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European History Dates Flashcards

This is the appendix A from The Complete Idiot's Guide to European History by Nathan Barber.

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202323669Hundred Years' War1337-1453
202323670Bubonic plague1347
202323671Publication of Boccacio's Decameronc1350
202323672The Great Schism1377-1418
202323673Ciompi revolt in Florence1378
202323674Publication of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Talesc1390
202323675Johann Gutenberg invents the movable type printing pressc1450
202323676War of the Roses1455-1485
202323677Ferdinand and Isabella marry and unite Castile and Aragon or modern-day Spain1469
202323678Tudor era begins in England after the War of the Roses1485
202323679Colombus lands in the Bahamas1492
202323680Ferdinand and Isabella kick Jews out of Spain1492
202323681Leonardo da Vinci works on Mona Lisa1503-1506
202323682Michaelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling1508-1512
202323683Niccolo Machiavelli writes The Prince1513
202323684Desiderius Erasmus produces his Greek and Latin translations of the New Testament. Both, according to Erasmus, are more accurate than the Vulgate1516-1519
202323685Johann Tetzel begins sale of indulgences1517
202323686Martin Luther writes and perhaps posts his 95 Theses1517
202323687Ferdinand Magellan's expedition circumnavigates the globe1519-1522
202323688Charles V and the Diet of Worms outlaw Martin Luther1521
202323689Cortes destroys Aztec empire1521
202323690German peasants revolt in Luther's name1525
202323691King Henry VIII receives annulment of marriage to Catherine of Aragon1527
202323692Diet of Speyer uses "Protestant" for the first time1529
202323693Pizarro destroys Inca empire1530
202323694Act of Supremacy makes Henry VIII head of Church of England1534
202323695Publication of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion1536
202323696Publication of Copernicus's On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies1543
202323697Thomas Cranmer issues the Book of Common Prayer for the Church of England1549
202323698The Peace of Augsburg allows German princes to choose the religion of their principalities1555
202323699Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England1558
202323700The Netherlands revolt against Spain1568
202323701Defeat of the Spanish armada1588
202323702William Shakespeare begins writingc1590
202323703Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes1598
202323704James VI of Scotland becomes first Stuart king of England1603
202323705Publication of the King James Bible in England1611
202323706Defenestration of Prague begins the Thirty Years' War1618
202323707William Harvey develops theory on the circulation of blood1628
202323708Publication of Galileo's Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World1632
202323709Trial of Galileo1633
202323710The English Civil War1642-1649
202323711Louis XIV rules France1643-1715
202323712Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War1648
202323713Cromwell rules the Protectorate in England1653-1658
202323714Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes1685
202323715Publication of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia1687
202323716The Glorious Revolution in England1688
202323717Peter the Great becomes czar of Russia1689
202323718Thomas Savery creates first steam engine1698
202323719War of the Spanish Succession1701-1713
202323720Johann Sebastian Bach completes the Brandenburg Concertos1721
202323721John Kay creates the flying shuttle1733
202323722Pinnacle of Prussian military state under Frederick William I "the Soldiers' King"1740
202323723Publication of Diderot's Encyclopedie1751
202323724The Lisbon earthquake1755
202323725Seven Years' War1756-1763
202323726Publication of Voltaire's Candide1759
202323727Catherine the Great begins her rule in Russia1762
202323728Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes first symphony at age eight1764
202323729James Hargreaves invents the cotton spinning jenny1765
202323730British colonies in America declare their independence1776
202323731Publication of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations1776
202323732Louis XVI calls for Assembly of Notables1787
202323733French Revolution1789-1794
202323734King Louis XVI of France is executed for treason1793
202323735Edward Jenner developrs smallpox vaccine1796
202323736Publication of Thomas Malthus's Essays on the Principle of Population1798
202323737Publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge1798
202323738Napoleon takes control of French government - Napoleonic era1799-1815
202323739Combination Acts in England bans labor unions1799
202323740Ludwig von Beethoven completes Fifth Symphony1808
202323741Napoleon suffers defeat in Russia1812
202323742The Congress of Vienna ends Napoleonic era1815
202323743Age of Metternich1815-1848
202323744Creation of Prussian Zollverein1818
202323745George Stephenson invents the locomotive1825
202323746Frederic Chopin's first piano concerts in Vienna1829
202323747Revolution erupts in France, again1830
202323748Reform legislation passes in England including Reform bill in 1832, Poor Law, and the repeal of the Corn Laws1832-1846
202323749Great Potato Famine in Ireland1845-1846
202323750Publication of the Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels1848
202323751Revolutions break out in Paris, Hungary, and Vienna - rise of nationalism1848
202323752Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III of France1851
202323753Publication of Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species1859
202323754Giuseppe Garibaldi and his 1000 Red Shirts invad Sicily1860
202323755Unification of Italy1861
202323756Prince Otto bon Bismarck becomes minister-president of Prussia1862
202323757First transatlantic cable from Europe to the United States1866
202323758Austro-Prussian War1866
202323759Franco-Prussian War1870-1871
202323760Unification of Germany1871
202323761Scramble for Africa - imperialism1880-1900
202323762The Dreyfus Affair in France1894
202323763Boxer Rebellion in China1898
202323764The Spanish-American War1898
202323765Marie Curie discovers radium1898
202323766Publication of Rudyard Kipling's White Man's Burden1899
202323767The British fight Afrikaners in the Boer War1899-1902
202323768The First Russian Revolution1905
202323769Albert Einstein works on theory of relativity1905-1910
202323770World War I, aka the Great War, aka the War to End All Wars1914-1918
202323771Russian Revolution or Bolshevik Revolution1917-1918
202323772The Treaty of Versailles1919
202323773Benito Mussolini rises to power in Italy1922
202323774Stalin begins Five-Year Plans1928
202323775The Great Depression1929-1939
202323776Publication of Erich Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front1929
202323777Talkies become part of entertainment culture1930
202323778Adolf Hitler rises to power in Germany1933
202323779Hitler and Mussolini back Franco in the Spanish Civil War1936
202323780Publication of John Maynard Keynes's The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money1936
202323781Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact1939
202323782Hitler invades Poland1939
202323783World War II and the Holocaust1939-1945
202323784First meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations1946
202323785The Marshall Plan1947
202323786The Berlin Airlift1948
202323787Israel becomes a nation1948
202323788Cold War1950-1970s
202323789De-stalinization in Soviet Union1955-1962
202323790Russians launch Sputnik satellite into orbit1957
202323791Treaty of Rome creates European Common Market1957
202323792U-2 spy plane incident1960
202323793Construction of the Berlin Wall1961
202323794Cuban Missile Crisis1962
202323795Detente in Cold War1970s
202323796Margaret Thatcher becomes British prime minister1979
202323797Soviet Union invades Afghanistan1979
202323798Nuclear accident in Chernobyl1986
202323799Fall of Berlin Wall - reunification of East and West Germany1989
202323800Fall of communism in Europe1989
202323801The Soviet Union collapses1991
202323802War in former Yugoslavia1991-1995
202323803Treaty of Maastricht creates the European Union1992
202323804Mother Theresa dies1997
202323805Trial of Slobodan Milosevic begins2002
202323806Pope John Paul II dies2005
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Biology Flashcards

Fitness and Nurtrition Biology

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666050987Soluble Fibers(gels) They are easily digestied in by bacteria in the human colon. Commonly found in oats, barley, legumes, and citrus fruits.
666050988Insoluable Fibersthe tough, fibrous structure of fruits, vegetables, and grains; indigestable food components, that do not dissolve in water
666050989Constipationdifficult, incomplete, or infrequent bowel movements associated with discomfort in passing dry, hardened feces from the body
666050990Hemorridsswollen, hardened (varicose) viens, in the rectum, usually casued by the pressure resulting from constipation
666050991Appendicitisinflimmation and/or infectionb of the of the appendix, a sac protruding from the intestine
666050992DiverticulaSacs or pouches that balloon out of the intestinal wall, caused by weakening of the muscle layers that encase the intestine. The painful infimation if one or more of the diverticula is known as diverticulitis
666050993Butyratea small fat fragment produced by the fermenting action of bacteria on viscous, soluable fibers; the preferred energy source for the colon cells
666050994InsulinA hormone from the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells from the blood
666050995GlucagonA hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when blood glucose concentration dips
666050996Ketone BodiesAcidic, fat related compounds that can arise from the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available.
666050997KetosisAn undesirable high consentration of kenote bodies, such as acetone, in blood and urine.
666050998Carb DRIRDA=130 g/day; simple sugars=0, fiber= 25 g female, 38 g male
666050999Fiber DRIMen: 38g Woman: 25g
666051000Carb Digestion Throughout the GI TractCarbs begin to bread down in the mouth and move to the stomach where the process is stopped because of the denaturing of amalyse. The carbs then move to the small intestin for further digestion. Whatever can not be digested is forced out through bile.
666051001Difference Between Wheat Bread and Whole Grain BreadWhole grain bread has 2 grams of dietary fiber and wheat bread has less than 1 gram. Whole grain bread is made with stone ground 100% whole wheat flour. Wheat bread is made with unbleached enriched wheat flour.
666051002Lactose intolerance vs milk allergyLactose intolerance is when not all of the lactose is used. the lactose remains in the intestines and the bacteria use this for their own energy, causing gas and intestinal irritation. Milk allergies come about the same way as any other allergie and should be diagnosied and treated like anyother allergy.
666051003The Body's use of Glucose for EnergyThe brain and nervous system depend almost exclusively on glucose. Red blood cells only use glucose.
666051004Insulin definition and actionInsulin is the hormone that stimulates glucose storage in tissue and the liver.
666051005Glucagon definition and actionGlucagon helps to release glucose from its glycogen nest.
666051006When is insulin released what happens when it is releasedAfter a meal, as blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas is the first organ to respond. It relases insulin, which signals the body's tissues to take up surplus glucose.
666051007When is Glucagon relesased and what happens when it is releasedWhen the blood glucose dropps to low the hormone glucagon floods the bloodstream and triggers the breakdown if liver glycogen to free glucose. Enzymes within the liver cells respond to glucagon by attacking the multitude of glycogen ends simultaenously to release a surge of glucose into the blood for use by the bodys cells
666051008Glycemic Index of foodsA ranking of foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose relative to a standard such as glucose or white bread.
666051009Diabities I and III: Autoimmune Disorder influenced by genetic inheritance, type 1 diabities arise when the person's own immune system misidentifies the protein insulin as an enemy and attacks it. II: Body tissue lose their sensitivity to insulin. The insulin- resistant muscle and adipose tissues no longer respond to insulin by increasing their uptake of glucose from the blood.
666051010Link between diet and diabities IIObesity is the underling cause of Diabities 2 the greater the accumulation of fat around the waistline the more insulin.
666051011Prediabities what is itA fasting blood glucose level that is just slightly higer than normal, presents little to no signs.
666051012Hypothalamus (Osmosis Jones)Tempurature control; maintaining homeostasis (servivial) monitor nutrition in the blood stream
666051013Cortex (Osmosis Jones)(the mayor) Controls what is consumed and when. The cortex makes the choices that impact our overall health. The cortex can override decisions that are made by the hypothalamus
666051014Digestto break molecules into smaller molecules; a main function of the digestive tract with respect to food
666051015AbsorbTo take in, as nutrients are taken into the intestinal cells after digestion; the main function of the digestive tract with respect to nutrients
666051016Carbohydrate DigestionWhere: Digestion starts in the mouth, where siliva begins to break down the starch into maltose. The salivary enzymes continue to work on the starch while the bread is in the stomachs upper storage unit. The bread is pushed into the stomach and then mixed with the acid, the saliva is deactivated. In the stomach the break down stops and resumes in the small intestine. How: With saliva and pancreatic enzymes What: bread and milk
666051017Lipid DigestionWhere: The stomach and small intestine How: After food is chewed it moves to the stomach, where the fat seperates. The fat floats on the top layer. The contents of the stomach empty into the small intestine.Bile is brought into the small intestine from the galbladder, bile mixes with fat by emulsifing them and suspending them in the fluid. The Pancreas will send enzymes that split them into smaller molecules. What: Olive Oil, Coconut oil, veggie oil
666051018Protein DigestionWhere: Stomach and Small Intestine How: In the stomach strong acid denatures protiens in food. This acid helps to untangle protiens tangled strands. In the small intestine the protein molecules are cleaved into smaller pieces. What: Eggs, meat
666051019MonosaccharideAre the smallest of the carbohydrates. They are sometimes in a chain but they are most commonly found in rings they contain 5 carbon atoms and one oxygen, surrounded with oxygen and hydrogen.
666051020Disaccharide2 sugar units. 2 Monosaccharides via dehydration synthesis to form a disaccharide
666051021PolysaccharideDehydration synthisis reaction reactions to a disaccharide create a polysaccharide. Starch and Cellulose are Polysaccharides. Each time a carbon-hydrogen bond is broken, energy is released that can be used fo various purposes in a cell. Starch contains thousands of these bonds, the energy that a carbohydrate gives off far exeeds most orgainic compounds.
666051022GlucoseIs a single sugar it is made of 5 carbons
666051023GalactoseGlalactose is of of two single sugars that are bound togther to make up the sugar of milk. 5 Carbons and 1 Oxygen
666051024FructoseIs another single sugar that is made up of 5 Carbons
666051025SucroseIs made up of fructose and glucose. Sucrose is simple table sugar
666051026MaltoseMaltose appears where ever starch is being broken down. It is made up of two Glucose molecules
666051027LactoseIs the sugar in Milk. Lactose is made up of a glucose and a galactose
666051028CelluloseIs fiber that can not be digested. Clellulose are bonds that link glucose together.
666051029StarchAre linked in long or occasionally branched chains. Humans can digest these
666051030Glycogenresembles starch but it can be broken down (made of glucose) the chains of glycogen are more highly branched
666051031Structure of Monosaccharidesmonosaccharides are 5 carbons except glucose that has one oxygen
666051032Structure of DisaccharidesLinked pairs of single sugars. The structure would be 2 sets of 5 carbon molecules
666051033Structure of PolyaccharidesThousands of glucose units
666051034DRI for Carbs45-65% of total calories- min 130g per day for adults and children
666051035DRI for Fibers Men up to 50: 38 grams/d  Men 50+ : 30 g/d  Women up to 50: 25 g/d  Women 50+ : 21 g/d
666051036Carbohydrate Digestionamylase acts upon starch and water (and it becomes maltose); pancreatic juices act upn it in small intestine (and it is now glucose); absorbed into blood stream by villi
666051037Fiber TypesSoluable and insoluable
666051038Health Effects of Fiberspeed movement through intestines, reduce colon cancer, lower blood cholesterol, help with weight control, can cause gas and less nutrient absorbtion
666051039Food sources of fibersources include wheat bran, whole grains, brown rice, veggies, fruits
666051040Glucose is used for energyINSULIN is produced by the pancreas which causes glucose to be metabolized. Glucose will be used by all the vital organs.
666051041How glucose is regulated in the bodyafter a meal, blood glucose increases --> insulin is released and glucose is absorbed - hours later, blood glucose drops--> glucagon released from pancreas breaking down glycogen into glucose
6660510426 Nutrient ClassesWater, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
666051043cal/g9 grams fat 4 cal/grams protein 4 cal/grams carbs
666051044Organic Nutrientscontain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are the products of living things.
666051045Daily Refernce IntakeDietary guidelines for nutrients that are compiled from the following groups: the RDA, AI, EAR,and the RDA is based on scientific data.
666051046Daily Valuesnutrient standards that are printed on food labels. Based on nutrient and energy recommendations for a general 2,000-calorie diet, they allow consumers to compare the nutrient and energy contents of packaged foods.
666051047What constitutes a serving of fooda serving of food is what you actually eat in a day
666051048Recomended # of servings/dayThe amount that is recomended that an individual easts a day. How many servings
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AP Human Geography: Livelihood and Economy Chapter 8 Flashcards

mcgraw hill

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641122300Agriculturescience and practice of farming including cultivation of the soil and the rearing of livestock
641122301Aquacultureproduction and harvesting of fish and shellfish in land-based ponds
641122302Boserup Thesisthe view that population growth independently forces a conversion from extensive and intensive subsistence agriculture
641122303Commercial Economya system of production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand
641122304Economic Geographythe branch of systematic geography concerned with how people support themselves, with the spatial patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and with the areal variation of economic variation of economic activities over the surface of the earth
641122305Extensive AgricultureA crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output
641122306Extractive Industryprimary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources
641122307Gathering Industryprimary activities involving the subsistence or commercial harvesting of renewable natural resources of land or water. Primitive gathering involves local collection of food and other materials of nature, both plant and animal; commercial gathering usually implies forestry and fishing industries
641122308Green Revolutionterm used to describe the transformation of agriculture in many developing nations that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s.
641122309Intensive Agricultureany kind of agriculture activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield
641122310Market Economyeconomic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets
641122311Maximum Sustainable Yieldthe maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished
645904789Natural Resourcephysically occurring item that a population perceives to be necessary and useful to its maintenance and well-being
645904790Nomadic Herdingmigratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage
645904791Nonrenewable Resourcea resource that can only be replenished over millions of years
645904792Planned Economya system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program
645904793Plantationa large agricultural estate
645904794Primary ActivitiesThose parts of the economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; included are mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and grazing.
645904795Quaternary ActivitiesThose parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration - including administration of the other economic activity levels; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities.
645904796Quinary Activitiesa sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of large organizations; also most advanced form of the quaternary subsector
645904797Renewable Resourcea natural resource that it potentially inexhaustible either because it is constantly or periodically replenished as long as it use does not exceed its maximum sustainable yield
654341302Resourcea source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed
654341303Secondary ActivitiesThose parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; included are manufacturing, construction, and power generation
654341304Shifting Cultivationcrop production on tropical forest clearings kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared sites are then abandoned and new sites are prepared.
654341305Subsistence Economyan economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family's needs; little or no exchange occurs outside or the immediate or extended family
654341306Technologyintegrated system of knowledge, skills, tools, and methods developed within or used by a culture to successfully carry out purposeful and productive tasks
654341307Tertiary Activitythose parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumers and providers of services; includes wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services, and personal and professional services of all kinds
654341308Tragedy of the Commonsthe observation that in the absence of collective control over the use of a resource available to all, it is to the advantage of all users to maximize their separate shares even though their collective pressures may diminish total yield or destroy the resource altogether
654341309Truck FarmingThe intensive production of fruits and vegetables for market rather than for processing or canning.
654341310Usable Reservesmineral deposits that been identified and can be recovered at current prices and with current technology
654341311von Thünen modelmodel developed by von Thunen, German economist and landowner, to explain the forces that control the prices of agricultural commodities and how those variable prices affect patterns of agricultural land utilization
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Endocrine System (Hormones) Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology

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189185101Growth Hormone (GH) is excreted from the....?Anterior Pituitary of the Hypothalamus
189185102Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is excreted from the....?Anterior Pituitary of the Hypothalamus
189185103Which hormone regulates the growth of the human body? Which endocrine gland secretes the hormone?Growth Hormone (GH) from the Anterior Pituitary
189185104Which hormone regulates the release of thyroxine? Which endocrine gland secretes the hormone?Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the Anterior Pituitary
189185105Oxytocin is secreted from the...?Posterior Pituitary
189185106Which hormone affects uterine contractions?Oxytocin from the Posterior Pituitary
189185107Which hormone affects water reabsorption in the nephrons of the kidneys?Vasopressin from the Posterior Pituitary
189185108Vasopressin is secreted from the...?Posterior Pituitary
189185109Which hormone regulates the rate of metabolic activities in the human body?Thyroxine from the Thyroid Gland
189185110Thyroxine is secreted from which gland?The Thyroid Gland
189185111Which hormone stimulates the release of Thyroxine? From which gland is the stimulating hormone released?Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Anterior Pituitary of the Hypothalamus
189185112Which hormone regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism?Parathormone from the Parathyroid
189185113Which hormone regulates blood glucose levels?Insulin / Glucagon
189185114Insulin / Glucagon is secreted from which endocrine gland?Islets of Langerhans on the Pacreas
189185115Which hormone increased the rate of metabolism?Epinephrine
189185116Which hormone triggers the release of glucose from energy stores, like the liver, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, and directly increases the heart rate?Norepinephrine
189185117Which hormone governs the rate of metabolism for fats, proteins, and carbohydrates?Cortisol
189185118Which hormones are secreted from the Adrenal Medulla?Epinephrine / Norepinephrine
189185119Which hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?Cortisol
189215888Which hormone affects the development of the male reporductive system and secondary sex characterists?Testosterone
189215889Which hormones affect the development of female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics?Estrogen / Progesterone
189215890Which hormones are secreted by the ovaries?Estrogen / Progesterone
189241225Which hormone produces lymphocytes during the childhood years?Thymosin
189241226The Thymus secretes which hormone?Thymosin
189241227Which hormones are considered stress hormones and underlie the "fight or flight" response?Epinephrine Norepinephrine
189241228"Fight-or-flight" hormones released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. They are part of the sympathetic nervous system.Catecholamines
189245160A change in a hormone's concentration causes the same type of change in another substance.Positive Feedback Mechanism
189245161A change in the concentration of the hormone causes a change in the concentration of another substance opposite to the change in the affecting hormone.Negative Feedback Mechanism
204503009Which hormones increase the rate of metabolism?Epinephrine Norepinephrine
204503010Which hormones cause the liver to release glucose stores?Epinephrine Norepinephrine
204503011Which hormone regulates metabolic activities?Thyroxine
204503012Which hormone governs the rate of metabolism for fats, proteins, and carbs?Cortisol from the Adrenal Cortex
204503013Which hormones control glucose blood levels?Insulin/Glucagon from the Islets of Langerhans on the Pancreas
262250084Which gland secretes melatonin?Pineal Gland
262250085What stimulates melatonin release?Exposure to darkness
262250086What inhibits melatonin release?Exposure to light
262250087A part of the posterior pituitary gland which is composed primarily of nerve endings of axons that arise in the ventral hypothalamus.Median Eminence
262250088A part of the posterior pituitary gland which contains at least 10 hypothalamic-releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamineMedian Eminence
262250089Acts on renal tubular cells to increase permeability. This leads to increased water reabsorption into the blood and more concentrated urine.ADH (Vasopressin)
262250090ADH (Vasopressin) is stimulated by...Osmoreceptors when they detect increased osmolality Intravacular volume changes detected by mechanoreceptors
262250091GH (Growth Hormone) is controlled by...Hormones from the hypothalamus GnRH stimulates Somatostatin inhibits
262591029What is the second messenger for ACTH (andrenocorticoptropic hormone)?Cyclic AMP
262591030What is the second messenger for LH (luteinizing hormone)?Cyclic AMP
262591031What is the second messenger for FSH?Cyclic AMP
262591032What is the second messenger for Angiotensin II?Calcium
262591033What is the second messenger for GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)?Calcium
262591034What is the second messenger for ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)?Calcium Cyclic AMP Calcium IP3 and DAG
262591035What is the second messenger for atrial natriuretic peptide?Cyclic GMP
262591036What is the second messenger for Angiotensin II?Calcium IP3 and DAG
262591037What is the second messenger for LHRH (luteinizing hormone - releasing hormone)?IP3 and DAG
262591038What is the second messenger for Insulin?Tyrosine phosphorylation Tyrosine kinase JAK-STAT
262591039What is the second messenger for GH?Tyrosine phosphorylation Tyrosine kinase JAK-STAT
262591040What is the second messenger for Leptin?Tyrosine phosphorylation Tyrosine kinase JAK-STAT
262591041What is the second messenger for Prolactin?Tyrosine phosphorylation Tyrosine kinase JAK-STAT
263995881The result of an autoimmune-mediated specific loss of beta cells in the pancreatic islets.Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
263995882An insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (frequent drinking).Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
263995883Absolute insulin deficiency. Thought to be a result of both genetic and environmental factors, however, mostly environmental.Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
263995884Insulin resistance with an insulin secretory deficitType 2 Diabetes Mellitus
263995885Causes frequent urination. The large volume of urine is diluted, mostly water. To make up for lost water, you may feel the need to drink large amounts.Diabetes Insipidus
263995886Elevated blood sugar levels, and loss of glucose in the urine. High amounts of glucose in the urine can cause increased urine output and lead to dehydration. Dehydration causes increased thirst and water consumption.Diabetes Mellitus
265796074Associated with hypothermia without shivering, hypoventilation, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis.Myxedema Coma
265796075Symptoms of water intoxication. This includes hyponatremia (low serum sodium), serum hypo-osmolality, and urine that is inappropriately concentrated (hyperosmolar) with respect to serum osmolality.SIADH
265796076A woman experiences nausea, vomiting, loss of body hair, fatigue, weakness, and hypoglycemia. Which of the following hormone deficiencies does she most likely have?ACTH
265796077What causes cold intolerance, dry skin, mild myxedema, lethargy, and decreased metabolic rate. FSH and LH deficiencies are associated with amenorrhea, atrophic vagina, uterus, breasts, decrease in body hair, and diminished libido.Absent TSH
265796078Absence of ACTH, symptoms of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, and weakness developACTH
265796079Which medication is used to treat thyrotoxic crisis?Beta-blocker
265796080Produced by the alpha cells of the pacreas and acts primarily of the liver to increase blood glucose.Glucagon
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Computer Programming Terms 101 Flashcards

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420206297What is a program?A set of instructions
420206298What is software?A program
420206299What is hardware?All physical devices
420206300What part of the computer actually runs the program?CPU
420206301What part of the computer serves as a work area to store program and its data while the program is running?Main memory
420206302What part of the computer holds data for long periods of time, even when there is no power to the computer?Secondary storage
420206303How does a disk drive store data?By magnetically encoding it onto a disc
420206304How is data encoded on CD's and DVD's?A series of PITS and LANS
420206305What part of the computer collects data from people and other devices?Input devices
420206306What part of the computer formats and presents data for people or other devices?Output devices
420206307How is data stored in a computer?Stored in Bytes
420206308What amount of memory is enough to store a letter of the alphabet or a small number?One bytes
420206309What are the smallest store locations in a computers memory?Bit
420206310In what numbering system are all numeric values written as sequences of 0 and 1?Binary
420206311What is ASCII?Encoding scheme
420206312What encoding scheme is extensive to represent all the characters of all the languages in the world?Unicode
420206313What is the only programming language a computer's CPU understands?Machine
420206314True or False. A program is nothing more than a list of instructions that cause the CPU to perform operations?True
420206315What do we write machine language instructions in?Binary
420206316What programming language would I be using if I wrote 10111001 00000000 01100100 as a line of code?Binary
420206317What do we call the entire set of instructions that a CPU can execute?A program
420206318What programming language would I be using if I wrote SR 4, 5 as a line of code?Assembly
420206319What level of programming language would I be using if I wrote for current in range (100,0,-1) as a line of code?High level
420206320What is a syntax?A set of rules
420206321What is a compiler?A program that translates high level language program into a separate machine language program
420206322What is an interpreter?Both translates and executes the instructions in a high level program
420206323In terms of program execution do compiled programs run faster or slower than interpreted program?Slower
420206324What is a syntax error?Violation of rules
420206325What is system software?A program that controls the basic operation of the computer
420206326Name operating system software?Windows 7, OS X, Linux
420206327What are application programs?Programs that make computers useful for everyday tasks
420206328Name some application programs?Microsoft word, excel, powerpoint
420206329What is a logic error?A mistake that does not prevent the program from running but gives incorrect results
420206330What are the steps of the program development cycle?Design, write code, correct syntax error, test code, debug code
420206331What is an algorithm?Set of well defined logical steps that must be taken to perform the task
420206332What are the three stages/steps of a program?Input, process, output
420206333What is a flowchart?A diagram that graphically depicts steps that take place in a program
420206334What is an oval used for in a flowchart?Start/Stop
420206335What is a parallelogram used for in a flowchart?Input/Output
420206336What is a rectangle used for in a flowchart?Processing
420206337What is pseudocode?Informal language--writing codes without syntax rules
420206338What do we call a set of statements that execute in the order they appear?Sequence structures
420206339What is a control structure?Logical design that controls the order in which a sequence of statements execute
420206340What are the three control structures?Sequence, Decision, Repetition
420206341What is a string?Sequence of characters used as data
420206342What is a string literal?When a string appears as actual code
420206343What symbol is used to mark the beginning and end of a string?Quotation marks
420206344What is a variable?Storage location in memory that is represented by a name
420206345What are the rules for naming variables?Starts with a letter, no spaces, one word, no punctuation characters
420206346How do we write variable names using camel casing?The first letter of the second word is capitalized
420206347How do we display multiple items with one display statement?Separate with a comma
420206348What is a prompt?A message that tells a user to enter a specific value
420206349What is an assignment statement?Set a variable to a specific value
420206350What is the purpose of the exponent operator?To set to a power
420206351What special name do we give a value that cannot be changed during a program's execution?A named constant
420206352Be able to follow pseudocode as if it was executing to determine the results of the program?Hand tracing
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American History: A Survey chapt.26 Flashcards

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27310173Bank HolidayAll the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.
27310174Emergency Banking ActMarch 9, ended banking crisis and restored some measure of confidence to banks. Banks could not reopen until inspection by Treasury Department representative
27340210Agricultural Adjustment ActGave farmers money to reduce crop size to lower production and bring up the value of crops
27340211The Radio PresidentFDR was the first pres. to master the use of the radio; friendly "fireside chats" kept the public informed of new improvements to the nation; FDR would explain his programs and plans to the people, which helped build public confidence in the admin.
27340213NIRACreated the NRA and the PWA; let industry establish regulations, production guidelines, and competition codes; supervised business policy; let workers unionize; was ruled as unconstititutional in 1935
27340214Public Works AdministrationCreated for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.
27340215Schecter Decisiondecision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress's power under the commerce clause.
27340216Tennessee Valley AuthorityA relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
27340217Glass-Steagall Actestablished the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation
27469967Truth in Securities ActPassed by Congress to restore confidence in the stock market, required corporations issuing new securities to provide full and accurate information about them to the public.
27469968Federal Emergency Relief AdministrationProvided direct relief in the form of food and clothing to the neediest people hit by the depression - unemployed, ill, and aged
27469969Pump primingGovernment action taken to stimulate the economy, as spending money in the commercial sector, cutting taxes, or reducing interest rates
27469970Civilian Conservation CorpsGave young unemployed men jobs in fixing land and erosion problems.
27469971Federal Housing AdministrationA federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment. Currently part of HUD.
27469972Second New DealReorganized federal program for jobless relief. Assistance to rural poor,Supp for org labor, social welfare benefits for elder, stricker business reg, heavier taxes on wealthy.
27469973Popular FrontPolitical group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group
27469974Dr. Francis E. TownsendAmerican physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.
27469975Social Security SystemSystem established by the 1935 Social Security Act to provide finacial security, in the form of regular payments, to people who cannot support themselves
27469976Father Charles E. CoughlinIn 1930 he began radio broadcasts of his sermons, into which he gradually injected reactionary political statements and anti-Semitic rhetoric.
27469977Senator Huey P. LongSenator of Louisiana developed "Share Our Wealth" plan which called for taxing heavily the rich to give every American a home and $2500/year. Assasinated in 1935
27469978Holding Company ActRoosevelt proposed an act designed to break up the great utility holding companies, and he spoke harshly of monopolistic control of their industry.
27469979National Labor Relations ActA 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.
27469980Industrial unionismIdea that all people of a trade (auto, mine, etc.) should be in one union regardless of job
27469981John L. LewisUnited Mine Workers, created congress of Industrial Organization, helped create industrial unions
27469982Congress of Industrial OrganizationA federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.
27469983Sit-down Strikeworkers stop all machines and refuse to leave the factory
27469984Memorial Day MassacreRepublic Steel Co. South Carolina; police fire on strikers, ten died and more were wounded
27469985Social Security ActGuaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
27469986Works Progress AdministrationLargest New Deal agency, employing millions of people and affecting most every locality, especially rural and western mountain populations. It was created in April, 1935 by Presidential order, and activated with Congressional funding in July of that year
27469987National Youth AdministrationProvided job training for the unemployed young people and part-time jobs for needy students
27469988Union PartyShort-lived political party in the United States, formed in 1936 by a coalition of radio priest Father Charles Coughlin, old-age pension advocate Francis Townsend, and Gerald L. K. Smith, who had taken control of Huey Long's Share Our Wealth movement after Long's assassination in 1935. Each of those people hoped to channel their wide followings into support for the Union Party, which proposed a populist alternative to the New Deal reforms of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression.
27469989Court Packing PlanProposed plan to reform the entire federal judiciary. 35 additional district judges could speed decisions in lower courts. The age of 6 Supreme Court justices-all over 70-slowed its deliberations. For every justice of that age who did not retire, Congress should allow the President to appoint another judge to assist him. Roosevelt wanted to add to the Court liberals certain to approve New Deal Reforms
27469990Temporary National Economic CommitteeEstablished to study monopoly powers and to report to Congress with its findings
27469991Fair Labor Standards Actestablished a minimum wage of 40 cents an hour and a maximum workweek of 40 hours for business engaged in interstate commerce as well as outlawing the employment of minors.
27469992Broker stateRole of the government to work out conflicts among competing interests groups
27469993John CollierHead of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act
27469994Marian AndersonOne of the greatest concert singers of her time. First African-American to perform at the Whitehouse. The DAR refused her use of Constitution Hall for a concert, so Eleanor Roosevelt set her up to perform at the Lincoln Memorial.
27469995Black CabinetGroup of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.
27469996Revisionist interpretationReinterpretation of orthodox views on evidence, motivations and decision-making processes surrounding an historical event. The assumption of the revisionist is that the interpretation of a historical event or period as it is accepted by the majority of scholars needs a significant change.
27469997Cultural relativismView that cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts and they should not be judged in comparision with one's own culture
27469998Indian Reorganization Act"Indian New Deal" tribes to establish local self-gov. to reserve native crafts and traditions; stop loss of Indian lands, 77 tribes refuse; 200 others sign up
27469999Francis PerkinsFDR appoints her to be secretary of labor; the first female cabinet holder; inspected factories after the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
27470000Hattie CarawaySenator from Arkansas, first woman to be elected to the senate
27470001Grand Coulee DamDam begun in 1933 and finished in 1942, a total of 77 men died in its construction. For several years it was the largest provider of electricity in the world and was used in the Manhattan Project
27470002Federal Writers ProjectFederal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal One.
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Level 200 Biology - Evolution, Evolution of Populations, Origin of Species, Taxonomy, Phylogenies, and Systematics Flashcards

This information is meant to help college students and prospective biologists to review for key concepts in Biology.
The information is also great for 200 level Biology students.
The information emphasizes on evolution, the evolution of populations, the origin of species (or speciation), systematics, taxonomy, and phylogenies.

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630404891Natural SelectionThis is the selection of fit alleles in a population.
630404892EvolutionThis is considered to be a change in the allele frequency or a change in genetic structure of a population over time. (Descent with modification).
630404893Hardy-Weinberg Principle (or Equilibrium)This concept has been reached when a population is large, mating is random, no selection occurs, no mutations occur in the genetic structure, no migration occurs, and no (natural) selection occurs.
630404894AlleleThis is a specific expression for a gene.
630404895Genetic DriftThis is the fluctuation in the allele frequency of a population due to chance events. It especially has a greater impact on smaller populations.
630404896Bottleneck EffectThis occurs when a population suffers heavy loss of life and experiences a drop in genetic variation.
630404897PolyploidyThis condition is best described as an increase in chromosome sets.
630404898AllopolyploidyThis is the result of interspecific breeding between two species, and it is accountable for the sterility of the offspring.
630404899Behavioral IsolationThis kind of prezygotic barrier has specific mating rituals and/or behaviors that will be performed by populations of the same species.
630404900Allopatric SpeciationThis form of speciation involves the geographic separation of a population.
630404901Binomial NomenclatureThis is best described as the shortened, two-part name of a species.
630404902SpeciesThis is the smallest unit in the classification of living organisms.
630404903SystematicsThis type of classification comprises taxonomy and evolutionary relationships.
630404904Industrial MelanismHuman activities consequentially affect the allele frequency and appearance of a population of a species.
630404905Allele FrequencyMechanisms for evolution influence the genotype and, possibly, the phenotype of a population. This exemplifies what?
630404906MutationThis causes a change in an individual's DNA sequence. It may or may not be beneficial to the individual, but is the ultimate source for evolution.
630404907Biogeographical evidence and Direct Observation of ChangeWhen Darwin traveled around the world on the H.M.S. Beagle, he discovered a vast array of finch species living on the Galapogos Islands. These finches provided what two kinds of evidence for evolution?
630404908Artificial SelectionOtherwise known as selective breeding, this kind of selection includes the domestication of plants, pets, and cattle.
630404909Punctuated EquilibriumThis theory proposes that evolution occurs in a short period of time and that species do not change for long periods of time (remain in stasis).
630404910CladeThis term refers to the complete set of species descended from a common ancestor. It is otherwise known as a monophyletic taxon.
630404911Polyphyletic TaxonThis kind of taxon can be misleading, as it compares two or more different species with similar appearances.
630404912Endler's Guppy ExperimentThis experiment was conducted by a professor from California University in Santa Barbara, California. He studied a species of fish that were preyed upon by Pike cichlids and Killifish living in rivers in Trinidad, a Caribbean Island.
630404913SynapomorphyThis is kind of trait is only found in the descendants of a common ancestor.
630404914SymplesiomorphyThis is an ancestral trait that is found in the common ancestor and two or more unrelated taxa (descendant species).
630404915Biological Species ConceptThis species concept is best thought of as speciation through separation of gene pools and reproductive isolation.
630404916EvolutionThis over-arching theme of life is not considered to be controlled by any one mechanism of change. It is also not considered to be progress or complexity or the preservation of species.
630404917Paraphyletic TaxonA taxon containing the common ancector of a chosen few descendants is considered to be this. (Think of chunking). In cladisitics, it is more reliable than polyphyletic taxons. However, it is sparingly used by experienced taxonomists.
630404918HomologyThis term is used mostly to describe the analogous characteristics found in different species.
630404919Comparative EmbryologyAmong different species, there are similarities in embryo appearance and anatomy. This concept supports the theory of evolution.
630404920Phylogenetic Species ConceptThis species concept applies the shared original traits found in a collection of populations.
630404921Sympatric SpeciationUnlike speciation by separation, this kind of speciation takes place when two populations of the same species exist in the same area. Reproduction and gene flow eventually taper off between the two populations, respectively.
630404922Secondary ContactThis happens when two geographically separated populations are reintroduced.
630404923Mechanical IsolationThis Prezygotic Barrier accounts for the prevention of mating by way of incongruous reproductive organs.
630404924Peripherally Isolated PopulationsThis allopatric model is characterized by intermittent populations living outside the greater population density of a species.
630404925Intersexual SelectionThis kind of reproductive behavior can best be described as the choice of the most attractive individual of the opposite sex in a population. The behavior is particularly common in females.
630404926ArchipelagoThis kind of geographical landmass is a group of tight-knit islands, and it is ideal for evolution by way of isolation.
630404927Natural SelectionThis mechanism of change cannot venture away from the laws of nature. It requires "raw" genetic material. In other words, pigs can't fly. If the mechanism could select a trait from scratch, the evolution of species would be discordant.
630404928InfanticideThis kind of behavior is seen in new alpha male Langurs. The new male langur kills the offspring of the previous alpha male to increase the chances that only their offspring will succeed, thus increasing the fitness of the genes they put into the next generation of langurs.
630404929Genetic VariationThis accounts for the diversity of genotypes and phenotypes in a population. It is increased by gene flow.
630404930EpistasisThis phenomenom allows certain alleles to be expressed over other alleles for the same gene in the genotype of an individual.
630404931Temporal IsolationThis kind of Prezygotic Barrier prevents closely related species from producing hybrid offspring in sympatric evolution. The species mate at different times.
630404932Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)This macromolecule is responsible for heritability and for the genetic information in all living organisms.
630404933Convergent EvolutionThis kind of evolution is characterized by the appearance of the same trait in different species. The change occurs within the same time frame, and the change also occurs under the same prevailing environmental conditions.
630404934StratumThis is a layer of earth that has characteristics different from most other layers. They are useful in examining the past history of the planet. Older layers are found farther in the earth's crust.
630404935ErosionThe remains of ancient lifeforms (fossils) are exposed to earth's surface by this.
630404936FossilAncient life is often discovered in this preserved state. It results from many years of heat and pressure in sediments beneath the earth's surface. Weathering and/or human activities bring them back to the surface.
630404937Intrasexual SelectionThis is the direct competition for a mate between members of the same sex, usually males.
630404938Morphological Species ConceptThis model is used to classify organisms with exact anatomical similarity.
630404939ParsimonyThis term describes all the possible trees for the lineage of a species.
630404940Alfred Russel WallaceHe was a British naturalist at the time Charles Darwin was developing his theory on evolution. Ironically, this man was also investigating on the same subject, and he urged Darwin to make his views heard. He is known as Darwin's right-hand man.
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APUSH Ch 23-25 Flashcards

(credit mobilier, whiskey ring, panic of 1873, election of 1876, plessy vs ferguson, chinese exclusion act, populist party, depression of 1893) (transcontinental railroad, railroad corruption, the grange, wabash case, interstate commerce act, horizontal/vertical integration, bessemer process, u.s. steel corporation, standard oil company, gospel of wealth, sherman anti-trust act, kinghts of labor, american federation of labor) (new immigration, boss tweed, women + urbanization, nativism, charles darwin, booker t washington, w.e.b. du bois, morrill tariff act, yellow journalism, feminism, beginning of prohibition)

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622057008Credit Mobilierrailroad construction company that paid itself a lot of money for small construction jobs
622057009Whiskey Ringdiversion of tax revenues by gov't agents, politicians, whiskey distillers and distributors robbed the treasury of millions Grant's private secretary was found to be one of the criminals and Grant wanted to let him off the hook
622057010Gildedcovered in gold the times looked good but underneath the surface there was corruption
622072888Panic of 18731. caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than markets could bear 2. over loaning by banks on those projects 3. over-speculation 4. too-easy credit "cheap money" supporters wanted more money to be printed to create inflation "hard money" supporters persuaded Grant to veto the bill that would make more $ and create the Resumption Act of 1875 which told the gov't to withdraw $ at face value staring in 1879
622072889Election of 1876repub Rutherford B. Hayes vs demo Samuel Tilden very close with Tilden getting 184 of the needed 185 electoral votes
622072890Electoral Count Act (1877)set up electoral commission that consisted of 15 men selected from the House, S.C, and Senate which would count the votes there were 8 repubs and 7 democrats would vote to decide between Tilden and Hayes
622072891Compromise of 1877repubs got: 1. president Hayes Demos got: 1. northern troops removed from the south 2. end of reconstruction
623620669Plessy Vs Ferguson (1896)separate but equal facilities for whites and blacks would be created segregation legalized
623620670Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)there were many Chinese men coming to American to work on railroads Congress wanted to pass a bill that restricted Chinese immigration but Pres Hayes vetoed it after Hayes left office this act was passed, barring any Chinese from entering US (1st restrictive immigration law)
623620671Populist Party1892 started by upset farmers mainly wanted inflation due to free coinage of silver wanted income tax, gov't regulation of railroads, one term limit, shorter workday, immigration restriciton
623620672Depression of 1893cleveland pres 1st one in new urban and industrial age gold was taken from the treasury to help fix the problem JP Morgan bailed out the depression
625152929Transcontinental Railroad1862 congress commissioned the Union Pacific railroad to begin westward from Omaha Nebraska to California
625152930How did railroads change America?stitched the nation together generated a huge market and lots of jobs stimulated mining and agriculture in West carried ideas 4 time zones created millionaire class created
625152931Railroad Corruptionabused the public bribed judges and legislatures elected their own to political office gave rebates to wealthy not poor stock watering
625152932Stock wateringRR companies over-inflated cost of stocks so they could sell them for huge profits
625152933The Grangesmall farmers that wanted to stop RR corruption these farmers were charged more to ship their goods by train than larger shipping companies (RR gave them rebates) and they couldn't afford to ship their crops
625152934Wabash CaseS.C case ruling that only the fed. gov't can regulate interstate commerce (like trains) not individual states this stopped the Grange who tried to get their states to stop the RR monopoly
625188650Interstate Commerce Act (1887)banned rebates and pools required RR companies to publish their rates openly forbade discrimination against shippers banned charging more for a short haul than a long one
625188651Horizontal IntegerationJohn D. Rockefeller buy out competitors to monopolize a market
625188652Vertical IntegrationAndrew Carnegie controlled all aspects of his industry
625188653Bessemer processmade making steel cheaper and more efficient blow cold air onto hot iron to purify it U.S became largest steel manufacturer in world
625188654United States Steel Corporation (1901)JP Morgan bought Carnegie's steel business for $400 million and created this world's 1st billion dollar corporation
625188655Standard Oil Company (1882)John D. Rockefeller organized this company kerosene oil was being used to power lamps until the invention of the electric light bulb later it was used for powering car engines
625188656Gospel of Wealthppl thought that some were destined to become rich and help others
625188657Reverend Russell Conwellmade his "Acres of Diamonds" speech thousands of times preaching that poor people made themselves poor and rich people made themselves rich, it depends on one's actions
625188658Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)forbade combinations (trusts, pools, etc) in retraint of trade enforced in 1914
625188659Knights of Laborformed in 1869 fought for the 8-hr workday and economic and social reform barred gamblers, liquor dealers, lawyers, and bankers
625188660American Federation of Laborfounded by Samuel Gompers 1886 sought for better wages, hours, and working conditions comprised of skilled workers
625258127New Immirgationppl that came from mostly south-eastern Europe little experience with democracy worked in industry and then most went back to Europe
625258128Boss Tweedgave immigrants jobs in return for their political support
625258129Women Improving Urban LifeJane Addams gave immigrant children and adults the skills they needed to be successful in U.S. (won Nobel Peace Prize) Florence Kelley fought for protection of women as workers and against child labor cities gave single women a chance to be successful on their own
625258130Growth of NativismThe western euros in American didn't like the southern euros coming anti-foreign organizations like American Protective Association arose against new immigrants 1882 congress passed the first restrictive law against immigration (banned paupers, criminals, and convicts) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
625258131Charles Darwin1859 published On the Origin of Species which set fourth the new doctrine of evolution modernists began to question the bible
625258132Booker T. Washingtonex slave that wanted to help the south, which was really behind in education (especially for blacks) headed a black teacher and industrial school in Tuskegee Alabama
625258133W.E.B Du Bois1st black to get a Ph. D (Harvard) demanded complete equality for blacks immediately founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 1910
625258134Morrill Tariff Act of 1862provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states in support of education extended by the Hatch Act of 1887 which provided fed. funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations
625258135Yellow Journalismemerged after the invention of the Linotype which could produce newspapers faster newspapers would report of wild stories that were often false (sex and scandal) to provoke interest Joseph Pulitzer
625258136Rise of FeminismCharlotte Perkins Gilman published Women and Economic (1898) in which she called for women to abandon their dependent statuses and contribute to community and get involved in the economy National Women's Suffrage Associated (1890) led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Wyoming territory was the 1st to grant unrestricted women's suffrage rights (1869)
625280135Prohibition of alcoholNational Prohibition Party (1869) Women's Christian Temperance Union also rallied against alcohol Anti-Saloon League formed 1893
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The Harlem Renaissanse Flashcards

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232049939The New NegroUrban, Northern, finding a voice, growing sense of shared experience or solidarity, independent, self respecting, no longer a mammy or auntie,, A term coined by Alain Locke in essay with same title, it refers to a new sense of identity for blacks. Embodied ideals of Harlem Renaissance, new reality of urban, unified, pushing limits, resisting Jim Crow. , the advancement of the perspective of the african american a term coined in 1925.
232049940Jazz AgeName for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime
232049941Langston HughesAfrican American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.
232049942Zora Neale HurstonBlack writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men.
232049943James Weldon johnsonNAACP leader and Harlem Renaissance writer; he wrote poetry and, with his brother, the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing."
232049944The Crisisthe NAACP published the magazine and promoted an identity for African Americans, and spoke on injustice
232049945The Brownies Bookstories and poems by people such as Langston Hughes, who was a teenage contributor, and other writers and visual artists who addressed the intellects and spirits of African-American children and young adults
232049946alain LockeClaimed the "New Negro" needed black artists to help African Americans throw off subjugation and discover the race's true identity
232049947Paul RobesonAfrican American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes
232049948William Grant StillAfrican-American; first to have work performed by major orchestra; incorporates blues, spirituals, jazz; Afro-American Symphony
232049949Bessie SmithAfrican American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Reniassance.
232049950NegritudeAn ideological position that holds African American culture to be independent and valid on its own terms.
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Urban America and the Progressive Era Flashcards

1900-1917

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138765856Henry Street Settlementwomen settlement house in NY that works to create a community of reform. nurse in public schools, purity of milk, tuberculosis treatment. full ofeducated women who support eachother in political and cultural activities
138765857Jane Addamssettlement house pioneer. said that dorms are solution to social and industrial problems. founded Hull House
138765858Florence Kelleyleader of settlement house movement and influencial political figure in progressive era. published "Hull House Maps and Papers" which was the first scientific study of urban poverty in Am. inspires Illinois law that limits women to 8hrs/day, kids under 14 cant work, and abolished tenement labor
138765859Progressivismbelieved that Am needed new social consciousness to deal with problems from economic and social change in post-civil war decades. reform communities. it fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.
138765860Hull Houseone the the 1st settlement houses. founded by Jane Addams in chicago. had day nursery, dispensary for medicine, boarding house, art gallery and musical school. its main purposes were to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood
138765861Dem Party Machinesdominated by first and second generation Irish. controlled political life of most large american cities. organization and delivery of essential services to immigrant communities an business elite in exchange for votes
138765862Honest Graftmaking money from inside infor on public improvements. defended by George Washinton Plunkitt who was a stallwart of Tammany Hall
138765863Timothy "Big Tim" Sullivaninvested in Vaudeville and movie business. embodied the popluar machine style. informally taxed saloons, theaters, and restaurants in NYs lower E Side to give away shoes and feed families for free during winter
138765864Robert M. La Folletteforged coalition of angry farmers, small businessmen, and workers w/ attacks on RRs and other large corportations. aka "Fighting Bob". came up with Wisconsin Idea-> amke state govnt more professional
138765865Muckrakingurban poverty, political corruption, plight of industrial workers, and immoral business practices stories were uncovered. Jacob Riis "How the other half lives" pictures of NYs poor had a powerful impact on urban reformers
138765866Lincoln Steffen"Shame of the Cities" series in 1902 revealed graft at center of urban politics. fueled reform campaigns. showed how big-city bosses worked with businessmen seeking municipal contracts
138765867Ida Tarbell"History of Standard Oil Company" showed how Rockafeller squeezed out competitors with unfair business practices
138765868Upton Sinclair"The Jungle" exposed filthy sanitation and bysmal working condition ins stockyards and meat packing industry
138765869Rooseveltcoined term muckrakers referring to David Phillips who wrote " Treason of Senate". McKinley assassinated so now he's president. during spanish-am war, led rough riders in Cuba. said rich should serve, guide, and inspire less fortunate. loved outdoors. good at guiding public opionion.
138765870Lester Frank Wardsociologist who wrote "Dynamic Sociology" which offered cirtique of social darwinism. sad it was wrongly applied to human affairs. said that they confused organic evolution with social evolution.
138765871John Deweyphilosopher who criticized formal approach to eduation. "School and sociaty" and "Democracy and education". prooted creative intelligency in students which could improce society
138765872Lochner v NYcourt struck down a state law setting 10hr work day for bakers. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr said constitution doesnt embody a praticular theory. pragmatic views influenced lawyers to practice sociological jurisprudency
138765873Muller v Oregoncourtr upheld Oregon law limiting maximum hrs for working women
138765874Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaftfrom static, closeknit, morally unified community to a dynamic, impersonal, morally fragmented society. described, by German social theorist Ferdinand Tonnies, the evolution of W society
138765875eugenicsbiological theories of english scientist Francis Galton. study of inherited traits more than environmental conditions. human society is bettered by breeding best and limiting the worst
138765876WCTUappealed to women angered by men who drank and then abused their wives and kids. wanted to end production. sale, and consumption of alcohol. provides women a political forum
138765877Pietistsviewed world from position of moral absolutism. native born, middleclass protestants. opponents of alcohol.
138765878ritualistsless arbitrary notions of personal morality. opponents of prohibiton. wokring class catholic an jew immigrants
138765879white slave trafficdozens of books. articles, and motion pictues alleged international conspiracy to seduce nd sell girls into prostitution
138765880Mann Actfederal offense to trasnport women across state lines for "immoral purposes"
138765881nickelodeontheaters that offered programs with slapstick comdey, western, travelogue, and melodrama for 5-10 cents. attracted tenement and immigrant districts, kids, and middleclass
138765882Smith-Huges Act of 1917provides federal grants to support the HS prgrams and set up federal board for vocational edcation
138765883barriosdistinct community of Mexicans throughout TX, cali, new mexico, AZ, and CO. El Paso is an example. higher rates of disease and infant mortality
138765884The Uprising20,000 striked garment industry. manufacturers hired thugs and prositutues to beat up pickets. dramatic meeting at cooper union hall. strikers demanded union recognition, better wages, and safer sanitary conditions. after 3 months w/out union recognition, they returned to work. opened doors to women involvement
138765885Triangle Shirtwaist Companyfire spread. dorrs locked from outside so workers cant escape. 146 dead. Kelley and Big Tim Sullivan created a NY state factory investigation commission which led to laws improvin safety and limited hrs of women and kids
138781392soldieringslowing down. newcomers learned that this spread out the work
138781393united mine workersled strike in colorado coal fields and called for safety, better wages, adn recognition of union. national guard sent to keep order. strike bankrupted the state. LUDLOW MASSACRE: guardsmen surrounded tent colonies where the strikers lived at Ludlow. shots fired. miners ran out of ammunition. troops burned village and killed 14. aroused protests against policies of colrado fuel and iron
138781394Openshopnew name for work place where unions werent allowed. national association of manufacturers launched open shop campaign to eradicate unions
138781395Danbury Hatter's CaseLoewe v Lawler. ruled that secondary boycotts, aimed by strikers at other companies doing business with their employer, were illegal under Sherman Anit-trust Act
138781396Industrial wokers of the world (IWW)leaders of western federation of miners(socialist party) and various radical groups gathered in chicago and said workers and employers have nothin gin common and need to abolish wage system
138781397Willima D "Big Bill" Haywoodmost infulencial spokesemen for IWW. denounced AFT for conservative emphasis on organizing skilled workers by trade
138781398Village Bohemianschallenged double standard of victorian morality, rejected marriage, adn advocated birth control. national symbol for rebellion and merger of political and cultural radicalism. anyone with artistic/ intellectual aspirations and rejected norms
138781399Margaret Sangerbirth control activist who found audiance at "Village" parties and events. "women rebel" magazine. "Family limitation" pamphlet.
138781400Emma Gouldmananarchist and feminist. magazine "Mother Earth".was imprisoned several times in the years that followed, for "inciting to riot" and illegally distributing information about birth control
138781401birthcontrolcontraceptives and info about it. margaret sanger coined the term
138781402voluntary motherhoodright to say no to a husbands secual demands
138781403Benjamin Tillmandenounced Af Ams as wild beasts. US Senator from SC
138781404"The Clansman"thomas dixon's novel. described af ams in degrading way
138781405Booker T Washingtonmost infulencial black leader of the day. born slave, educated at Hampton Institute. Founded Tuskegee Institute(black school devoted to industrial and moral education). stressed self-reliance.
138781406"Up From Slavery"booker t washinton. narrative autobiography of self-made man
138781407W. E. B. Du Bois1st af am to receive a PhD. "Philadelphia Negro"- argued against black stereotypes. "Souls of Black Folks"- said racism is problem of century. said balcks have double soncience: african heritage and assimilate to ams. didnt like booker t washinton's ideas
138781408NAACPinterracial organization emerged at National Negro Conference. includes white progressives sympathetic to challenging washington's ideas. "Crisis" monthly journal. lead struggles to overturn legal and economic barriers to = opportunity
138781409trustbustingRoosevelt's reputation est'd by N securities v US(Sherman anti-trust act)
138781410Hempburn Actstrengthened ICC by setting max RR rates and inspected financial records. expanded regulatory power of govnt
138781411Pure Food and Drug Actest'd FDA(food and drug admin. tested and apporved drugs before they went on the market).
138781412John Muirfounder of modern environmentalist movement. defended value of wilderness. drivin force behind Yosemite Act of 1890. President of Sierra Club which fought to protext wilderness and Yellowstond National Park
138781413Square DealRooselelt supported it for all people. restrictions on use of injunctions against labor strikes, 8hr day for federal emplyees, and federal income and inheritant taxes
138781414William Howard Taftsecretary of war for Roosevelt. won 1908 election. gulf between "insurgent" progrewssives and stand pat wing split Rep party wide open. supported guaduated income tax, safety codes for mines and RRs, adn creation of choldrens bureau. but not tariff, anitrust, and conservation policies
138781415New Nationalismpresented strong vision of national govnt regulation and protecting various interests. by roosevelt. called for women suffrage, 8hr day, prohibiton of child labor, minimum wage for women, and stricter regulation of large corporations
138781416Woodrow WilsonDem nominee for 1912 election.. spent early coreer in academics. new freedom campaign. ambiguous. restore free competiton and =ity of economic opportunity. won election bc split in reps
138781417Eugene V. Debssocialist party nominee who was the most radical choice. maily supported in trans-mississippi W. strong orator
138781418Underwood-Simmons Act of 1913lower tariff duties on varity of raw materials and maunfactured goods. wool, sugar, agricultural machinery, shoes, iron, and steel
13878141916th Amendmentgave congress power to levy taxes on income. imposed 1st graduated tax on personal incomes up to 6%
138781420Clayton Antitrust act of 1914replaced Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 as nation's basic antitrust law. exempted unions from being illegal combinations in restraint of trade. forbade federal courts to issue injuntions against strikers
138781421Federal Trade Commission (FTC)gave federal govnt same reguatory control over corportaions as ICC had on RRs
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