more. tomorrow's resource does not depend on today's use2
318092581Renewablethat can be replaced naturally3
318092582Energy Conservationthe practice of finding ways to use less energy or to use energy more efficiently4
318092583Tiered Rate Systemcustomers pay a low rate for the first increment of electricity they use and pay higher rates as their use goes up5
318092584Peak Demandthe greatest quantity of energy used at any one time6
318092585Passive Solar Designthe technique of heating and cooling a building naturally without the use of mechanical equipment7
318092586Thermal InertiaTendency of a substance to resist change in temperature with the gain or loss of heat energy.8
318092587BiofuelsFuels, such as ethanol or methanol, that are created from the fermentation of plants or plant products.9
318092588Modern CarbonCarbon in biomass that was recently in the atmosphere10
318092589Fossil Carbonhas been buried for millions of years. less neutral than modern carbon11
318092590Carbon Neutralof or relating to fuels that produce an amount of CO2 when burned that is equal to or less than the amount taken up by the plants from which they are made12
318092591Net Removalthe process of removing more than is replaced by growth, typically used when referring to carbon13
318092592Ethanolthe intoxicating agent in fermented and distilled liquors14
319088915Biodieselprocessed fuel made from vegetable oil or animal fats which can be used in unmodified diesel engines15
319088916Flex-fuel Vehiclesvehicles that can burn variable mixtures of gasoline and ethanol16
319088917Hydroelectricityelectricity produced by water power17
319088918Run-of-the-riverAny of several methods used to generate hydroelectric power without greatly disrupting the flow of river water.18
319106249Water Impoundmentthe storage of water in a reservoir behind a dam19
319106250Tidal Energythe energy captured by transforming the wave motion of water into electrical energy using a turbine20
319106251Siltationa sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles intermediate in size between sand and clay21
319106252Active Solar Energycollects solar energy and converts it either to heat or to electricity22
319106253Photovoltaic Solar Cellscapture energy from the Sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly into electricity23
319106254Geothermalenergy produced by thermal energy inside of Earth24
319106255Ground Source Heat Pumpstakes advantage of the high thermal inertia of the ground25
319106256Wind Energythe energy captured by transforming the motion of air into electrical energy using a turbine26
319106257Wind Turbinea windmill connected to a generator that produces elecricity27
319106258Electrolysisthe process in which an electric current is used to produce a chemical reaction, such as the decomposition of water28
319106259Fuel Cellcell that produces electricity by oxidation of fuel29
319106260Smart Griddelivers electricity using two-way digital technology30
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AP US History Chapter 33 Flashcards

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348553942Herbert HooverHe was the president during the Great Depression. He was swept in before the depression and swept out with equal force. He claimed that he kept the conditions of the Great Depression from getting worse than they were.
348553943Franklin Delano RooseveltFifth cousin of Theodore Roosevelt. He was tall handsome, and many claimed he was arrogant as well. However after he recovered from his health condition he became a lot more humble. Prior to running for president he was the governor of New York.
348553944Eleanor RooseveltShe was Theodore's legs during his period of bad health. She had a strong voice and always supported the oppressed.
348553945Harley Smooth TariffIn his desperation to regain popularity after Roosevelt stole his campaign, Hoover claimed that restoring this tariff would be helpful for bringing conditions back to normal. This tariff increased tariffs.
348553946Relief and RecoveryHad short term goals and provided immediate recovery. Especially for the first two years after the depression.
348553947ReformLong term reform that dealt with current wrong doings, and the things that put us in the depression in the first place. Insurance, and usage of natural resources were two things that were taken into consideration.
348553948Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933This declared a one week banking holiday to allow people to calm down and stop targeting the banks. Gave Roosevelt the authority to manage banks.
348553949Fireside ChatsRoosevelt had total of 30 of these with america.
348553950Glass Steagall Banking Reform ActThis provided the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation which insured individual deposits up to 5000 dollars. people started to start trusting banks again.
348553951Gold StandardRoosevelt got rid of this. He had congress buy all of the gold at higher prices to create inflation and make paying loans easier.
348553952Civilian Conservation corpsProvided 3 million people with jobs by putting them in fresh aired government camps. The young mes had to fight fires, reforestation, stop flooding, and etc. They were required to send a lot of their earnings back home to help support their families.
348553953Federal Emergency Relief ActThis act was aimed to help unemployed adults and it was a means of short term immediate relief. It was headed by the zealous Henry Hopkins.
348553954The Agricultural Adjustment ActThis act gave lots of money to farmers to help farmers pay their mortgages.
348553955The Home Owners' Loan CorporationThis helped all middle class homeowners except farmers refinance their homes and get lower mortgage rates. This helped the democratic government really receive the support the middle class.
348553956The Civil Works AdministrationThis aimed to give purely temporary jobs to people struggling in the winter. People were given boondoggler jobs which were really pointless and menial to help people. This was a branch of the FERA and Henry Hopkins also headed this.
348553957Father Charles CoughlinHe was a priest who supported Roosevelt at first but them was against his new deal. He spoke against FDR's New Deal over the Radio.
348553958Huey P. LongPopular for his Share the Wealth program. He thought that every family was to receive 5000$ from middle class families. He was senator of Louisiana. His main general was general l k Smith.
348553959TownshendThis guy was California and he said that every senior citizen should receive 200$ a month so long as that money was spent within that month. The math of this added to a crazy number.
348553960Works Progress AdministrationPut 11 million on public works, and gave 9 million people jobs. It gave jobs to high schoolers, college students, actors, directors, and writers.
348553961National Recovery AdministrationBy far one of the most complicated programs aimed at providing aid for industry, labor, and the unemployed. There were maximum working hours, minimum wages, and the ability to have their own representatives when bargaining. However this was shot down by Supreme Court. Philidelphia Eagles were named after this.
348553962Public Works AdministrationA better version of the national recovery administration. Aimed to help the unemployed and industrial recovery. Secretary of interior aimed at long range recovery by spending 4 billion on 34,000 projects.
348553963Harold L. IckesAimed at long range recovery under the Public Works Administration.
34855396421st AmendmentGot rid of prohibition
348553965Agricultural Adjustment ActPaid farmers to farm less so that there would not be a surplus of food that would cause prices to lower. However, this ended up making unemployment worse, and also this ended up killing a lot of pigs unnecessarily.
348553966Soil Conservation and Atollment ActsThese acts encouraged people to plant crops that replenished soil or damaged it less or let it lie fallow.
348553967The Second Agricultural Adjusment ActThis also paid farmers NOT to farm. However, it was passed by Supreme Court.
348553968Frazier Lemke Act Bankruptcy ActMade the suspensions of mortagages possible after the dust bowl. It was supposed to work for five years, however it only worked for 1 year.
348553969Resettlement Administrationtask of putting near farmless farmers on farms.
348553970Commissioner of Indian AffairsHeaded by John Collier, reverses assimilation policies and encourages saving the indian culture and traditions. Not all indians liked it saying that it would make them museum exhibits.
348553971The Federal Securities ActRequired promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds.,
348553972The Securities and Exchange ComissionWas designed to make the stockmarket more of a trade markets than casinos.
348553973Electric Power IndustryWas charging a lot for electricity so this resulted in TVA, when Tennessee investigated to see how electrifier actually cost. Made a hydroelectric power plant and provided lots of poor families with electricity and improved their lives.
348553974Federal Housing AdministrationStimulate the building industry by giving small home loans.
348553975Housing Authoritylent money to states or communities for low cost construction. For the first time in american history slums stopped growing.
348553976The Social Security act of 1935The greatest victory of the New Deal because it provided pension and insurance for old aged, delinquent children, and other dependants by taxing employees and employers.
348553977Wagner Actreplaced the National Labor Relations Act. Guaranteed the right of unions to collectively bargain with management.
348553978Committee for Industrial OrganizationOrganized by John L Lewis, because the wagner act gave laborers the right to 0organize themselfes. Origionally was a branch of the AFL. Had a victory against the General Motors, and the US Steel Company. CIO eventually broke from AFL.
348553979Fair Labor Standards Actset up minimum wage and maximum hour standards and forbid children under the age of 16 from working.
348553980Alfred M, LandonKansas governer who was nominated by the republicans and ran against FDR> He was a weak speaker and was opposed to FDR's spending but supported a lot of other things about him so people called him weak.
348553981American Liberties LeagueWas formed by conservative Democrats and Rebublicans who claimed that the New Deal Schemes were socialistic. He primarily won because he never forgot about the gorgotten man.
34855398220th AmmendmentMade the lame duck period only six weeks.
348553983Second TermFDR had control of congress but wanted more control over the supreme court. So he said that all people that were over the age of 70 should have one more person added. this was not agreed on by congress for once. Roosevelt was trying to become a dictator.
348553984Owen J. Robertssupreme court justice who supported FDR who ended up getting his way and getting the supreme of Sumpreme court. However, the initial resistance to changing the system shows that the US likes its government system and doesn;t want to tamper with it.
348553985John Menyard KeynesFDR uses his bold progrmam of defecit spending to stimulate the economy but congress was opposed to this.
348553986Reorganization ActDue to FDR's pressure congress gave limited powers for administrative reforms .
348553987Hatch ActBarred federal admin officials except the highest policy making officials from active political compaigning.
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AP US History Chapter 32 Terms Flashcards

Terms for APUSH Chapter 32.

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706348015Warren G. HardingPresident who called for a return to normalcy following WWI.
706348016Herbert HooverRepublican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.
706348017Albert B. FallThe Harding Cabinet member who profited from and was convicted for the Teapot Dome Scandal.
706348018Tea Pot Dome ScandalSecretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields in the West to private oil companies; Fall was later convicted of bribery and became the first Cabinet official to serve prison time (1931-1932).
706348019Harry M. DaughertyHe is best known as a Republican Party boss, and member of the Ohio Gang, the name given to the group of advisors surrounding president Warren G. Harding.
706348020Charles R. ForbesHead of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals.
706348021Calvin CoolidgeBecame president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased.
706348022John W. DavisDemocratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge. He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company. Coolidge easily defeated Davis.
706348023Alfred E. SmithHe was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate.
706348024Ohio GangHarding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.
706348025The Washington Conference 1921-1922The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.
706348026Kellogg-Briand PactAn agreement between 15 nations outlawing war; eventually 48 other nations joined the pact, but it had no way of enforcing peace.
706348027Fordney-McCumber Tariff LawCongress passed this to raise the tariff from 27% to 39% because businessmen wanted to keep the home markets to themselves.
706348028McNary-Haugen BillA plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products.
706348029Hawley-Smoot TariffThe highest import tax in American history. It was designed to increase jobs by preventing cheaper European goods from entering the country, which was countered by Europe's tariffs. Ended up being a major failure.
706348030Black TuesdayOctober 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.
706348031Reconstruction Finance CorporationIt was an independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration.
706348032Bonus ArmyGroup of WWI vets that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash.
706348033Hoover-Stimson DoctrineThis said that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force.
706348034Federal Housing AuthorityEstablished by FDR during the depression in order to provide low-cost housing coupled with sanitary condition for the poor.
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Chapter 33 Invertebrates Flashcards

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312389565PoriferiaSponges; no tissue; oldest animal group
312389566Cnidaria"Jelly Fish"; uses stingers to capture its prey; has one opening; dipoblastic
312389567LophotrochozoaInvertebrates. Large clade that can include flatworms, rotifers, ectoproacts, brachopodia, molluscs and amelids
312389568Platyhelmintha group that includes parasites; no body cavity; "aceolomates"; flatworms
312389569Planariansa free-living flatworm found in ponds; hermaphrodites; light sensitive eyespots; exchange gases; one opening
312389570Tapeworma parasitic flatworm; like fungi it absorbs nutrients from hosts, usually intestines; can sexually reproduce
312401569Rotiferstiny animals live in water; key feature is the crown of cilia; reproduces by parthogenesis; are pseudcocholmoate; phylum
312401570Lophoratesgroup with crowned cilia tentacels for feeding; true coleomates
312401571Ectospoctssessile (don't move), colonial reef builders; exoskeletons;
312401572Brachiopodshinged, mollusc like species, has a foot;
312401573Molluscssoft-bodied species but can have a shell; foot, mantle and visceral mass are 3 key features, includes slugs, snails, oysters; a phyla under Lopohrates
312401574Radulateeth used for feeding
312401575Chitonsmolluses with shell but with no plate; a class of molluses;
312401576Gastropodsclass of molluses, 3/4 of all species; eyes, anus and foot. snails, slugs
312401577Bivalesa class of molluses similar to gastropod, but don't move. no head, no radula
312401578Cephalpodsa clade of molluses; distinct with head; complex brain; sensory organs; key is closed circulatory and predatorss; squids, octupuses
312401579Squidan example of a cephalpod
312401580Snail or Slugan example of a gastropod
312401581Reef builderan example of a ectospots
318407604ArthropodsA phylum of organisms that have jointed appendages, an chitin exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry, and reproduce sexually; insects, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes, and crustaceans
318407605Amniotesbirds, mammals, reptiles- uterus or
319893016parthogenesisreproduction that consists of only females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs
319893017Annelidsa phylum of organisms that are segmented worms; coelomates; earthworms
319893018Parapodiaalmost feet, pad-like
319893019Chaetebristles made of chitin; some have few hairs and are long (ogliahetaes); some have many hairs (polychaete)
319893020Earthwormshermaphordites that cross fertilize (exchange sperm); have a nervous system
319893021Ecdosozoanssuper group; includes annelids and arthropods. key features are cuticle (tough coat) and molting, shedding of the cuticle as a new larger one is produced
319893022Metamorphosisdevelopment in an animal larva that transforms it into a sexually mature adult
319893023Larvasexually immature and morphologically different than adult
319893024Nematodesa phylum of non-segmented worms; pseudocolomates; lack circulatory system; produce sexually; found in soil
319893025Caenorabatis elegansmodel organism; transparent, good for microscopy; 1000 cells and 20,000 genes; easy to work with and can be frozen
319893026Genoe sequence, C. Elegans1st complete genome sequenced of a multicellular eukaryote
319893027GFPa method to study protein localization
319893028RNAia method to study gene function; C. elegans can be fed with bacteria expressing a complementary RNA
319898602Arthropod Characteristicskey features for this phylum include head, thorax and abdomen; jointed appendages; polymer made of chitin (NAG); they molt; open circulatory system
319898603Open Circulatory Systema system where hemolymph (blood) is pumped through the heart and circulates the body with nutrients and oxygen; animals must move because there is no pressure
319898604Cheliceratesa subphyla of arthropods; use chelicarea to feed (claw like hinges)
319898605Arachnidsa subphyla of arthropods; cephalthorax with six appendages
319898606Cephalthoraxhead and thorax
319898607Insectsa subphyla of arthropods; reproduce sexually; recognize member species through smell, colors and or sounds; help pollinate; cam carry disease
319898608Ability to Flya key success for insects; escape predators, find food, move to habitiates; two pairs of wings from doras sides of thorax
319898609Incomplete Metamorphosisa stage where the larvae resemble adults but are smaller and without wings
319898610Complete Metamorphosislarval stage looks entirely different from adult
319898611Phylogeny of Insectsmore than 30 orders; huge number
319898612Drosophilia melanogastera model organism; fruit fly, vinegar fly; 14,00 genes, small and used in developmental genetic
319898613Hox genescontrol the identity of body parts; can be mutated in throughout development
319898614DeutrosomesRadial cleavage, anus develops from blastospore
319898615Echinodermsa phylum with spiny skin; slow moving; a duetrosome
319898616Chordataa phylum with ollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post-anal tail; still inverterbates and now deutrosomes
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Chapter 24 Origin of species Flashcards

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276693245origin of speciesBook of evolutionary theory published by Charles Darwin in 1859.
276693246biological speciesindividuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring
276693247morphological speciessimilar physical appearance
276693248speciationAn evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species
2766932492 types of speciation1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation
276693250Allopatric(of biological species or speciation) occurring in areas isolated geographically from one another canyon - river - mountain range - lowering sea level
276693251sympatric(of biological species or speciation) occurring in the same or overlapping geographical areas
276693252How do you prevent the 2 newly formed species from going back to being a single species?I prezygotic isolating mechanisms II postzygotic isolation mechamisms
276693253prezygotic isolating mechanisms1. habitat isolation 2. temporal isolation 3. behavioral isolation 4. mechanical isolation 5. gametic isolation
276693254habitat isolationpopulations live in different habitats and do not meet ex. snakes - land/water
276693255temporal isolationWhen two or more species reproduce at different times ex. skunk winter & summer mating
276693256behavioral isolationpart of reprodcutive isolation: courtship pattern is different ex. fireflies - different blink patterns
276693257mechanical isolationmating does not occur due to reproductive parts not fitting together ex. dragon flies -claspers attach (mate in flight)
276693258gametic isolationSperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species ex. frogs sperm only swims toward egg of same species
276693259postzygotic isolation mechanismsoperate after fertilization has occurred to ensure that the resulting hybrid remains infertile 1. reduced hybrid viability 2.reduced hybrid fertility 3. hybrid breakdown
276693260reduced hybrid viabilitya type of isolation where the organisms can breed, but the offspring is sterile ex. salamander
276693261reduced hybrid fertilityoffspring are sterile ex) donkey and horse produce a MULE
276693262hybrid breakdownThe first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate the offspring are feeble and sterile ex. cotton rice
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Ch.22 Descent With Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Flashcards

Biology (6th edition) by Campbell & Reece

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510687386Book published by Charles DarwinOn the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
5106873872 Points made by Darwin in The Origin of Speciesthe species of organisms inhibiting earth today descended from ancestral species & the mechanism for evolution is natural selection
510687388Natural Selection(mechanism for evolution) a population of organisms can change over generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than other individuals.
510687389Evolutionary Adaptation(result of natural selection) a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhances organisms' survival and reproduction in specific environments.
510687390Evolutionthe change in the genetic composition of the population over time.
510687391Aristotle view on speciesbelieved that all living forms could be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity (scala naturae) with perfect, permanent species on every rung.
510687392Natural Theologyviewed the adaptation of organisms as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a purpose.
510687393TaxonomyA system for naming species and classifying species into a hierarchy of increasingly complex categories.
510687394Carolus Linnaeusfounded taxonomy; developed the binomial system of naming organisms according to genus and species
510687395Fossilsremain or traces of organisms from the past mineralized in sedimentary rocks.
510687396Sedimentary Rocksformed when mud and sand settle to the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes
510687397StrataLayers of rock
510687398Carves through sedimentary rock to expose older strata at the surfaceerosion
510687399Paleontologythe study of fossils
510687400Georges Cuvierfrench anatomist who largely developed paleontology; advocated catastrophism
510687401The older the strata......the more dissimilar the fossils from modern life.
510687402Catastrophismspeculation that boundaries between strata were due to local floods or droughts that destroyed the species then present. Areas later repopulated by species immigrating from unaffected areas.
510687403James Huttonscottish geologist; proposed theory of gradualism
510687404Gradualismtheory that the profound geological changes took place through cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes identical to those currently opperating.
510687405Charles Lyellgeologist; proposed theory of uniformitarianism.
510687406Uniformitarianismtheory that geological processes had not changes throughout Earth's history
5106874072 geologists who influenced Darwin's theory of evolutionJames Hutton and Charles Lyell
510687408Jean-Baptiste de Lamarckfrench biologist; explained observations of fossil invertebrates with principles: use and disuse of parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics; thought that evolutionary change was driven by innate drive of organisms to increasing complexity.
510687409Use and DisuseConcept that body parts that are used extensively become larger and stronger while those that are not used deteriorate.
510687410Inheritance of Acquired Characteristicsmodifications acquired during the life of an organism could be passed to offspring.
510687411Primary mission of 5 year voyage of the Beagleto chart poorly known stretches of South American coastline
510687412Alfred Russel Wallaceyoung naturalist working in the East Indies; sent Darwin a manuscript containing theory of natural selection.
510687413Descent with modification(word used by Darwin instead of evolution) all organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor that lived in remote past. Over time, adaptations accumulate that allow them to survive and reproduce in specific habitats.
510687414AdaptationsDiverse modification
510687415Ernst MayrDissected the logic of Darwin's theory into 3 inferences based on 5 observations.
510687416Observation 1All species have such great potential fertility that their population would increase exponentially if all born reproduced successfully
510687417Observation 2Population tends to remain stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations
510687418Observation 3Environmental Resources are limited
510687419Inference 1 (obs.3)production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to struggle for existence among a population, with only a fraction of the offspring surviving each generation.
510687420Observation 4Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no 2 individuals are exactly alike
510687421Observation 5Much of the variations in a population is heritable.
510687422Inference 2 (obs.5)survival in the struggle for existence is not random- depends in part on inherited traits. Iindividuals whose inherited traits are best suited for survival and reproduction in their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals.
510687423Inference 2 (obs.5)The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations.
510687424Thomas Malthuswrote essay on human population that influenced Darwin's views on overreproduction; much of human suffering was consequence of potential for human populations to increase faster than food supplies and other resources.
510687425Differential reproductive successorganisms with traits favored by environment produce more offspring then do organisms without those traits.
510687426Evolutionary ChangeThe increasing frequency of the favored traits in a population
510687427Artificial Selectionbreeding of selected individuals with desired traits
510687428Natural Selection is differential success in reproduction that results from......individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment
510687429The product of natural selection is......the increasing adaptation of organisms to their environment.
510687430If an environment changes over time, or if individuals of a species move to a new environment, natural selection may result in......adaptations to the new condition, sometimes giving rise to a new species in the process.
510687431Individuals do not evolveA population is the smallest group that can evolve.
510687432Populationa group of interbreeding individuals of a single species that share a common geographic area.
510687433Evolutionary change is measured as......changes in relative proportion of heritable traits in a population over successive generation.
510687434Heritable Traitstraits that are passed from organisms to their offspring
510687435Characteristics acquired by an organism during its lifetime......enhance its survival and reproductive success but there is no evidence that it can be inherited by offspring.
510687436Environmental factors vary between places and time so a trait...that is favorable in one environment may be useless in another environment.
510687437Natural selection is an editing mechanism.It can only act on existing variation; it cannot create favorable traits.
510687438Natural selection favors traits that increase fitness in the current local, environment.What is adaptive in one situation is not adaptive in another
510687439Homologysimilarity in characteristic traits from common ancestry.
510687440Homologous Structuresshare same skeletal elements, even though appendages have very different functions.
510687441Vestigial StructuresStructures with marginal importance to a living organism, but had important functions in organism's ancestors.
510687442Evolution is a remodeling processalters existing structures
510687443Similarities among organisms at molecular levelall species have same basic genetic machinery of RNA and DNA; genetic code is universal
510687444Tetrapodamphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; all share same 5-digit limb structure.
510687445Anatomical resemblances among species are generally reflected in......their genes (DNA) and gene products (proteins)
510687446BiogeographyThe geographical distribution of species
510687447Species tend to be more closely related to other species from the same area than to......other species with the same way of life that live in different areas.
510687448marsupial mammalscomplete their development in an external pouch
510687449eutherian mammalscomplete their development in the uterus.
510687450Endemicfound nowhere else in the world
510687451Where endemic species are generally found.Islands
510687452Endemic species are typically more closely related to species living on the nearest mainland than to......species from other island groups
510687453ArchipelagosIsland chains; may have different, but related, species
510687454Theoryaccounts for many observations and data and attempts to explain and integrate a great variety of phenomena.
510687455Unifying theory does not become wildly accepted unless......its prediction stand up to through an continual testing by experiments and additional observation
510687456convergent evolutionthe independent evolution of similar features in different lineages.
510687457analogousanalogous features share similar function but not common ancestry.
510687458biogeographythe geographic distribution of species
510687459PangeaEarth's landmasses into a single large continent
510687460endemicwhen plants and animals are found no where else in the world.
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