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Combo with Chapter 6 - Ancient Rome and Early Christianity and 1 other Flashcards

1500099091	republic	a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders. - citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens.	1
1500099092	patrician	aristocratic landowners who controlled most of power in the early years of the Roman Republic	2
1500099093	plebeian	in ancient Rome, one of the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up most of the population. Could vote but denied holding important government jobs	3
1500099094	tribunes	Plebeian Assembly who was elected by the Plebeians to protect their interests and rights from unfair acts of patrician officials.	4
1500099095	Scipio	Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)	5
1500099096	consul	in the roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government; however their powers were limited - only had a one yr term in office and you could not be re-elected for 10 yrs..also, one consul could veto or override the others decisions.	6
1500099097	dictator	In ancient Rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time (usually about 6 months).They were chosen by the consuls and elected by the Senate.	7
1500099098	civil war	a war between two groups in the same country; In Rome, refers to the end of the Republic under the Gracchus Brothers & the following rebellions under Marius and Sulla...this brought Julius Caesar to power.	8
1500099099	trimuvirate	a group or three, esp one possessing great power or eminence; in Rome the 1st group was Julius Caesar, Crassus and Pompey in the year 60 BC.	9
1500099100	absolute ruler	one who has total power	10
1500099101	Pax Romana	A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.	11
1500099102	apostle	These men were the original 12 disciples chosen by Christ to preach his gospels.	12
1500099103	Diaspora	the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel; after two rebellions - on in 70 AD at Massada and another in AD 132 - the Jewish state ceased to exist for over 1800 yrs - the Jews were driven from their homeland into exile.	13
1500099104	pope	the bishop of Rome and supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church	14
1500099105	heresy	any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position especially in regards to the Roman Catholic Church or any religion's set of sacred beliefs.	15
1500099106	inflation	a general and progressive increase in prices coupled with a drastic drop in the value of money.	16
1500099107	aqueduct	a structure built by Roman engineers to carry water over long distances to cities & towns	17
1500099108	Pompeii	Roman city near Naples, Italy, which was buried during an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79. which preserved many buildings and art	18
1500099109	Tacitus	A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories.	19
1500099110	Virgil	greatest poet of the Golden Age, called the "Homer of Rome" because the Iliad and the Odyssey served as models for his epic, the Aeneid; focus on Patriotism; it took 10 years to write	20
1500099111	senate	The aristocratic brach of Rome's govenment. It had both legislative and administrative functions. Its 300 members were chosen from the upper class of Roman society.	21
1500099112	legions	large military units of Roman soldiers	22
1500099113	Punic Wars	A long struggle between Rome and Carthage over superiority in power, settlement, and trade in the Mediterranean.	23
1500099114	Rome	Winner of the Punic Wars	24
1500099115	Hannibal	Carthaginian military leader and strategist who attempted to surprise Rome with a land-based attack through the Alps.	25
1500099116	Julius Caesar	Roman consul, governor of Gaul, and dictator of Rome.	26
1500099117	Caesar's Reforms	Expanding Roman citizenship, creating jobs through public works projects, expanded opportunities for landless people to purchase land, and increased pay for soldiers.	27
1500099118	Octavian	Caesar Augustus' real name.	28
1500099119	Caesar Augustus	First of the series of emperor's of Rome. He took on the nickname "exalted one." He was Julius Caesar's adopted son.	29
1500099120	Jesus	Jewish carpenter who began a religious movement later known as Christianity.	30
1500099121	Paul	A Jewish man who spent the beginning of his life persecuting Christians before his conversion to Christianity. He became one of the foremost missionaries spreading Christianity to the Greeks and Romans.	31
1500099122	Constantine	This Roman emperor credited a pivotal win in battle to the God of the Christians and afterward announced the end of persecution of the Christians in the Roman Empire.	32
1500099123	bishop	One of the hierarchy of Christian leaders in the Church. This particular position is in charge of supervising many priests and churches.	33
1500099124	Peter	One of Jesus' apostles. Jesus once refered to him as "the rock on which the church will be built". This man became a bishop in Rome and tradition holds that subsequent bishops of Rome will also be "the rock" or lead bishops within the church.	34
1500099125	mercenaries	foreign soldiers recruited to protect the Roman empire.	35
1500099126	Diocletian	This Roman emperor divided the empire in two, keeping the western portion for himself, but naming a co-emperor of the east.	36
1500099127	Constantinople	The new capital of the Roman empire as designed by Constantine.	37
1500099128	Major causes of the decline of the Roman empire	Outside invasions, severe inflation, separation of the Western portion from the Eastern.	38
1500099129	Attila	Leader of a strong and united Germanic tribe that attacked the Roman empire and accelerated its decline.	39
1500099130	Greco-Roman culture	The culture of the Romans, which mixed Greek, Hellenist, and Roman ideas.	40
1500099131	Mosaics	Popular form of Roman art in which pictures or designs were created using many small pieces of tile.	41
1500099132	What were the Roman legions?	the roman military forces	42
1500099133	Who was Constantine?	Roman emperor; made christianity legal; moved capital to Byzantium (later called Constantinople)	43
1500099134	What culture is also known as classical culture?	Greco-Roman	44
1500099135	What did Diocletian do that involved language and the Roman Empire?	Divided the Roman empire in two parts, the latin speaking west and the greek speaking east	45
1500099136	What were aqueducts?	water channels that brought water to cities and towns	46
1500099137	What was Pax Romana?	a time of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire	47
1500099138	Who was Julius Caesar?	Military leader, joined forces with Crassus; voted dictator for life by senate and is later assasinated by senate	48
1500099139	What types of people were plebeians?	low class, poor people etc.	49
1500099140	Who was Paul?	apostle who had a big influence on christianity; his letters make up the new testament in the bible	50
1500099141	what event ended the trimvirate of Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey?	Caesar and Pompey go to war	51
1500099142	what were the people's rights under roman law?	-equal treatment -innocetn until proven guilty -punishment for actions, not thoughts	52
1500099143	what two classes was there political struggle for power between?	plebians & patricians	53
1500099144	what did christians refuse to do that caused roman leaders to dislike them so much?	they refused to worship the roman gods	54
1500099145	what was the emperors purose of dividing the roman empire?	to make it easier to control	55
1500099146	who were the consuls in early roman government?	the main executives of the government; 2 king-like officials served 1 year terms. Commanded the army and directed the government. One console could veto other	56
1500099147	what caused the major conflict between rome and carthage?	control of the western meddeteranian sea	57
1500099148	what were the major 3 factors that helped spread christianity throughout the roman empire?	-the religion embraced all people -common language -roman roads	58
1500099149	the fear of attack by the huns caused what group to invade rome?	the germanic tribes	59
1500099150	describe the roman code of law, the twelve tablets	The first written law code displayed in the roman forum for all to see.. Showed that all free citizens has the right to protection under the law	60
1500099151	where would you find the main sorce of info on the life of jesus of nazareth?	the new testement of the bible	61
1500099152	what were the 3 main parts of the roman economy?	trade, slavery & agriculture	62
1500099153	who was viewed as the most able emperor?	Julius Caesar	63
1500099154	Summariize what rome left for future cultures	architecture, art, language, government, religion, and literature	64

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Unit 6 Ancient Rome Flashcards

Chapters 35 Daily lIfe in Ancient Rome,36 The spread of Christianity, & 37 Rome's legacy.

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775182128	the Forum	the center of Rome	0
775182129	Law and Order in Rome	"Whatever pleases the emperor is Law." The wealth had more protection The poor had harsher punishments Juries decided cases at trials	1
775182130	Religion in Rome	Polytheistic - belief in many gods/goddesses Adopted Greek gods and gods from conquered regions. Gave offerings to the gods Special holidays and festivals were held to honor the gods throughout the year. Thought the emperor was a god	2
775182131	Family Life in Rome	Husband was the head of the household Women ran the homes, buying food and cleaning. Kept only strong and healthy babies. People got married between the ages of 12-18.	3
775182132	Food and Drink in Rome	Diets depended on wealth. Only the rich had kitchens in their homes. Poor cooked on grills and when to thermopolia (fast food places).	4
775182133	Housing in Rome	Wealthy lived in marble and stone that were stable in the clean part of the city. Poor lived in wood homes that were prone to catch on fire easily in the dirty, cramped, and noisy part of the city. Decorated with statues, pictures, and paintings.	5
775182134	Education in Rome	Wealthy kids went to school till about the age of 12/13. Used a sylus to write on wax tablets. Taught by Greek teachers. Poor kids learned trade jobs like leather working and metal working.	6
775182135	Recreation in Rome	Emperors gave the poor entertainment to keep them from rebelling, like chariot races and gladiator games at the Circus Maximus. People met at the public baths to socialize.	7
775182136	Country Life in Rome	90% of Romans lived in the country. Wealthy Romans lived in Villas. The poor lived in small huts. Main foods they grew were grains, grapes, and olives. Slaves worked on the farms.	8
775182137	Christianity	Monotheistic religion that started in the Roman empire, the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.	9
775182138	Gospels	Written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Told the stories of Jesus and his message of love. Means "good news"	10
775182139	Why Romans didn't like Christianity	Belief in only one god, not many gods. Message to follow one's heart, rather than the law. Everyone was viewed as the same, one group not more special than another. Thought Jesus was teaching people to rebel against the Roman government.	11
775182140	Parable	a simple story that explains a moral or religious lesson, like helping a poor man on the side of a road.	12
775182141	Order of events of Jesus	John the Baptist said the Messiah was coming Jesus was crucified Paul spread Jesus' teachings. The gospels were written.	13
775182142	Why Christians were persecuted	Didn't worship Roman gods. Didn't want great wealth. Didn't believe the emperor was a god. Didn't serve in the Roman army.	14
775182143	Legacy	"gift" a contribution of one culture to another Examples: architecture, art, engineering, language, philosophy, law	15
775182144	Economic Problems in Rome	Pople paid high taxes. More poor than wealthy people. Amount of trade went down - making less money.	16
775182145	Reasons for the fall of Rome	-political instability - bad emperors. -economic and social issues - lack of money and lack of Roman citizenship. -Weakening frontiers - too hard to defend against enemies.	17
775182146	Influence of Architecture	vault dome use of concrete stadium triumphal arch	18
775182147	Influences of Engineering	Greatest builders of roads bridges aqueducts	19
775182148	Influences of Language	Latin Latin alphabet proverbs words prefixes Roman numerals	20
775182149	Influences of Art	realistic statues frescoes sense of style	21
775182150	Influences of Philosophy and Law	Universal Law of Justice called Natural Law = All people have rights. Stoicism - divine intelligence ruled by nature, virtues of self-control and courage. Prized duty and community over personal comfort.	22

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America's History 8th Edition Henretta Chap. 7 Flashcards

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1661669709	Judiciary Act of 1789	This act established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear the appeals from the districts, with the supreme court having the final say. (Pg 216)	0
1661669710	Bill of Rights	A set of 10 amendments brought forth by James Madison that safeguarded fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and the right to trial by jury. (Pg 216)	1
1661669711	Hamilton's Financial Program	As treasury secretary he devised bold politics to enhance national authority and to assist financiers and merchants, he outlined these plans in three reports to Congress. On public credit (January 1790), on a national bank (December 1970) and on manufactures (December 1791). (Pg 216)	2
1661669712	Report on Public Credit	Hamilton asked Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign and domestic investors. He believed that as an underdeveloped nation, the United States needed good credit to secure loans.(Pg 216)	3
1661669713	Bank of the United States	In December 1790 Hamilton asked Congress to charter this, it would be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. He believed it would provide stability to the American economy by making loans,handling government funds and issuing bills of credit. (Pg 218)	4
1661669714	Report on Manufactures	1791: Urged the expansion of American manufacturing, and didn't support high protective tariffs that would exclude foreign products. (Pg 218)	5
1661669715	Federalist Division	The Federalist Party became split regarding Hamilton's financial measures. Most northern Federalists supported Hamilton, while southern Federalists joined a group headed by Madison and Jefferson known as the Democratic Republicans or just the Republicans. (Pg 218)	6
1661669716	Proclamation of Neutrality	Issued in 1793 by President Washington, this allowed US citizens to trade with all belligerents of the european war. As neutral carriers, American merchant ships claimed a right to pass through Britain's naval blockade of French ports and American firms quickly took over the lucrative sugar trade between France and its West Indian Islands. (Pg 219)	7
1661669717	French Revolution	(1789-1799): this was abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy in France. Many Americans welcomed its creation but it was very controversial. (Pg 219)	8
1661669718	Jacobins	Carried a radical democratic ideology, formed political clubs and addressed each other as "citizens". (Pg 219)	9
1661669719	Whiskey Rebellion	Started in 1794 by Pennsylvania farmers to protest Hamilton's excise tax on spirits, this tax had cut demand for the corn whiskey these farmers distilled and bartered fro Eastern Manufacturers. (Pg 219)	10
1661669720	Jay's Treaty	A controversial treaty that accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships and also required the US Government to make full and complete compensation to British merchants for pre-Revolutionary War debts. It was ratified by the Senate in 1795 only by a bare 2/3 majority.	11
1661669721	Haitian Revolution	The revolution that was inspired by the French Revolution, in which Haitians led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, seized control of the colony of Saint-Domingue, the revolution created the Atlantic World's first black republic and had a large impact on the US with many people looking to escape the war fleeing.	12
1661669722	First Party System	This new stage in American politics was caused by the emergence of the Federalists and the Republicans. It was the first instance of organized political parties. These parties quickly began to look out for themselves rather than the public interest.	13
1661669723	XYZ Affair	When the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand excepted a loan and a bribe from US diplomats to stop seizures of American vessels. John Adams charged that Talleyrand's agents whom he dubbed X, Y, and Z had insulted America's honor. This resulted in cut-off of trade with France and the authorization of American privateering of French vessels.	14
1661669724	Naturalization Act	Part of the Federalist coercive laws which lengthened the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years.	15
1661669725	Alien Act	Part of the Federalist coercive laws which authorized the deportation of foreigners.	16
1661669726	Sedition Act	Part of the Federalist coercive laws which prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress.	17
1661669727	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Set forth a states right to interpret the Constitution, asserting that the states had a right to judge the legitimacy of national laws. Came from the states' disapproval of the Sedition and Alien Acts.	18
1662577119	Revolution of 1800	The campaign this year degenerated into a bitter, no-holds-barred contest. The Federalists launched personal attacks on Jefferson.	19
1662577120	Treaty of Greenville	(1795) After Indian resistance forced a compromise American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land and in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio.	20
1667151510	Native American Assimilation	To dampen further conflicts the U.S. Government encouraged Native Americans to assimilate into white society. Most indians however rejected wholesale assimilation, even those who joined Christian churches retained many ancestral values and religious beliefs.1	21
1667151511	Innovation on Eastern Farms	The new farm economy in New York, Ohio and Kentucky forced major changed in eastern agriculture. Unable to compete with lower-priced western grains, farmers in New England switched to potato, which were high yielding and nutritious. This led Middle Atlantic farmers to buy much more efficient farm equipment.	22
1667151512	Marbury v. Madison	(1803) This was a case regarding the midnight appointments made by Adams before he left the presidency, specifically William Marbury. Marshall asserted that Marbury had the right to appointment but that the Court didn't have the constitutional power to enforce it.	23
1667471861	Pinckney's Treaty	(1795) The agreement between the United States and Spain that reopened the Mississippi River to American trade and allowed settlers to export crops via the Spanish-held port of New Orleans. This was supported by Jefferson who had long championed settlement in the west. This agreement was later compromised by Napoleon Bonaparte after he signed a secret treaty that returned Louisiana to France and restricted American access to New Orleans. This lead to the purchase of New Orleans.	24
1667471862	Louisiana Purchase	Napoleon feared an American invasion of Louisiana. Acting with decisiveness, he offered to sell the territory fro $15 million. In 1803 the purchase was made official and it caused Jefferson to reconsider his strict interpretation of the Constitution.	25
1667471863	Lewis and Clark	Jefferson wanted information about the recently acquired Louisiana Purchase, it physical features, plant and animal life as well as native peoples. So in 1804 Jefferson sent his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and William Clark an army officer to explore the region. They traveled for 1,000 miles up the Missouri. Then in 1805 they began their epic 1,300 mile journey into unknown country, they now traveled with Sacagewea. Their report after this journey prompted some Americans to envision a nation that would span the continent.	26
1667471864	Conflict in the Atlantic	As Napoleon conquered European counties he cut off their commerce with Britain and seized American merchant ships that stopped in British ports. The British responded with a naval blockade and seized American vessels carrying sugar and molasses from the French West Indies. They also searched American ships and raided their supplies and used also replenished their crews by the process that became known as impressment.	27
1667471865	The Embargo of 1807	To protect American interests, Jefferson pursued a policy of peaceful coercion. This act prevented American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France stopped restricting U.S. trade. The embargo overestimated the reliance of Britain and France on American shipping and underestimated the resistance of merchants in America.	28
1667471866	Battle of Tippecanoe	In November 1811, when Tecumseh went south to seek support from the Chickasaws, Choctaws and Creeks, Harrison took advantage of his absence and attacked Prophetstown. The governor's 1,000 troops and militiamen traded heavy casualties with the confederacy's warriors at this battle and then destroyed the holy village.	29
1667471867	War of 1812	This war was a near disaster for the United States. Congress declared war against Britain because it had violated the commercial rights of a neutral nation. While America made the first advancements against Britain in Canada. However in the east militiamen against the war refused to fight and eventually the tide began to turn. By 1813 commerce had been disrupted, the invaders burned down the US Capitol and government buildings. Federalists continued to oppose the war and things seemed to be going very bad. Eventually in 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was signed to retain prewar borders. However, news of the victory had not reached General Jackson's troops so on January 8th, 1815, his troops defended New Orleans and suffered only 13 casualties. This final victory gave a boost to American morale.	30
1667471868	Treaty of Ghent	At first American commissioners: John Quincy Adams, Gallatin and Clay demanded territory in Canada and Florida, while British diplomats sought and Indian buffer state between the US and Canada. Both sides quickly realized that these objectives were not worth the cost of prolonged warfare. And on Christmas Eve, 1814 this treaty was signed retaining the prewar borders of the United States.	31
1668919157	McCulloch v. Maryland	(1819) When Congress created the Second Bank of the United States in 1816, it allowed the bank to set up state branches that competed with state chartered banks. The Maryland legislature imposed a tax on notes issued by the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank. The Second Bank refused to pay, claiming that the tax infringed in national powers and was therefore unconstitutional. The state's lawyers then invoked Jefferson's argument: that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank. And even if a national bank was legitimate the lawyers argued, Maryland could tax it activities within the state.	32
1668919158	Gibbons v. Ogden	(1824) The Marshall Court once again asserted the dominance of national over state statues in this case. The decision struck done a New York law granting a monopoly to Aaron Ogden for steamboat passenger service across the Hudson River to New Jersey. Asserting that the constitution gave the federal government authority over interstate commerce, the chief justice sided with Thomas Gibbons who held a federal license to run steamboats between the two states.	33
1668919159	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	(1819) The court extended its defense of vested property rights in this case. In 1816, New Hampshire's Republican legislature enacted a statue converting Dartmouth College, a royal charter instituted by King George III, in to a public university. Dartmouth trustees opposed the legislation and hired Daniel Webster to plead their case. In the end Marshall Court agreed and upheld Dartmouth's claims.	34
1668919160	Rush-Bagot Treaty	In 1817 Adams negotiated this treaty which limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes. Later in 1818 he concluded another agreement setting the forty-ninth parallel as the border between Canada and the lands of the Louisiana Purchase.	35
1668919161	Adams-Onís Treaty	In 1819 this agreement Adams persuaded Spain to cede Florida territory to the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain's claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the Western boundary for the state of Louisiana which had entered the Union in 1812.	36
1668919162	Monroe Doctrine	In 1823 the president declared that the American continents were no longer subject to further colonization. This policy thirty years became this. In return Monroe pledged he would not interfere in the internal concerns of European nations.	37

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Campbell Biology 10th Edition: Ch. 13 Flashcards

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1777401177	Genes	Hereditary units, program our genetic traits	0
1777401178	DNA	Language of genes	1
1777401179	Gametes	Reproductive cells are the vesicles from one generation to the next	2
1777401180	Locus	The genes place on each chromosome	3
1777401181	Asexual Reprodution	Results in the exact copies of themselves, sole parent passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes(sex cells)	4
1777401182	Sexual Reproduction	Give rise to offspring that have unique combination of genes from two parents; not exact replicas like asexual	5
1777401183	Homologous Chromosomes	Both arms of each chromosome containing the genes controlling the same trait	6
1777401184	23	# of chromosomes in a set	7
1777401185	Haploid Cells	Has a single set of chromosomes	8
1777401186	Meiosis	Divides the number of chromosomes in half ending with four haploid chromatids	9
1777401187	Stages of Meiosis	1. Single pairs of homologs in a diploid cell 2. Both members of the pair are duplicated creating sister chromatids 3. The copies are sorted into four haploid daughter cells	10
1777401188	Sister Chromatid Cohesion	Sister chromatids closely associated all along their lengths	11
1777401189	Homologs and their sister chromatid make up	one duplicated chromosome	12
1777401190	Cell death occurs through either	Necrosis or Apolosis	13
1777401191	Necrosis	Cell death through O2 depletion or damage to the cell	14
1777401192	Apolosis	DNA breakdown; wearing down of telomere until it can not replicate anymore resulting in cell death	15
1777401193	How many times a somatic cell can divide before DNA degradation occurs	20	16
1777401194	Synapsis	pairing of chromosomes	17
1777401195	Chiasma	The spot where the sister pairs of homologs cross over	18
1777401196	Crossing over	Creates more variation, exchange of DNA between homologs; where genetic material from mom and dad mix and become part of the others chromosome	19
1777401197	Tetrad	A homologous pair; two whole replicated chromosomes	20
1777401198	Interkinesis	At the end of telophase one, where the cell relaxes before it enters prophase two	21
1777401199	Three types of sexual cycles	1. Haplontic 2. Diplontic 3. Alternation of generation	22
1777401200	Haplonic	For most of its life it is halpoid and a small portion it is diploid	23
1777401201	Diplontic	For most of its life it is diploid and a small portion it is haploid	24
1777401202	Alternation of Generation	Only in plants; half of its life it is spent haploid the other half diploid	25
1777401203	Euploidy series	Organism has the amount of chromosomes it needs; has its full compliment	26
1777401204	Aneuploidy series	There is a mutation during meiosis where the chromosomes do not separate correctly and take the wrong number of chromosomes to poles	27
1777401205	Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from	diploid to haploid	28
1777401206	Generates genetic variation	Random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes during meiosis	29
1777401207	Homologous	One maternal and one paternal chromosome situated at metaphase plate	30
1777401208	Independent assortment	After the first meiotic division results in each pair sorting its maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells that are independent	31
1777401209	Karyotype	Depectin (picture) of the chromosomes	32
1777401210	Y chromosome and X chromosome	can not cross over	33
1777401211	Two members of homologous pairs	associated loosely along their length (prophase 1)	34
1777401212	At least one cross over per chromosome must occur in order for	the homologous pair to stay together as it moves to metaphase 1 plate	35
1777401213	differ genetically	Meiosis produces cells that	36
1777401214	Three events unique to meiosis that occur in meiosis 1	1. Synapsis and crossing over 2. Homologous pairs of metaphase plate 3. Separation of homologs	37
1777401215	cohesion	Sister chromatids stay together due to	38
1777401216	Cohesions last until	the end of metapase	39
1777401217	Meiosis 1 is called the reductional division because	it reduces from diploid to haploid	40
1777401218	During meiosis 2	sister chromatids separate resulting in the four haploid daughter cells (equational division)	41
1777401219	Results in the formation of chiasma	Combo of crossing over and sister chromatid cohesion along arms	42
1777401220	homologs	Chiasmata hold together	43
1777401221	1st divison, 2nd division	reductional, equational	44

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Campbell Biology 9th Edition: Chapter 12 Flashcards

9th Edition of the famed Campbell Biology Series! Chapter 12

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1401708625	Why do some species employ both mitosis and meiosis, whereas other species use only mitosis?	They need both if they are producing animal gametes.	1
1401708626	A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain?	92	2
1401708627	Why is it difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase?	They have uncoiled to form long, thin strands.	3
1401708628	Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?	32	4
1401708629	Nucleoli are present during _____.	Interphase	5
1401708630	Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.	Telophase	6
1401708631	Chromosomes become visible during _____.	Prophase	7
1401708632	Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.	Anaphase	8
1401708633	Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.	Prometaphase	9
1401708634	When the separate chromosomes are being pulled from one place to another? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Anaphase	10
1401708635	When the two "circular" cells attached become sister cells? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Cytokinesis as it occurs in Animal Cells	11
1401708636	When the chromosomes become visible? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Prophase	12
1401708637	When chromosomes align laterally (along the metaphase plate: imaginary line located midway between the poles of the duplicated chromosomes and the original chromosomes), before they separate. This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Metaphase	13
1401708638	When the chromosomes break the nuclear envelope, and attach to microtubules	Prometaphase	14
1401708639	When the two "square" cells attached become sister cells? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Cytokinesis as it occurs in Plant Cells	15
1401708640	When the sister cells are completely divided through Cytokinesis. This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Telophase	16
1401708641	During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.	Two (2) chromosomes and Four (4) Chromatids	17
1401708642	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.	Mitotic Phase	18
1401708643	DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.	S Phase	19
1401708644	Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.	Interphase	20
1401708645	This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.	Mitosis	21
1401708646	This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.	G2 Phase	22
1401708647	This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.	G1 Phase	23
1401708648	This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.	Cytokinesis	24
1401708649	During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.	The Mitotic Phase: The Mitotic Phase encompasses both Mitosis and Cytokinesis!	25
1401708650	During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.	Interphase	26
1401708651	Which of the following is true of kinetochores?	They are sites at which microtubules attach to chromosomes.	27
1401708652	Which of the following correctly matches a phase of the cell cycle with its description?	G1: follows cell division	28
1401708653	In some organisms, such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. What would result from this?	Large cells containing many nuclei.	29
1401708654	Which of the following is found in binary fission but not in mitosis?	Duplicated chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane.	30
1401708655	Cytochalasin B is a chemical that disrupts microfilament formation. How would this interfere with cell division?	cleavage	31
1401708656	Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle?	G1	32
1401708657	Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle?	They remain confined to their original site	33
1401708658	Which of the following is a function of the S phase in the cell cycle?	The synthesis of sister chromatids	34
1401708659	The copying of chromosomes occurs during which of the following phases of the cell cycle?	S Phase	35
1401708660	For the first several divisions of early frog embryos, cells proceed directly from the M phase to the S phase and back to M without gaps. Which of the following is likely to be true about dividing cells in early frog embryos?	The cells get smaller with each generation	36
1401708661	True or false? The M phase is characterized by the replication and division of a cell's chromosomes.	False: Cells replicate their chromosomes during the S phase and divide partition their chromosomes during the M phase.	37
1401708662	If an organism normally has 34 chromosomes, how many molecules of DNA should there be in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?	34	38
1401708663	Which of the following events would cause the cell cycle to arrest?	Poor nutrition conditions	39
1401708664	DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules called ______, which separates during mitosis.	Sister Chromatids	40
1401708665	After chromosomes condense, the ______ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other	Centromere	41
1401708666	During Mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the _______.	Kinetochore	42
1401708667	In dividing cells, most of the cell's growth occurs during ______.	Interphase	43
1401708668	The ____________ is a cell structure consising of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division	Mitotic Spindle	44
1401708669	During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called _______.	Chromatin	45
1401708670	In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by ________, when the rest of the cell divides.	Cytokinesis	46
1401708671	The ________ are the organzing centers for mcrotubules involed in seperatng chromasomes during mitosis	Centrosomes	47
1401708672	Which of the following statements are true of cytokinesis in plant cells? Two that apply.	1. Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules, coalesce at the plane of cell division, and form a cell plate. 2. The cell plate consists of the plasma membrane and cell wall that will eventually separate the two daughter cells.	48
1401708673	Which species does this apply to? The cells divide by constriction of a ring protein. (2 apply)	Bacteria & Animal	49
1401708674	Which species does this apply to? The presence of a cell wall prevents the cell from dividing by constriction. (1 apply)	Plants	50
1401708675	Which species does this apply to? Tubulin subunits or tubulin-like molecules function in the division of the cell. (2 apply)	Bacteria & Plants	51
1401708676	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	Benign Tumor	52
1401708677	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	Binary Fission	53
1401708678	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.	Transformation	54
1401708679	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	Malignant Tumor	55
1401708680	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	Metaphase Plate	56
1401708681	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	Metastasis	57
1401708682	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	Somatic Cell	58
1401708683	One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells....	continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.	59

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Campbell Biology Ch.10: Photosynthesis Flashcards

Biology 1: Cells and Molecules

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1889713657	autotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. _________s use energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones	0
1889713658	bundle-sheath cell	In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf	1
1889713659	calvin cycle	The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions) involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate	2
1889713660	C3 plant	A plant that uses the Calvin Cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a 3-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate	3
1889713661	C4 plant	A plant in in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the the Calvin cycle	4
1889713662	CAM plant	A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, CO2 entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day when the stomata are closed	5
1889713663	chlorophyll a	A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy	6
1889713664	cyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only one photosystem and that produces ATP but not NADHP or O2.	7
1889713665	light reactions	The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin Cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process	8
1889713666	linear electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2. The net electron flow is from H2O to NADP+.	9
1889713667	Light-harvesting complex	A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem	10
1889713668	photosynthesis	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes	11
1889713669	photon	A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle	12
1889713670	Photosystem	A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the choroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths	13
1889713671	primary electron acceptor	In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them	14
1889713672	photosystem II	One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center	15
1889713673	photosystem I	A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes ; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center	16
1889713674	photorespiration	A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. Photorespiration generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the O2 CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco	17
1889713675	NADP+	An electron acceptor that, in its reduced state, temporarily stores energize electrons produced during the light reaction	18
1889713676	thylakoid	A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy	19
1889713677	stroma	The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water	20
1889713678	visible light	That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380nm to about 750nm	21
1889713679	wavelength	the distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum	22
1889713680	reaction-center complex	A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.	23
1889713681	heterotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them	24
1889713682	mesophyll	Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis	25
1889713683	stomata	A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.	26
1889713684	Photophosphorylation	The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.	27
1889713685	carbon fixation	the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, or another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote)	28
1889713686	carotenoid	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, __________s broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis	29
1889713687	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	(G3P) A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle, it is also an intermediate in glycolysis	30
1889713688	RuBP	Rubisco, carboxylase-oxygenase, the enzyme that normally catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to _____). When excess O2 is present or CO2 levels are low, rubisco can bind oxygen, resulting in photorespiration	31
1889713689	PEP carboxylase	An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells of C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis	32
1889713690	photoautotroph	An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide	33

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AP Psychology Chapter 7 Vocab. Flashcards

Vocabulary Words for AP Psychology Chapter 7
Book: Myers 7th Edition

KIEFER HURST
Pd. 7

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260576529	Consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	0
260576530	Biological Rhythms	periodic physiological fluctuations	1
260576531	Circadian Rhythms	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle	2
260576532	REM Sleep	rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active	3
260576533	Hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of external visual stimulus	4
260576534	Alpha Waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state	5
260576535	Delta Waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep	6
260576536	Sleep Spindles	short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep	7
260576537	Slow-wave Sleep	The last two stages of sleep, characterized by slow brain waves, deep breathing, and calm heartbeat	8
260576538	Insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep	9
260576539	Narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times	10
260576540	Sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	11
260576541	Night Terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	12
260576542	Dreams	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts, passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering	13
260576543	Manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)	14
260576544	Latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety value	15
260576545	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakening during REM sleep)	16
260576546	Hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur	17
260576547	Posthypnotic Amnesia	selective amnesia after being in a hypnotic state of events occurring during hypnosis or of information designated by the hypnotist	18
260576548	Posthypnotic Suggestion	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors	19
260576549	Dissociation	a split consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.	20
260576550	Hidden Observer	Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis	21
260576551	Psychoactive Drugs	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood	22
260576552	Tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect	23
260576553	Withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug	24
260576554	Physical Dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued	25
260576555	Psychological Dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions	26
260576556	Addiction	being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs)	27
260576557	Depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions	28
260576558	Stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions	29
260576559	Hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input	30
260576560	Barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment	31
260576561	Opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety	32
260576562	Amphetamine	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	33
260576563	Methamphetamine	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speed-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels	34
260576564	MDMA	A compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline; commonly called "ecstasy."	35
260576565	THC	a major active ingredient in marijuana; trigers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations	36
260576566	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)	37

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APUSH Chapter 16: The South & the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860 Flashcards

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1029091853	With the introduction of the cotton gin	slavery was reinvigorated	0
1029091854	Members of the planter aristocracy	dominated society and politics in the south	1
1029091855	True of the American economy under Cotton Kingdom	a. South produced more than half of the entire world's supply of cotton b. 75% of Britain's supply of cotton came from the South c. Quick profits from the cotton drew planters to its economic loamy bottomlands of the gulf states d. Cotton accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840	2
1029091856	Plantation agriculture was largely wasteful because	its excessive cultivation of cotton despoiled good land	3
1029091857	Plantation mistresses	commanded a sizeable household staff of mostly female slaves	4
1029091858	Plantation agriculture was	economically unstable and wasteful	5
1029091859	The plantation system of the Cotton South was	increasingly monopolistic	6
1029091860	The following were weaknesses of the slave plantation system	a. It relied on a one-crop economy b. it repelled a large-scale European immigration All EXCEPT that its land continued to remain in the hands of the small farmers	7
1029091861	German and Irish immigration to the South was	discouraged by competition with slave labor	8
1029091862	All told, only about 1/4 of white southerners	owned slaves or belonged to a slaveholding family	9
1029091863	Said the quote, "I think we must get rid of slavery or we must get rid of freedom."	Ralph Waldo Emerson	10
1029091864	As their main crop, southern subsistence farmers raised	corn	11
1029091865	Most white "red-necked" southerners were	non-slave-owning subsistence farmers	12
1029091866	By the mid-nineteenth century,	most slaves lived on large plantations	13
1029091867	Most slaves in the South were owned by	plantation owners	14
1029091868	The majority of southern whites owned no slaves because	they could not afford the purchase price	15
1029091869	The most pro-Union of the white southerners were	mountain whites	16
1029091870	Some southern slaves gained freedom as a result of	purchasing their way out slavery	17
1029091871	The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to	natural reproduction	18
1029091872	Northern attitudes toward free blacks can best be described as	disliking the individual blacks but liking the race	19
1029091873	Discrimination was common for free blacks living in the	North	20
1029091874	The profitable southern slave system hobbled the economic development of	the region as a whole	21
1029091875	Regarding work assignments, slaves were	generally spared dangerous work	22
1029091876	Perhaps the slave's greatest psychological horror and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was	the enforced separation of slave families	23
1029091877	By 1860, slaves the "black belt" were located in the Deep South states of	Georgia, South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama	24
1029091878	As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, slave owners most often used the whip as a	motivator	25
1029091879	By 1860, life for slaves was most difficult in the	newer states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana	26
1029091880	Forced separation of spouses, parents, and children was the most common on	small plantations and in the upper South	27
1029091881	The following were true of slavery in the South	d. By 1860, most slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" of the Deep South All EXCEPT most slaves were raised in a single unstable parent household	28
1029091882	Most slave were raised in	stable two-parent household	29
1029091883	Slaves fought the system of slavery in the following ways	All EXCEPT by refusing to get an education	30
1029091884	As a result of white southerners' brutal treatment of their slaves and their fear of potential slave rebellions,	the South developed a theory of biological racial superiority	31
1029091885	In the pre-Civil War South, the most uncommon and least successful form of slave resistance was	armed insurrection	32
1029091886	The idea of recolonizing blacks back to Africa was supported by the black leader	Martin Delany	33
1029091887	Pledged his dedication to the immediate abolition of slavery in the South	Frederick Douglass	34
1029091888	Many abolitionists turned to political action in 1840 when they backed the presidential candidate of the	Liberty Party	35
1029091889	The voice of white southern abolitionism silenced at the	beginning of the 1830s	36
1029091890	In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners placed themselves in	opposition to much of he rest of the Western world	37
1029091891	Those in the North who opposed the abolitionists believed that these opponents of slavery were	creating disorder in America	38
1029091892	Ulrich B. Phillips made certain claims about slavery that have been challenged in recent years	a. Slaves were racially inferior b. Planters treated their slaves with kindly paternalism c. Slavery was a dying economic institution d. Slaves were submissive by nature and did not abhor slavery All EXCEPT Slavery was comparable to the Nazi concentration camps	39

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APWH U3: Chapter 8: African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam Flashcards

These cards are a compilation of various chapters from Unit Three of the AP World History curriculum. The time range of the entire collection of cards range from 600 c. CE - 1450 CE. This set specifically follows African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam. Concepts covered include:
-The links between Islam, trade, and urbanization in Sub-Saharan & Eastern Africa
-Mansa Musa, Ibn Battuta and Saladin
-Religious influences on Africa

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547057508	What was the government system like in Africa?	Rulers controlled through a hierarchy of officials in stateless societies.	0
547057509	What occured in 300 C.E.?	The origin of Ghana	1
547057510	Shortly after the death of Muhammad, Muslim armies flooded into the North African plain, and won converts amongst who?	The Berbers	2
547057511	Who were the Almoravids/Almohadis?	Islamic Berber zealot dynasties; forcibly spread Islam south of the Sahara. The Almoravids destroyed Ghana. Although the kingdom survives, the power does not.	3
547057512	Mali and Songhay were what kind of political organization?	Sudanic States	4
547057513	What was a major form of trade in Africa?	The gold and salt trade	5
547057514	What was the significance of Timbuktu?	Acted as a major center for learning and trading.	6
547057515	Who founded the empire of Mali, and what was his significance?	Sundiata; he created a unified state, and arranged the clans in a certain way based off of specialization.	7
547057516	Who was Mansa Musa?	The most famous Mali leader, he made a Islamic hajj that brought attention to West Africa; causing inflation.	8
547057517	Who was Ibn Battuta?	A traveler who came upon Africa and traded with them. He then spread awareness of Africa's riches and society to the East and parts of Asia.	9
547057518	Who founded Songhai?	Sunni Ali.	10
547057519	Who made the Songhai state the greatest it had ever been in West Africa?	Muhammad the Great	11
547057520	What was unique about African lineage?	It was traced through the mothers.	12
547057521	What did the Bantu language do for Africa?	It provided a lingual unity. (Mixture of Arabic and Swahili).	13
547057522	What religion acted as a religious unity in Africa?	Animism.	14
547057523	While North AFrica was fully involved in the Mediterranean and Arab economic world, Sub-Saharan Africa what?	Varied greatly from one region to the next.	15
547057524	What did specialization do for Africa?	Encouraged local and regional trade; caused markets to grow in BOTH decentralized and structured areas.	16
547057525	Although conversion took place within a certain political unity under the Abbasids, what happened?	It later broke down and caused Africa to separate into states and competing groups.	17
547057526	Under pressure from Muslim invaders, a great puritanical reformist movement took place by whom? And what happened?	The Almoravids; moved south against African kingdoms & into Spain, along with the Almohadis.	18
547057527	In what two cities did the Christian religious influences thrive?	Nubia and Ethopia	19
547057528	What did the Hausa people do?	They formed states after the fall of Songhay that combined Muslim and Pagan traditions.	20

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