AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards
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Chapter 22 Flashcards
Descent with Modification: A Darwin View of Life
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| 528307082 | Evolution | Descent with modification -Earth's many species are descendants of ancestral species that are different from present-day species -A change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation | |
| 528307083 | Darwin --> X <-- traditional | Traditional views -Earth = young -species= unchanging | |
| 528307084 | Greek philosophers | life changed gradually over time | |
| 528307085 | Anaximander | * Think salamander -Life arose from water -Simpler life forms rose from more complex life forms -no one believed him | |
| 528307086 | Aristotle | -species were fixed, no change, static -scala naturae "Scale of nature" -Life forms could be arranged on ladder/scale Scala naturae --> X <-- binomial format No change --> X <--Evolution | |
| 528307087 | What did people believe in 1700s | Creator made species match perfectly for environment | |
| 528307088 | Judeo Christian Culture | -6000 years old -Creator made forms -Darwin and everyone believed | |
| 528307089 | Georges Buffon | 1778 -Believed earth was 70,000 -That's how long it took the world to cool from molten state, Earth from lava -Species arose from variation of ancient ancestors -From very beginning of cooled Earth -unpublished because scared of religious leaders | |
| 528307090 | Carolus Linneaus | - 1707-1778 -Swedish physician and botanist -Sought to classify life's diversity for the greater good of God -Binomial format -Nested classification: grouping similar species into increasingly general categories based on patterns of creation --> X <-- evolutionary relationships scala naturae--> X <-- binomial format | |
| 528307091 | Fossils | remains or traces of organisms from the past -found in sedimentary rocks formed from sand and mud that settle in aquatic habitats -strata (stratum) any layers of sediment covers old ones, compress in superimposed layers of rock -The layer of strata fossil found in reveals the time period | |
| 528307092 | Paleontology | study of fossils | |
| 528307093 | Georges Cuvier | -1769-1832 -Founder of paleontology -French scientist studying strata near Paris -Found fossils in coal and slate mines -Hired people and took fossils to museum for display -Everyone came from all over to see them -Catastrophism--> X <-- Evolution | |
| 528307094 | Slate | -peel sleets and find fossils -Each boundary between strata represented a catastrophe -The older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life forms -From one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared -extinctions were common occurrence in history of life | |
| 528307095 | Catastrophism | Catastrophes -Advocated by Georges Cuvier - occurred in local regions -later repopulated by different species immigrating from other areas | |
| 528307096 | Georges Buffon important date | 1778 | |
| 528307097 | Carolus Linnaeus important date | 1707-1778 | |
| 528307098 | Georges Cuvier important dates | 1769-1832 | |
| 528307099 | No one found fossils until_? | 1800s | |
| 528307100 | James Hutton important date | 1795 | |
| 528307101 | James Hutton | -Change could take place through slow continuous process -Scottish geologist -Earth's geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today -Gradualism | |
| 528307102 | Charles Lyell important dates | 1797-1875 | |
| 528307103 | Charles Lyell | -leading geologist -Uniformitarianism | |
| 528307104 | Uniformitarianism | mechanisms of change are constant over time -The same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate | |
| 528307105 | In terms of geologic change, what did Darwin believe? | If geologic change results from slow, continuous actions, Earth is older than few thousand years -Could also produce biological change | |
| 528307106 | 18th century overall beliefs? | -life evolves as environments change | |
| 528307107 | Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck | -French biologist -most remembered for incorrect mechanism he proposed -1. Use and disuse- parts of the body used extensively become larger and stronger; those that are not used deteriorate -2. Inheritance of acquired characteristics- an organism could pass these modifications to its offspring -ex. long neck of giraffe had evolved over many generations as giraffes stretched their necks highers | |
| 528307108 | Lamarck important date | 1809 | |
| 528307109 | Year Darwin was born | 1809 | |
| 528307110 | Where did government send groups? Purpose? | Africa, South America, etc. -brought back animals, findings -Started zoos -competitions in Europe, who had the most diverse animals | |
| 528307111 | Question that probed Lamarck | How had the giraffe get the tall neck? -Held competitions and prize for best answer | |
| 528341192 | Lamarck's hypothesis | Giraffes had small necks at first -Each year, giraffes would have to stretch neck to reach leaves -when reproduced, offspring would inherit stretched neck -That generation stretched neck and reproduced -You inherit something acquired during lifetime (WRONG) | |
| 528341193 | Mendel's genetic ideas in the (year?)__ | 1800s | |
| 528341194 | Mendel's genetics ideas | proved Lamarck's theory wrong | |
| 528341195 | Why was Lamarck wrong? | -ex. Blacksmith has big biceps -offspring will come out with big biceps - ex. a person lost a limb in lifetime -offspring will come out with no limb | |
| 528341196 | Family Darwin grew up in | Wealthy family | |
| 528341197 | Two options given to Darwin from father | 1. go to medical school 2. join the clergy | |
| 528341198 | People needed a _______ for a European voyage, which is what attracted Darwin | Naturalist, (Biologist) | |
| 528341199 | For what purposes were the European voyages? | Not for science but for money | |
| 528341200 | What ship did Darwin sail on? | Beagle | |
| 528341201 | What years did Darwin sail? | 1831-36 | |
| 528341202 | What was the trick used to trick pirates? (On Beagle?) | Painted cannon ball holes on ship | |
| 528341203 | Where did the Beagle start and what's a significant stopping point? | England, went to Galapagos islands | |
| 528341204 | Darwin often got ___ from being on the boat.. | sea sick | |
| 528341205 | What did Darwin do on voyages? | collected things and put in salt to preserve -deposit in museums | |
| 528341206 | Which museum has more things than any other museum? | Britain | |
| 528341207 | Where do they house what Darwin collected? (today?) | London | |
| 528341208 | Galapagos island | Animals not afraid of humans because little hunting there -some things looked the same as South America things but slightly different -Things a long time ago changed from what we see now | |
| 528341209 | What book did Darwin have with him? | Charles Lyell's book | |
| 528341210 | What was the name of Charles Lyell's book? | Principles of Geology | |
| 528341211 | When was Charles Lyell's book published? | 1830 | |
| 528341212 | Important dates timeline | -1707-1778 Carolus Linneaus -1778 Georges Buffon -1795 Hutton's gradualism -1809 Lamarck's hypothesis -1809 Darwin is born -1812 Cuvier publishes studies -1830 Lyell Principles of Geology -1831-36 Darwin travels on Beagle -1844 Darwin writes essay on descent with modification -1858 Wallace sends Darwin hypothesis 1859 On the Origin of Species | |
| 528365567 | What fundamental question did Darwin ask himself when understanding evolution? | How can things change that rapidly is Earth is only 7000 years old? | |
| 528365568 | What did Lyell propose that supported Darwin's theory? | Earth was millions of years old | |
| 528365569 | How long did Darwin work on theory? | 5 years | |
| 528365570 | Things change over vast amnt of time --> X <-- ? | Suggested there was no god because species evolved over time by themselves -open havoc | |
| 528365571 | Alfred Russell Wallace important dates | 1850s | |
| 528365572 | Alfred Russell Wallace went where? | Indonesia and dropped off -everyone thought dead but reappeared to give things to England museum | |
| 528365573 | Wallace wrote ideas of.. | evolution | |
| 528365574 | Wallace and ___ had identical theories | Darwin | |
| 528365575 | A mutual friend told Darwin to do what before Wallace? | publish | |
| 528365576 | When did Darwin publish and what was the title? | On the origin of the species 1859 | |
| 528365577 | Who was given credit for theory of evolution? Darwin or Wallace? | Darwin | |
| 528365578 | Aftermath of Darwin and Wallace | Became friends and presented together | |
| 528365579 | Aftermath of Darwin's publishing | -uproar by religious leaders -scientific realm by storm | |
| 528365580 | Natural selection | mechanism of evolution -Nature decides who lives and who dies -Those with good genes pass on to offspring -Those with bad genes (dead) do not pass to offspring -Darwin's | |
| 528365581 | Darwin's theory of offspring | -More offspring tend to be produced than can ever survive | |
| 528365582 | What kind of traits survive more? | adaptive |
AP US History Chp 29 Flashcards
American Pageant Chap 29
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| 565203694 | Woodrow Wilson | 28th Pres. Democratic candidate 1912 election from south, President of Princeton, Gov of NJ - didn't back down to political bosses Intellectual - didn't like stupid senators, great speaker, most comfortable with academics, stubborn, pushed for social reform | |
| 565203695 | Herbert Croly | Wrote The Promise of American Life (1910}inspired Roosevelt's New Nationalism stated government should control the bad trusts, leaving the good trusts alone and free to operate. | |
| 565203696 | Eugene V. Debs | Socialist Eugene V. Debs racked up over 900,000 popular votes | |
| 565203697 | Arsene Pujo | chaired House committee which traced the tentacles of the "moneymonster" into the hidden vaults of American banking and business. | |
| 565203698 | Victoriano Huerta | full-blooded Indian General - installed as President of Mexico after 1913 revolt...Wilson refused to recognize him, allowed arms to go to Huerta's rivals (Carranza & Pancho Villa) | |
| 565203699 | New Nationalism | Teddy Roosevelt's platform: Government should control bad trusts, federal regulatory agencies, also supported broad social programs and female suffrage | |
| 565203700 | New Freedom | Wilson's Platform - many progressive reforms. Strong anti-trust banking reform, tariff reduction | |
| 565203701 | Underwood Tariff Bill | substantially reduced import fees and enacted a graduated income tax | |
| 565203702 | Louis Brandeis | 1st Jewish American Supreme Court Justice | |
| 565203703 | Federal Reserve Act | created Federal Reserve Board, had the power to issue paper money ("Federal Reserve Notes"). .. this solved the problem with inelastic currency. Gov't cvould issue paper money when needed to increase amount of in circulation | |
| 565203704 | Clayton Act | helped labor -exempted labor unions from being called trusts... now legal to strike. Union leader Samuel Gompers called it Magna Carter of labor | |
| 565203705 | Federal Farm Loan Act | Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest. | |
| 565203706 | Jones Act | granted full territorial status to the Philippines and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established. | |
| 565203707 | John J. Pershing | sent by Wilson to capture Villa, he got deep into Mexico, clashed with Carranza's and Villa's different forces, but didn't catch Villa | |
| 565203708 | Pancho Villa | combination bandit/freedom fighter, murdered 16 Americans in January of 1916 in Mexico and then killed 19 more a month later in New Mexico. | |
| 565203709 | Venustiano Carranza | President of Mexico after Huerta, resented US interference in Mexico (trying to get rid of Huerta )which almost erupted in battle but was prevented by mediation offer from Argentina, Brazil & Chile | |
| 565203710 | Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, later Turkey & Bulgaria | |
| 565203711 | Allied Powers (Allies) | France.Great Britain, (Ireland), Russia, later Japan & Italy | |
| 565203712 | Lusitainia | British passenger liner, sunk by Germans killed 1,198 passengers (128 Americans) boat was carrying ammunition. Some Americans..not all wanted revenge against Germany. Wilson didn't want to enter the war | |
| 565203713 | Arabic, Sussex | British(arabic) and French(sussex) passenger ships sunk by Germans, Wilson told Germans he would break off relations with German if they didn't stop sinking ships. | |
| 565203714 | Workingman's Compensation Act | 1916; federal civil service employees get assistance during periods of disability (a.k.a. "worker's comp") | |
| 565203715 | 16th Amendment | Power of Congress to tax incomes | |
| 565203716 | Seaman's Act | Sponsored by Bob LaFollette, the __?__ of 1915 was intended to promote the living and working conditions of seamen serving in the United States Merchant Marine. It applied to vessels in excess of 100 gross tons, excluding river craft. | |
| 565203717 | Adamson Act | 1916 law that established 8 hour workday for railroad workers in order to avert a national strike | |
| 565203718 | Kaiser Wihehm II | Ruler of Germany; congratulated the Boers of South Africa for capturing a British raiding party; this turned British anger toward Germany and prevented a war between the US and Britain over the Venezuelan Crisis | |
| 565203719 | Charles Evans Hughes | Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote. | |
| 565203720 | Federal Trade Commission Act | This law authorized a presidentially-appointed commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopolies at the source. |
AP US History: 1890-1909 (Chapter 27 + 28) Flashcards
The Path of Empire
America on the World Stage
From American Pageant version 12
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| 316800053 | Alfred Mahan | Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890 | |
| 316800054 | Valeriano Weyler | He was a Spanish General referred to as "Butcher" Weyler. He undertook to crush the Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectionists. The civilians died in deadly pestholes. "Butcher" was removed in 1897. | |
| 316800055 | Dupuy de Lome | He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War. | |
| 316800056 | Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War | |
| 316800057 | George Dewey | a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines | |
| 316800058 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901 | |
| 316800059 | reconcentration | policy of moving Cubans to detention camps so that they could not aid rebels | |
| 316800060 | jingoism | an appeal intended to arouse patriotic emotions | |
| 316800061 | imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | |
| 316800062 | Pan American Conference | Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries; this was an international organization that dealt with trade; created to encourage cooperation and trust with the manufacturers | |
| 316800063 | Maine | The sinking of this U.S. battleship in Havanna, Cuba which the U.S. blamed on Spain was the main cause of the Spanish-American War. | |
| 316800064 | Teller Amendment | This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone. | |
| 316800065 | Rough Riders | The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba. | |
| 316800066 | Treaty of Paris | Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War. Under its terms: 1) Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt 2) ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States 3) At the insistence of the U.S. representatives, Spain also ceded the Phillipines. The Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899. | |
| 316800067 | Anti-Imperialist League | objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900 | |
| 316800068 | Foraker Act | This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council. | |
| 316800069 | insular cases | Court cases that essentially determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens; They dealt with the islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus, for example, denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. | |
| 316800070 | Platt Amendment | Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble | |
| 316800071 | William Howard Taft | 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. | |
| 316800072 | John Hay | Secretary of State (1899) under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy (the Open Door Notes) and Panama canal; attempted to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S. | |
| 316800073 | guerrilla warfare | a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes | |
| 316800074 | sphere of influence | the geographical area in which one nation is very influential, especially in terms of special trading privileges and laws for its own citizens | |
| 316800075 | Philippine insurrection | Even before the Philippines was annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filippinos. The situation deteriorated and eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo helped Americans fight Spain only to turn on them once free. In 1901, Aguinaldo surrendered which greatly hurt the Filippino cause. The Philippines was not an independent nation until July 4, 1946. | |
| 316800076 | benevolent assimilation | McKinley and the U.S. were trying to assimilate the Philippines to help them become better. American dollars went to the Philippines to improve roads, sanitation, and public health. Although the U.S. might have looked intrusive, they were actually trying to improve the condition of the Philippines. | |
| 316800077 | Open Door Policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. | |
| 316800078 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops | |
| 316800079 | big-stick diplomacy | Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. | |
| 316800080 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | 1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881. | |
| 316800081 | Hay-Pauncefote Treaty | permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany ; negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade | |
| 316800082 | Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty | 1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama; also, an agreement between Panama and U.S. that gave us a 99 year lease to build a canal on a ten mile ide strip of land across panama isthmas | |
| 316800083 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746) | |
| 316800084 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force | |
| 316800085 | Portsmouth Conference | The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries. | |
| 316800086 | Gentlemen's Agreement | Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them | |
| 316800087 | Great White Fleet | 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent 16 white battleships on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." | |
| 316800088 | Root-Takahira agreement | 1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. |
AP US History: 1865-1900 (Chapter 24, 25, 26) Flashcards
Industry Comes of Age
America Moves to the City
The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution
from American Pageant version 12
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| 296017081 | Leland Stanford | One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California where he founded Stanford University. | |
| 296017082 | Collis Huntington | One of the Big Four with Leland Stanford, he was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News Shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States. | |
| 296017083 | James Hill | He was a successful railroad builder, and was considered as the best. In the 1890's he created the Great Northern, which ran from Deluth to Seattle. He knew that the success of the railroad would depend on the prosperity of those who used it. His enterprise was so financially secure, that when financial storms came his enterprise was not fazed. | |
| 296017084 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York called the New York Central Railroad. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. | |
| 296017085 | Alexander Graham Bell | He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country. | |
| 296017086 | Thomas Edison | This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment. | |
| 296017087 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Eventually bought out by JP Morgan, and the industry was renamed U.S. Steel. | |
| 296017088 | John D. Rockefeller | an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history | |
| 296017089 | J.P. Morgan | The bankers' banker; Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale; bought out Carnegie's steel industry | |
| 296017090 | Terence Powderly | In 1879, president of the Knight of Labor. He worked to strenghten the union by opening membership to immigrants, blacks, women and unskilled workers. He wanted to make the world a better place for both workers and employers. He did not believe in strikes. He relied on rallies and meetings. | |
| 296017091 | Samuel Gompers | led the AFL (American Federation of Labor), a SKILLED craft union, fought for wages and working conditions, they went on strike, boycotted and used collective bargaining | |
| 296017092 | land grant | land designated by the federal government for building schools, roads, or railroads | |
| 296017093 | stock watering | originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters of the 1800s exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value | |
| 296017094 | pool | an economic agreement between CEOs to divide business in a given area and share the profits. This was ineffective due to personal greed, but it led the way to Trusts. | |
| 296017095 | rebate | a return of part of the original payment for some service or merchandise; partial refund. | |
| 296017096 | vertical integration | practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products | |
| 296017097 | horizontal integration | Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller | |
| 296017098 | trust | term generally used to describe any large scale business operation inspired by horizontal integration; other companies would assign their stocks to the board of trust who would manage them. This made the head of the board, or the corporate leader wealthy, and at the same time killed off competitors not in the trust. Used and developed by Rockefeller to make him extremely wealthy. It was also used in creating monopolies. | |
| 296017099 | interlocking directorate | A situation in which the same people serve on the boards of directors of several companies or corporations. This ensured harmony among future rivals. | |
| 296017100 | capital goods | buildings, machinery, tools, and other goods that provide productive services over a period of time. | |
| 296017101 | plutocracy | a political system governed by the wealthy people | |
| 296017102 | injunction | a court order that forces or limits the performance of some act by a private individual or by a public official | |
| 296017103 | Union Pacific | the railroad company that began building of the transcontinental railroad from its eastern starting point in Omaha, Nebraska...it eventually connected with the Central Pacific | |
| 296017104 | Central Pacific | the railroad company based on the West Coast that helped build the transcontinental railroad; starting point was Sacramento, California...it eventually connected with the Union Pacific | |
| 296017105 | Grange | an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies | |
| 296017106 | Wabash Case | 1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission | |
| 296017107 | Bessemer process | A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. | |
| 296017108 | US Steel | Carnegie sold his company in 1900 for over 400 million to a new steel combination headed by JP Morgan. The new corporations, United States Steel, was the first billion dollar company and also the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people and controlling over 3/5th of the nations steel business | |
| 296017109 | gospel of wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | |
| 296017110 | William Graham Sumner | He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor. | |
| 296017111 | New South | The term has been used with different applications in mind. The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy | |
| 303772250 | yellow dog contract | an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development. | |
| 303772251 | National Labor Union | 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers | |
| 303772252 | Haymarket riot | 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings. | |
| 303772253 | AFL | American Federation of Labor. A union of skilled workers from one or more trades which focused on collective bargaining (negotiation between labor and management) to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions. The AFL used strikes as a major tactic to win higher wages and shorter work weeks. | |
| 303772254 | Jane Addams | Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House. She helped other women join the fight for reform, as well as influencing the creation of other settlement houses., the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes | |
| 303772255 | Florence Kelley | reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers | |
| 303772256 | Mary Baker Eddy | She founded the Church of Christ(Christian Science) in 1879. Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. (No need for a doctor, if have enough faith can heal self). Wrote a widely purchased book, "Science and Health with a key to the Scriptures". | |
| 303772257 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882); "On the Origin of Species" | |
| 303772258 | Booker T. Washington | African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality; was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." | |
| 303772259 | WEB DuBois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910;brake the color line...demanded equal rights | |
| 303772260 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; wrote first psychology textbook - The Principles of Psychology | |
| 303772261 | Henry George | He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. | |
| 303772262 | Horatio Alger | United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; virtue and hard work overcome poverty (1832-1899); , Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work | |
| 303772263 | Mark Twain | a.k.a. Samuel Clemmens;, United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) | |
| 303772264 | Charlotte Perkins Gilman | A major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the work force., The Yellow Wallpaper | |
| 303772265 | Carrie Chapman Catt | Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage. | |
| 303772266 | settlement house | a house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At these places, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first one was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements. | |
| 303772267 | nativism | a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones | |
| 303772268 | yellow journalism | sensationalist journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers | |
| 303772269 | New Immigration | The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans. | |
| 303772270 | social gospel | Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization | |
| 303772271 | Hull House | Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty. | |
| 303772272 | American Protective Association | an American anti-Catholic and anti-immigration society (similar to the Know Nothings) that was founded on March 13, 1887 by nativists like Attorney Henry F. Bowers in Clinton, Iowa | |
| 303772273 | Modernist | Movement of poetry that gained momentum in the 1890's. These people thought that poetry didn't need complicated schemes or language. They wanted to use the best of all past cultures in their poetry. | |
| 303772274 | Chautauqua movement | One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes. | |
| 303772275 | Morrill Act | of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established. | |
| 303772276 | Cornstock Law | 1873-Barred the sending of "obscene materials" (including information on birth control) in the mail. Represented the limitations on women's rights during reconstruction. | |
| 303772277 | Women's Christian Temperance Movement | an organization led by Frances Willard, an organized against alcohol | |
| 303772278 | 18th Amendment | Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment | |
| 303772279 | Sitting Bull | a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890) | |
| 303772280 | George Custer | United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876) | |
| 303772281 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations | |
| 303772282 | Geronimo | Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona. | |
| 303772283 | Helen Hunt Jackson | A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture. |
Pre Civil War Review Flashcards
Between Revolutionary and Civil War
Terms : Hide Images
| 606713662 | Missouri Compromise | Created in 1820, this created a "line" that banned slavery north in the Louisiana Purchase-(36 degrees-30' North latitude). | |
| 606713666 | Secession | Act of formally withdrawing from the Union. | |
| 606713667 | Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States of America. | |
| 606713668 | Border states | Slave states that stayed with the Union | |
| 606713669 | Abraham Lincoln | The 16th President of the United States. First Republican President who wanted to stop the spread of slavery. | |
| 606713670 | Dred Scott Decision | Supreme Court ruling that denied that African Americans had rights as citizens. | |
| 606713671 | Confederate States of America | - the nation that formed by the southern states when they seceded from the Union; also known as the Confederacy | |
| 606713672 | Battle of Fort Sumter | The battle that led to the start of the Civil War. | |
| 606713673 | Robert E Lee | Leader of the Confederate army. | |
| 606713674 | The Battle of Antietam | The bloodiest single-day battle in American history. The first battle to take place in the North. | |
| 606713675 | Emancipation Proclamation | An order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863 | |
| 606713676 | General Ulysses S. Grant | The final and most effective leader of the Union Army. | |
| 606713677 | Sherman's March to the Sea | General Sherman's army was responsible for tremendous destruction from Atlanta to the Georgia seacost. The army destroyed Confederate supplies. | |
| 606713681 | Abolitionist | An individual who is against slavery. | |
| 606713683 | John Wilkes Booth | On April 14, 1865, just five days after Lee's surrender, this man assassinated President Lincoln while he attended a play at Ford's Theater. | |
| 606713684 | Underground Railroad | A system by which northern abolitionists smuggled escaped slaves to permanent freedom in the northern U.S. and Canada. | |
| 606713686 | Yankee | used by southerners for an inhabitant of a northern state in the United States (especially a Union soldier) | |
| 606713687 | Compromise of 1850 | Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession | |
| 606713688 | Kansas Nebraska Act | 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. | |
| 606713689 | Manifest Destiny | the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean | |
| 606713690 | Sequoyah | Cherokee Indian, best known for inventing a system for writing the Cherokee language | |
| 606723553 | Why did the capitals move | Population was moving | |
| 606723554 | The 2 largest church denominations in Ga | Baptist and Methodist | |
| 606723555 | What was the Land Lottery | chances given to get land, not all equal lots not all winners | |
| 606723556 | The Yazoo land fraud | Land lost by fraud | |
| 606723557 | What was the Headright system | system for given land away based on household and slaves | |
| 606726815 | What were the first 4 capitals | Savannah, Augusta, Louisville and Milledgeville | |
| 606731756 | What type of transportation was important in Ga Pre Civil War | Steamboat | |
| 606736349 | Battle of Antiham | Bloodiest day of the War | |
| 606736350 | Battle of Gettysburg | Turning point of the War | |
| 606783299 | WHat was the Main reason for the Civil War | States Rights | |
| 607116803 | Thomas RR Cobb | drafted a constitution for the confederacy | |
| 607116804 | What was the Gettysburg Address | urged the north to win the war to save the union | |
| 607116805 | Emancipation Proclamation | freed the slaves | |
| 607116806 | Jefferson Davis | President of the confederacy | |
| 607116807 | General of the South | robert e lee | |
| 607122299 | Importance of georgia in civil war | manufacured goods, weapons | |
| 607122300 | two sides in the civil war | north and south |
Biology Root Words Flashcards
Prefixes and suffixes common for Biology.
Terms : Hide Images
| 609501336 | octo- | eight | |
| 609501337 | bene- | good | |
| 609501338 | morpho- | form | |
| 609501339 | epi- | upon | |
| 609501340 | hetero- | mixed | |
| 609501341 | entero- | intestine | |
| 609501342 | -ectomy | cut out | |
| 609501343 | denti-, -dont | tooth, teeth | |
| 609501344 | -phil(e) | loving | |
| 609501345 | -onym | name | |
| 609501346 | neo- | new | |
| 609501347 | arthro- | joint | |
| 609501348 | gastro- | stomach | |
| 609501349 | hepato- | liver | |
| 609501350 | dys- | faulty, bad | |
| 609501351 | dis- | bad, evil | |
| 609501352 | chrom- | color | |
| 609501353 | luna- | moon | |
| 609501354 | exo- | outside | |
| 609501355 | som(e)- | body | |
| 609501356 | super- | over, above | |
| 609501357 | intro- | within | |
| 609501358 | de- | down, away | |
| 609501359 | ex- | out of, from | |
| 609501360 | nephro- | kidney | |
| 609501361 | per- | through | |
| 609501362 | apo- | away, from | |
| 609501363 | -itis | inflammation | |
| 609501364 | -osis | abnormal | |
| 609501365 | natal- | birth | |
| 609501366 | frater- | brother | |
| 609501367 | scribo- | write | |
| 609501368 | gen- | race, kind | |
| 609501369 | pedi-, pod- | foot | |
| 609501370 | com- | with |
AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
US History Midterm Flashcards
Flashcards for BC High US History Midterm 2012-2013.
(From Mr. Stedman's class)
Terms : Hide Images
| 582433300 | French & Indian War | War between Britain and France that started in the Americas and moved to Europe. Fought from 1754 to 1763. Indians helped French. The British won the war and gained the control of eastern North America. Ended with a Treaty of Paris in 1763. Drove French out of North America. | |
| 582433301 | Mercantilism | A Policy in which a Nation could accumulate wealth and become a richer and more powerful nation. They would do this by exporting more goods than they imported thus, not giving money to rival nations. Colonization was an attempt towards mercantilism because of the products that were made in the Americas. | |
| 582433302 | John Locke | An Enlightenment thinker from UK. Believed people deserved natural rights of Life, liberty, and property. If a government doesn't give these rights, the people are able to leave the government Important because it gave ideas to many colonists when they were trying to break from UK. | |
| 582433303 | Proclamation Line | A line developed in 1763 to give Indians the land west of Appalachian Mountains. This act was because the British thought it to be cheaper to not fight with Indians than to fight. This meant that settlers couldn't settle west but many still did. | |
| 582433304 | Enlightenment | A movement in the early 1700's. The Belief that society's problems could be solved through reason and science. | |
| 582433305 | Common Sense | -Written by Thomas Paine -Discussed independence from Britain, union of new states, and republican state Gov'ts -Said the king was the greatest enemy of liberty -If America was free they could trade with entire world | |
| 582433306 | Sons of Liberty | -A group of men who were opposed to British taxes. -Famous leader- Sam Adams. -They led violent protest and killed, tarred, and feathered many tax collectors. -They burned houses and caused all tax collectors to resign. | |
| 582433307 | Stamp Act | (1765)- A tax that made American colonist pay a tax on all printed materials, including newspapers, books, court docs, contracts, and land deeds. Brought about protests of people saying that they had no representation in Parliament so they shouldn't have to pay taxes to the British. | |
| 582433308 | Townshend Duties | a tax that raised price on glass, lead, paper, paint, tea | |
| 582433309 | Battle of Saratoga | Turning point in the war because British were going to New York from Canada. The French then realized that they could fight their old rival | |
| 582433310 | Declaration of Independence | -written on July 2, 1776 -Written by Thomas Jefferson -Used many of Paine's Ideas -Used many enlightenment ideas | |
| 582433311 | Boston Tea Party | 1773 patriots revolted by throwing tea into the harbor in response to a harsh tax on Dutch Tea. The tax was an attempt by the British to sell their tea to the colonists. | |
| 582433312 | Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) | An act by Parliament that closed the ports in Boston until they paid for the tea they had destroyed. Along with this, Bostonians had to house British troops in their houses. Sparked more revolts by colonists. | |
| 582433313 | Battles at Lexington and Concord | The British went to Lexington to arrest Hancock and Adams but they met resistance in Lexington and killed eight. They did not arrest the two men but on their way back to Boston they were ambushed by hundreds of militia men.200 British were killed. | |
| 582433314 | First continental Congress | held in Philadelphia in 1774. Every colony but Georgia met, and the idea of being an American was first created. Created a boycott on British goods across the colonies in an attempt to remove the intolerable acts. | |
| 582433315 | Second Continental Congress | Philadelphia in 1775. Congress assumed responsibility for the war with Britain. The continental Army was set up and was led by George Washington. | |
| 582433316 | Battle of Yorktown | 1781 Washington trapped Cornwallis' troops at Yorktown, VA. The French Navy arrived at the perfect time and stopped the British from leaving. British surrender. Treaty of Paris in 1783 was signed giving the US independence and generous boundaries | |
| 582433317 | Articles of Confederation | Drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress. Design for the Gov't was a loosely constructed 13 states not a strong central Gov't. In this Gov't each state had one vote. No president. Congress had no power to tax. To amend articles you needed all 13 states to vote yes. | |
| 582433318 | Constitutional Convention | 1787. A convention in the Pennsylvania State House where the Articles on Confederation were supposed to be revised. Instead they were thrown out and a new constitution was drafted | |
| 582433319 | Virginia Plan | James Madison Congress has power to tax and regulate commerce Power divided amongst the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive branches States with more population would have more power Called for a strong president | |
| 582433320 | New Jersey Plan | William Paterson Congress has powers to regulate commerce and tax States all have the same power Preserved an executive committee rather than adopting a singular President States remained more powerful than the Federal Gov't | |
| 582433321 | The Great Compromise | Roger Sherman Senate would have equal representation with to representatives from each state House of Representatives would represent population Supported federalism (divided power among federal and state Gov'ts) To Satisfy the South: -Slavery would no longer be imported after 1808 -Three Fifths Compromise-each slave was three-fifths of a person -Slaves were to be returned to their owners | |
| 582433322 | Federalists | Favored ratification (change the Articles of Confederation) Famous-George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Ben Franklin Stressed the weakness of the AoC Stronger Nation would get rid of Indians Had support in ports and other centralized locations Had support of Newspapers | |
| 582433323 | Anti-Federalists | Opposed ratification Disliked the lack of a Bill of Rights Said the new constitution would put in place a strong central gov't Famous- Sam Adams, John Hancock, George Clinton, Richard Lee, Patrick Henry | |
| 582433324 | Bill of Rights | First ten amendments of the constitution. Written by James Madison. They avoided anything that said all men are created equal which helped to deny slave rights. Freedom of Religion, speech, press, assembly,petition; protection from unreasonable searches and seizures(captures), right to speedy and free trial. Was left open to further amendments. | |
| 582433325 | Shays Rebellion | Led by Daniel Shays, 1787. He led 1000 farmers to seize the Springfield Armory and shut down the courts. It was a reaction to the Articles of Confederation not being able to trade with other nations. Farmers could not sell their produce internationally. | |
| 582433326 | Washington's Farewell Address | He recognized that the country needed him to set a precedent of only running the country for 2 terms so he didn't run again in 1796. He had defeated Indians, opened the west for settlement, suppressed the Whiskey rebellion, kept them out of European Wars, and helped fund the debts. In his farewell address he told his successors to avoid alliances that may lead to wars. He also told them to leave their own desires away and do what's best for the nation. | |
| 582433327 | Interpretations of Constitution | Federalists interpreted the Constitution Broadly and Democratic Republicans interpreted it Strictly. | |
| 582433328 | John Marshall | Supreme Court Justice who formed judicial review (The court could determine if acts of Congress and the President were constitutional). He also interpreted the Constitution broadly. | |
| 582433329 | Marbury v. Madison | court case that established judicial review. Marbury (Federalist) was appointed for Justice of Washington DC. James Madison refused to deliver the papers and John Marshall ruled in favor of Madison. They were from different parties so it pleased Madison (Democratic Republican) but it also gave the courts judicial review, which DRs didn't want. | |
| 582433330 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | State officials in Maryland were raising heavy taxes on the National Banks of that area so their local banks would grow. Marshall said that Congress had the power to make a National Bank and no state could destroy a bank with taxes. | |
| 582433331 | Embargo of 1807 | A failed attempt by Thomas Jefferson to suspend trade with the British, thus ruining their economy. The embargo did the opposite of what it intended to do and it crippled the US economy. Gained support for the Federalists in the North. | |
| 582433332 | Lewis and Clark | Meriwether Lewis and Will Clark were sent to explore the territory purchased in Louisiana Purchase. Exploration happened in 1804. The men were guided by Sacajawea and her husband. | |
| 582433333 | Alien Act | The president could arrest and deport immigrants who criticized the federal Gov't | |
| 582433334 | Sedition Act | allowed juries to acquit defendants who proved the literal truth of their statements. In this system defendants were guilty until proven innocent | |
| 582433335 | Revolution of 1800 | Thomas Jefferson took office and he set out to change things that had been done before. Encouraged Congress to Drop the Alien and Sedition Acts and the taxes on unlike goods, wanted to pay all of the debt down, increased foreign trade, sold new federal lands to pay it down. | |
| 582433336 | War of 1812 | War with Britain over the repeated economic attacks made by Britain (Impressments, banned direct voyages to Europe). War ended with Treaty of Ghent | |
| 582433337 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803. Gave land from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains to the US. Thomas Jefferson bought the land from the French for $15 million. This contradicted Jefferson's principles because he was in favor a strict constitution but he as president went out and bought land. | |
| 582433338 | Treaty of Ghent | A treaty in which both sides of the War of 1812 restored prewar boundaries and moved on. This was because both sides were exhausted of war. Was good news for US because the news was broken shortly after the news of the Battle of new Orleans. This made it look like Jackson had caused the Treaty. Treaty signed in Belgium. | |
| 582433339 | Battle of New Orleans | The American's greatest victory where Andrew Jackson helped to massacre the British | |
| 582433340 | Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain) | Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson | |
| 582433341 | Tariff of Abominations | An especially high tariff on incoming goods. This would create a better market for selling American goods to the south and it saved American Industry in the North. The South was unhappy because they did not want to have to pay more because the imported goods before were cheaper than the goods that were coming from the North. | |
| 582433342 | Bank war with "Monster Bank" | Jackson dislikes the Second Bank of the US. He vetoes the renewal of the bank in 1832. He said it was dangerous to liberty, unauthorized and against the rights of the states. The Whigs were formed in response and Henry Clay and Daniel Webster promoted protective tariffs, internal improvements and a National Bank | |
| 582433343 | Spoils System | A system that president Jackson used to get people to be loyal. If one remained loyal to Jackson's party, he would then reward them with political positions around him. | |
| 582433344 | Nullification Crisis | Happened in 1833 in response to the Tariff of Abominations. John Calhoun of South Carolina who was Jackson's VP at the time wanted to nullify. South Carolina decided to nullify the tariff and refused to pay federal taxes or they were going to secede | |
| 582433345 | Jacksonian Democracy | A party of Democrats who followed Jackson. They helped him to win the Presidential election of 1828 by a large margin. They wanted strong states and weak gov'ts that would not interfere with slavery | |
| 582433346 | Trail of Tears | The Jackson administration had talked to a small group of Cherokees that didn't have any power over the other Indians and they agree to leave to Oklahoma. In 1838, 16,000 Native Americans left their homes and walked to Oklahoma. ¼ of the people died along the way. | |
| 582433347 | Monroe Doctrine | A foreign policy doctrine to tell the great European powers that they were not going to stop the Latin American Colonies from liberating themselves. | |
| 582433348 | Eli Whitney | Invented Interchangeable parts that changed the production of things forever. It made items, which were generally hard to replace, easy to switch out a broken piece. He also invented the more famous cotton Gin in 1793, making the separation of cottonseeds from the cotton much faster. This led to the need from more factories in the North and Cotton became over half of the value of all US exports. | |
| 582433349 | Immigration | In the 1840's People from Ireland and Germany came to America. They left their home country because of a Potato Famine (Ireland) and a failed Political Revolution (Germany). The Immigrants went into Ellis Island in New York when they first arrived. Most were Catholic and Jewish, they were met with great resistance by Protestants (Nativists) | |
| 582433350 | First Industrial Revolution | A time in America where the country had a boom in industrial production. Textile Mills (created by Sam Slater), Full Mills (For example the Lowell mill), Factory girls working(Lowell and other factories), Interchangeable parts(Invented by Eli Whitney), and Communication Systems(created by Samuel B. Morse). | |
| 582433351 | Missouri Compromise (1820) | Drafted by Henry Clay Maine was entered as a free state and Missouri would be entered as a slave state. Any new state south of the Southwestern corner of Missouri would be entered as a slave state. | |
| 582433352 | Second Great Awakening | A religious movement in the early 1800's that was started by the protestants to try and revive the religious faith of the country. This ultimately led to other movements because it showed people that they can openly speak about what they believe in. | |
| 582433353 | Women's Rights Movement | Movement that worked for greater rights and opportunities for women. Began with the Seneca Falls Convention in New York in 1848. Women worked for rights like suffrage (the right to vote), equality in clothing, and property rights | |
| 582433354 | Nat Turner's Rebellion | A man who believed that he had a theophany and he was supposed to lead the slaves to freedom. He went to an armory and killed 60 people. Later he was found and executed. | |
| 582433355 | Abolition Movement | A movement to end slavery led by William Garrison. He wrote the liberator and was in favor of emancipation. People worked to spread the word about abolitionist movement by going to churches and handing out pamphlets. Many people were against slavery and spoke at these meetings (Fredrick Douglass, the Grimke Sisters). The movement met much resistance in the South and the North ended up going to war with the South. | |
| 582433356 | Public School Reform | Horace Mann was a senator from Massachusetts who wanted to give children the adequate schooling needed. He advances public schools around the country. With his help double the amount of kids attended schools, teachers were not allowed to punish, teachers were trained professionally, and all schools were tax supported. This really increased the literacy rate in the US as other states followed his plan. | |
| 582433357 | Penitentiary Reform | Dorothea Dix was a woman who in 1841was teaching Sunday school in prisons and she noticed that the prisoners weren't receiving the right treatment and care that they needed. She worked to try and make prisoners feel sorrow for their sins (penitent means sorrow). After her, the Pennsylvania System and the Auburn System were created for prisoners. The Auburn System was more popular because it was cheaper. | |
| 582433358 | Penn-Solitary reform | You had your own room and yard in which to exercise | |
| 582433359 | Auburn- Group reform | Slept in your own room but worked with others during the day | |
| 582433360 | Temperance Movement | A movement to stop people from abusing alcohol. American Temperance Society was set up to help people to stop abusing it. Neal Dow Played a large role because in 1851 he passed the Maine law prohibiting any alcohol sales in the town of Portland. Many laws were passed after this in other states. | |
| 582433361 | William Lloyd Garrison | Was the leading abolitionist. He published the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper. That way he could spread his ideas around the country. He founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
| 582433362 | Fredrick Douglass | A former slave who spoke at abolitionist meetings across the country. He told personal accounts of slavery and touched many people's hearts with his story. | |
| 582433363 | Transcendentalism | The belief that one can find more about themselves through nature. Leading members-Thoreau and Emerson. | |
| 582433364 | Texas Independence | Texas breaks off of Mexico because they want more independence from Santa Anna and his strict leadership. They form the Lone Star Republic headed by Sam Houston. | |
| 582433365 | Oregon Territory | Marcus and Narcissa Whitman went on the Oregon Trail out to Oregon Territory. They set up a compound along the way, attracting several other settlers to the West. Mountain men and others previously went through this territory and they explored the territory before the Whitmans. | |
| 582433366 | Mexican-American war | A war over the Texas, New Mexico, California territory. 1845-Zach Taylor sends his troops down to the Mexican border and Polk declared war. The US were much more powerful and they ended the war in 1847 after the siege of Mexico City. This Victory gave the US all of the Northern third of Mexico. | |
| 582433367 | Manifest Destiny | the belief that it is the United States' destiny from God to have complete control of the United States. This Belief led to the expansion of the United States to the west | |
| 582433368 | Early Western Migration | Started by John Fremont because of the beauty that he described in the other lands. Early Migration was driven by Manifest Destiny. California Gold Rush happened in 1849 when people found out that there was Gold in California. | |
| 582433369 | Compromise of 1850 | Written by Henry Clay to compromise over issue of Slavery -California would be put in as a free state -New Mexico and Utah would be decided over popular sovereignty -The slave trade not slavery would be ended in Washington DC -A new Strict Fugitive Slave Law would be enforced Texas sold New Mexican claims for $10 million | |
| 582433370 | Republican Party | A party formed that was against slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was formed in 1854. Abe Lincoln was a republican president. They wanted Kansas to be admitted as a free state, and they were against popular sovereignty to decide on the issue of slavery. | |
| 582433371 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about a slave named Uncle Tom and the harshness f slavery. This cause uprising in the North and their was a large push for the abolishment of slavery. This book was banned in the South. This made the South very upset and cause many people to look towards seceding. This book sold over 300,000 copies. | |
| 582433372 | Dred Scott vs. Sanford(1857) | Supreme Court Case between a Missouri Slave (Dred Scott) who was suing for his freedom from his owner. Scott had lived with his owner in a free state for a few years but was still enslaved. The Chief Justice was Robert B Taney and he ruler against Dred Scott because he was property so he could not sue, the case said the Missouri Compromise was Unconstitutional, and it was illegal for Congress to take property away from someone without due process. | |
| 582433373 | Lincoln- Douglas Debates | A series of seven debates between Stephen A. Douglas(the little Giant) and Abe Lincoln(Honest Abe). They were both running for the US senate position in Illinois in 1858. | |
| 582433374 | Stephen Douglas | Was in favor of Popular Sovereignty Wanted to Annex Texas wanted the votes of democrats | |
| 582433375 | Abe Lincoln | Spoke of right and wrong Not for equal rights for blacks, he was for Natural rights for all (life, liberty, Property) | |
| 582433376 | John Brown | A man who wanted to lead a fight against slavery. He attacked Harper's Ferry in Virginia because of its central location and he was captured by officials and killed. He had viewed himself as an angel of God. Tensions were raised more and Southerners began to prepare for a war. The Border Ruffians in Kansas also burned his home. In retaliation he killed 5 proslavery men in a nearby town | |
| 582433377 | Secession | South Carolina was the first state to leave (1860) because of the result of the election. They felt that they had no voice. They created the Confederate States of America in 1861. They were followed by 6 other southern states and Jefferson Davis was their president. | |
| 582433378 | Nativism | the belief that someone who is a native-born white American is superior to a newcomer. | |
| 582433379 | Election of 1860 | Democrats, Constitutional Unionists and Republicans all had candidates | |
| 582433380 | Democrats in the Election of 1860 | Stephen A. Douglas, John BreckinRidge | |
| 582433381 | Stephen A. Douglas | -Northern Democrat -Illinois -Wanted Popular Sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery | |
| 582433382 | John BreckinRidge | -Southern Democrat -Kentucky -Federal Government must protect slavery | |
| 582433383 | Constitutional Unionists in the Election of 1860 | John Bell | |
| 582433384 | John Bell | Tennesee Federal government should support slavery and defend the Union | |
| 582433385 | Republicans in the Election of 1860 | Abe Lincoln | |
| 582433386 | Abe Lincoln | Illinois Slavery is not allowed | |
| 582433387 | Underground Railroad | A way to get slaves out of the South. They used railroad terms to disguise their movement. Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous for her courageous efforts to keep returning to the South to get hundreds of black slaves. | |
| 582433388 | Popular Sovereignty | A type of democracy where people of an area vote on how they would like things. This is important to slavery because people thought that they should have slavery in some states and not in others. This method does not work however as is seen in the Kansas Nebraska Act because it leads to violent protests and fights. | |
| 582433389 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | Senator Douglas introduced a bill to set up Nebraska and Kansas as two different states, Kansas being entered as a slave state and Nebraska as a free state. The bill was passed in 1854 and it nullified the Missouri Compromise because the area of Kansas had been free for over 30 years. Led to the creation of the Republican Party. | |
| 582433390 | Bleeding Kansas | Border Ruffians from Mississippi would enter into Kansas and persuade people to vote for slavery because Mississippi was a slave state. It exposed the weaknesses of Popular Sovereignty. Two governments had been created in Kansas and they had opposing views on slavery. The Proslavery Capital was Lecompton and the antislavery capital was Topeka. The bloody part of this was when Lawrence was burned by the Border Ruffians (wanted slavery). The fights went on for weeks as both sides attacked each other. |
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