anatomical orientations -
- anterior - head end
- posterior - tail/hindmost end
- dorsal - back
- ventral - belly/underside
- medial - middle of body
- lateral - sides of body
- distal - away from point of attachment
- proximal - nearer to point of attachment
digestive system -
- glottis - opening from larynx into trachea
- epiglottis - tissue that closes off the glottis when food is swallowed
- keeps food out of the respiratory tract
- mouth - where starch digestion begins
- esophagus - muscular tube that transports food
- stomach - physical/chemical digestion of proteins
- liver - produces bile to emulsify fats
- largest internal organ
- jaundice - yellow staining of tissues due to blocked excretion of bile
- gallbladder - stores bile
- pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine
- small intestine - primary chemical digestion, nutrient absorption
- cecum - pouch at beginning of large intestine
- helps w/ cellulose digestion in herbivores
- large intestine - vitamin production/absorption
- compacts waste
- anus - exit for waste products
- sphincter - ring of circular smooth muscle
- prevents food from moving back through digestive tract
- humans lack true sphincters
lymphatic system -
- thymus - around neck/heart
- spleen - filters dead blood cells
- flap to the left of the stomach
urinary system -
- kidneys - filters blood, excretes nitrogenous waste
- nephron - functional unit of kidney
- ureters - passageway for urine from kidney to bladder
- bladder - stores urine
- urethra - connects bladder to outside
reproductive system -
- male reproductive parts
- testes - gonad where sperm is created
- epididymis - sperm storage site
- ductus deferens (vas deferens) - tubes through which sperm travels to penis
- seminal vesicle - secretes into semen
- prostrate gland - secretes basic environment into semen
- bulbourethral glands - secretes lubrication into semen
- female reproductive parts
- ovaries - gonad where ova are created
- fimbria - fingerlike projections that sweep ova into tube
- oviducts (fallopian tubes) - where egg is fertilized
- uterus - where fertilized egg implants
- ectopic pregnancy - fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus
- urogenital sinus - fusion of vagina, urethra
- vagina - birth canal
circulatory system -
- arteries lead away from heart, veins lead toward heart
- pulmonary circulation - between heart and lungs
- systemic circulation - between heart and rest of body
- major arteries -
- aorta - largest artery in body, carries blood from left ventricle
- pulmonary artery - only artery to carry deoxygenated blood
- common carotids - directs blood toward the head, along the trachea
- subclavians - branches off from aortic arch towards upper body
- branchiocephalic trunk - branches off from aortic arch, leads to carotids/subclavians
- celiac artery - leads to stomach/pancreas
- renal arteries - leads to kidneys
- major veins -
- anterior (superior) vena cava - major vein connecting upper body and right atrium
- posterior (inferior) vena cava - major vein connecting lower body and right atrium
- internal/external jugulars - returns blood from head
- branchiocephalic veins - returns blood from upper body
- renal veins - returns blood from kidneys
- heart - 4 chambers
- atria - receives blood from body/lungs
- ventricles - pumps blood to body/lungs
- atrioventricular valves - separates atria from ventricles
- semilunar valves - separates ventricles from outside of heart
- chordae tendonae - “heartstrings” that keep valve flaps closed >> prevents backflow
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