vascular plants - “tracheophytes”
- completely adapted to land
- structures support body/conducting vessels >> able to grow tall
- includes seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms
seedless vascular plants -
- Pterophyta - ferns, mostly in tropics
- can grow up to 24 m
- sporophyte dominates (unlike nonvascular plants)
- sori - reproductive structures, on the back of fronds
- rhizome - underground stem
- prothallus - haploid, produces gametes
- Psilophyta - whisk ferns, simplest vascular plants (no roots/leaves)
- Arthrophyta - Horsetails, under 5 ft tall
- in wet/marshy places
- used as pot scrubbers by native Americans
- stobilus - spore producing body
- elater - helps spores w/ dispersal
- bisexual gametophyte - archegonia develops before antheridia >> prevents self-fertilization
- Lycophyta - club mosses
- has microphyll (single vein w/o gaps between petiole/stem)
seed - makes it possible for terrestrial life
- protects embryo from drought, predator
- increases dispersal
- no need for water to reproduce
- pollination through wind, insects, mammals, birds
gymnosperms - naked seeds, rests in cones
- includes oldest/largest trees
- Bristle Cone Pines > 4000 years old
- Giant Redwoods > 100 m
- Coniferophyta - pines, cedars, cypress, redwood
- needle-like leaves
- male cones smaller than female cones
- male cones located below female cones >> can’t self-fertilize
- takes 2 years for cones to fully form
- Cycadophyta - tropical/subtropical
- centrally-located cone
- similar to pine life cycle
- Gnetophyta - closest to angiosperms, produces ephedrine
- Ginkgophyta - only 1 species (Ginkgo)
- flagellated sperm
- diecious - 1 sex, male/female trees
- females stink because of seed (contains butyric/isobutyric acid)
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