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AP World Vocab period 1 Flashcards

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438111933Foragerone who searches for food by hunting or gathering
438111934Neolithic Revolutionthe shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC
438111935pastoralismA type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
438111936the statea seperate part of an empire with its on individual government
438111937city-statea city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
438111938empirea group of countries under a single authority
438111939domesticationthe taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food
438111940specialized laborArtisans emerged, Traded with others
438111941social stratificationthe condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group
438111942hierarchythe organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body
438111943urban planningdetermining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community
438111944monumental architecturecharacteristic of civilization, often religious monuments (i.e. ziggrats in Mesopotamia, pyramids in Egypt)
438111945bronze metallurgycopper and tin combined to make Bronze, Shang completely controlled bronze production.
438111946iron metallurgyExtraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper
438111947chariotsare two-wheeled carts that are pulled by horses; some are used in battles or in races
438111948zigguratsSumerian temples made of sun-dried brick
438111949pyramidsHuge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top
438111950fortificationsprotective walls
438111951cuneiforman ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia
438111952hieroglyphicsan ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
438111953alphabetswriting systems in which a symbol represents a sound.
438111954pictographspicture symbols
438111955quipuknotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the inca to keep financial records
438111956vedic religionA symbiosis of gods and humans because humans could only prosper in an oriented cosmos [system]. The gods were needed to maintain cosmic order (Rita).
438111957hebrew monotheismConsidered to be the first ONE GOD faith
438111958zoroastrianismsystem of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster
438111959epic of gilgameshan epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.
438111960rig vedaA collections of 1, 017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500BC earlier; Hinduism's oldest text.
438111961book of the deadCollection of religious spells which were thought to be helpful to the deceased in the afterlife.
438111962hammurabi's codeA legal code developed by King Hammurabi of Mesopotamia. The code was influential in the establishment of Hebrew and Islamic law and in the U.S. judiciary system. It specified crimes and punishments to help judges impose penalties.
438111963archeologythe study of ancient cultures based on artifacts and other remains
438111964patriarchya form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line
438111965fertile crescenta geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates
438111966irrigationsupplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc
438111967push/pull factorsevents and conditions that either force people to move elsewhere or strongly attract them to do so
438111968sedentarysettling in one place. not migrating
438111969nomadic(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently
438111970diasporathe dispersion of the Jews outside Israel
438111971polytheismbelief in more than 1 god
438111972austronesian languagethe family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia
438111973bantu languagesDescriptive name for languages spoken largely east and south of the present day nation of Nigeria; i.e., in the regions commonly known as central Africa, east Africa, and southern Africa
438111974cultural diffusionthe spread of cultural elements from one society to another
438111975oracle bonesanimal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future
438111976indo-european languagesa family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.
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Cuprill - AP US History - Chp 6 American Pageant Flashcards

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520770636Samuel de Champlain"Father of New France," a soldier and explorer who explored and helped found Quebec
520770637Robert de La SalleExplored the Mississippi down to the Gulf of Mexico, naming the basin "Louisiana" after King Louis XIV
520770638William PittA competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War
520770639Benjamin FranklinThe creator of a plan for colonial home rule. It was hated by both colonists and British officials alike, though it was unanimously adopted in the Albany Congress.
520770640James WolfeThe officer who was put in charge of capturing Quebec. He died in this attack, but it became a British victory
520770641PontiacAn Ottawa chief who led several tribes and some French traders in an attempt to push the British out of Ohio, which failed after the British distributed smallpox-ridden blankets to the Indians
520770642George WashingtonA young lieutenant colonel who was fearless, and contributed to the French and Indian War
520770643Antoine CadillacThe founder of Detroit who tried to keep British out of the Ohio River Valley
520770644Frederick the GreatA German ruler who managed to keep French, Austrian, and Russian armies at bay, greatly reducing French energy and resources, allowing the British to conquer North America
520770645HuguenotsFrench Protestants who were prosecuted by the French, who were largely Catholic
520770646French and Indian WarA war which would eventually be a British victory, one of the great turning points of American history
520770647Albany CongressA meeting of leaders of several colonies that was meant to achieve colonial unity and create a defense against France
520770648Proclamation of 1763A largely ignored proclamation that banned the British colonies from expanding past the Appalachians
520770649Edict of NantesAn act that granted limited toleration to French Huguenots, ending religious wars
520770650War of Jenkins's EarTriggered when a British captain had his ear sliced off by Spanish authorities. The king then declared war on Spain
520770651Treaty of ParisAfter the French and Indian War, the French were completely driven out of North America in this peace settlement
520770652King Louis XIVFrench king who took a great interest in North American colonies
520770653Cardinal RicheleuThe leader of France before the young Louis XIV became the eligible ruler. He was a minister
520770654Hurons vs. Iroquois tribesTwo rival Indians tribes. Champlain entered into the Huron side, creating a friendship which would last to the French and Indian War
520770655JesuitsFrench Catholic missionaries who were tortured by Indians. Though unsuccessful in conversion, they became important explorers and geographers
520770656King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War, French and Indian War4 Wars between England and France
520770657Ohio River ValleyFertile and strategic point of interest, became the center of many conflicts between the French and the British
520770658Salutary NeglectThe practice of allowing colonies to fend for themselves
520770659AcadiansFrench from Nova Scotia, who the British grew suspicious of and sent to Louisiana.
520770660Montreal and QuebecTwo centers of New France, which were vital to the economy
520770661Le Grand DerangementWhen the British expelled many Acadians from their homes in Nova Scotia
520770662BayouA swampy outlet of a lake
520770663Fort NecessityGeorge Washington's hastily constructed fort, which was beseiged by the French, forcing Washington to surrender
520770664Fort DuquesneThe scene of a humiliating British defeat, whose forces were ill-disciplined militiamen. French and Indian army hid in the foliage, and fired into the ranks of the British, leading to a resounding defeat
520770665CajunsBritish corruption of "Acadians," displaced Frenchmen
520770666SeigeTo surround a fortress, depriving it of resources
520770667BuckskinsThe untrained, undisciplined militiamen who were under Braddock's command
520770668AttritionGradually wearing away
520770669Coureurs de BoisFrench fur traders who explored far throughout the North American continent, searching for valuable beaver fur
520770670Guerilla warfareHit and run warfare, where military would hide in the foliage, fire from a distance, and run
520770671QuebecoisA group of Frenchmen from Quebec who moved from Quebec because of poor growing conditions
520770672IllinoisNew France's garden colony that provided large amounts of grain to the West Indies and Europe
520770673UtrechtThe city of the treaty ending the first two French-American wars, giving Britain Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay
520770674LouisburgThe city given back to the French after King George's War, enraging the colonists
520770675General BraddockThe failed British general originally sent to capture Fort Duquesne
520770676Marquis de MontcalmThe leader of French forces defending Quebec against Wolfe
520770677Plains of AbrahamThe scene of the battle between British forces and French forces during the Battle of Quebec
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AP World History Fall Semester Timeline Review Flashcards

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563837428River Valley CivilizationsThey began around 3500 B.C.E. and ended around 2000 B.C.E.
563837429The Neolithic/Agricultura RevolutiolnIt started around 8000 to 10,000 B.C.E.
563837430Agriculture in MesopotamiaStarted around 5000 B.C.E.
563837431Agriculture in ChinaStarted around 8000 B.C.E.
563837432Agriculture in EgyptStarted around 5500 B.C.E.
563837433Agriculture in IndiaStarted around 2600 B.C.E.
563837434The Old Kingdom of Egypt2575 B.C.E. to 2134 B.C.E.
563837435The Middle Kingdom of Egypt2134 B.C.E. to 1640 B.C.E.
563837436The New Kingdom of Egypt1640 B.C.E. to 1070 B.C.E.
563837437The Phoenicians/LydiansBegan around 3000 B.C.E.
563837438HebrewsBegan around 2000 B.C.E.
563837439AssyriansBegan around 911 B.C.E.
563837440BabyloniansBegan around 626 B.C.E.
563837441HittitesBegan around 1700 B.C.E.
563837442Xia Dynasty2000 B.C.E. to 1750 B.C.E.
563837443Shang Dynasty1750 B.C.E. to 1027 B.C.E.
563837444Chou Dynasty1027 B.C.E. to 221 B.C.E.
563837445Harappan CivilizationBegan around 2500 B.C.E.
563837446Mohenjo Daro CivilizationBegan around 2500 B.C.E.
563837447The Bronze AgeBegan around 3000 B.C.E.
563837448The Iron AgeBegan around 1500 B.C.E.
563837449Classical CivilizationsBegan around 1000 B.C.E. and ended around 500 C.E.
563837450Classical GreeceBegan around 2000 B.C.E. and ended around 300 B.C.E.
563837451Minoans2000 B.C.E. to 1150 B.C.E.
563837452Myceneans1400 B.C.E. to 800 B.C.E.
563837453Classical RomeBegan around 753 B.C.E. and ended around 476 C.E. (Western Roman Empire)
563837454The Roman RepublicStarted around 509 B.C.E. and ended around 31 B.C.E. (Julius Caesar)
563837455The Roman EmpireBegan around 31 B.C.E. and ended in 476 C.E. (Western Roman Empire)
563837456The Byzantine EmpireBegan around 300 C.E. and ended in 1453 C.E.
563837457Classical PersiaBegan around 556 B.C.E. and ended around 651 C.E.
563837458Classical IndiaBegan around 1500 B.C.E. and ended around 550 C.E.
563837459Qin Dynasty221 B.C.E. to 206 C.E.
563837460Han Dynasty206 C.E. to 220 C.E.
563837461Hinduism and JudaismEarliest religions during the Early River Valley Civilizations
563837462HinduismBegan around 2500 B.C.E.
563837463JudaismBegan around 2000 B.C.E.
563837464Religions influenced by HinduismBuddhism, Daoism, Confucianism
563837465Buddhism, Daoism, ConfucianismAll Began in 500
563837466Religions influenced by Judaism during Classical CivilizationsChristianity and Islam
563837467ChristianityBegan around 4 C.E.
563837468IslamBegan around 600 C.E.
563837469Hebrews leave the city of Ur2000 B.C.E.
563837470Hebrews migrate to Egypt1700 B.C.E.
563837471Hebrews are enslaved by Egyptians1300 B.C.E.
563837472Saul/David/Soloman KingdomsAround 1000 B.C.E.
563837473Abraham2000 B.C.E (Patriarch of Judaism)
563837474Siddhartha Guatama Buddha563 B.C.E. (Patriarch of Buddhism)
563837475Confucius551-479 B.C.E. (Patriarch of Confucianism)
563837476Loazi500 B.C.E. (Patriarch of Daoism)
563837477Jesus4 C.E. to 29 C.E. (Patriarch of Christianity)
563837478Muhammad570 C.E. (Patriaarch of Islam)
563837479The Middle AgesBegan around 500 C.E. and ended around 1500 C.E.
563837480Early Middle AgesBegan around 500 C.E. and ended 1000 C.E.
563837481The High Middle AgesBegan around 1000 C.E. and ended around 1300 C.E.
563837482Thw Late Middle AgesBegan around 1300 and ended around 1300 C.E. and ended 1500 C.E.
563837483Benedictine OrderIn Monistaries starts around 500 C.E.
563837484Black PlagueBegan around 1348 C.E.
563837485Feudalism and Manor SystemStarts around 700 C.E.
563837486VikingsBegin raiding all of coastal Europe around 800 C.E.
563837487Great Schism1054 C.E.
563837488The CrusadesBegan around 1095 C.E. and end around 1291 C.E.
5638374891st Crusade1096 C.E.
5638374902nd Crusade1146 C.E.
5638374913rd Crusade1189 C.E.
5638374924th Crusade1202 C.E.
563837493Muslims sack Constantinople lead to the end of the Byzantine Empire1453 C.E.
563837494Spain Expells Muslims1492 C.E.
563837495The Hundred Year WarLasts from 1337 C.E. to 1453 C.E.
563837496King Arthur500 C.E. (English King)
563837497William the Conqueror1066 C.E. (English King)
563837498John1215 C.E. (English King)
563837499Clovis400 C.E. (French King)
563837500Charles Martel700 C.E. (French King)
563837501Phillip II Augustus1180 C.E. (French King)
563837502Charlrmange800 C.E. (Holy Roman Empire)
563837503Hapsburg1438 C.E. to 1920 C.E. (Holy Roman Empire)
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AP Biology Chapter 7 (Membranes / Transport) Flashcards

Quizlet for Mr. McCormick's Test on Chapter 7 (Membranes / Transport) on Monday 10/9/12.

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483945837Passive___________ Transport does not cost a cell any ATP.
483945838PassiveOne of the main reasons that _________ transport within the cell is able to happen, is because all molecules have kinetic energy and are moving.
483945839DiffusionPhenomena in which molecules distribute themselves from areas of high to low concentration until equilibrium is attained
483945840EquilibriumState of equal distribution of molecules
483945841Concentration GradientName for the spectrum of molecule concentrations in an area
483945842HighIf something is moving up a concentration gradient, then it is moving towards an area of (high / low) concentration.
483945843PheromonesChemicals produced in very very small quantities that drastically change the behavior of an organism
483945844OsmosisDiffusion of water across a membrane
483945845WaterUnless otherwise specified, a given membrane in a problem is permeable only to _________.
483945846IsotonicA solution is __________ if it has an equal concentration of solute to a cell inside of it.
483945847HypertonicA solution is ___________ if it has a higher concentration of solute than a cell inside of it.
483945848HypotonicA solution is __________ if it has a lower concentration of solute than a cell inside of it.
483945849FalseTrue or False: Water does not flow between an isotonic solution and a cell within the solution because the water concentrations of the two are already equal to one another.
483945850isotonicIn a(n) _________ solution, the water inside of a cell will flow in and out at a constant rate.
483945851CytolysisThe bursting of an animal cell
483945852Turgor PressureWhile plant cells do not burst because of their cell wall, they will experience an increase in _________ ____________ if put in a highly hypotonic solution.
483945853hypertonicPlasmolysis occurs in plant cells when the cells are exposed to a _______________ solution.
483945854PlasmolysisThe peeling off of the cell wall by a plasma membrane in a plant cell when it is placed in a hypertonic environment
483945855TrueTrue or False: During plasmolysis the organelles of a plant cell clump together.
483945856Facilitated DiffusionName of process during which a protein embedded in a cell membrane aids in diffusion
483945857PassiveFacilitated diffusion is a form of (active / passive) transport.
483945858temperature size steepnessThe rate of diffusion is affected by: 1) ______________ 2) ___________ of molecules 3) _____________ of concentration gradient
484001290selective permeabilityThe allowance of some substances to cross a membrane more easily than others.
484001291PhospholipidsMost abundant lipids in most membranes
484001292amphipathicA molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions can be described as ______________.
484001293fluidThe plasma membrane of a cell is (rigid / fluid).
488187414hydrophobicA membrane is held together mainly by ____________ interactions.
488187415unsaturated hydrocarbon tailsA membrane will maintain its fluidity for longer if it has more _____________ _____________ ____________.
488187416cholesterol"Temperature buffer" in a membrane
488187417TrueTrue or False: Cholesterol can make a membrane less fluid by restricting phospholipid movement.
488187418TrueTrue or False: Cholesterol can make a membrane more fluid by disrupting the close packing of phospholipids.
488187419fluidMembranes must remain ___________ to work properly.
488187420integral peripheralThe two main types of membrane proteins are ___________ proteins and ____________proteins.
488187421integral___________ proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.
488187422transmembraneType of integral protein; spans the entire membrane
488187423nonpolar amino acidsThe hydrophobic region of an integral protein consists of one or more stretches of ___________ __________ _________.
488187424α helicesAmino acids in the hydrophobic region of integral proteins are usually coiled into ___ ___________.
488187425aqueous solutionsThe hydrophilic regions of an integral protein are exposed to ___________ ____________ on either side of the membrane.
488187426peripheral proteins____________ ___________ are not embedded at all in the lipid bilayer.
488187427surfacePeripheral proteins are loosely bound to the __________ of the membrane and are often exposed to parts of integral proteins.
488187428cytoskeletonOn the cytoplasmic side of a membrane, many proteins are held in place by the ________________.
488187429extracellular matrixOn the extracellular side of a membrane, many proteins are held in place by fibers of the ________________ __________.
488187430TransportFunction of membrane protein: Spans the membranes and provides a hydrophilic channel for certain solutes to pass through
488187431TransportFunction of membrane protein: Moves substances by changing shape
488187432Signal TransductionFunction of membrane protein: Recognizes chemical messengers outside of the cell and relays messages to the inside of the cell so that certain chemical reactions can take place
488187433Cell-Cell RecognitionFunction of membrane protein: Have attachments serves as identification tags to be recognized by membrane proteins of other cells
488187434Intercellular JoiningFunction of membrane protein: Hook to other proteins of its kind in junctions
488187435CarbohydrateType of molecule crucial in cell-cell recognition
488187436CarbohydrateType of molecule used to designate A / B / AB / O blood group.
488187437BMost carbohydrates in the cell membrane are covalently bonded to... A) lipids to form lipoproteins B) proteins to form glycoproteins C) proteins to form lipoproteins.
488187438outsideMolecules that start out on the inside face of the ER end up on the __________ face of the plasma membrane.
488187439Nonpolar____________ molecules are hydrophobic and can therefore pass through the lipid bilayer of a membrane with ease.
488187440transport proteinsPolar molecules avoid contact with hydrophobic membrane regions by passing through ___________ ___________.
488187441channel proteinType of transport protein that creates a hydrophilic pathway for polar molecules
488187442aquaporinChannel protein through which waters enters the cell
488187443carrier proteinType of transport protein that carries molecules across the cell membrane by changing shape
488187444FalseTrue or False: Carrier proteins do not specifically function for one particular material.
488212114diffusionthe movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space
488212115concentration gradientAny substance will diffuse down its own _______________ _______________.
488212116FalseTrue or False: In order to carry out diffusion, a cell needs to expend only a tiny bit of energy.
488212117TrueTrue or False: No energy is used during diffusion.
488212118Passive TransportThe movement of materials into / out of the cell without the use of energy.
488212119OsmosisDiffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
488212120TonicityThe ability of a cell to gain or lose water
488212121FalseTrue or False: There will be no movement of water molecules when a cell is placed into an isotonic solution.
488212122TrueTrue or False: There will be no net movement of water molecules when a cell is placed into an isotonic solution.
488212123Osmoregulationthe control of water balance
488212124osmoregulationOrganisms without cell walls that live in hypo and hypertonic environments need to develop special adaptations for ______________.
488234797TurgidHealthy state for most plant cells
488234798firmIf a plant cell is turgid, it is ______.
488234799FlaccidPlants cells in isotonic environments become ___________.
488234800limpIf a plant cell is flaccid, it is ______.
488234801Facilitated DiffusionDiffusion done with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane
488234802TrueTrue or False: Water molecules can pass through the plasma membrane without the help of aquaporin.
488234803KidneyHuman organ that helps reclaim water from urine before it is excreted
488234804Ion Channels(AKA gated channels) channel proteins that open or close in response to a stimulus
488264756Active TransportThe pumping of materials up a concentration gradient
488264757Carrier ProteinsType of transport proteins used in active transport
488264758ATP______ supplies energy for most active transport.
488264759negativeThe inside of a cell is (positive / negative) in relation to extracellular fluid.
488264760voltageelectrical potential energy
488264761membrane potentialvoltage across a membrane
488264762-50 -200Membrane potential ranges from ______ to _______ millivolts.
488264763electrochemical gradientThe combination of forces acting on an ion
488264764electrogenic pumpA transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
488264765sodium-potassium pumpMajor electrogenic pump of animal cells
488264766proton pumpMain electrogenic pump of plants, bacteria, and fungi
488264767ATP Synthesis CotransportImportant uses of proton pump: 1) _____ ____________ 2) _____________
490345920confirmationWhenever a molecule binds to a carrier protein, the shape or _____________ of the protein changes.
490345921phosphate headThe (phosphate head / fatty acid tail) of a phospholipid is negative in charge and soluble in water.
490345922phosphate headsThe (phosphate heads / fatty acid tails) of a phospholipid bilayer are exposed to aqueous solutions (e.g. extracellular fluid, cytoplasm).
490345923FalseTrue or False: Proteins in a cell membrane are locked into place.
490345924FalseTrue or False: When dealing with a membrane that has a phospholipid bilayer, only lipid-soluble items can pass through without the expenditure of ATP.
490345925aquaporin"Protein pores" designed to allow water molecules to pass through the cell membrane and increase their rate of entrance
490345926markersCell-cell recognition is dependent on __________.
490345927TrueTrue or False: Only twins will have the same cell markers.
490345928TrueTrue or False: Oxygen and CO2 can diffuse right through a cell membrane.
490345929Nodes of RanvierGaps on the myelin sheath that speed up impulses as they travel left to right
490345930Schwann CellsCells that grow on the axon of a neuron to form the myelin sheath
490345931Multiple SclerosisDegenerative disease in which the myelin sheath breaks down
490345932DendriteNeuron part that picks up / receives messages
490345933sensoryA ____________ neuron picks up messages and brings them to the central nervous system.
490345934motorA ____________ neuron picks up messages and carries them to muscles (in turn making the muscle contract).
490345935neurotransmitters vesiclesOnce an impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, ______________ are carried by __________ and are released.
490345936potassiumIf a neuron is at rest, then ___________ ions are inside the axon.
490345937sodiumIf a neuron is at rest, then ____________ ions are outside of the axon.
490345938respond to stimuliGated ion channels are physically embedded in a neuron and are special because they _____________ ___ ____________.
490345939polarizedA neuron at rest can be described as (polarized / depolarized).
490345940depolarizedAs an impulse moves down a neuron, the neuron becomes (polarized / depolarized) and the "action potential" occurs.
490345941potassiumAfter a neuron has been depolarized, ___________ ions should be concentrated outside of the axon.
490345942sodiumAfter a neuron has been depolarized, ___________ ions should be concentrated inside of the axon.
490345943active transportAfter depolarization, a neuron must undergo a kind of ___________ ____________ to reestablish membrane potential.
490345944Sodium Potassium PumpMechanism of active transport that returns neurons to membrane potential by moving displaced ions
490345945closedAt resting potential, ion channels are (open / closed).
490345946TrueTrue or False: Both Sodium and Potassium ions are positively charged.
490345947protein nucleic acidComponents inside of an axon that contribute to its negative charge: ____________ ___________ ____________
490345948sodiumAs a nerve impulse moves down a neuron, __________ ion gated ion channels open and cause neighboring channels to do the same.
490345949sodiumThe Sodium Potassium Pump helps __________ ions leave the cell.
490345950potassiumThe Sodium Potassium Pump helps __________ ions enter the cell.
4903459513 2In one cycle, a Sodium Potassium Pump will transport ____ sodium ions and _____ potassium ions
490345952calciumOnce opened, ____________ gated channels cause vesicles in the axon terminal of a neuron to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitters.
490345953diffusion synapse targetNeurotransmitters use ___________ to move across the ___________ between two adjacent neurons until their __________ is reached.
490345954ACh esteraseOnce ACh (a neurotransmitter in motor neurons) reaches its target receptors, the receptors will release _____ ___________ to cease the reaction with ACh.
490345955exocytosisprocess through which vesicles are released from the cell
490345956myasthenia gravisprogressive auto-immune disease that breaks down ACh receptors
490345957curarematerial used in poison arrow darts; binds to receptors and paralyzes victims (also used in surgery)
4903459583There are ___ main types of endocytosis.
490345959phagocytosisDuring ____________, cells bring in "solid materials".
490345960pinocytosisDuring ____________, cells bring in "liquid materials".
490345961receptor mediated endocytosisDuring ____________ ______________ ____________, materials bind to specific receptors on the outside of a cell, and then the cell proceeds to form a vesicle from the receptors and their attached materials.
490368900smallDiffusion and pumping of materials into and out of the cell generally deals with ________-sized solutes.
490368901largeVesicles are used to transport ________-sized materials and solutes like polysaccharides and proteins.
490368902FalseTrue or False: Endocytosis and Exocytosis do not require ATP.
490368903ligandA(n) _____________ is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. (e.g. LDLS)
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Plant Reproduction Flashcards

sexual reproduction terms

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62267244stamenmale organ including anther and filament
62267245pistilfemale organ including stigma, style, and ovary
62267246pollencontain half of the plant's genome
62267247zygotefirst cell of the next generation
62267248embryooffspring plant at its early development stage
62267249gametessperm and egg cells
62267250meiosisa type of cell division that results in four N gametes produced from a 2N (diploid) cell
62267251selective breedingpollen from plants with desirable traits is crossed with other plants exhibiting desirable traits
62267252cuttingspieces of stems, roots, leaves that contain meristematic tissue, placed in a nurturing medium so that they can develop into a plant.
62267253tissue culturecells extracted from a plant and then replicated, then placed in a medium, they grow into plants
62267254callusa mass of cells
62476689auxinhormone responsible for cell elongation, leaf development, root elongation in small concentrations only
62476690cytokininhormone that regulates/causes cell division
62476691ethylenehormone that controls fruit ripening and leaf development
62476692gibberellinhormone that promotes seed and leaf bud germination, stem elongation, and leaf development
62476693abscisic acidhormone that promotes bud development
62476694phytochromecontrols flowering
63230864agrobacterium tumefaciensbacterium that transfers the Ti plasmid to plants
63230865neomycin phototransferaseselection gene coding for enzyme that confers kanamycin resistance
63230866GUS geneselection gene that produces a new enzyme that breaks down certain carbohydrates, specifically X-Gluc
63230867arabidopsis thalianaa model organism that is used in trying out genetic modification of plants
63230868plant based pharmaceuticalshuman pharmaceuticals being produced in plants
63231244endospermsurrounds the embryo and provides nutrition to the embryo
63425149monocothas one cotyledon, parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of 3
63425150dicotangiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings
63425151diploidcontaining two sets of haploid chromosomes from both parents
63425152haploidcontaining only one set of chromosomes
63425153inbreedingthe breeding of closely related organisms in order to increase the likelihood of expressing recessive alleles of a genes in the offspring
63425154hydroponicsthe growth of plants in a soil-free, water-based medium that contains the necessary ingredients for plant growth
63425155monohybrid crossa breeding experiment where only one gene is being studied
63425156dihybrid crossa breeding experiment where two genes are being studied at the same time
63425157asexual plant propagationthe process by which identical offspring are produced by a single parent
63425158meristematic nodeswhere branches or leaves attach to the stem
63425159apical meristemEmbryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length
63425790meristemundifferentiated tissue (meristematic cells) found in the zones of the plant where growth can take place
63426295seed germinationwhen the seed absorbs water, triggering the embryo to start mitosis
63430406polygenictraits that result from the expression of several different genes. since there are more genes expressed, there are more possible phenotypic outcomes of the genes
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community ecology, population ecology, conservation biology Flashcards

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384157653biosphereall of the Earth inhabited by life. it is the sum of Earth's ecosystems
384157654biomesmajor types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water
384157655aquatic biomesfresh water and marine water ex)streams, rivers, wetlands, oceans
384157656terrestrial biomesdistinguished by climate (temp and rainfall) and predominant vegetation
384157657biological communitygroup of interdependent organisms living and interacting with each other in the same habitat
384157658characteristics of biological communityspecies diversity, dominant species, response to disturbance, trophic structure
384157659species diversitythe variety of organisms that make up the community
384157660two components of species diversityspecies richness and relative abundance
384157661species richnesstotal number of species in the community
384157662relative abundancethe proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community..ex)how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a community
384157663dominant speciesspecies that predominates in an ecological community. this species exerts strong control over a community's composition and diversity
384157664dominant species in terrestrial environmentthe most prevalent form of vegetation. the types and structural features of plants usually determines the kinds of animals that live in the community
384157665disturbancea change (usually temporary) in average environmental conditions that alters or disrupts the community. ex) floods, fires, hurricanes, human activities
384157666successiona process the community goes through after a disturbance.
384157667trophic structurethe feeding relationship among various species in the community. it determines the passage of energy and nutrients from certain grouping of organisms to the next
384157668autotrophs/producersprovide nutrients and energy for other organisms. all life is supported by them
384157669food chainthe stepwise flow of energy and nutrients from plants to herbivores to carnivores
384157670food webinterconnecting food chains
384157671detrivores/decomposerseat dead materials and help recycle nutrients in the environment ex)vultures, earthworms, fungi
384157672interactions between organisms in communitiescompetition, herbivory, predation, symbiotic relationships
384157673competitioninteraction between two or more organisms or groups of organisms that use a common resource in short supply such as light,nutrients,water,space
384157674interspecific competitionoccurs between two or more species if they require the same limited resource
384157675intraspecific competitionoccurs when two or more members of the same species compete for the same limited resource
384157676competitive exclusion principletwo species competing for the same resources cannot coexist in the same place. one of the two competitors will always outcompete the other
384157677outcomes of competitive exclusionthe extinction of the weaker competitor or resource partitioning
384157678resource partitioningan evolutionary or behavioral differentiation (shift) of one competitor towards using a different set of resources. this enables similar species to coexist in a community
384157679nichethe sum total of all biotic and abiotic factors that an organism requires to survive
384157680herbivoryan interaction between species in which one species, the herbivore, eats another, the autotroph
384157681coevolutiona change in one species acts as a new selective force on another. ex)passiflora plant and caterpillars
384157682predationan interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats another, the prey
384157683mimicryone species mimics the appearance of another to avoid predation
384157684Batesian mimicrya harmless species mimics a harmful species
384157685Mullerian mimicrytwo harmful species mimic each other
384157686keystone speciesa species that exerts a strong control on community structure because of its ecological role ex) seastars are keystone species in the experiment with mussels
384157687symbiotic relationshipan interaction between two or more species. 3 main types: parasitism, commensalism, mutualism
384157688parasitismone species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. ex)tapeworm,ticks,pathogen
384157689commensalismone species benefits while the other is unaffected ex)algae on turtle shells
384157690mutualismboth species benefit ex)legume plants and nitrogen fixing bacteria
384157691ecosystemall of the organisms in a community as well as the abiotic environment with which the organisms interact
3841576922 important processes in ecosystem-energy flow:passage of energy through ecosystem -chemical cycling:transfer of material within ecosystem
384157693primary productionthe amount of solar energy converted by primary producers (through photosynthesis) to chemical energy (in the form of living organic material) in a given area at a given time
384157694biomassthe amount of living organic material in an ecosystem
384157695the percent of solar energy that reaches the producers that is converted to chemical energy1%
384157696percent of energy that is transferred from one trophic level to the next10%
384240613population ecologyis concerned with changes in population size and the factors that regulate populations over time. it is the study of how and why populations change
384240614populationa group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area
384240615population dynamicsthe change in population size and structure (as a result of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors
384240616population densitythe number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume. ex) number of oak trees per square kilometer or forest
384240617dispersion patternsthe way organisms are distributed within the area
384240618spacing patterns-clumped:organisms are aggregated in patches -uniform:equally spaced out in the environment -random:spaced in patternless, unpredictable way
384240619life tablean age specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
384240620survivorship curvea graphic way of representing the data in a life table; it illustrates the percentage of individuals alive as age increases
384240621types of survivorship curve-type1:low death rates during early and middle life then an increase among older age groups -type2:death rate is constant over organisms life span -type3:high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors
384240622exponential growththe accelerating increase in population that occurs when growth is unlimited. one variable increases much faster than the other. (J shaped curve)
384240623limiting factorsenvironmental factors that restrict population growth. ex)food,space,light,predation,disease,weather
384240624logistic growthearly on populations will exhibit very rapid growth (exponential growth) but as they near the carrying capacity, they will level off as a result of limiting factors. (S shaped curve)
384240625carrying capacity (K)maximum number of individuals of a population the environment can sustain. each environment can only support so many individuals
384240626density dependent factorsas a populations density increases, factors such as limited food supply, less space, increased disease, and predation may increase the death rate, decrease the birth rate, or do both
384240627density independent factorsabiotic factors such as weather, light, nutrients, weather, & natural disasters may also limit natural population
384240628life historythe series of events from birth through reproduction to death. traits include age where reproduction first occurs, frequency of reproduction, amount of parental care given, etc
384240629r-selectionorganisms put most of their energy into rapid growth and reproduction. they produce many offspring & don't put a lot of resources into individual offspring. ex)roaches,weeds,mice
384240630K-selectionorganisms produce fewer offspring, but put a lot more resources into each offspring. put most of their energy into growth NOT rapid reproduction. ex)humans & elephants
384240631current approximate human population7.0 billion
384240632ecological footprintthe amount of land needed per person to support a nation's resource needs
384240633ecological capacitythe overall ability of an ecosystem to maintain its natural, original, or current condition and to produce goods and services
384388082conservation biologyan applied and goal oriented science that seeks to understand the factors that influence the loss, protection, and restoration of biodiversity
384388084primary goal of conservation biologycounter biodiversity loss
384388086biodiversitysum total of all organisms in an area OR variability among living organisms in an area
384388088three levels of biodiversitygenetic diversity species diversity ecosystem diversity
384388090genetic diversitydifferences in DNA among individuals within a given species
384388091species diversitynumber or variety of species in the world or in a particular region
384388093ecosystem diversitythe number and variety of ecosystems. rapid vegetation change and varying landscapes within an ecosystem promote higher levels of biodiversity
384388095species richnessthe number of species
384388097eveness or relative abundanceextent to which numbers of individuals of different species are equal or skewed
3843880982 ecosystems that have very high biodiversitytropical forests and coral reefs
384388099benefits of biodiversityecosystem services, biological resources, socio-economic benefits
384388100ecosystem servicesprovides habitat, purifies air&water, detoxifies wastes, stabilizes climate, generates and renews soil fertility, pollinates plants, controls pests&disease, maintains genetic resources
384388101biological resourcesfood, clothes, medicinal, and industrial resources. wood products and ornamental plants.
384388102socio-economic benefits of biodiversityresearch and education, recreation and tourism, cultural and aesthetic values
384388103amount of species identified on Earth1.7-2 million
384388104estimated number of species on Earth3-100 million
384388105extinctionwhen the last member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist
384388106extirpationthe extinction of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally. can lead to extinction.
384388107background rate of extinctionnatural rate of extinction
384388108causes of biodiversity losshabitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, overharvesting/overexploitation, global climate change, population growth
384388109greatest cause of biodiversity losshabitat destruction
384388110two ways invasive species can be introduced-accidental:marine organisms that have been transported between continents in the ballast water of ships & animals that escape from pet trade -intentional:humans have introduced many food crops and domesticated animals to new places
384388111global climate changerapid global warming due to excessive emission of greenhouse gasses
384388112risks of global climate changemost animals and plants will not be able to cope, disappearance of ecosystems, change in species composition and distribution
384388113habitat fragmentationwhen populations become isolated, reducing genetic variation, their population starts to decline
384388114main cause of habitat fragmentationhuman activities such as deforestation
384388115captive breedingindividuals are bred and raised with the intent of reintroducing them into the wild
384388116biodiversity hotspotsregions which have large concentrations of endemic species (species found nowhere else in the world)
384388117reservesundisturbed wildlands surrounded by buffer zones of compatible economic development
384388118sustainable developmentseeks to improve the human condition while conserving biodiversity
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Political Parties Flashcards

test 9/13. test will be multiple choice, ordering, and matching.

Terms : Hide Images
453828197VOCAB...
453828198Political partiesgroups of people who share similar beliefs about how the government should be run.
453828199nominateselecting candidates who will run for political office and announcing their intent to run
453828200policyprincipals, rules or laws. Parties can influence this.
453828201majorityhaving the most people as supporters; means the party can set the agenda for the government
453828202minorityhaving fewer supporters; means the party must work hard to oppose the majority party
453828203platforma set of simplified statements that explains a party's beliefs
453828204party systemCountries can have none to many political parties. The number of political parties is described as the ___________.
453828205delegatesomeone that represents the party views of a state at a national convention
453828206nomineethe person that is chosen to run as a party's candidate in the national election
453828207campaigna collection of all the efforts a candidate makes to win an election
453828208declarewhen a candidate states that he/she wants to run for office
453828209conventionparty meetings where candidates are selected and the platform is created
453828210acceptance speechgiven by the people selected to run for President and Vice President at the end of a national election
453828211popular votea tally of all the cast
453828212Electoral Collegesends electors from each state to go and cast the actual votes for president
453828213absolute majoritymore than half of the votes
453828214endorsementsa way for interest groups and organizations to give an official 'thumbs up' to a candidate
453828215opinion pollsshow who is leading in the race at any one time and can influence voters
453828216issuesduring a campaign candidates discuss their view on various _______.
453828217contributorssupporters who donate money to the campaign through fundraisers
453828218nonpartisanwhen everyone in Congress works together as a group to create and pass laws that support their party's system
453828219STEPS IN BECOMING PRESIDENTknow them in order
4538282201st step in becoming presidentDeclare my candidacy! I want to be president, and I hope my party will support me!
4538282212nd step in becoming presidentcampaign for the primary and caucus season by making speeches and talking to voters
4538282223rd step in becoming presidentAttend the national convention for my party! hopefully, I will be nominated
4538282234th step in becoming presidentRaise money for my campaign leading up to the national election, make speeches, show up on tv, send out mailings and attend rallies.
4538282245th step in becoming presidentHang out with family and friends to await the results of the popular vote on Election Day
4538282256th step in becoming presidentwait for the results of the Electoral College and prepare my acceptance speech for inauguration
453828226STEPS TO MAKE AN EDUCATE VOTING CHOICEknow these steps in order
453828227Step 1 in making an educated voting choicethink "What do you think about things?"
453828228Step 2 in making an educated voting choiceresearch the candidates' positions on issues
453828229Step 3 in making an educated voting choiceLearn about the candidates leadership skills & qualifications
453828230Step 4 in making an educated voting choicefind out what other people think
453828231Step 5 in making an educated voting choicegrade the candidates & decide
453828232BE ABLE TO DECIDE WHICH STATEMENT IS FAR LEFT OR FAR RIGHTRIGHT: republican LEFT: democrat
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Study Guide Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Brief Study Guide from Chapter 9 Biology 1-2 Textbook

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563632340Overall equation for cellular respirationC6H12O6+6O2--->6H2O+6H2O+ATP
563632341Name the proper chemical formula of the products in the equation for cellular respiration.1 Glucose + 6 Carbon dioxide --> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 38 ATP
563632342Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process?Because it requires air.
563632343Which gas released in the process of cellular respiration?Carbon Dioxide
563632344How many total ATP molecules are produced by the breakdown of 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?36
563632345Name 3 stages of cellular respiration called an aerobic process.Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETC(Electron Transfer Chain)
563632346Where does Glycolysis take place?Cytoplasm
563632347Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?Mitochondria
563632348Does the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur with or without oxygen?Without
563632349What molecule does the process of glycolysis start with?Glucose
563632350What happens after glycolysis when oxygen is present?Krebs Cycle
563632351What's the starting molecule for the Krebs Cycle?Pyruvic Acid
563632352What's the process that happens after the Krebs Cycle?Electron Transport Chain {ETC}
563632353Which molecules carry high energy electrons to the Krebs Cycle?NADH & FADH2
563632354As electrons pass through the electron transport chain, their energy is used to make what?Used to make 32 ATP.
563632355What are the two types of fermentation?Alcoholic and Lactic Acid Fermentation.
563632356Does fermentation occur with or without oxygen?Without.
563632357Can an anaerobic bacterium perform cellular respiration?No because cellular respiration requires oxygen/air.
563632358Do trees, plants, mushrooms, deer, dogs, and humans perform cellular respiration?Yes.
563632359What's the process that yeast cells go through to obtain energy?Alcoholic Fermentation
563632360What's the process that occurs in muscle cells when no oxygen is present or very low oxygen?Lactic Acid Fermentation
563632361What are the 3 processes that provide energy during exercise?Stored ATP, Lactic Acid, and ATP produced by cellular respiration.
563632362How are the products of cellular respiration related to photosynthesis?They are the reactants of photosynthesis.
563632363How are the products of photosynthesis related to cellular respiration?They are the reactants of cellular respiration .
563632364What process does this pathway illustrate? Glucose | | V Pyruvic Acid | | V Lactic Acid + 2 ATPLactic Acid Fermentation
563632365What process does this pathway illustrate? Glucose | | V Pyruvic Acid | | V Lactic Acid | | V Carbon Dioxide + Ethyl alcohol + 2 ATPAlcoholic Fermentation
563632366What process does this pathway illustrate? Glucose | | V Pyruvic Acid | | V Carbon Dioxide + Water + 36 ATPCellular Respiration
563632367What is the beginning (common) process for each pathway?Glycolysis.
563632368Is the beginning (common) process aerobic or anaerobic?Anaerobic.
563632369How many total ATP'S are made by fermentation?2.
563632370What is a *c*alorie?A unit of heat equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
563632371What is a *C*alorie?Approximates the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
563632372What happens in Glycolysis?Glucose-->2 Pyruvic Acids.
563632373How many ATP's are made in glycolysis?2.
563632374What happens in the Krebs Cycle?Pyruvic acids broken down, CO2 released.
563632375How many ATP's are made during the Krebs Cycle?2
563632376What happens during ETC?NADH and FADH2 pass high energy electrons.
563632377How many ATP's are made in the ETC?32.
563632378Where is the ETC located?Mitochondrion.
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