| CourseNotes

Commonwealth and Empire Flashcards

132100881	Looking Backward	book written by Edwar Bellarmy in 1888; century's best seller behnind Uncle Tom's Cabin; about man awaking in yr 2000 where all of America's major problems are solved; community and cooperation key concepts in Utopian tale
132100882	Edward Bellamy	from Chicopee Falls, Mass; journalist and writer of historical fiction; program for cooperative commanwealth
132100883	Interstate Commerce Commision	(ICC) created in 1887; brought order to patchwork of state laws concerning railroads; * set precedent for future regulation trade and positive gov.
132100884	Tammany Hall	Tweed's NY political organization; •a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism
132100885	William Mancy Tweed	specialized in giving municipal jobs to loyal voters and holiday baskets to their families; staging sporting and entertainment events for immigrants
132100886	James Garfield	20th president; born in Ohio; humble begining; Civil War hero; in Congress worked for social reform; began to show more conservative views; pres candidate in 1880, won by little; indecisive and indifferent in governing
132100887	Civil Service Reform Association	group of successful men enlisted George H Pendleton to sponsor reform legistration in Congress
132100888	Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act	passed in Jan 1883; allowed pres to create three person commision to draw up guidelines for apointments, established system of standards; barred political candidate from soliciting campaign controbutions from gov workers; *public service improved
132100889	Circuit Courts of Appeals Act	1891; granted US Supreme Ct right to review any case state or federal at will
132100890	populist movement	A social movement that is popular among common people; most significant challenge to two party system since Civil War
132100891	Patrons of Husbandry	in 1867 Great Plains farmers formed for own social, intellectual and moral improvement; fraternal society; secretive; headquarters known as Grange; hoped to improve condition w/ collective action; 1.5 million members; members called Grangers
132100892	Granger Laws	in 1874 several states passed ___ ____ establishing max shipping fees
132100893	Warehouse Act	passed by Illinois in 1873; established max rates for storing grains
132100894	Munn v. Illinois	Supreme Ct upheld Warehouse act, ruling states had power to regulate private property for public interest
132100895	Southern Farmers' Alliance	created in 1877; claimed more than three million members, many of them involved in cotton production. Only whites were accepted for membership; the blacks would form a similar, but separate group;The primary concerns were purchasing issues and marketing issues
132100896	Tomkins Square Riot	1,000 workers showed up at city hall on Jan 13, 1874 demanding for steady job and living wage; 1,600 police starting beating crowd w/ clubs
132100897	Great Uprising of 1877	first nationwide strike; railroad strike; started in WV and spread; refused to work, halted train traffic and seized carloads of food; rioting for a week; militia used to put it down, 100 died
132100898	National American Woman Suffrage Association	Am women suffrage Association and National Women Suffrage Association merged by 1890; appeased sothern white by voting down res. condemning segregation
132100899	National Association of Colored Women	was established in Washington, D.C., USA, by the merger in 1896 of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, the Women's Era Club of Boston, and the National League of Colored Women of Washington, DC, as well as smaller organizations that had arisen from the African-American women's club movement; Their original intention was "to furnish evidence of the moral, mental and material progress made by people of color through the efforts of our women"
132100900	People's Party	culmination of workers; platform: gov ownership of some businesses, prohibitation of large landholding companies, graduated income tax, 8 hr day, immigration restriction; in 1892 nominated James Baird Waver for pres and Janaces Field for VP
132100901	Coxey's Army	was a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey; They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894
132100902	Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)	by 1900 had 600 chapters; sponsored range of services including shelter and training; had many foreign branches
132100903	soft money	an increase in money supply to loosen credit, accelerate econ, development and allow farmers to repay loans
132100904	hard money	consercatives; insisted soft money would cause chaos
132100905	coinage act	Grant in 1873; added silver to gold as precious metal currency
132100906	greenbacks	during Civil War fed gov replaced bank notes w/ national paper currency named this because of colors
132100907	Crime of '73	Coinage Act of 1873 called this by gold standard advocates
132100908	Sherman Siilver Purchase Act of 1890	directed treasury to increase amount of currency coined from silver mined in west and permitted gov to print paper currency backed by silver
132100909	McKinley tariff of 1890	established the highest import duties yet on foreign goods
132100910	silver democrats	was a term used at various times after 1878 to refer to those members of the Democratic Party who advocated replacing the Gold Standard with a policy of bimetallism.
132100911	free silver	unlimited coinage of silver
132100912	William Jennings Bryan	practiced law; spellbinding orator; won Congressinoal seat in 1890; silver dem, contender for pres in 1896; for free silver; won dem pres nom
132100913	Tom Watson	populists supported Bryan in 1896 election only if _____ was VP on ticket; once campaigned to restore Civil rights of southern Af Ams; populist; followers targeted yet many saw him as savior; preached gov ownership of railroads and banks and pol equality; after McKinley won election Watson withdrew form politics; returned to pub life and had totally diff. approach to race relations
132100914	William McKinley	Civil War vet; Rep nominee in 1896; won election
132100915	Dingley tariff of 1897	raised import duties to an all-time high
132100916	Gold Standard Act of 1900	was passed in 1900 (ratified on March 14) and established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money, stopping bimetallism (which had allowed silver in exchange for gold). It was signed by President William McKinley
132100917	Erdman Act	estbalished system of arbitration to avoid rail strikes
132100918	American Protective Association	defended Am institutions; anti Catholic
132100919	Jim Crowe laws	discriminatory and segregationist legislature passed by southern government
132100920	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896; Ct upheld LA state law formally seperating rail cars on "seperate but equal doctrine"
132100921	Ida B Wells	yound editor at blk newspaper; investigated lynching, found done to eliminate Af Am who had beocome proserporous and competed w/ white businesses
132100922	Women's Christian Temperance Union	was founded in 1874 and claims to be the oldest voluntary, non-sectarian women's organization in continuous existence in the world. Its membership peaked at about 200,000 members in the late 19th century and membership still requires signing a pledge of abstinence. It remains active today.
132100923	Frederick Jackson Turner	was an influential American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for his book, The Significance of the Frontier in American History
132100924	Good Neighboor Policy	was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America
132100925	Pan American Conference	firstr one held in 1889-90; marked turning pt in hemispheric relation
132100926	Great White Fleet	Am navy
132100927	Hawai'i	annexed July 7, 1898 after century of economic penetratino and diplomatic maneuver
132100928	Queen Liliuokalani	Am removed her from power in Hawai'i after eliminating a King earlier
132100929	protectorate	territory protected and partly controlled by US
132100930	Open Door Policy	John Hay; 1899; the US enjoyed right to adcance its commercial interests anywhere in the world, at least equal to those of other imperialist nations
132100931	Boxer Rebellion	was a proto-nationalist movement by the "Righteous Harmony Society in China between 1898 and 1901, opposing Western imperialism and Christianity
132100932	Wilson-Gorman tariff	placed stiff restictions on Cuban imports to US; caused Cuban economy to go into deep recession
132100933	Splendid Little War	Dec of War against Spain signed April 229, 1898; outpouring of patirotic joy; 10 wks; 400 died in battle, 5000 died
132100934	Theodore Roosevelt	Lieutenant Colonel in Splendid Little War; assistant secretary of navy in 1897
132100935	rough riders	Roosevelts troops; won on land
132100936	Platt Amendment	Cuba promised to provide land for Am bases, devote national revenues to paying bakc debt, sign no treaty that would be detrimental to Am interests and acknowledge right of US to intervene to protect intersts in Cuba
132100937	Cuban-American treaty of 1903	reamined in place until 1934; paved way for Am domination of Cuba's sugar industry and contributed to anti-Am sentiment in Cuba
132100938	Emilio Aguinaldo	led Filipinos in attack on Am base in Feb 1899
132100939	gu-gus	Am military leaders described native Filipinos as this
132100940	William Howard Taft	in 1901 headed commision that established gov conrtolled by Am in Philippine
132100941	Anti-Imperialist League	founded by small gourp of prominent Bostonian; organized protest to military action; got up to 500,000 members; supported Am expansion thorugh free trade; drew followers from all walks of life
132100942	Arnalgamated iron, steel and tine workers	was an American labor union formed in 1876 and which represented iron and steel workers
132100943	boodle	informal term for money
132100944	Grover Cleveland	was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States; was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, free silver, inflation, imperialism and subsidies to business, farmers or veterans. His battles for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives _____won praise for his honesty, independence, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism
132100945	Eugene V. Debbs	was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, ____ eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
132100946	cross of gold speech	was delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 8, 1896.
132100947	Henry Frick	was an American industrialist, financier, and art patron;was chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company, and played a major role in the formation of the giant U.S. Steel steel manufacturing concern. He also financed the construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Company, and owned extensive real estate holding in Pittsburgh and throughout the state of Pennsylvania.
132100948	Rutherford B Hayes	was the 19th President of the United States, serving one term from 1877 to 1881. As president, he presided over the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution. Hayes was a reformer who began the efforts that would lead to civil service reform and attempted, unsuccessfully, to reconcile the divisions that had led to the American Civil War fifteen years earlier.
132100949	national guard	•United States military reserves recruited by the states and equipped by the federal government; subject to call by either
132100950	Panic of 1873	surrounded a severe international economic depression in both Europe and the United States that lasted until 1879, and even longer in some countries
132100951	Progress and Poverty	was written by Henry George in 1879. The book is a treatise on the cyclical nature of an industrial economy and its remedies
132100952	US Industrial Commision	was a United States government body in existence from 1898 to 1902. It was appointed by President William McKinley to investigate railroad pricing policy, industrial concentration, and the impact of immigration on labor markets, and make recommendations to the President and Congress
132100953	White Man's Burden	is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling; Although Kipling's poem mixed exhortation to empire with sober warnings of the costs involved, imperialists within the United States understood the phrase "white man's burden" as a characterization for imperialism that justified the policy as a noble enterprise
132100954	Frances Willard	was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution.

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Mitosis and Meiosis (cell division) Flashcards

cell division

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533009550	binary fission	type of cell division that occurs in prokaryotic cells in which a parent cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
533009551	cancer	disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longe regulated and cells divie out of control
533009552	cell cycle	repeating series of events that a cell goes through during its life, including growth, DNA, synthesis, and cell division
533009553	cytokenesis	process in which a parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells. the cytoplasm splits in 2 and the cell divides.
533009554	DNA replication	process of copying DNA prior to cell division
533009555	interphase	stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell grows, synthesises, and prepares to divide. It is everything except mitosis and cytokenesis
533009556	mitosis	process in which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides. also includes cytokenesis. normal everyday functions.
533009557	tumor	abormal mass of cells that may be cancerous
533009558	Three Steps that occur during binary fission:	1. DNA replication 2. Chromosome segregation 3. cytokenesis
533009559	cell division in eukaryotes	more complex, mitosis and cytokenesis
533009560	cell division in prokaryotes	all one thing, don't stop long after each phase, bacteria 1000x smaller. Binarry Fission
533009561	"Check Points" In cell cycle	check points ensure that the cell is ready to proceed before it moves on to the next phase. they make sure that the old phase is complete, and whether to start or delay the new phase.
533009562	parts of cell cycle	G1, S, G2, M
533009563	caner and the cell cycle	cancer occurs when the cell is no longer regulated. It can happen when a cells DNA is damaged. The cancer cells grow out of control and have no checkpoints.
533009564	phases of mitosis	1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase 5. cytokenesis
533009569	cell apotosis	cell self destruction in g2 in case anything is wrong with the cell
533009570	dilpoid	a cell with 2 sets of chomromosome- comes from mitois
533009571	fertilization	sperm and egg producing and offspring
533009572	gamete	reproductive or sex cell
533009573	haploid	the number of chromosomes in a gamete- comes after meiosis
533009574	information stored in a gene	information to make a trait or protein
533009575	chromosomes	coiled up DNA
533009576	chromatin	uncoiled DNA that can have its genetic code read
542012680	Prophase (mitosis)	chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleur envelope breaks down, centrioles move to outside
542012681	Metaphase (mitosis)	"middle" -spindle fibers attach to centromere of each pair os sistem chromatins- sister chromatins line up in the center of cell.
542012682	Anaphase (mitosis)	sister chromatins are pulled apart and seperated by the spindle fibers (reeling a fish, fishing rod). -At the end of this phase each pole of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes
542012683	Telophase (mitosis)	chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindles break down, new nucleur membrane forms.
542014517	Cytokenesis	-final stage -cell spilts in half -cytoplasm spits and cell divides -new plasma membrane forms

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3.01 Mutimedia Flashcards

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104878177	Multimedia	Different types of media including text, video, sound, graphics and animations.
104878178	Multimedia Presentation	a computer based, interactive experience that incorporates text, graphics, sound, video, and virtual reality
104878179	Copyright Law	ensures that the author's rights of images and sounds used in multimedia products are protected and acknowledged. Copyrighted material cannot be used without the owner's permission
104878180	Fair Use	Fair use allows others to use copyright material without infringing on the rights of the owner. Beware that these are only guidelines and do not protect the user from lawsuits!
104878181	Build Effect	an effect applied to text that makes it appear on a slide in increments of one letter, word or section at a time; keeps the audience's attention and does not allow the audience to read or see past what the speaker is explaining
104878182	Hyperlink	hot spots" or "jumps" to locate another file or page; represented by a graphic or colored and underlined text.
104878183	Menus	are a list of options (text or images) that link to other parts of the presentation
104878184	Navigation buttons	allow the user to interact with a multimedia presentation. Allow the end user to navigate between slides, additional elements (i.e. Word and Excel documents), audio, video clips, and other interactive parts of the presentation
104878185	Slide transition	the visual effect of a slide as it moves on and off the screen during a slide show.
104878186	Asymmetrical balance	distribution achieved by arranging non-identical elements on both sides of an imaginary center line on the screen.
104878187	Balance	is the distribution of optical weight in the layout
104878188	Interactivity	is the ability of the user to interact with an application
104878189	Inter-screen unity	is the design that users encounter as they navigate from one screen to another; provides consistency throughout a title
104878190	Intra-screen unity	is how the various elements relate to one another on the same screen.
104878191	Linear presentations	author of the presentation controls the flow of information in the application.
104878192	No balance	a design that has elements arranged on the screen without regard to the optical weight of elements.
104878193	Non-linear presentation	allows the user to interact with a presentation and control how the information will be viewed; allows the user to be active rather than passive during the delivery of the information.
104878194	Optical center	a point slightly above and to the center of the mathematical center of the screen.
104878195	Optical weight	the ability of an element such as a graphic, text, headline, or subheading to attract the user's eye.
104878196	Rollover	function performed as the mouse pointer rolls over and points to an object
104878197	Sequential navigational scheme	takes the user through a controlled, linear process.
104878198	Symmetrical balance	distribution achieved by arranging elements as horizontal or vertical mirrored images on both sides of an imaginary center line of a screen
104878199	Treatment	how a presentation will be offered to the user; that is, the look and feel of the presentation.
104878200	Authoring programs	programs used to create multimedia presentations, such as simulations and tutorials; most have some point-and-click features, but may require some knowledge of programming language concepts; i.e., Microsoft Visual Basic, Macromedia Director.
104878201	Adobe Director	authoring program that uses a movie metaphor with the user as the "director" of the movie. It has a scripting language called Lingo which has made it a popular choice for creating CD-ROMs and standalone kiosks and web content. It supports both 2D and 3D multimedia projects
104878202	Adobe Flash	an animation program for developing 2-D animations delivered on the Web.
104878203	Players	are programs that allow users to run multimedia applications on their computers.
104878204	Programming languages	languages used to create applications and, in multimedia, to produce sophisticated features such as creating animations and searching databases
104878205	Script	is program code for a specific task such as a rollover
104878206	Scripting Languages	programming languages used to create scripts
104878207	Shockwave	program that allows an Internet user to play applications created with Macromedia Director.
104878208	Toolbook	a multimedia authoring software program

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week 4 WCU pathophys Altered Cardiovascular Function Flashcards

Week 4
atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis
HTN
CHF
Acute Coronary Syndrome
MI

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580268675	Lymphatic Circuit	specialized system of channels and tissues; reabsorbs fluid that leads from vascular network into the interstitium and return it to the general circulation
580268676	artery structure tunica intima	innermost layer of endothelial cells in direct contact with blood; smooth muscle helps blood flow
580268677	tunica media	muscular layer of artery; smooth muscle, thickest section in arteries; helps pulse circulate blood
580268678	tunica adventitial	tough outermost layer of collagenous connective tissue (thickest section in veins)
580268679	atherosclerosis	results from formation of fatty lesions in the INTIMAL lining of large and medium sized arteries
580268680	atherosclerosis in a nutshell	lipids get into the vasuclar endothelium WBC clear them away, making foam cells WBCs and vascular endothelium release growth factors that promote plaque formation plaques block the arteries
580268681	lipoproteins	more protein = higher density more lipid =lower density
580268682	dietary lipids absorbed as __________.	chylomicrons
580268683	what do chylomicrons do?	enables fat and cholesterol to move within the water based solution of bloodstream
580268684	HDLs	made in liver go out to the peripheral tissues and pick up lipid carry it back to the liver
580268685	true aneurysm	involves all 3 layers of the artery wall i.e. atherosclerotic
580268686	false aneurysm	a collection of blood leaking out of the lumen, but confined next to the vessel
580268687	systolic pressure	reflects the amount of blood (SV) ejected with each heart beat and the compliance of the aorta and large arteries
580268688	stroke volume	volume of blood pumped from 1 ventricle with each beat (usually L-ventricle)
580268689	cardiac output	volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle in 1 minute.
580268690	diastolic pressure	reflects the closure of the aoritc valve, the energy stored in the elastic fibers of the large arteries, and the resistance t flow through arterioles into the capillaries --Left Ventricle Relaxing
580268691	baroreceptors	located throughout the heart and they sense pressure changes in the arteries
580268692	BP control involves...	1. cardiovascular system 2. renal system
580268693	PNS	lowers BP lowers HR vasodilation
580268694	HTN	most common of all health problems in adults in the US and is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disorders
580268695	stage 2 HTN	> or = 160 systolic > or = 100 diastolic
580268696	Primary/Essential HTN	idiopathic disorder = the chronic elevation of BP occurs without evidence of other disease
580268697	Primary HTN	90-95% of hypertension
580268698	physiologic mechanism of anti-hypertension drugs reducing BP...	reduce SV reduce systemic vascular resistance, decrease HR diuretics - lower vascular volume, HR, CO ACE inhibitors calcium channel blockers vasodilators
580268699	Secondary HTN	attributed to a specific identifiable pathology or condition 5-10% of hypertensive cases
580268700	coarctation of aorta	narrowing of the aorta, thus ejetion of a large stroke volume into a narrowed aorta increases systolic BP
580268701	Heart Failure	the most common reason for hospitalization i those >65 years of age
580268702	Myocardial ischemia is the most common cause of ______ _______.	heart failure
580268703	HF results from...	impaired ability of myocardial fibers to contract, relax, or both
580268704	R-sided heart failure	impairs ability to move deoxygenated blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation
580268705	L-sided heart failure	impairs pumping of blood from the low pressure pulmonary to the high pressure arterial circulation
580268706	Frank -Starling Curve	the heart increases stroke volume by increasing ventricular EDV, which increases myocardial fiber stretch to optimize actin and myosin overlap
580268707	preload	stretching of ventricles or atria while filling of blood (just before contraction)
580268708	Preload treatments	ACE inhibitors diureics
580268709	Afterload treatments	beta adrenergic blocking agents contractility = digitalis drugs
580268710	beta blockers	blocks affects of stress hormones, decreases HR
580268711	pericardial disorders coronary heart disease myocardial diseases	disorders that usually appear to affect the whole heart
580268712	exudate	fluid with high protein content and cellular debris from circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation
580268713	Pericarditis	serous exudate cardiac tamponade fibrous scar tissue----constrictive pericarditis
580268714	pericardial effusion	fluid in pericardial cavity
580268715	Coronary heart disease can be divided into 2 types:	1. chronic ischemic heart disease 2. acute coronary syndrome = represents the spectrum of ischemic coronary disease ranging from unstable angina through myocardial infarction
580268716	chronic ischemic heart disease	= less blood = higher oxygen demand
580268717	stable angina	pain when heart's oxygen demand increases
580268718	variant angina	pain when coronary arteries spasm
580268719	silent myocardial ischemia	myocardial ischemia without chest pain
580268720	Acute Coronary Syndromes	ECG changes Serum cardiac markers (proteins released from necrotic heart cells)
580268721	Acute Myocardial Infarction	chest pain sympathetic nervous system response hypotension and shock
580268722	An Acute MI leaves behind...	an area of yellow necrosis, soft and sharply demarcated
580268723	hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	ventricles are thick not a normal amount of room for blood inside them, lumen smaller
580268724	restrictive cardiomyopathy	ventricles are too stiff to stretch and fill with blood
580268725	dilated cardiomyopathy	heart becomes weakened and enlarged and cannot pump sufficient blood
580268726	Valvular Disorders	disorders which usually appear to affect one side of the heart
580268727	semilunar valves	aortic valve pulmonary valve
580268728	stenosis	valves dont open all the way low pitch sound
580268729	regurgitation	valves dont close all the way high pitch sound
580268730	atrial septal defects	congenital heart defect present at birth allows blood flow between the atrias
580268731	ventricular septal defects	allows blood flow between the ventricles
580268732	endocardial cushion defects	no separation between the chambers of the heart
580268733	patent ductus arteriosus	after birth defect
580268734	ductus arteriosus	before birth defect connects aorta and pulmonary artery (remains open)
580268735	transposition of the great vessels	2 major vessels that carry blood away from the heart (aorta and pulmonary artery) are switched (transposed)
580268736	shunt	an opening or connection that lets blood move from one side of the circulation to the other because the left side is stronger, blood is usually pushed from the left to the right side
580268737	shunts are normal before birth	true
580268738	Foramen ovale	lets blood go from the R atrium to the L atrium to bypass the lungs
580268739	ductus venosus	lets blood go from the visceral veins to the vena cava, bypassing liver
580268740	Right to Left shunt	deoxygenated blood goes to body
580268741	Left to Right shunt	more blood goes to lungs, less blood goes to body
580268742	If blood kept leaking through the mitral valve after it had closed, when would you hear the sound of the blood moving	after mitral valve closed after first heart sound (systole)
580268743	During stenosis, the murmur occurs when the valve is open because blood is rushing through the narrowed opening. When would you hear a murmur of mitral stenosis?	during diastole mitral valve opens; fluid filling

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AP Psych. Vocab.: Ch.7 Memory Flashcards

All the terms listed on the Purple Packet for Chapter 7: Memory.

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480845770	Memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
480845771	Encoding (Visual, Acoustic, Semantic)	The way in which we receive and process information, whether it be vision, sounds, or facts.
480883902	Storage (episodic, procedural and semantic)	The process of retaining information for later recall, whether it be a specific event, procedure, or fact. Divided into Long Term and Short Term.
480883903	Retrieval (recall and recognition)	The act of bringing something back from memory, either for recollection or recognition of something.
480883904	PDP Model	A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel.
480883905	Information Processing Model	a model of memory in which information must pass through discrete stages via the processes of attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
480883906	Explicit Memory	Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
480883907	Implicit Memory	Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
480883908	Sensory Memory	very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor
480883909	Short Term Memory	The memory stage with a small capacity (7 +- 2 chunks) and brief duration (< 30 seconds) that we are consciously aware of and in which we do our problem solving, reasoning and decision making.
480883910	Working Memory	Active maintenance of information in short-term storage.
480883911	Long Term Memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
480883912	Visual (iconic) Memory	Information encoded as a picture or an array of images inside one's mind (Photographic Learners).
480883913	Auditory (Echoic) Memory	Information that is encoded as a sound or sequence of noises (Auditory Learners).
480883914	Procedural Memory	memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits (Hint: This part of Clive Wearing's memory was still intact).
480883915	Semantic Memory	memory of ideas, rules, words, and general concepts about the world.
480883916	Episodic Memory	memory of specific personal events and situations (episodes) tagged with information about time.
480883917	Prospective Memory	The ability to remember things that must be done in the future, such as deadlines.
480883918	Maintenance rehearsal	A system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it.
480883919	Elaborative rehearsal	a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.
480883920	Sensory registers	Memory systems that hold incoming information long enough for it to be processed further.
480883921	Selective attention	The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
480883922	Chunking	The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember.
480883923	Brown-Peterson Procedure	A method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short-term memory.
480908531	Primacy Effect	The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes first in a sequence.
480908532	Recency Effect	The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes last in a sequence.
480908533	Serial-Position Effect	The tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
480908534	Encoding specificity	the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.
480908535	Context-Dependent Memory	Memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled.
480908536	State-Dependent Memory	The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.
480908537	Flashbulb Memory	A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event (Ex: 9/11).
480908538	Schemas	Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
480908539	False Memory	A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur.
480908540	Misinformation Effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
480908541	Decay	Fading away of memory over time.
480908542	Retrieval Cue Failure	The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues.
480908543	Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon	A temporary inability to remember something accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach.
480908544	Retroactive Interference	Situation in which information learned more recently hinders the recall of information learned previously.
480908545	Proactive Memory	When old information hinders the learning of new info.
480908546	Retrograde Amnesia	loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.
480908547	Anterograde Amnesia (HM)	loss of ability to create new memories after the event that causes the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long term memories from before the event remain inapt.
480908548	Suppresion	putting something out of mind consciously.
480908549	Repression	The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
480908550	Mnemonics	Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
480908551	Acronyms	Words formed from the first letter of a series of words.
480908552	Method of Loci	A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations.

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AP Psychology Test - Chapter 7 Flashcards

All questions from the chapter 7 test over cognition from AP psychology, vocab included.
Pearson - Psychology AP* Edition

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290838048	E) cognitive map	A(n) ______ is a cognitive representation of a physical space. A) spatial heuristic B) confirmation bias C) chunk D) algorithm E) cognitive map
290838049	A) a natural language mediator.	To remember the five Great Lakes, you might remember the word HOMES, because each of the five letters in HOMES is the first letter of one of the Great Lakes. This strategy is known as A) a natural language mediator. B) maintenance rehearsal. C) the method of loci. D) a recognition task. E) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
290838050	D) fraction of a second	How long does sensory memory generally last? A) 1 minute B) no limit to how long sensory memory will last C) 1 second D) fraction of a second E) 10 seconds
290838051	B) seven; Miller.	The capacity of working memory is about ______ items and this theory was developed by A) thirty; Craik. B) seven; Miller. C) eleven; Miller. D) three; Schacter. E) twenty; Aronson.
290838052	C) the fact that we pay little attention to such details.	The reason it may be difficult to remember how many rows of stars appear on the United States flag is most likely due to A) sensory interference. B) the limits of our visual system. C) the fact that we pay little attention to such details. D) sensory adaptation. E) habituation.
290838053	C) hindsight bias.	After the outcome is known, people often have distorted thinking about their original expectations due to A) confirmation bias. B) their prototypes. C) hindsight bias. D) availability heuristic. E) representativeness heuristic.
290838054	A) transcience.	If you are unable to remember the name of your second grade teacher because you haven't thought of her in a while, you are demostrating A) transcience. B) encoding specificty. C) absent-mindedness. D) the serial position effect. E) misattribution.
290838055	A) retrieval.	Getting information out of memory is known as A) retrieval. B) encoding. C) storage. D) elaboration. E) chunking.
290838056	D) engram.	The physical changes that are associated with memory are known as a(n) A) schema. B) long-term potentiation. C) phoneme. D) engram. E) phosgene.
290838057	B) photographic memory.	Another term for eidetic imagery is A) engram. B) photographic memory. C) recognition. D) episodic memory. E) implicit memory.
290838058	D) interference	Blocking refers to the situation in which competing memories produce ______ leading to forgetting. A) misattribution B) transference C) an engram D) interference E) transduction
290838059	A) the majority of students held placed Europe at the center of the world.	In studies that were completed regarding students' cognitive maps of the world, researchers found that A) the majority of students held placed Europe at the center of the world. B) there were no conclusive findings from the study. C) most students placed the United States at the center of the world. D) all students regardless of where they lived shared a cognitive map that was very similar. E) most students made Australia much smaller than it actually is.
290838060	E) functional fixedness.	A person who uses a drop of super glue to seal a paper cut on their finger has overcome the obstacle to effective problem solving related to A) the anchoring bias. B) the representativeness heuristic. C) working backward. D) regression to the average. E) functional fixedness.
290838061	A) the anchoring bias.	Usually about 500 people attend the annual exquisite Irish food festival. This year however, about 5000 people have attended because the word has spread that the boiled cabbage last year was "out of this world". Kelly, who is organizing the event, knows that there is usually 500 people there, while she knows more people in attendance she estimates the crowd to be about 1000 people. She is probably underestimating the crowd due to A) the anchoring bias. B) self-imposed limitations. C) mental set. D) the representativeness heuristic. E) cognitive maps.
290838062	A) choose whether you would like to have roses or lilacs in your garden.	An algorithm would not be the best strategy when trying to A) choose whether you would like to have roses or lilacs in your garden. B) use a mathematical formula to figure out the answer. C) follow the directions on a box of legos in order to build the fort pictured on the cover. D) follow a specific procedure during a science lab. E) calculate your grade point average.
290838063	A) procedural memory	A guitarist uses ______ to recall how to play the notes of a specific song. A) procedural memory B) mnemonics C) a flashbulb memory D) semantic memory E) episodic memory
290838064	D) Schemas	______ are clusters of knowledge that provide general conceptual frameworks regarding certain topics, events, and situations. A) Algorithms B) Prototypes C) Cognitive maps D) Schemas E) Hierarchies
290838065	E) cannot be directly observed by researchers.	Concepts A) can represent objects but not activities. B) come in exactly two types, visual and auditory. C) are basically the same from one person to the next. D) interfere with our ability to organize new information. E) cannot be directly observed by researchers.
290838066	A) iconic; echoic	The sensory register for vision is called ______ memory, whereas the sensory register for hearing is called ______ memory. A) iconic; echoic B) implicit; explicit C) olfactory; auditory D) explicit; implicit E) declarative; procedural
290838067	C) your mental image of the statue of Liberty	Which one of the following is Not an artificial concept? A) Einstein's theory of relativity B) the dictionary definition of the word 'truth' C) your mental image of the statue of Liberty D) how to determine the radius of a circle E) the lyrics to "New York, New York"
290838068	B) encoding, storage, and retrieval	Which of the following are the three essential tasks of memory? A) eidetic imagery, short-term memory, and recall B) encoding, storage, and retrieval C) recall, recognition, and relearning D) sensory, working, and long-term memory
290838069	A) working memory.	In order to get material into permanent storage, it must be made meaningful while it is in A) working memory. B) sensory memory. C) long-term memory. D) immediate memory.
290838070	C) recall	A person experience the TOT phenomenon is unable to ______ a specific word. A) store B) encode C) recall D) recognize
290838071	C) We forget rapidly at first and then more slowly.	Which one of the following statements best describes forgetting, as characterized by Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve? A) We forget at a constant rate. B) We forget slowly at first and then more rapidly. C) We forget rapidly at first and then more slowly. D) We never forget.
290838072	A) suggestibility	Which one of the seven "sins" of memory is disputed by those who believe that memories of childhood abuse can, in many cases, be recovered during adulthood? A) suggestibility B) transience C) persistence D) absent-mindedness
290838073	B) children are born with some rules of grammar programmed into their brains.	Noam Chomsky has presented evidence supporting his theory that A) children learn language by imitating their parents. B) children are born with some rules of grammar programmed into their brains. C) different languages may have entirely different rules of grammar. D) vocabulary is innate, but grammar is learned.
290838074	B) extremely high intelligence	Which of the following is not a characteristic that is consistently found among highly creative people? A) open-mindedness B) extremely high intelligence C) willingness to restructure the problem D) a high level of motivation E) independence
290838075	D) availability bias.	Because you watch a lot of violent videos, you think your chances of being mugged are quite high. Your judgement is flawed by A) anchoring bias. B) functional fixedness. C) hindsight bias. D) availability bias.
290838076	D) Me gots two foots and two handses.	Which of the following utterances illustrates overregularization in language development? A) bababa B) Drink mild, all gone. C) Want cookie. D) Me gots two foots and two handses.
290838077	A) episodic/procedural	H.M.'s ______-memory was more profoundly affected by the surgery than his ______ memory. A) episodic/procedural B) eidetic/sensory C) implicit/explicit D) short-term/long-term
290838078	A) an algorithm.	A math problem calls for finding the area of a triangle. You know the formula, so you multiply 1/2 time the base times the height. You have used A) an algorithm. B) a heuristic. C) functional fixedness. D) intuition.
290838079	B) animal, mammal, dog, cocker spaniel	Which one of the following lists represents a concept hierarchy? A) cat, dog, giraffe, elephant B) animal, mammal, dog, cocker spaniel C) woman, girl, man, boy D) lemur, monkey, chimpanzee, human
290838080	C) proactive interference	Which kind of forgetting is involved when the sociology I studied yesterday makes it more difficult to learn and remember the psychology I am studying today? A) retrieval failure B) retroactive interference C) proactive interference D) decay
290838081	A) cued.	An implicit memory may be activated by priming, and an explicit memory may be activated by a recognizable stimulus. In either case, a psychologist would say that these memories are being A) cued. B) recalled. C) stored. D) learned.
290838082	B) thinking of an example of each term	As you study the vocabulary in this book, which method would result in the deepest level of processing? A) learning the definition given in the marginal glossary B) thinking of an example of each term C) marking each term with a highlighter each time it occurs in a sentence in the text D) glossing over it, knowing you will see it later
290838083	D) encoding	When you get a new cat, you will note her unique markings, so that you can remember what she looks like in comparison with other cats in the neighborhood. What would a cognitive psychologist call this process of identifying the distictive features of your cat? A) storage B) retrieval C) recollection D) encoding
290838084	D) episodic memory	Which part of long-term memory stores autobiographical information? A) semantic memory B) procedural memory C) recognition memory D) episodic memory E) eidetic memory
290838085	B) recall/recognition	Remembering names is usually harder than remembering faces because names require ______, while faces require ______. A) short-term memory/long-term memory B) recall/recognition C) declarative memory/procedural memory D) encoding/retrieval
290838086	C) persistence	Which one of the sins of memory probably helps us avoid dangerous situations we have encountered before? A) suggestibility B) bias C) persistence D) misattribution E) absent-mindedness
290838087	A) an artificial concept	A dictionary definition would be an example of A) an artificial concept. B) a natural concept. C) a core concept. D) an abstract concept.
290838088	Functional fixedness	The inability to perceive a new use for an object.
290838089	Maintenance rehearsal	A working-memory process in which information is merely repeated to keep it from fading.
290838090	Schema	A knowledge cluster that provides expectations about topics, objects, people, and the like in one's life.
290838091	Elaborative rehearsal	A working-memory process in which information is actively related to information already in LTM.
290838092	Prototype	A most representative example of a conceptual category.
290838093	Procedural memory	A division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done.
290838094	Concepts	Mental representations of categories of items or ideas.
290838095	Episodic memory	A subdivision of declarative memory that stores memory for personal events.
290838096	Morpheme	Meaningful units of language that make up words.
290838097	Overregularization	Applying a grammatical rule too widely.

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GMAT Quant Flashcards

Personal notes

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409651705	What is the formula to calculate the area of a triangle with the following vertices L(1,3), M(5,1), and N(3,5)?	1/2 [X1(Y2-Y3) + X2(Y3-Y1) + X3(Y1-Y2)]
409651706	In Exponential Growth, a quantity is...?	is multiplied by the constant each period of time:Y(t)= Yo * k^t
409651707	If K is the constant difference between successive terms, and x is some other constant, then provide formulas:	Direct formula Sn= kn + x Recursive formula Sn=sn-1 + k S1=k+x
409651708	Is there a condition on when to multiple or divide an inequality by a variable?	You cannot multiple or divide an inequality by a variable, unless you the sign of the number of that the variable stands for.
409651709	Quadratic equations with one solution - also called perfect square. Solve: X^2 +8x + 16=0	(x+4) (x+4) = 0 (x+4)^2= 0 The only solution for x is -4
416229935	How many distinct prime divisors does a positive integer N have? 1. 2N has one prime divisor 2. 3N has one prime divisor	Answer: C 1. N has no prime divisor or N has only digit 2 as a prime divisor/factor.... 2, 4, 8 2. Same as 1
416229936	Vertices of a triangle have coordinates (1,0), (4,0) and (0.A). Is the area of the triangle bigger than 15? 1. A<3 2. The triangle is right	B stmt 2: if the given triangle is right angle then one side which forms the hypotenuse is 5 so the other two sides will be less than 4. so definitely area of triangle has to be less than 15
416229937	What is the mean of four consecutive even integers a,b,c,d? a is the smallest of the four integers. 1. a+d = b + c 2. b+c =d - a	B Ste 2: as they are consecutive the condition b+c = d-a is equal to a+2 + a+4 = a+6 - a -> a=0
416229938	When dividing two number and result contains a remainder, such remainder is always smaller than denominator.	e.g. 5/10 -- remainder = 5 (10>5) 25/10 -- remainder - 5 ( 5<10)
416229939	X, A, B and are positive integers. When X is divided by A, the remainder is B. If when X is divided by B, the remainder is A - 2, which of the following must be true? (A) A is even (B) X + B is divisible by A (C) X - 1 is divisible by A (D) B = A - 1 (E) A + 2 = B+1	D When dividing two number and result contains a remainder, such remainder is always smaller than denominator. e.g. 5/10 -- remainder = 5 (10>5) 25/10 -- remainder - 5 ( 5<10)
416229940	Foodmart customers regularly buy at least one of the following products: milk, chicken, or apples. 60% of shoppers buy milk, 50% buy chicken, and 35% buy apples. If 10% of the customers buy all 3 products, what percentage of Foodmart customers purchase exactly 2 of the above products? (A) 5% (B) 10% (C) 15% (D) 25% (E) 30%	Use this equations: 1. b1 + 2b2 + 3b3 = 145% 2. b1 + b2 + b3 = 100% 2. b3= 10%
416229941	In an exponential (or geometric) sequence, the ratio between successive terms is always the same. Provide formula(s)	Direct Formula Sn=xk^n Recursive Formula Sn=kSn-1 S1=xk
416234143	What's the area of a Trapezoid?	[(Base1 + Base2)*Height]/2
416234144	What's the area of a Parallelogram?	Base * Height
416234145	What's the area of rhombus?	( Diagonal1 * Diagonal2) / 2
416234146	What is the Surface Area?	The SUM of the areas of ALL of the faces
416234147	IF TWO similar triangles have corresponding side lenghts in ratio a:b, then their areas will be in ratio of?	a^2:b^2
416234148	For similar SOLIDS with corresponding sides in ratio a:b their volumes will be in ratio of?	a^3:b^3
416234149	perpendicular lines have what kind of reciprocal slope?	perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes
416234150	Transalte: Jane bought twice as many apples as bananas	A=2B
416234151	Work rate= given # of jobs/ given amount of time	Always express work rates as jobs per unit time, not as time/job
416234152	Of all quadrilaterals with a given perimeter which one has the largest area and which one has the minimun perimeter?	The square
416234153	what's the general probability formula?	# of desired or successful outcomes / Total # of positive outcomes
416234154	If a coin is tossen 3 times, what is the probability that it will turn up heads exactly twice	3/8 - you can use the counting tree method to figured it out
416234155	And means what in probability?	And means multiply the probabilities. You'll wind up w/ a smaller number, which indicates a lower probability.
416234156	OR means what in probability?	Means add the probabilities. You'll wind up w/ a larger #
416234157	Explain this formula: P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)	This formula works for all OR problems. However, it is a waste of time for problems in which events A and B cannot occurred together, b/c then P(A and B)=0
416234158	When should you use the 1 - X probability trick	When the success contains multiple probabilities - especially, if the wording contain phrases such as "AT LEAST" and "AT MOST" then consider finding the probability that success does not happen.
416235163	"Y percent less than" can be translated as what?	1 - (Y/100)
416235164	Is X 1/Y?	Yes, when X and Y are positive OR negative. Otherwise, when X is negative and Y is positive: 1/x< 1/y
416235165	If x>y, x<6, and y>-3, what is the largest prime number that could be equal to x+y?	A=11 --> there is no integer constraint
470036236	A rabbit on a controlled diet is fed daily 300 grams of a mixture of two foods, food X and food Y. Food X contains 10 percent protein and food Y contains 15 percent protein. If the rabbit's diet provides exactly 38 grams of protein daily, how many grams of food X are in the mixture?	Ans:0.10X + 0.15(300 - X) = 0.38 .... 140
470036237	Does the integer k have a factor p such that 14! (2) 13! + 2 <= k < 13! +13	Answer B: 1 - if, for example, k=29 then p could not have a factor of p.... 2. for each number of k from 13! +2 to 13! + 13 there is a factor p such that 1
470056911	reciprocals numbers	To determine if two number are reciprocals multiple the numbers in question; if this multiplication yields 1 then these numbers are reciprocals. For example, (Sqrt 7) / 2 and [2*(Sqrt 7)] / 7 (Sqrt 17) - 4 and (Sqrt 17) + 4
470125810	How many of the three-digit numbers are divisible by 7? (A) 105 (B) 106 (C) 127 (D) 128 (E) 142	Divide all of the three-digit numbers 999-100+1=900 (Don't forget to add 1 to get the number of all the 3-digit numbers) by 7, which is 128.57, and then round it off to 128.

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AP Psychology Test - Chapter 6 Flashcards

All questions from the chapter 6 test over learning from AP psychology, vocab included.
Pearson - Psychology AP* Edition

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290787235	E) omission training	Negative punishment is sometimes referred to as ______. A) negative reinforcement B) an aversive stimulus C) positive reinforcement D) premack principle E) omission training
290787236	D) produces resistance to extinction.	Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining behavior because such reinforcement A) has popularity and generosity. B) has discriminability and consistency. C) has predictability and physicality. D) produces resistance to extinction. E) has frequency and generalizability.
290787237	D) the smell of smoke	In deciding whether there is a fire in your classroom building, which of the following provides the best early information as to whether there is a fire? A) the appearance of greenish flames B) the appearance of a fireman in your classroom C) the flicker of flames D) the smell of smoke E) the sound of an alarm bell
290787238	A) counterconditioning.	You had an intense fear of high spaces and were asked to climb to the top of a high tower. As you ascended your therapist told you to relax and gave you positive feedback on how you were doing, eventually you made it to the top. This therapeutic technique is known as A) counterconditioning. B) classical conditioning. C) flooding. D) operant conditioning. E) aversive conditioning.
290787239	B) the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships.	Insight learning involves A) the developments of abstract concepts. B) the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships. C) the integration of unfamiliar objects into familiar patterns. D) a strategy of vicarious trial-and-error. E) the process of assimilation.
290787240	E) All of the above.	A dog rattles a chain by the door to indicate that he wants to go out, his owner is thrilled and thinks that her dog is brilliant. The dog, however, has not yet proven learning because A) he may have accidentally bumped into the chain. B) he must demonstrate that he has associated the chain with going out through prior experience. C) he must repeat the behavior. D) the change must be lasting. E) All of the above.
290787241	E) limbic system; dopamine	Damage to neurons within the ______ that use the transmitter ______ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward. A) cerebrum; acetylcholine B) parietal cortex; epinephrine C) medulla; serotonin D) cerebellum; GABA E) limbic system; dopamine
290787242	B) variable interval	Your family goes on a fishing trip for vacation. While you are fishing you are working on a ______ schedule of reinforcement. A) variable ratio B) variable interval C) fixed ratio D) continuous E) fixed interval
290787243	E) aversive conditioning; conditioned stimulus	Just has cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Her parents notice that she now rejects food that she willingly ate last week (before chemotherapy). Through the process of ______, the food is now acting as ______. A) appetitive conditioning; conditioned stimulus B) conditioned reinforcement; unconditioned response C) operant conditioning; negative reinforcer D) negative reinforcement; conditioned stimulus E) aversive conditioning; conditioned stimulus
290787244	A) the electrical outlet	If you learned to fear electrical outlets after getting a painful shock, what would be the CS? A) the electrical outlet B) the time period between seeing the outlet and getting the shock C) the fear response D) the light E) the painful shock
290787245	E) food	Which of the following would be most likely to be the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) involved in classical conditioning? A) a flashing light B) music C) praise D) money E) food
290787246	A) decreases; increases	A punisher ______ the probability of a response while a negative reinforcer ______ the probability of a response. A) decreases; increases B) does not alter; decreases C) increases; increases D) decreases; decreases E) increases; decreases
290787247	A) most people cannot be easily categorized into a single category.	Research regarding the learning styles have found that A) most people cannot be easily categorized into a single category. B) most people are kinesthetic learners. C) most people are visual learners. D) most people are spatial learners. E) the research has incredibly high scientific validity.
290787248	D) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus	Burt had never been afraid of spiders. but at camp last summer he woke up and there was a spider on his face. Since this event, he cries in fear every time he sees a multilegged creature. For Burt, before the incident spiders had been a ______, after the incident, spiders are a ______. A) neutral stimulus; conditioned response B) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response C) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus D) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus E) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
290787249	B) long-term potentiation.	The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with A) hemispheric lateralization. B) long-term potentiation. C) spatial mapping. D) brain imaging. E) myelinization of neurons.
290787250	D) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response	After having some bad barbecue pork in the cafeteria, your stomach gets a bit woozy each time you enter. The cafeteria is the ______ and your stomach feeling woozy is the ______. A) conditioned response; conditioned stimulus B) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response C) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response D) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response E) unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
290787251	D) Edward Thorndike.	Much of B.F. Skinner's early work was inspired by the "Law of Effect" which was created by A) John Watson. B) Ivan Pavlov. C) Mary Cover Jones. D) Edward Thorndike. E) Albert Bandura.
290787252	D) after the behavior.	Operant conditioning, in contrast with classical conditioning, emphasizes events (such as rewards and punishments) the occur A) at the same time as another stimulus. B) before the behavior. C) the timing is not important in operant conditioning. D) after the behavior. E) during the behavior.
290787253	D) have children watch videos of aggressive children who are not being reinforced for their aggressive behavior.	If you were going to use Bandura's findings in developing a program to prevent violence among middle school children, you might A) punish children for aggressive acts performed at school. B) reward children for non-aggressive acts. C) have children role-play aggressive solutions to interpersonal problems. D) have children watch videos of aggressive children who are not being reinforced for their aggressive behavior. E) have children punch a "BoBo" doll to get the aggression out of their system.
290787254	B) part of our biological make-up	The fact that taste aversions ______ poses a problem for classical conditioning theory. A) are difficult to measure B) are part of our biological make-up C) are generalizable D) are not consistent E) are learned through observation
290787255	OC	(Write 'CC' if the statement relates to Classical Conditioning, and 'OC' of the statement relates to Operant Conditioning.) Often involves reward or punishment.
290787256	CC	(Write 'CC' if the statement relates to Classical Conditioning, and 'OC' of the statement relates to Operant Conditioning.) Learner is passive -- responses are involuntary or they are reflexes.
290787257	OC	(Write 'CC' if the statement relates to Classical Conditioning, and 'OC' of the statement relates to Operant Conditioning.) Extinction is produced by withholding reinforcement.
290787258	CC	(Write 'CC' if the statement relates to Classical Conditioning, and 'OC' of the statement relates to Operant Conditioning.) Behavior is controlled by stimuli that precede the response.
290787259	CL	(Write 'BL' if the statement is about Behavioral Learning ((classical or operant conditioning)) and write 'CL' if the statement is about Cognitive Learning.) Learning as information processing: The learner seeks useful information from stimuli.
290787260	BL	(Write 'BL' if the statement is about Behavioral Learning ((classical or operant conditioning)) and write 'CL' if the statement is about Cognitive Learning.) Big names: Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner
290787261	CL	(Write 'BL' if the statement is about Behavioral Learning ((classical or operant conditioning)) and write 'CL' if the statement is about Cognitive Learning.) Big names: Kohler, Tolman, Bandura, Rescorla
290787262	BL	(Write 'BL' if the statement is about Behavioral Learning ((classical or operant conditioning)) and write 'CL' if the statement is about Cognitive Learning.) Focuses on observable events (stimuli and responses) only.
290787263	CL	(Write 'BL' if the statement is about Behavioral Learning ((classical or operant conditioning)) and write 'CL' if the statement is about Cognitive Learning.) Learning also involves insight, observational learning, cognitive maps, and other more complex forms of learning.
290787264	CL	(Write 'BL' if the statement is about Behavioral Learning ((classical or operant conditioning)) and write 'CL' if the statement is about Cognitive Learning.) Makes inferences about mental processes that are not directly observable.
290787265	Classical conditioning	A form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus.
290787266	Habituation	Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus.
290787267	Unconditioned response (UCR)	In classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.
290787268	Extinction	The weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus.
290787269	Experimental neurosis	A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli.
290787270	Learning	A lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience.
290787271	Mere exposure effect	A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.
290787272	Acquisition	The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned response comes tp be elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
290787273	Spontaneous recovery	The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay.
290787274	Taste-aversion learning	A biological tendency in which an organism learns, after a single experience, to avoid a food with a certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness.
290787275	Reinforcer	A condition (involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus) that occurs after a response and strengthens that response.
290787276	Extinction (in operant conditioning)	A process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement.
290787277	Punishment	An aversive stimulus which, occurring after a response, diminishes the strength of that response.
290787278	Premack principle	The concept that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity.
290787279	Operant chamber	A boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contingent on an animal's behavior. This is often called a "Skinner box."
290787280	Operant conditioning	A form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences -- that is, by the stimuli that follow the response.
290787281	Positive punishment	The application of an aversive stimulus after a response.
290787282	Token economy	A therapeutic method, based on operant conditioning, by which individuals are rewarded with tokens, which act as secondary reinforcers. The tokens can be redeemed for a variety of rewards and privileges.
290787283	Law of effect	The idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or "stamped" into the organism.

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APUSH Chapter 28 Terms Flashcards

Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

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632440078	progressives	reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and improve the way grovernment works
632440079	Henry Demarest Lloyd	One of the earliest muckrakers attacked practices of Standard Oil Company and railroads in his book "Wealth Against Commonwealth"
632440080	Thorsten Veblen	Theory of the Leisure Class; coined term "conspicuous consumption"
632440081	Jacob Riis	How the Other Half Lives; exposed poor living conditions in NYC slums
632440082	Theodore Dreiser	"The Financer" and "The Titan"
632440084	muckrakers	Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public; coined by TR
632475552	Lincoln, Steffens	...
632475553	Ida Tarbell	A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil
632475554	"money trust"	money or favor given or promised to influence improperly the judgement or conduct of a person in a position of trust; created by JP Morgan
632475555	David G. Phillips	published The Treason of the Senate in Cosmopolitan, said that 75 out of the 90 senators represented railroads and trusts rather than the people
632475556	Ray Stannard Baker	He published Following the Color Line in 1908, spotlighting the subjugation of America's 9 million blacks (90% lived in the South, 1/3 were illiterate).
632475557	John Spargo	wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children exposing child labor
632475558	patent medicines	in early America before drug regulation, products that contained an easily identified brand name that claimed to cure just about any symptom or disease
632475559	"Poison Squad"	Group led by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley of the Department of Agriculture; they performed experiments to test the effects of patent medicines
632475561	initiative	permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot
632475562	referendum	a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
632475563	recall	the act of removing an official by petition
632475564	graft	the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage
632475565	australian ballot	secret ballot printed at the expense of the state
632475566	17th amendment	Direct election of senators
632475568	city-manager system	a professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council
632475570	Robert La Follette	Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary
632475571	Hiram Johnson	fought for railroad regulation in California helped to break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics in 1910
632475572	Charles Evans Hughes	progressive republican governor of New York
632475573	Women's Trade Union League	a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions
632475574	National Consumers League	Group led by Florence Kelly to force retainers for better wages and working conditions
632478790	Children's/Women's Bureau	a department added to the department of labor to protect children & women in the work place.
632478791	Florence Kelley	reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers
632478792	Muller v. Oregon	- court limited working hours for women working in laundry shop - dangerous to reproductive health - result --> limit jobs that women can have
632478793	Louis Brandeis	progressive lawyer in Muller v. Oregon; suggested working conditions bad for reproductive health of women
632478794	Lochner vs New York	Supreme Court ruled that states could not restrict ordinary workers' hours
632478795	Triangle Shirtwaist Company	poor working conditions led to a huge fire in their factory, death of 146 workers
632478797	Frances Willard	Worked for women's suffrage as President of the Women's Temperance Union
632478798	18th Amendment	Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
632478799	"Square Deal"	Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers
632478802	Department of Commerce and Labor	created by TR to regulate businesses that engaged in interstate commerce, trust-busted
632478804	Elkins Act	allowed for heavy fining of companies who used rebates and those who accepted them
632478805	Hepburn Act	Prohibited free passes. Gave ICC enough power to regulate the economy. It allowed it to set freight rates and required a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies.
632478806	Northern Securities decision	Roosevelt's first trust bust (a Morgan Company), upheld by the Supreme Court
632478807	William Howard Taft	Successor of Roosevelt; Different views than Teddy, but still a progressivist; "dollar diplomacy"
632478809	The Jungle	This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.
632480161	Meat Inspection Act	required federal inspection of meat shipped across state lines
632480162	Pure Food and Drug Act	the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs
632480163	Desert Land Act	1906, Federal government sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within 3 years.
632480164	Forest Reserve Act	1891; authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves
632480165	Carey Act	law by which federal government distributed federal land to the states, on the condition that it be irrigated and settled
632480166	Newlands Act	1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states
632480167	Glifford Pinchot	head of US forest service under Roosevelt
632480168	Sierra Club	American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature
632480169	John Muir	went on a campaign for awareness of the environment; inspired creation of Yosemite National Park; became president of the Sierra Club, which was devoted to conservation
632480170	Hetch Hetchy	A valley in Yosemite National Park dammed to provide water for San Francisco
632480174	"multiple use resource management"	Under TR, professional foresters and engineers developed this policy to combine recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing all on the same land.
632482008	Bureau of Reclamation	a federal agency established in 1902 providing public funds for irrigation projects in arid regions
632482010	Aldrich-Vreeland Act	it authorized national banks to issue emergency currency, was the precursor of the Federal Reserve Act
632482015	"rule of reason"	Supreme Court doctrine that held that only those combinations that unreasonably restrained trade were illegal
632482018	"Mother of Trusts"	a term for the high protective tariff; lowering the barriers of this tariff was high on the agenda of progressive members of the Republican party
632482019	Payne-Aldrich Bill	bill placed on high tariffs on many imports (Taft betrayed the promise of his campaign to lower tariffs)
632482020	Richard Ballinger	Taft's Secretary of the Interior, allowed a private group of business people to obtain several million acres of Alaskan public lands
632482021	New Nationalism	Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts and proposing a more powerful government to regulate them
632482022	Victor Berger	This Austrian-born Socialist, was elected as a House of Reps member for Milwaukee, but was denied his seat in 1919 during a wave of anti-socialist hysteria.

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APUSH Chapter 27 Empire & Expansion 1890-1090 Part 1 Flashcards

APUSH Chapter 27 Empire & Expansion 1890-1090

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653806326	Isolationlist	From the end of the Civil War to the 1880s, the United States was very __________.
653806327	the world stage	In the 1890s, due to rising exports, manufacturing capability, power, and wealth, it began to expand onto ___________, using overseas markets to sell its goods.
653806328	Imperialism	The US became interested in __________________ in the 1890s. Some believed the US had to expand or explode.
653806329	Frontier closed; Foreign Markets; Christian Missionaries; Sea Power; White Man's Burden, Europe	There were many reasons that contributed to the nation's ambition for oversears expansion including; ________________________________________
653806330	"yellow press	The _______________ or "yellow journalism" of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst also influenced overseas expansion due to the sensationalism (evoking of emotion) it created.
653806331	Missionaries	____________________ inspired by Reverend Josiah Strong's Our Country: It's Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. Strong spoke for civilizing and Christianizing savages.
653806332	Darwin's	People were interpreting ______________ theory of survival-of-the-fittest to mean that the United States was the fittest and needed to take over other nations to improve them.
653806333	Europeans	______________ had carved up Africa and China by this time.
653806334	Navy	In America, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's 1890 book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, argued that every successful world power once held a great _______.
653806335	Naval race	Mahan's book helped start a ____________ among the great powers and moved the U.S. to naval supremacy. It motivated the U.S. to look to expanding overseas.
653806336	"Big Sister"	James G. Blaine pushed his_______________ policy, which sought better relations with Latin America, and in 1889, he presided over the first Pan-American Conference, held in Washington D.C.
653806337	Germany	In other diplomatic affairs, America and ___________ almost went to war over the Samoan Islands (over whom could build a naval base there).
653806338	Italy	______ and America almost fought due to the lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans, and the U.S. and Chile almost went to war after the deaths of two American sailors at Valparaiso in 1892.
653806339	Canadian	The new aggressive mood was also shown by the U.S.—________________ argument over seal hunting near the Pribilof Islands off the coast of Alaska.
653806341	Monroe	An incident with Venezuela and Britain wound up strengthening the __________ Doctrine.
653806343	Gold	British Guiana and Venezuela had been disputing their border for many years, but when _________ was discovered, the situation worsened.
653806345	trespassing	Thus, the U.S., under President Grover Cleveland, sent a note written by Secretary of State Richard Olney to Britain informing them that the British actions were _____________ the Monroe Doctrine and that the U.S. controlled things in the Americas.
653806348	merchant trade	Britain didn't want to fight because of the damage to its _________________ that could result.
653806350	"patting the eagle's head,"	Seeing the benefits of an alliance with the "Yankees," Great Britain began a period of ________________ instead of America "twisting the lion's tale."
653806352	Great Rapprochement	This change in relations between Britain and the US was referred to as the ______________________ or reconciliation.
653806353	Hawaiian	From the 1820s, when the first U.S. missionaries came, the United States had always liked the ________________ Islands.
653806354	Pearl Harbor	Treaties signed in 1875 and 1887 guaranteed commercial trade and U.S. rights to priceless ______________, while Hawaiian sugar was very profitable., raising its price.
653806355	Annex	In 1890, Americans felt that the best way to offset the McKinley Tariff which raised the prices on sugar from Hawaii was to ________ Hawaii—a move opposed by Queen Liliuokalani—but in 1893, desperate Americans in Hawaii revolted.
653806356	Hawaii	_____________ seemed ready for annexation, but Grover Cleveland became president again, investigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he basically left office.
653806357	Manifest Destiny	Cleveland was bombarded for stopping _________________," but his actions proved to be honorable for him and America.
653806358	Spain	In 1895, Cuba revolted against _______, citing years of misrule, and the Cubans torched their sugar cane fields in hopes that such destruction would either make Spain leave or America interfere (the American tariff of 1894 had raised prices on it anyway).
653806359	Supported	America _____________ Cuba, and the situation worsened when Spanish General Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler came to Cuba to crush the revolt and ended up putting many civilians into concentration camps that were terrible and killed many.
653806360	Sensational	The yellow presses competed against each other to come up with more ___________ stories, and Hearst even sent artist Frederick Remington to draw pictures of often-fictional atrocities. For example, he drew Spanish officials brutally stripping and searching an American woman, when in reality, Spanish women, not men, did such acts.
653806361	Ridiculed	On February 9, 1898, a letter written by Spanish minister to Washington Dupuy de Lôme that _______________ President McKinley was published by Hearst.
653806362	U.S.S. Maine	On February 15th of that year, the U.S. battleship, _________________, while on its way to retrieve stranded American s in Cuba mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 260 officers and men. Despite an unknown cause, America was war-mad and therefore Spain received the blame. Actually, what really happened was that an accidental explosion had basically blown up the ship but America ignored them.
653806363	public	The American ________ wanted war with Spain, but McKinley privately didn't like war or the violence, since he had been a Civil War major. In addition, Mark Hanna and Wall Street didn't want war because it would upset business.
653806364	Congress	However, on April 11, 1898, the president sent his war message to ____________ anyway, since: (1) war with Spain seemed inevitable, (2) America had to defend democracy, and (3) opposing a war could split the Republican party and America.
653806365	Teller	Congress adopted the _________ Amendment, which proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom and not conquer it.
653806366	Modernized	Navy Secretary John D. Long and his assistant secretary, Theodore Roosevelt had ______________the U.S. navy, making it sleek and sharp.
653806367	Phillippines	On February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong, and told him to take over the __________. Dewey did so brilliantly, completely taking over the islands from the Spanish.
653806368	Manila	On August 13, 1898, American troops arrived and captured ____________ easily, collaborating with Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, to overthrow the Spanish rulers.
653806369	Spanish-American war	The ____________________ lasted 113 days. 379 combats deaths. 5,000 US deaths to disease.
653806370	annexed	On July 7, 1898, the U.S. _________ Hawaii (so that it could use the islands to support Dewey, supposedly), and Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900.
653806371	Tropical	American ground troops, led by fat General William R. Shafter, were ill-prepared for combat in the _________ environment (i.e. they had woolen long underwear).
653806372	Rough Riders	The "______________," a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled at El Caney stormed up San Juan Hill.
653806373	Puerto Rico	On land, the American army, commanded by General Nelson A. Miles, met little resistance as they took over ______________.
653806374	armistice	Soon afterwards, on August 12, 1898, Spain signed an ________________.
653806375	Won	Notably, if the Spaniards had held out for a few more months, they might have _____, for the American army was plagued with dysentery, typhoid, and yellow fever.
653806376	Freed	In negotiations in Paris, America got Guam and Puerto Rico and _______ Cuba, but the Philippines were a tough problem, since America couldn't honorably give it back to Spain after decades of misrule, but the U.S. couldn't just take it like an imperialistic nation.
653806377	Philippines	Finally, McKinley decided to keep the ______________, even though they had been taken one day after the end of the war, but he did so because of popular public opinion and because it meshed well with business interests. The U.S. paid $20 million for the islands.
653806378	uproar	Upon the U.S. taking of the Philippines, ___________broke out, since until now, the United States had mostly acquired territory from the American continent, and even with Alaska, Hawaii, and the other scattered islands, there weren't many people living there.

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