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AP Bio Chapter 8 - Intro to Metabolism Flashcards

AP Bio Chapter 8 - Intro to Metabolism

1722673895	metabolism	the totality of an organism's chemical reactions	0
1722673913	catabolic pathway	a metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler compounds	1
1722673914	anabolic pathway	a metabolic process that consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones	2
1722673896	energy	the capacity to cause change	3
1722673897	kinetic energy	the relative motion of an object	4
1722673898	heat energy	kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules	5
1722673899	potential energy	the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure when it is at rest; due to arrangement of atoms	6
1722673915	chemical energy	the type of energy that refers to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction	7
1722673900	first law of thermodynamics	a rule that states that the energy of the universe is constant; energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	8
1722673901	second law of thermodynamics	a rule that states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe; unstoppable trend toward randomization of the universe as a whole	9
1722673902	free energy	the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell; this type of energy is a measure of a system's instability, meaning its tendency to change to a more stable state	10
1722673903	entropy	disorder of the universe	11
1722673916	exergonic	the type of reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy; because the chemical mixture loses free energy, Gibbs free energy is negative; it is a spontaneous reaction	12
1722673917	endergonic	the type of reaction that absorbs free energy from surroundings; because energy is stored in molecules, Gibbs free energy is positive; the reaction is nonspontaneous	13
1722673918	chemical work	the type of cellular work that includes the pushing of endergonic reactions, which would not occur spontaneously, such as the synthesis of proteins from amino acids	14
1722673919	transport work	the type of cellular work that includes the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement	15
1722673920	mechanical work	the type of cellular work that includes the beating of cilia, the contraction of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes during reproduction	16
1722673921	energy coupling	the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one; ATP is responsible for mediating this, and it acts as an energy source	17
1722673922	ATP	this energy molecule for the cell is composed of ribose, adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups	18
1722673923	phosphorylated	the state of a molecule when it receives a phosphate, such as in synthesis of ATP from ADP + inorganic phospate, making it more reactive (less stable) than the original molecule	19
1722673924	enzyme	a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst; without this, pathways of metabolism would be congested because reactions would take so long	20
1722673904	catalyst	a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; enzymes are examples of these	21
1722673925	activation energy	the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction; the energy required to destabilize the reactant molecules so their bonds can break; also, the amount of energy needed to push reactants over a "hill" so that the "downhill" part of the reaction can begin	22
1722673926	substrate	the reactant an enzyme acts on	23
1722673905	enzyme-substrate complex	the entity that forms when an enzyme bonds to a substrate, in which the enzyme's catalytic reaction converts the substrate to the product of the reaction	24
1722673927	active site	a pocket or groove on the surface of an enzyme where where the substrate docks up and catalysis occurs	25
1722673906	ATP --> ADP + P(i)	the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP	26
1722673907	-7.3 kcal/mol	the amount of Gibbs free energy that results from the hydrolysis of ATP	27
1722673908	ADP + P(i) --> ATP + H2O	the equation for the synthesis of ATP	28
1722673928	cofactors	nonprotein helpers for catalytic reactions; these may be bound tightly to an enzyme as a permanent resident, or may be bound loosely and reversibly along the substrate	29
1722673909	coenzyme	cofactors that are organic; examples of these are vitamins	30
1722673929	competitive inhibition	this occurs when a molecule that resembles substrate bonds to the active site, thereby blocking the substrate; this occurs with weak bonds; the higher the concentration of the inhibitor, the slower the reaction; not used intentionally	31
1722673930	noncompetitive inhibitors	these molecules do not directly compete with substrates--instead, they bind to another part of the enzyme, causing it to change its shape so that the active site becomes less effective	32
1722673931	allosteric regulation	this occurs when a molecule bonds to some other location on an enzyme, causing a conformational change, which blocks the active site; after the molecule leaves, however, the enzyme returns to its original shape; may result in either inhibition or enhanced activity of an enzyme	33
1722673910	-G	the change in G for an exergonic reaction (energy yeilding)	34
1722673911	+G	the change in G for an endergonic reaction (energy consuming)	35
1722673932	feedback inhibition	an occurrence in which a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway; this prevents the cell from wasting chemical resources; when an end product stops or slows its own production	36
1722673912	lock-and-key	the model for enzymes that says that enzymes are highly specific, and as a result, there is only one substrate that fits in an enzyme's active site	37

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Earthquakes Flashcards

Lecture 12: Earthquakes
Three types of earthquakes
Earthquake hazards, especially tsunamis and liquefaction
P-waves and s-waves
Triangulating earthquake positions
"Beachball" diagrams
How and what earthquake waves tell us about the interior of the Earth

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1329831811	*Three types of earthquakes	A.Product of reverse fault-> A small thrust fault (see arrows) east of Vail, CO. B. A strike-slip fault offset the road after the Landers earthquake in California. C. A normal fault near Challis, Idaho, moved in the 1983 earthquake.	1
1329831812	Earthquake hazards, especially tsunamis and liquefaction	liquefaction= wet soil think of mud slides	2
1329831813	P-waves and s-waves	P-waves • P-waves are primary waves or pressure waves • Move faster than S-waves • Pass through solids, liquids, and gases. S-waves • Secondary waves, or shear waves • move more slowly than p-waves • Can only pass through solids—that's how we know that the center of the earth is liquid. cooler desner matieral transmit s waves better	3
1329831814	Triangulating earthquake positions	If three separate seismometers calculate the distance to an earthquake's epicenter, we can figure out where the epicenter was by triangulation.	4
1329831815	"Beachball" diagrams "Beachball" diagrams	Learn 2 things: EXPAND= AWAY FORM SIZE COMPRESS=TOWARDS (1) The slip motion of the rocks underground (2) the orientation of the fault that the slip occurred on -The beachballs show where compression and expansion occurred, and let us know what kind of earthquake it was.	5
1329831816	How and what earthquake waves tell us about the interior of the Earth?	Sizemameters on opp. ends of earth can only transmit P-waves b/c they can go through Solid, liquid, gases. That's how we know the earth s waves like cold and dense	6

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Chapter 6: Whiskeys Rebellion Flashcards

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1061916478	Thomas Jefferson	The person that Washington chose to lead the state department.	0
1061916479	Formation of the cabinet	Washington's most important precedent	1
1061916480	Judiciary act of 1789	Created a system of 13 federal district courts	2
1061916481	The reason why southern farmers were against Hamiltons plan for the economy	They did not want to be made to pay taxes to help the northern states	3
1061916482	XYZ Affair	Increased public sentiment and opposition against france	4
1061916483	The emergency of a 2 party political system was the effect of what cause	Politely debates over the whiskey rebellion, Hamilton's debt plan, and the formation of a national bank	5
1061916484	The whiskey rebellion	Occurred because of a tax that was imposed by the federal government	6
1061916485	Part of Alexander Hamilton's plan for fixing the nation's debt	Creating a strong commercial and industrial economy	7
1061916486	The rebellion that demonstrated the new federal government's willingness to enforce federal law	Whiskey rebellion	8
1061916487	One effect of the alien and sedition acts	To silence the democratic republican party's opposition to the federalists	9
1061916488	The reason why the US signed a treaty with Spain	To guarantee free shopping rights on the Mississippi River	10
1061916489	The hope that the British had to lit American settlement in the northwest territory	Provide arms and ammunition to native Americans	11
1061916490	Accurate description of the French Revolution	Republican uprising against the French monarch and aristocrats became very bloody	12
1061916491	Virginia and Kentucky resolutions declared what	The alien and sedition acts unconstitutional and states had the power to nullify such laws	13
1061916492	Thomas Pinckney	Secured a treaty with Spain giving the US shipping rights on the Mississippi River	14
1061916493	The US signed a treaty with Spain to....	To ensure a free flow of trade for American goods	15
1061916494	The reason why the democratic republicans were outraged by the alien and sedition acts during John Adam's presidency	The belief that the laws violated freedom of speech	16
1061916495	Precedent	The first time an action or statement occurs and it becomes a tradition to follow	17
1061916496	Hamilton proposed moving the nation's capital from New York City to a new site on the Potomac for what?	To win southern support for his banking an debt proposals	18

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American Pageant Chapter 12 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 12 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

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1142792555	Nationalism	Pride in one's country; increases drastically after the War of 1812 and the Battle of New Orleans	0
1142792556	Monroe Doctrine	Message to European countries to stay out of Western Hemisphere	1
1142792557	American System	Proposed by Henry Clay, consisted of 3 parts to improve US economy	2
1142792558	Missouri Compromise	Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as free state; established the 36˚30' line	3
1142792559	Treaty of Ghent	Ended War of 1812, US didn't gain or lose any land	4
1142792560	Panic of 1819	Economic depression caused by land speculation and bank foreclosures of homes	5
1142792561	Rush-Bagot Agreement	Agreement between US and Britain to demilitarize the Great Lakes	6
1142792562	Land Speculation	Purchasing of land out west in the hopes of selling it at a higher price	7
1142792563	Armistice	Agreement to stop fighting	8
1142792564	Wildcat Banks	Banks in the west that were ordered to foreclose on farms and houses	9
1142792565	Era of Good Feelings	Term given early 1800s that suggested that times were good because there were not major conflicts involving the United States.	10
1142792566	Tariff of 1816	First tariff ever passed as a protective tariff	11
1142792567	Cumberland Road	Connected MD to Illinois, first major road constructed by federal government	12
1142792568	Land Act of 1820	Allowed the purchase of 80 acres of land at $1.25 per acre	13
1142792569	Florida Purchase Act of 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty)	Spain ceded Florida to US in exchange for US giving up claims to Texas	14
1142792570	Gibbons v. Ogden	S.C. case dealing with interstate trade; Congress has sole authority over interstate trade	15
1142792571	Fletcher v. Peck	States cannot "impair" contracts, S.C. can invalidate state laws	16
1142792572	McCulloch v. Maryland	States cannot tax federal buildings (bank), federal government is supreme	17
1142792573	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	Issue over NH trying to change charter of a college, states cannot impair contracts	18
1142792574	Oliver Perry	Built a fleet of ships on Lake Erie and captured the British fleet. Boosted the morale of the US military.	19
1142792575	Andrew Jackson	Powerful general during War of 1812, battled Native Americans, future president	20
1142792576	Henry Clay	Speaker of the House, created The American System which helped stimulate the economy	21
1142792577	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State under Madison, future president	22
1142792578	Daniel Webster	Advocate for Nationalism, member of the Senate and House of Representatives, fought against Sectionalism and nullification by the South.	23

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AP Chem (Zumdahl) Ch. 6 Flashcards

Ch. 6 Thermochemistry

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1383345407	energy	the capacity to do work or to cause heat to flow	1
1383345408	law of conservation of energy	energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed	2
1383345409	potential energy	energy due to position or composition	3
1383345410	kinetic energy	(1/2mv2) energy due to the motion of an object; dependent on the mass of the object and the square of its velocity	4
1383345411	heat	energy transferred between two objects due to a temperature difference between them	5
1383345412	work	force acting over a distance	6
1383345413	pathway	the way in which energy transfer is divided between work and heat	7
1383345414	state function (property)	a property that is independent of the pathway	8
1383345415	system (thermodynamic)	that part of the universe on which attention is to be focused	9
1383345416	surroundings	everything in the universe surrounding a thermodynamic system	10
1383345418	exothermic	refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system	11
1383345420	endothermic	refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows into the system	12
1383345422	thermodynamics	the study of energy and its interconversions	13
1383345423	first law of thermodynamics	the energy of the universe is constant; same as the law of conservation of energy	14
1383345424	internal energy	a property of a system that can be changed by a flow of work, heat or both; delta E = q + w, where delta E is the change in the internal energy of the system, q is heat, and w is work	15
1383345425	enthalpy	a property of a system equal to E + PV, where E is the internal energy of the system, P is the pressure of the system, and V is the volume of the system; at constant pressure the change in enthalpy equals the energy flow as heat	16
1383345426	calorimeter	device used experimentally to determine the heat associated with a chemical reaction	17
1383345427	calorimetry	the science of measuring heat flow	18
1383345428	heat capacity	the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius	19
1383345429	specific heat capacity	the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius	20
1383345431	molar heat capacity	the energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree Celsius	21
1383345432	constant-pressure calorimetry	the measurement of heat using a simple calorimeter to determine the changes in enthalpy (heats of reaction) for reactions occurring in solution; the pressure (atmospheric pressure) remains constant during the process	22
1383345433	constant-volume calorimetry	the measurement of heat at a constant volume to find the change in internal energy of the system; requires the use of a "bomb" calorimeter	23
1383345436	Hess's law	in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps; in summary, enthalpy is a state function	24
1383345437	standard enthalpy of formation	the enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of a compound at 25 degree Celsius from its elements, with all substances in their standard states at that temperature	25
1383345438	standard state	a reference state for a specific substance defined according to set of conventional definitions	26
1383345439	fossil fuels	coal, petroleum, or natural gas; consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms	27
1383345440	petroleum	a thick, dark liquid composed mostly of compounds called hydrocarbons that contain carbon and hydrogen	28
1383345441	natural gas	usually associated with petroleum deposits, consists mostly of methane, but it also contains significant amounts of ethane, propane, and butane	29
1383345442	coal	formed from the remains of plants that were buried and subjected to high pressure and heat over long periods of time	30
1383345443	greenhouse effect	a warming effect exerted by the earth's atmosphere (particularly CO2 and H2O) due to thermal energy retained by absorption of infrared radiation	31
1383345444	syngas	synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, obtained by coal gasification	32

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American History to 1877 Flashcards

American History up to 1877. The roots of European exploration and settlement, the colonization and independence of America, the Revolution and its roots...

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87031366	Western Hemisphere	The part of the world consisting of North, Central, and South America.	0
87031367	Mesoamerica	The region of Central America where the Maya, the Aztecs and other ancient cultures existed.	1
87031368	Mayas	Ancient Mesoamerican civilization that thrived from about A. D. 300 to A. D. 900.	2
87031369	Aztecs	Mesoamerican civilization that thrived in the 14th and 15th Centuries A. D.	3
87031370	Adena-Hopewell culture	Northeastern culture that thrived from 800 B.C.-A.D. 600 in the Ohio Valley and surrounding areas of the current United States.	4
87031371	Mississippian culture	Mississippian culture of the central Mississippi River Valley of the current United States, which thrived from A. D. 600 to A. D. 1500.	5
87031372	Anasazi culture	Southwestern culture that began in the 5th B.C., elements of which continue today in Arizona, New Mexico. Colorado and surrounding areas.	6
87031373	Renaissance	Period in European history from 12th C AD through the 16th C AD distinguished by its spirit of inquiry and return to secular learning.	7
87031374	longitude	Navigational measurement dependant on accurate timepieces, and left to guesswork when sailing across the open sea prior to the 18th C. A. D.	8
87031375	Christopher Columbus	Self-taught Italian mariner who in the late 15th C A.D. sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of the Indies.	9
87031376	Treaty of Tordesillas	Treaty between Spain and Portugal defining the Spanish claim on exploration and settlement west of the Cape Verde Islands.	10
87031377	Amerigo Vespucci	Italian explorer who first suggested that South America was a new continent.	11
87031378	maize	Also called 'Indian Corn', maize was one of the staples of the New World.	12
87031379	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese seaman, who in the employ of Spain set out to find passage through or around South America, and consequently led the first voyage around the globe.	13
87031380	Hernando Cortes	Ruthless leader of the conquistadores, Spanish soldiers who invaded and eventually destroyed the Aztec culture.	14
87031381	encomienda	System used by the conquistadores, whereby favored officers became privileged landowners who controlled Indian villages or groups of villages.	15
87031382	Bartolomeo de Las Casas	Catholic missionary and Bishop in Mexico who wrote A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies (1552),	16
87031383	hacienda	A great farm or ranch.	17
87031384	Spanish borderlands	Area of the southern United States formerly claimed by Spain.	18
87031385	Juan Ponce de Leon	Governor of Puerto Rico, and first known explorer of Florida.	19
87031386	St. Augustine	A Spanish outpost in Florida, it became the first European town in the present-day United States.	20
87031387	presidio	A fort where soldiers who were sent to protect Spanish missions were housed.	21
87031388	Juan de Onate	Founder of the first Spanish settlement in New Mexico.	22
87031389	mestizo	Sons of Spanish Fathers and native mothers.	23
87031390	Pope (Indian leader)	Pueblo leader who organized a rebellion, which resulted in driving the Spaniards out of New Mexico.	24
87031391	Reformation	European religious movement that challenged the Catholic Church and resulted in the beginnings of Protestant Christianity.	25
87031392	Martin Luther	German monk who protested abuses in the Catholic church by posing his 'Ninety-five Theses.' Founder of the Lutheran church.	26
87031393	Ninety-five Theses	Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic church arguing against indulgences and for a direct relationship to God.	27
87031394	Calvinism	Religious movement founded by John Calvin, based on the doctrine of predestination.	28
87031395	Defender of the Faith	Title given by the pope to England's Henry VIII prior to England's break from the Catholic church.	29
87031396	Church of England	The Anglican church, which unites church and state under the monarchy.	30
87031397	Francis Drake	English privateer who led British fleet against the Spanish Armada.	31
87031398	galleon	Heavy ship used by the Spanish Armada.	32
87031399	Sir Walter Raleigh	Sponsor of an ill-fated expedition of colonists, who in 1587 settled Roanoke Island on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, also known as the 'Lost Colony.'	33
87036261	Great Britain	Set off from continental Europe by the English Channel, in the seventeenth century it included the distinct kingdoms of England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland.	34
87036262	common law	Developed beginning in the twelfth century, English common law was established to check the arbitrary power of local nobles.	35
87036263	law of primogeniture	Common law that established the birthright of the oldest son to inherit the family estate.	36
87036264	joint stock companies	Ancestors of the modern corporation, in which stockholders shared the risks and profits for single ventures or on a permanent basis. Some of the larger companies managed to get royal charters that entitled them to monopolies in certain areas and even governmental powers in their outposts.	37
87036265	enclosure movement	Policy of landlords to "enclose" farmland, evicting human tenants in favor of sheep, and thus displacing the peasant population.	38
87036266	divine right	Theory promoted by James I of England, by which monarchs answered only to God for their actions.	39
87036267	Oliver Cromwell	Commander of the army and Lord Protector of Great Britain from 1649 - 1658.	40
87036268	The Restoration	In 1660 the British monarchy was restored under Charles II.	41
87036269	Glorious Revolution	In reaction to James II's attempts to Catholicize Great Britain, Parliament invited James II's daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to assume the throne jointly and established its freedom from royal control.	42
87036270	Toleration Act of 1689	The Toleration Act of 1689 extended a degree of freedom of worship to all Christians except Catholics and Unitarians, although dissenters from the established church still had few political rights.	43
87036271	Jamestown	Intended as the first permanent British colony, settled in 1606 on the banks of the James River in Virginia.	44
87036272	Powhatan	Wahunsonacock, called this by the English after the name of his tribe, was the powerful, charismatic chief of numerous Algonquian-speaking towns in eastern Virginia representing over 10,000 Indians.	45
87036273	John Smith	A swashbuckling soldier of fortune with rare powers of leadership and self-promotion, he was appointed to the resident council to manage the Jamestown colony.	46
87036274	headright policy	Inaugurated by Sir Edwin Sandys, head of the Virginia Company, the 'headright' policy gave anyone who bought a share in the company and could get to Virginia fifty acres, and fifty more for any additional servants.	47
87036275	Sir William Berkeley	Elitist Governor of Virginia, appointed by Charles I.	48
87036276	Bacon's Rebellion	Revolt of common laborers and small farmers against Virginia's wealthiest planters and political leaders.	49
87036277	proprietary colony	Colony owned by an individual, rather than a joint-stock company.	50
87036278	separatists	Also known as Pilgrims, these rigorously devout Puritans had severed all ties with the Church of England.	51
87036279	Mayflower Compact	Formal agreement made by 41 Pilgrim leaders prior to landing at Plymouth to abide by laws of their own devising.	52
87036280	covenant	An agreement, such as that made by the Pilgrims in devising the Mayflower Compact.	53
87036281	William Bradford	Leader of the Mayflower Pilgrims and Governor of the Plymouth colony.	54
87036282	Puritans	Like the Pilgrims, the Puritans who colonized Massachusetts Bay were primarily Congregationalists who sought to form self-governing churches with membership limited to "visible saints"-those who could demonstrate receipt of the gift of God's grace.	55
87036283	John Winthrop	Puritan leader and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.	56
87036284	Roger Williams	Puritan who established Providence, the first permanent settlement in Rhode Island. Espoused the idea of the separation of church and state.	57
87036285	Anne Hutchinson	The articulate, strong-willed, and intelligent wife of a prominent Boston merchant, who espoused her belief in direct divine revelation. She was hauled before the General Court and banished from the colony.	58
87036286	slash and burn	Technique used by New England Indians to transform densely wooded forests into fields or park-like hunting preserves.	59
87036287	Pequot War	In a successful bid to dislodge the Pequot Indians from their lands, this war resulted in the slaughter of Pequot men, women, and children and the dissolution of the Pequot nation.	60
87036288	Restoration	The Restoration of Charles II to the English throne in 1660.	61
87036289	Maryland Toleration Act	Endorsed by Lord Baltimore, and passed by the Maryland assembly in 1649, this act assured that Puritans would not be molested in their religion.	62
87036290	matrilineal descent	System found in Southeastern Indian nations, in which authority and property descended through the maternal line.	63
87036291	New Netherland	Dutch colony conquered by the English to become four new colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.	64
87036292	indentured servant	System for providing cheap labor in the colonies, indentured servants worked from five to seven years without wages in exchange for passage to the American colonies.	65
87036293	indentured servant	System for providing cheap labor in the colonies, indentured servants worked from five to seven years without wages in exchange for passage to the American colonies	66
87036294	melting pot	Idea that the early American Frontier stripped away native identities and melded them into homogeneous Americans.	67
87036295	sex ratio	Ratio of women to men in the early American colonies, typically 2 or 3 men for every woman.	68
87036296	naval stores	Resin from Pine trees, which can be boiled to become tar.	69
87036297	"invisible" charges	Expenses related to trade between the southern colonies and England, including freight payments to shippers, commissions, storage charges, and interest payments to English merchants, insurance premiums, inspection and customs duties, and outlays to purchase indentured servants and slaves.	70
87036298	headright system	System by which investors could acquire 50 acres of land per new settler.http://quizlet.com/2852222/edit/	71
87036299	natural increase	An increase in population due to more births and less mortality.	72
87036300	staple crop	A crop which is well suited for an an area. ex. Virgina's was Tobacco	73
87036301	balance of trade	A balance of imports versus exports.	74
87036302	triangular trade	Means by which exports to one country or colony provided the means for imports from another country or colony.	75
87036303	promissory note	Promissory notes of individuals or colonial treasurers often passed as a crude sort of paper money.	76
87036304	township	A town.	77
87036305	covenant theory	A voluntary union for the common worship of God and for the purposes of government.	78
87036306	Half-Way Covenant	Allowed baptized children of church members to be admitted to a "halfway" membership in the church and secure baptism for their own children in turn, but allowed them neither a vote in the church, nor communion.	79
87036307	John Peter Zenger	Publisher of the New York Weekly Journal. Zenger was imprisoned for ten months and brought to trial in 1735 for publishing criticisms of New York's governor in his newspaper.	80
87036308	the Enlightenment	Revolution in thought begun in the seventeenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion.	81
87036309	heliocentric universe	A sun-centered universe postulated by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.	82
87036310	Isaac Newton	Author of Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687), which set forth his theory of gravitation.	83
87036311	John Locke	English philosopher who argued in his Essay on Human Understanding (1690), that humanity is largely the product of the environment, the mind being a blank tablet on which experience is written.	84
87036312	Deist	Followers of Sir Isaac Newton's idea of natural law, reducing God to the position of a remote Creator.	85
87036313	Benjamin Franklin	Boston-born American who epitomized the Enlightenment. A printer by trade, he went on to become a publisher, inventor, and statesman.	86
87036314	Great Awakening	Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield.	87
87036315	Jonathan Edwards	New England Congregationalist minister, who began a religious revival in his Northampton church.	88
87036316	George Whitefield	Spellbinding English evangelist who toured the American Colonies in 1739 preaching the notion of "new birth" - a sudden, emotional moment of conversion and salvation.	89
87036317	Privy Council	A body of some thirty to forty advisers appointed by and responsible solely to the king. The Privy Council became the first agency of colonial supervision.	90
87036318	mercantilism	Limitation and exploitation of colonial trade by an imperial power.	91
87036319	enumerated goods	Certain specified goods from the Colonies, including tobacco, cotton, sugar, and furs, which were to be shipped only to England or other English colonies.	92
87036320	Dominion of New England	Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies-and later New York and New Jersey-by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.	93
87036321	Sir Edmund Andros	Royal governor of the Dominion of New England.	94
87036322	Jacob Leisler	German immigrant who became governor of New York from 1688 to 1691 before being hanged for treason. He was later exonerated of all charges.	95
87036323	contract theory of government	Idea that people were endowed with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property, set forth by John Locke in his Second Treatise.	96
87036324	writs of assistance	One of the colonies' main complaints against Britain, the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling.	97
87036325	admiralty courts	Courts wherein the cases were decided by judges appointed by the governors, rather than by a colonial jury.	98
87036326	Board of Trade	British overseer of all matters pertaining to colonial trade and laws.	99
87036327	salutary neglect	So-called system by which the Board of Trade became chiefly an agency of political patronage, and lax in its enforcement of trade relations.	100
87036328	prorogue	To adjourn or recess.	101
87036329	mestizo	People of mixed Indian and European ancestry.	102
87036330	Samuel de Champlain	French explorer and governor of New France until his death in 1635.	103
87036331	Acadians	French settlers of the easternmost areas of Canada.	104
87036332	King William's War	First (1689-97) of four colonial wars between England and France.	105
87036333	asiento	Contract for supplying Spanish America with 4,800 slaves granted to the British by Spain.	106
87036334	Albany Congress	Gathering in Albany, New York of colonial representatives who met from June 19 to July 10, 1754 to develop a treaty with Native Americans and plan the defense of the colonies against France.	107
87036335	French and Indian War	Known in Europe as the Seven Years' War, the last (1755-63) of four colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River.	108
87036336	annus mirabilis	The miraculous year 1759, during which Great Britain secured an empire "on which the sun never set."	109
87036337	writs of assistance	One of the colonies' main complaints against Britain, the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling.	110
87036338	James Otis	Lawyer and political leader who fought the writs of assistance and later became a member of the Massachusetts assembly and founding member of the Sons of Liberty.	111
87036339	Proclamation of 1763	Royal directive issued after the French and Indian War prohibiting settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian Mountains; although it was soon overridden by treaties, colonists continued to harbor resentment.	112
87036340	Sugar Act	(Revenue Act of 1764) Parliament's tax on refined sugar and many other colonial products; the first tax designed solely to raise revenue for Britain.	113
87036341	Stamp Act	(1765) Parliament required that revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter, documents, dice, and playing cards; the Stamp Act Congress met to formulate a response, and the act was repealed the following year.	114
87036342	Quartering Act	(1765) Parliamentary act requiring colonies to house and provision British troops.	115
87036343	virtual representation	Dubious opinion espoused by Treasury minister George Grenville, that each member of the British Parliament represented not only the district that elected him, but also the interests of the entire country and empire, including the American colonies.	116
87036344	nonimportation agreement	Colonial boycott of the importation of British products.	117
87036345	external and internal taxes	Impression encouraged by the Lord of the Treasury, the Marquis of Rockingham, that a distinction was being made between "external" taxes on trade as opposed to "internal" taxes within the colonies.	118
87036346	Townshend Acts	(1767) Parliamentary measures (named for the Chancellor of the Exchequer) that punished the New York Assembly for failing to house British soldiers, taxed tea and other commodities, and established a Board of Customs Commissioners and colonial vice admiralty courts.	119
87036347	John Dickinson	Philadelphia lawyer who protested the Townshend Acts in his twelve Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer, arguing that Parliament might regulate commerce and collect duties incidental to that purpose, but it had no right to levy taxes for revenue, whether they were internal or external.	120
87036348	Samuel Adams	Massachusetts assembly member, founding organizer of the Sons of Liberty, and distant cousin of John Adams.	121
87036349	Sons of Liberty	Secret organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act; they impeded British officials and planned such harassments as the Boston Tea Party.	122
87036350	Boston Massacre	Clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob, March 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed.	123
87036351	Crispus Attucks	One of five colonists killed in the Boston Massacre, Attucks was a runaway slave who its is said led the protest against the Townshend Acts that resulted in the bloody conflict with British soldiers.	124
87036352	Green Mountain Boys	Group led by Ethan Allen, who fought for the land that became Vermont.	125
87036353	Paxton Boys	Vengeful Pennsylvania frontiersmen who in protest of a perceived lack of frontier protection massacred local Indian tribes.	126
87036354	Regulators	Groups of backcountry Carolina settlers who protested colonial policies; North Carolina royal governor William Tryon retaliated at the Battle of Alamance on May 17, 1771.	127
87036355	Gaspee	British schooner that accidentally ran aground near Providence, Rhode Island. A crowd from the town boarded the ship, removed the crew and burned the vessel. This led to the creation of the (answer) commission which bypassed the courts of Rhode Island.	128
87036356	Committees of Correspondence	In response to the Gaspee commission, committees sprung up around Massachusetts and eventually other colonies as well, mobilizing public opinion and keeping colonial resentments at a simmer.	129
87036357	Boston Tea Party	On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston harbor to protest the Tea Act of 1773, under which the British exported to the colonies millions of pounds of cheap-but still taxed-tea, thereby undercutting the price of smuggled tea and forcing payment of the tea duty.	130
87036358	George Robert Twelves Hewes	One of the last survivors of the American Revolution. Was the subject of two biographies and much public commemoration.	131
87036359	Coercive Acts	Intolerable Acts (1774) Four parliamentary measures in reaction to the Boston Tea Party that forced payment for the tea, disallowed colonial trials of British soldiers, forced their quartering in private homes, and set up a military government.	132
87036360	Continental Congress	Representatives of a loose confederation of colonies met first in Philadelphia in 1774 to formulate actions against British policies; the Second Continental Congress (1775-89) conducted the war and adopted the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.	133
87036361	Lexington and Concord, Battle of	The first shots fired in the Revolutionary War, on April 19, 1775, near Boston; approximately 100 minutemen and 250 British soldiers were killed.	134
87036362	Bunker Hill, Battle of	First major battle of the Revolutionary War; it actually took place at nearby Breed's Hill, Massachusetts, on June 17, 1775.	135
87036363	Olive Branch Petition	Written by John Dickinson, this petition professed continued loyalty to King George III and begged him to restrain further hostilities pending a reconciliation.	136
87036364	Thomas Paine	Author of Common Sense (1776). Paine argued for independence, directly attacking allegiance to the monarchy, refocusing the hostility previously vented on Parliament.	137
87036365	Thomas Jefferson	Third President of the United States and drafter of the Declaration of Independence.	138
87036366	Declaration of Independence	Document adopted on July 4, 1776, that made the official break with Britain; drafted by a committee of the Second Continental Congress including principal writer Thomas Jefferson.	139
87036367	General William Howe	Commander-in-Chief of the British army in America at the beginning of the Revolutionary War.	140
87036368	George Washington	Commander-in-Chief of the Continental army. First President of the United States.	141
87036369	The American Crisis	Pamphlet penned by Common Sense author Thomas Paine, containing the famous line "These are the times that try men's souls."	142
87036370	Hessians	German soldiers, most from Hesse-cassel principality (hence the name), paid to fight for the British in the Revolutionary War.	143
87036371	Whigs	Another name for revolutionary Patriots.	144
87036372	Tories	Term used by Patriots to refer to Loyalists, or colonists who supported the Crown after the Declaration of Independence.	145
87036373	redcoats	Nickname for British soldiers, after their red uniform jackets.	146
87036374	militia	Adult males between the ages of fifteen and sixty were enrolled in their local militia units. They constituted a home guard, defending their own communities, and they also helped augment the Continental army.	147
87036375	Continental army	Army authorized by the Continental Congress, 1775-84, to fight the British; commanded by General George Washington.	148
87036376	Battle of Saratoga	Major defeat of British general John Burgoyne and more than 5,000 British troops in northern New York, on October 17, 1777.	149
87036377	Henry Clinton	Commander-in-Chief of the British army in American replacing General Howe after the Battle of Saratoga.	150
87036378	Baron von Steuben	Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, a Prussian soldier of fortune who trained and inspired Washington's troops at Valley Forge.	151
87036379	George Rogers Clark	Young American General who is credited with having won the West for the new nation.	152
87036380	Horatio Gates	American General whose troops defeated the British forces at Saratoga.	153
87036381	Lord Cornwallis	British General who surrendered his troops at Yorktown.	154
87036382	Benedict Arnold	American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.	155
87036383	John Paul Jones	American privateer who helped to disable the British fleet. Credited with the famous words, "I have not yet begun to fight."	156
87036384	Battle of Yorktown	Last battle of the Revolutionary War; General Lord Charles Cornwallis along with over 7,000 British troops surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 17, 1781.	157
87036385	Peace of Paris	Signed on September 3, 1783, the treaty ending the Revolutionary War and recognizing American independence from Britain also established the border between Canada and the United States, fixed the western border at the Mississippi River, and ceded Florida to Spain.	158
87036386	John Trumbull	American artist and painter who painted four panels in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington: The Declaration of Independence, The Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and The Resignation of General Washington.	159

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b.

Terms : Hide Images

1822556920	Explain concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels	Catabolic pathways are a set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy	0
1822556921	Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration	Both processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidated phosphorylation. In aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen O2; in anaerobic respiration the final electron Accceptor is a different substance.	1
1822556922	Describe the difference between the two processes in cellular respiration that produce ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation	Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration come from oxidative phosphorylation, in which the energy released from redox reactions in an electron transport chain is used to produce ATP. In substrate level phosphorylation, an enzyme dirctly transfers a phosphate group to ADP fro an intermediate substrate. All ATP production in glycolysis occurs by substrate-level phosphorylation, this form of ATP production also occurs at one step in the citric acid cycle.	2
1822557023	Explain concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate	...	3
1822556923	During the redox reaction in glycolysis, which molecule acts as the oxidizing agent? Which molecule acts as the reducing agent?	NAD+ acts as the oxidizing agent in step 6, accepting electrons from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which thus acts as the reducing agent	4
1822556924	During the redox reaction in glycolysis, Which molecule acts as the reducing agent?	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which acts as the reducing agent	5
1822557024	What is the source of energy for the formation of ATP and NADH in glycolysis?	The oxidation of the three carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, yields energy. In this oxidation, electrons and H+ are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH, and a phosphate group is attached to the oxidized substrate. ATP is then formed b y substrate level phosphorylation when this phosphate group is transferred to ADP	6
1822556925	Explain concept 9.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules	...	7
1822557025	Name the molecules that conserve most of the energy from the citric acid cycle's redox reactions. How is this energy converted to a form that can be used to make ATP?	NADH and FADH2; they will donate electrons to the electron transport chain	8
1822556926	What processes in your cells produce the CO2 that you exhale	CO2 is released from the pyruvate that is the end product of glycoloysis, and CO2 is also released during the citric acid cycle	9
1822556927	What molecular products indicate the complete oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?	...	10
1822556928	Explain concept 9.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis	...	11
1822557026	What effect would an absence of O2 have on the process shown in figure 9.15?	...	12
1822557027	Briefly explain the mechanism by which ATP synthase produces ATP. List three locations in which ATP synthases are found.	...	13
1822557028	Explain concept 9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen	...	14
1822556929	Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during fermentation?	...	15
1822556930	Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during aerobic respiration?	...	16
1822556931	Which process yields more ATP, fermentation, or anaerobic respiration?	...	17
1822556932	Explain concept 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways	...	18
1822556933	Compare the structure of a fat with that of a carbohydrate, what features of their structure make fat a much better fuel?	...	19
1822556934	Under what circumstances might your body synthesize fat molecules	...	20
1822556935	Describe how catabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intersect with anabolic pathways in the metabolism of a cell.	...	21
1822556936	As it pertains to cellular respiration, state which organisms undergo cellular respiration.	...	22
1822556937	As it pertains to cellular respiration, distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.	ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.	23
1822556938	As it pertains to cellular respiration, distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.	...	24
1822556939	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.	...	25
1822556940	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.	...	26
1822556941	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.	...	27
1822556942	Relating to cellular energy: explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.	...	28
1822556943	Relating to cellular energy: explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.	...	29
1822556944	Relating to cellular energy: describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.	...	30
1822556945	Relating to cellular energy: explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.	...	31
1822556946	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells	...	32
1822556947	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells	...	33
1822556948	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during fermentation	...	34
1822556949	Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.	...	35
1822556950	Describe how organic molecules other than glucose (specifically proteins, fats, and nucleic acids) can be a source of energy by being broken down and used during glycolysis, the transition reaction, or the Krebs cycle.	...	36
1822557029	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.	...	37
1822556951	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the redox reactions of an electron transport chain to the active transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.	...	38
1822556952	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the active transport of H+ ions across a membrane to the formation of an electrochemical gradient.	...	39
1822557030	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the electrochemical gradient to the facilitated diffusion of H+ ions across a membrane.	...	40
1822557031	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to the making of ATP.	...	41
1822556953	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the molecules ATP and NADH and distinguish between the different energy-storing roles of each.	...	42
1822557032	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of glycolysis, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced.	...	43
1822556954	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the transition reaction, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced.	...	44
1822557033	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the Krebs cycle, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced, and explain why the Krebs cycle is considered a cycle.	...	45
1822557034	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in the electron transport chain part of oxidative phosphorylation	...	46
1822557035	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: show the relationship between the electron transport chain, active transport, and facilitated diffusion in the oxidative phosphorylation process of making ATP.	...	47
1822556955	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process in eukaryotic cells.	...	48
1822556956	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process in prokaryotic cells.	...	49
1822557036	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the number of ATPs produced during glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process.	...	50
1822556957	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: explain why aerobic cellular respiration results in 36 ATPs per glucose in eukaryotic cells and 38 ATPs per glucose in prokaryotic cells.	...	51
1822556958	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: relate glycolysis to lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.	...	52
1822557037	Fermentation	Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen	53
1822557038	Aerobic Respiration	Catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel	54
1822557039	Cellular Respiration	Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes	55
1822557040	Redox Reactions	A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction	56
1822557041	Oxidation	The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction	57
1822557042	Reduction	The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction	58
1822557043	Reducing Agent	The electron donor in a redox reaction	59
1822557044	Oxidizing Agent	The electron receptor in a redox reaction	60
1822557045	NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.	61
1822557046	Electron Transport Chain	A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP	62
1822557047	Glycolysis	A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration	63
1822556959	The Citric Acid Cycle	A chemical cycle involving eight steps taht completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidyzing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon diozide; occcurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second majoy stage in cellular respiration.	64
1822557048	Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration	65
1822557049	Substrate-level phosphorylation	The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism	66
1822557050	Acetyl CoA	Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.	67
1822557051	Cytochromes	An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells	68
1822557052	ATP Synthase	A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.	69
1822557053	Chemiosmosis	An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.	70
1822557054	Protonmotive Force	The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.	71
1822557055	Alcohol Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide	72
1822557056	Lactic Acid Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.	73
1822557057	Obligate Anaerobes	An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. cannot use oxygen and may be poisoned by it	74
1822557058	Facultative Anaerobes	An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present	75
1822557059	Beta Oxidation	A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA	76
1822556960	In the cytosol	in cellular respiration, where does Glycolysis occur?	77
1822557060	What is pyruvate?	- The end product of glycolysis -The first step in cellular respiration - Stands in the junction between anaerobic and aerobic pathways	78
1822556961	The Citric Acid Cycle also known as the Krebs cycle serves what purpose?	...	79
1822556962	OIL RIG	Oxidation is Loss of Electrons (OIL) RIG (Reduction is a Gain of Electrons)	80
1822556963	Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere?	Cellular Respiration	81
1822556964	What are the 4 major steps of cellular respiration?	1.Glycolysis- (occurs in the cytosol) 2. Pyruvate Oxidation - Formation of Acetyl Co-enzyme A (occurs in the mitochondrion) 3. TCA/Kreb's Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis - (occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion)	82
1822556965	In the Cellular Respiration Process, which coenzymes is an electron carrier?	NADH and FADH2	83
1822556966	How many ATP are produced by the citric acid cycle for each molecule of glucose?	2	84
1822556967	What is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.	glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain	85
1822556968	What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?	C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy	86
1822556969	What is the correct basic equation for cellular respiration?	Glucose + 6 Oxygen leads to 6 Carbon Dioxide +6 Water + 1 ATP	87
1822556970	Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?	Glycolysis	88
1822556971	In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?	The Mitochondrion	89
1822556972	How would you describe glycolysis?	This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.	90
1822556973	How would you describe the citric acid cycle	This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.	91
1822556974	How would you describe the electron transport chain?	This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration	92
1822556975	Which part of a eukaryotic cell is involved in cellular respiration?	Mitochondria	93
1822556976	Glucose and _______ are consumed during cellular respiration	Oxygen	94
1822556977	In a eukaryotic cell, most of the ATP derived from glucose during cellular respiration is produced by ...	The Electron Transport Chain	95
1822556978	How much does a single glucose molecule produce in glycoloysis alone?	a single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total of: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water	96
1822556979	The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the	H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.	97
1822556980	Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?	glycolysis	98
1822556981	In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions	provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.	99
1822556982	The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is	oxygen.	100
1822556983	What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+	pyruvate	101
1822556984	When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. The pH of the matrix increases.	The pH of the matrix increases.	102
1822556985	Most CO2 from catabolism is released during	the citric acid cycle.	103
1822556986	A molecule becomes more oxidized when it _	Loses an electron. During oxidation, an electron is removed.	104
1822556987	In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.	glucose ... oxygen In cellular respiration, electrons and hydrogen are removed from glucose and added to oxygen.	105
1822556988	Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes?	...	106
1822556989	Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and the sequence of events in cellular respiration? (eText Concept 9.1) oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; reduction of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis; oxidative phosphorylation; TCA cycle; oxidation of pyruvate. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-coA; oxidative phosphorylation oxidation of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis; reduction of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation	1. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; 2. oxidation of pyruvate; 3. oxidation of acetyl-coA; 4. oxidative phosphorylation	107
1822556990	Oxygen gas (O2) is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. The explanation for this is that _____. (eText Concept 9.1) oxygen gas contains a double bond oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration the oxygen atom is very electronegative oxygen is so abundant in the atmosphere oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen	The oxygen atom is very electronegative. The high electronegativity of the oxygen atom is the reason that oxygen is such a good oxidizing agent (why it can oxidize so many compounds).	108
1822556991	The function of cellular respiration is to _____. (eText Concept 9.1) reduce CO2 produce carbohydrates extract CO2 from the atmosphere synthesize macromolecules from monomers extract usable energy from glucose	Extract usable energy from glucose. The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant, along with the organic fuel (frequently glucose).	109
1822556992	During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction? (eText Concept 9.1) carbon dioxide oxygen water glucose both glucose and carbon dioxide	oxygen	110
1822556993	Each ATP molecule contains about 1% of the amount of chemical energy available from the complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule. Cellular respiration produces about 32 ATP from one glucose molecule. What happens to the rest of the energy in glucose? (eText Concept 9.1) It is converted to starch. It is converted to heat. It is released as carbon dioxide and water It is stored as fat. It is used to make water from hydrogen ions and oxygen.	It is converted to heat.	111
1822556994	A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes? (eText Concept 9.1) transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms to NAD+ transport of electrons through a series of carriers attachment of a free inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to ADP to make ATP transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation harnessing energy from the sun	Transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation	112
1822556995	Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell? (eText Concept 9.1) the cytosol across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion the matrix of the mitochondrion in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion the inner membrane of the mitochondrion	Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.	113
1822556996	Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which of the following processes? (eText Concept 9.3) substrate-level phosphorylation the citric acid cycle glycolysis anabolic pathways oxidative phosphorylation	The citric acid cycle Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.	114
1822556997	In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs? (eText Concept 9.3) Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH. Pyruvate is reduced and decarboxylated, and the resulting electrons oxidize an NAD+ to an NADH Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the resulting electrons are donated to NADH to produce NAD+. Pyruvate is reduced to acetyl-coA, which involves the reduction of pyruvate, the addition of a carbon dioxide from the environment, and its reduction by NADH. Pyruvate is ionized directly to acetyl-coA.	Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH.	115
1822556998	Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle.	116
1822556999	In the citric acid cycle, for each pyruvate that enters the cycle, one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are produced. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2	117
1822557000	Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?	The matrix of the mitochondrion The citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, completes the degradation of glucose.	118
1822557001	How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen? (eText Concept 9.3)	Four There is a net gain of two ATP from glycolysis and one per each molecule of acetyl CoA oxidized in the citric acid cycle for a total of four per glucose.	119
1822557002	What is the major (but not the only) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	The formation of NADH and FADH2 Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms one ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, and passes electrons to three NAD+ and one FAD.	120
1822557003	After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____.	NADH The citric acid cycle produces three NADH per turn of the cycle.	121
1822557004	Which of the following accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3) regeneration of NAD+ removal of coenzyme A release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH formation of CO2 and synthesis of ATP release of CO2 and release of coenzyme A	release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH	122
1822557005	If significant amounts of materials are removed from the citric acid cycle to produce amino acids for protein synthesis, which of the following will result? (eText Concept 9.6) Less ATP will be produced by the cell. Less CO2 will be produced by the cell. The four-carbon compound that combines with acetyl CoA will have to be made by some other process. The first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.	The first three answers are correct.	123
1822557006	A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces approximately twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. Which of the following best explains this observation? (eText Concept 9.6) Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Fats do not form true macromolecules as sugars do. Fats are closely related to lipid molecules, the basic building blocks of cellular membranes. Fats are less soluble in water than sugars. Fats are produced when cells take in more food than they need.	Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Correct. Fats contain more hydrogen and less oxygen than sugars—it is the transfer of electrons from good donors such as hydrogen atoms to good acceptors such as oxygen that provides the energy in respiration.	124
1822557007	When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, _____ are produced as waste. (eText Concept 9.6) ethanol and CO2 molecules of lactate fatty acids amino groups sugar molecules	amino groups The amino group is a residual product of amino acid catabolism.	125
1822557008	Of the metabolic pathways listed below, which is the only pathway found in all organisms? (eText Concept 9.5) the electron transport chain cellular respiration fermentation the citric acid cycle glycolysis	glycolysis Ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway.	126
1822557009	If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied, which of the following is likely to result? (eText Concept 9.5) The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate. Only the first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.	The first three answers are correct. The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate.	127
1822557010	In brewing beer, maltose (a disaccharide of glucose) is _____.	the substrate for alcoholic fermentation	128
1822557011	In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? (eText Concept 9.5)	NAD+	129
1822557012	Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of which of the following compounds? (eText Concept 9.5)	lactate. In humans, muscle cells switch to lactate fermentation after becoming anaerobic.	130
1822557013	Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step _____. (eText Concept 9.5)	enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+	131
1822557014	During respiration in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in or on the _____. (eText Concept 9.4)	inner membrane of the mitochondrion	132
1822557015	Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria? (eText Concept 9.4)	Electrons moving down the electron transport chain	133
1822557016	Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain? (eText Concept 9.4) Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2. Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon compound in preparation for the citric acid cycle. Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. Hydrogen atoms are added to CO2 to make an energy-rich compound. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport.	Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.	134
1822557017	During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes? (eText Concept 9.4) at the end of glycolysis to oxidize pyruvate at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to split a carbon from pyruvate, producing CO2 as a source of O2 in every reaction that produces CO2 at the end of the citric acid cycle to regenerate citric acid	at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O	135
1822557018	Word Roots: aero-	air (aerobic: chemical reaction using oxygen)	136
1822557019	Word Roots: an-	not (anaerobic: chemical reaction not using oxygen)	137
1822557020	Word Roots: chemi-	chemical (chemiosmosis: the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP)	138
1822557021	Word Roots: glyco-	sweet;	139
1822557022	Word Roots: -lysis	split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)	140

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Campbell Biology - 10th Edition Ch 7: Membrane Structure & Function Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1746699206	Amphipathic	A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.	0
1746699207	Selective Permeability	A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.	1
1746699208	Fluid Mosaic Model	Membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids.	2
1746699209	Peripheral Proteins	Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.	3
1746699210	Integral Proteins	Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer	4
1746699211	Glycoproteins	(Most secretory proteins) proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. These carbohydrates are attached by specialized molecules in the ER membrane.	5
1746699212	Glycolipids	Carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids Made in Golgi Apparatus	6
1746699213	Transport Proteins	Help move hydrophilic substances to pass through bilayer.	7
1746699214	Aquaporins	Channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water	8
1746699215	Carrier Protein	A type of transport proteins that hold on to passengers and change their shape to shuttle molecules across the membrane	9
1746699216	Diffusion	Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium	10
1746699217	Concentration Gradient	An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes.	11
1746699218	Passive Transport	Movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell	12
1746699219	Osmosis	The movement of water High to low concentration Really important to life	13
1746699220	Tonicity	Describes the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water	14
1746699221	Isotonic Solution	A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, resulting in the cell retaining its normal shape because there is no net movement of water.	15
1746699222	Hypertonic Solution	A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution More water in solution; loose water; die/shrink	16
1746699223	Hypotonic Solution	A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution Less water in solution' water will enter cell faster than it leaves; Swell/lyse (burst)	17
1746699224	Osmoregulation	The control of solute concentration & water balance	18
1746699225	Turgid	Healthy state for most plant cells Cell is very firm	19
1746699226	Flaccid	No net tendency for water to enter (ex. if a plant's cell and their surroundings are isotonic Cell is limp	20
1746699227	Facilitated Diffusion	A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.	21
1746699228	Active Transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient	22
1746699229	Sodium Potassium Pump	Exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane of animal cells	23
1746699230	Membrane Potential	The difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell's plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions.	24
1746699231	Electrochemical Gradient	The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).	25
1746699232	Proton Pump	Actively transports protons (hydrogen ions H+) out of the cell Main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, & bacteria	26
1746699233	Cotransport	The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.	27
1746699234	Bulk Transport	Mechanism for transporting molecules across the plasma membrane where the plasma membrane creates a transport vesicle that carries (then deposits) molecules or particles into (endocytosis) or out (exocytosis) of the cell	28
1746699235	Endocytosis	Cells engulf substances into pouch which becomes a vesicle.	29
1746699236	Exocytosis	Expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell.	30
1746699237	Phagocytosis	A cell engulfs a particle by packing it into a food vacuole "Cell-eating"	31
1746699238	Pinocytosis	Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles	32
1746699239	Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis	A specialized type of pinocytosis that enables the cell to aquire bulk quantities of specific substances, even if substances aren't concentrated in extracellular fluid	33

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

Vocabulary: cell, light microscope, electron microscope, magnification, resolution, organelles, plasma membrane, cytosol (cytoplasm), nucleoid, endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, nucleus, nucleolus, chromosome, chromatin, phagocytosis, vacuoles (food vacuole, contractile vacuole, central vacuole), chloroplast, peroxisome, plastid, thylakoid, granum, stroma, photosynthesis, glyoxysomes, centrioles, pseudopodia, cytoplasmic streaming, extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen, plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. State the cell theory.
2. State the types of light microscopes and electron microscopes used in the study of cells, and discuss the general advantages and disadvantages of each.
3. Relate cell size to surface-to-volume ratio and to cellular metabolic activity.
4. Describe the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Give examples of prokaryotic organisms (prokaryotes) and eukaryotic organisms (eukaryotes).
6. Recognize, label, and describe the structure and function of each of the following components of prokaryotic cells: cell wal nucleoid region, plasma membrane, flagellum (flagella)
cytoplasm pilus (pili)
ribosomes capsule
chromosome
7. Distinguish between the 2 components of the cytoplasm: cytosol and organelles.
8. Distinguish between the 2 conditions of the genetic material: chromatin and chromosome.
9. Describe the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
10. Give examples of and describe the major differences between animal and plant cells.

Terms : Hide Images

1560651085	light microscope (LM)	an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens	1
1560651086	organelle	any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells	2
1560651087	electron microscope (EM)	a microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a spectrum, resulting in a practical resolution of a hundredfold greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of the cell surface.	3
1560651088	scanning electron microscope (SEM)	a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of the sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography.	4
1560651089	transmission electron microscope (TEM)	a microscope that passes electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells	5
1560651090	cell fractionation	the disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds	6
1560651091	cytosol	the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus	7
1560651092	eukaryotic cell	a type of cell with membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes	8
1560651093	prokaryotic cell	No nucleus DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid No membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane Pr	9
1560651094	nucleoid	a non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated	10
1560651095	cytoplasm	the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus	11
1560651096	plasma membrane	the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition	12
1560651097	nucleus	an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons; the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin; a cluster of neutrons	13
1560651098	nuclear envelope	in a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum	14
1560651099	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus	15
1560651100	chromosome	a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins (a bacterial chromosome usually consists of a single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region, which is not membrane bounded.	16
1560651101	chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	17
1560651102	nucleolus	a specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly	18
1560651103	ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus	19
1560651104	endomembrane system	the collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles	20
1560651105	vesicle	a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell	21
1560651106	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions	22
1560651107	smooth ER	the portion of the ER that is free of ribosomes	23
1560651108	rough ER	the portion of the ER with ribosomes attached	24
1560651109	glycoprotein	a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates	25
1560651110	transport vesicle	a small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell	26
1560651111	Golgi apparatus	an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER and synthesize some products, notably noncellular carbohydrates	27
1560651112	lysosome	a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. Contains a stockpile of digestive enzymes, important in breaking down nutrients, destroying bacteria, recycling, and development	28
1560651113	phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It's carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophilis, and dendritic cells).	29
1560651114	vacuole	a membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells	30
1560651115	food vacuole	a membranous sac fromed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell	31
1560651116	contractile vacuole	a membranous sac formed that helps moves excess water out of certain freshwater protists	32
1560651117	central vacuole	in a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances	33
1560651118	mitochondria	an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP	34
1560651119	chloroplast	an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide	35
1560651120	endosymbiont theory	the theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism	36
1560651121	cristae	an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase)	37
1560651122	mitochondrial matrix	the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA	38
1560651123	thylakoid	a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy	39
1560651124	granum	a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis	40
1560651125	stroma	the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water	41
1560651126	plastid	one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amlyoplasts. Found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes	42
1560651127	peroxisome	an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)	43
1560651128	cytoskeleton	a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling function.	44
1560651129	motor protein	a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell	45
1560651130	microtubules	a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella	46
1560651131	centrosome	a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division; has 2 centrioles	47
1560651132	centriole	a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern	48
1560651133	flagella	a long cellular appendage apecialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with 9 outer doublet microtubules and 2 inner single mictrotubules (the "9+2" arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane.	49
1560651134	cilia	a short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cillium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; formed from a core of 9 outer doublet microtubules and 2 inner single microtubules (the "9+2" arrangement) ensheathed in an ectension of the plasma membrane. Primary cillium usually nonmotile and plays sensory and signaling role; lack 2 inner microtubules (the "9+0" structure)	50
1560651135	basal body	a eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a "9+0" arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole	51
1560651136	dynein	in cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from 1 microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in its shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella	52
1560651137	microfilament	a cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskelton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; aka actin filament	53
1560651138	actin	a globular protein that links into chains, 2 of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells	54
1560651139	cortex	outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency that the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments; in plants, ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and the dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem	55
1560651140	myosin	a type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction	56
1560651141	pseudopodia	a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding	57
1560651142	cytoplasmic streaming	a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells	58
1560651143	intermediate filament	a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments	59
1560651144	cell wall	a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of them	60
1560651145	primary cell wall	the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids	61
1560651146	middle lamella	in plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells	62
1560651147	secondary cell wall	regions of repetitive coiling of folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains)	63
1560651148	extracellular matrix (ECM)	the meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells	64
1560651149	collagen	a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom	65
1560651150	proteoglycan	a large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells' may consist of up to 95% carbohydrate	66
1560651151	fibronectin	in an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower	67
1560651152	integrin	in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with 2 subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskelteton	68
1560651153	plasmodesmata	an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells	69
1560651154	tight junction	a type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells	70
1560651155	desmosomes	a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening cells together	71
1560651156	gap junction	a type of intercellular connection in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells	72
1560651157	cell	...	73
1560651158	light microscope	...	74
1560651159	Electron microscope	...	75
1560651160	magnification	...	76
1560651161	resolution	...	77
1560651162	organelles	...	78
1560651163	plasma membrane	...	79
1560651164	cytosal (cytoplasm)	...	80
1560651165	nucleoid	...	81
1560651166	endomembrane system	...	82
1560651167	endoplasmic reticulum rough	...	83
1560651168	Golgi apparatus	...	84
1560651169	Photosynthesis	...	85
1560651170	glyoxysomes	...	86
1560651171	As it pertains to Prokaryotic Cells, which structures, are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface?	Fimbriae	87
1560651172	Concept 6.1: Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells	...	88
1560651173	Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions	...	89
1560651174	Concept 6.3: The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes	...	90
1560651175	Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell	.Cell membranes are in constant motion. Some of this motion is lateral diffusion, as membrane lipids and proteins move sideways in the bilayer. But certain regions also move by budding out from their surrounding membrane and pinching off into vesicles. These vesicles can move to other regions of the cell, find suitable receptors, and fuse with a different patch of membrane. The illustration shows different types of membranes and compartments indicated by labels. Although each type of structure has different properties and functions, they are interconnected by membrane traffic into an endomembrane system. One of the most common patterns of membrane traffic is the movement of newly synthesized proteins from rough ER to various destinations, for the following purposes: - secretion outside the cell - creating lysosomes - replacing proteins in the plasma membrane. ..	91
1560651176	Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another	...	92
1560651177	Concept 6.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell	...	93
1560651178	Concept 6.7: Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities	...	94
1560651179	nucleic acid	A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.	95
1560651180	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell�s proteins.	96
1560651181	Mitochondrion	the organelle that carries out cellular respiration, the process of converting the chemical energy of sugars and other molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP.	97
1560651182	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	the portion of the endomembrane system important in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage	98

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

General College Biology I, Chapter 8, Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
Vocabulary: metabolism, metabolic pathway, catabolic pathway, anabolic pathway, chemical energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, heat, thermodynamics, entropy, endergonic, exergonic, activation energy, phosphorylation, enzyme, catalyst, substrate, active site, allosteric site, cofactor, coenzyme, competitive inhibitor, noncompetitive inhibitor, allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define metabolism.
2. Describe a metabolic (biochemical) pathway and distinguish between anabolic pathways
and catabolic pathways.
3. Explain the role of energy and enzymes in the chemical reactions in the cells of living
things.
4. Define energy.
5. List and describe 5 forms of energy.
6. State the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and relate each to living systems.
7. Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic chemical reactions.
8. Describe the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
9. Describe ATP and its role as a source of chemical energy in cells.
10. Write the general chemical reactions for making ATP and using ATP.
11. State the function of enzymes.
12. Define catalyst and state why an enzyme is a catalyst.
13. Define and describe active site and relate it to the function of enzymes.
14. Relate the shape of enzymes to their function.
15. Define denaturation of proteins and explain how less than optimum temperature and pH
conditions could affect the function of enzymes
16. State the two types of cofactors (and examples of each), and describe their role in the function of some enzymes.
17. Describe the allosteric site found in some enzymes and explain how allosteric effectors (activators or inhibitors) influence the function of some enzymes.
18. Distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
19. Describe feedback inhibition related to a metabolic pathway

Terms : Hide Images

1794698097	Concept 8.1: An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics	...	0
1794698137	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism	1
1794698138	Metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway)	2
1794698139	Catabolic pathway	Releases Energy. A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules	3
1794698140	Anabolic pathway	Consumes Energy. A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules	4
1794698141	Bioenergetics	Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources	5
1794698142	Energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	6
1794698143	Kinetic energy	Energy of motion	7
1794698144	Heat (thermal) energy	Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules	8
1794698145	Potential energy	The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)	9
1794698146	Chemical energy	Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy	10
1794698147	Thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.	11
1794698148	First law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy; energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	12
1794698149	Entropy	a measure of disorder, or randomness	13
1794698150	Second law of thermodynamics	Energy transfer. The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat	14
1794698151	Spontaneous process	Without Energy. Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly	15
1794698152	What is the second law of thermodynamics?	The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	16
1794698153	What is the first law of thermodynamics?	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	17
1794698154	How does the second law of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane?	The second law is the trend toward randomization, or increasing entropy. When the concentration of a substance on both sides of a membrane are equal, the distribution is more random than when they are unequal. Diffusion of a substance to a region where it is initially less concentrated INCREASES ENTROPY, making it an energetically favorable (SPONTANEOUS) process.	18
1794698155	Describe the forms of energy found in an apple as it grows on a tree, then falls, then is digested by someone who eats it	Potential. Chemical. Kinetic. Thermal. As it sits on the tree, the apple has potential energy because of its position and chemical energy because of its nutrients. As it is falling it has kinetic energy. When eaten and digested, some chemical energy becomes work and the rest is heat.	19
1794698098	If you place a teaspoon of sugar in the bottom of a glass of water, it will dissolve completely over time. Left longer, crystals will reappear. Explain these observations in terms of entropy	Sugar crystals are less ordered - more entropy as they dissolve. As the water becomes less ordered - more entropy and evaporates, the sugar becomes more ordered- decrease in entropy, becoming crystals	20
1794698156	Concept 8.2 The free energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously.	...	21
1794698157	Free energy	The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in free energy of a system is calculated by the equation delta G = delta H - T delta S, where delta H is the change in enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy), T is the absolute temperature, and delta S is the change in entropy.	22
1794698158	Exergonic reaction	Energy is released. A reaction is exergonic if more energy is released than supplied. delta G<0	23
1794698159	Endergonic reaction	Energy must be supplied. A reaction is endergonic if more energy is supplied than is released. delta G>0	24
1794698160	Endergonic reaction	The reaction will not occur spontaneously delta G>0	25
1794698161	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. Is cellular respiration spontaneous or not?	Cellular Respiration is SPONTANEOUS!	26
1794698162	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. Is it exergonic or endergonic?	Cellular Respiration is an EXERGONIC process	27
1794698163	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. What happens to the energy released from glucose?	The energy released from glucose is used to do work in the cell or is lost as heat	28
1794698164	As we saw in figure 7.20 on page 137, a key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of H+ on each side. Which situation allows the H+ to perform work on the system?	At equilibrium, the H+ concentration is the same and the Hydrogen ions can no no work. When there is an imbalance, or a gradient Hydrogen ions go to work.	29
1794698165	As we saw in figure 7.20 on page 137, a key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of H+ on each side. Which situation allows the H+ to perform work on the system and how is the answer consistent with what is shown in regards to energy in figure 7.20?	Figure 7.20 shows that an energy input via ATP hydrolysis is required to establish a concentration gradient that allows the Hydrogen ions to go to work.	30
1794698166	Glow in the dark necklaces start glowing once activated which usually involves snapping the necklaces in a way that allows two chemicals to react and emit light in the form of chemilluminescence. Is the chemical reaction exergonic or endergonic?	The reaction is EXERGONIC because it releases energy in the form of light.	31
1794698167	Concept 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions	...	32
1794698168	Energy coupling	In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction	33
1794698169	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate	34
1794698170	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.	35
1794698171	Phosphorylated intermediate	A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule	36
1794698099	What are the three main types of work that a cell does?	Chemical Transport Mechanical	37
1794698172	How does ATP typically transfer energy from ergonic to endergonic reactions in the cell?	By Phosphorylating, adding phosphate groups to, other molecules. Exergonic process phosphorylate ADP to regenerate ATP	38
1794698100	Which of the following combinations has more free energy: Glutamic acid + ammnia +ATP or Glutamine + ADP + P1? Explain	A set of coupled reactions can transform the first combinations into the second. Since this is an exergonic process overall, Delta G is negative and the first combination must have more energy.	39
1794698173	Considering what we learned in concepts 7.3 and 7.4 (pages 134-136), does figure 8.10a show passive or active transport?	Active Transport - the solute is being transported against its concentration gradient	40
1794698174	Concept 8.4 Enzymes Speed Up Metabolic Reactions by Lowering Energy Barriers	...	41
1794698175	Enzyme	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst in a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; most are proteins	42
1794698176	Catalyst	A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction	43
1794698177	Activation energy	The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation	44
1794698178	Substrate	the reactant on which an enzyme works.	45
1794698179	Enzyme-substrate complex	a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to is substrate molecule(s).	46
1794698180	Active site	the specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs	47
1794698181	Induced fit	Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate	48
1794698182	Cofactor	Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of of an enzyme; can be permanently bound to the active site or may be loosely bound and reversibly, along with the substrate during catalysis.	49
1794698183	Coenzyme	an organic molecule serving as a cofactor; in metabolic reactions, most vitamins function as this.	50
1794698184	Competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics	51
1794698185	Noncompetitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing an enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyses the conversion of substrate to product	52
1794698101	Many spontaneous reactions occur very slowly. Why don't all spontaneous reactions occur instantly?	While spontaneous reactions are exergonic, if they have a high activation energy that is rarely reached, the rate of reaction could be very slow	53
1794698102	Why do enzymes act only on very specific substrates?	Only the specific substrate will fit properly into the active site of an enzyme where the catalysis happens	54
1794698103	Malonate is an inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehyrogenase. How would you determine whether malonate is a competitive or noncompetitive inhibitor?	With malonate present, increase the amount of the normal substrate and determine if the reaction increases, if it does, then you know that malonate is a competitive inhibitor	55
1794698104	In nature, what conditions could lead to natural selection favoring bacteria with enzymes that could break down the fucose-containing disaccharide discussed above?	If lactose wasn't present in the environment as a source of food and the fucose-containing disaccharide was available, bacteria that could digest the latter would be better able to grow and multiply than those that could not.	56
1794698186	Concept 8.5 Regulation of Enzyme Activity Helps Control Metabolism	...	57
1794698187	Allosteric regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site	58
1794698188	Cooperativity	A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits	59
1794698189	Feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	60
1794698105	How do an activator and an inhibitor have different effects on an allosterically regulated enzyme?	The activator binds and stabilizes he active form of an enzyme, whereas the inhibitor will stabilize the INACTIVE form	61
1794698106	You want to design drug that inhibits a particular enzyme, after research you learn that an enzymes active site is simmilar to that of several other enzymes. What would be a good approach to develop your inhibitor drug?	An inhibitor that binds to the active site of the enzyme you want to inhibit could also bind to and block the enzymes with similar structures, causing significant side effects. For this reason you would be better off choosing to screen chemical compounds that bind allosterically to the enzyme in question because allosteric regulatory sites are less likely to share similarity with other enzymes.	62
1794698107	Define Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism	63
1794698108	Define Energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	64
1794698109	List and describe 5 forms of energy	Kinetic Potential Chemical Heat/Thermal	65
1794698110	What is a catalyst?	A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	66
1794698111	Distinguish between anabolic and catabolic reactions?	Anabolic is building a molecule by consuming energy and catabolic is breaking it down to release energy	67
1794698112	Word Roots: allo-	different (allosteric site: a specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site)	68
1794698113	Word Roots: ana-	up (anabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones)	69
1794698114	Word Roots: bio-	ife (bioenergetics: the study of how organisms manage their energy resources)	70
1794698115	Word Roots: cata-	down (catabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones)	71
1794698116	Word Roots: endo-	within (endergonic reaction: a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings)	72
1794698117	Word Roots: ex-	out (exergonic reaction: a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy)	73
1794698118	Word Roots: kinet-	movement (kinetic energy: the energy of motion)	74
1794698119	Word Roots: therm-	heat (thermodynamics: the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter)	75
1794698120	Metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway).	76
1794698190	Define how an enzyme works	An enzyme serves as a biological catalyst, increasing the rate of a reaction without being changed into a different molecule. An enzyme does not add energy to a reaction; instead, it speeds up a reaction by lowering the energy barrier.	77
1794698121	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	78
1794698191	Substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.	79
1794698122	Name three factors that affect enzyme action	pH Temperature Substrate Concentration	80
1794698123	What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?	An enzyme is said to be denatured when it loses its functional shape.	81
1794698192	What does Gibbs Free Energy Measure?	Chemical Energy	82
1794698193	Give the equation for Gibbs Free Energy	Delta G equals delta H - T delta S	83
1794698124	Explain the Gibbs Free Energy Equation	A change in free energy is equal to a change in heat content minus a change in Temperature times Randomness	84
1794698194	The process of stabilizing the structure of an enzyme in its active form by the binding of a molecule is an example of	allosteric regulation	85
1794698125	What is meant by the "induced fit" of an enzyme?	The enzyme changes its shape slightly as the substrate binds to it	86
1794698126	How do enzymes lower activation energy?	By locally concentrating the reactants. One of the ways enzymes work is to increase the concentrations of reactants at a single place.	87
1794698127	What do the sign and magnitude of the ΔG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction?	Neither the sign nor the magnitude of ΔG have anything to do with the speed of a reaction.	88
1794698128	If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur?	Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.	89
1794698129	Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because	their enzymes have high optimal temperatures.	90
1794698130	If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to	add more of the enzyme.	91
1794698131	Which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other process? ADP +(P) i → ATP + H20 or C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O	C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O	92
1794698132	Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because	temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell.	93
1794698133	Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as _______ is to _______.	xergonic; endergonic	94
1794698134	closed system	A system in which energy, but not matter, is exchanged with its surroundings.	95
1794698135	open system	A system in which both energy and matter are exchanged with the surroundings.	96
1794698136	kelvin	A unit of absolute temperature and symbolized as K. Formerly known as degree Kelvin.	97
1794698195	allosteric inhibition	The process in which an enzyme's activity is changed because of binding to the allosteric site., two active sites; one site for inhibitor, changes shape of other active site to become inactive	98